フィリピン市民社会の隘路 ――「二重公共圏」における「市民」と「大衆」の道徳的対立 ――
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(2) ῍῍ ῍῍*. !. " **. Aporia in Philippine Civil Society: The Moral Conflict between “Citizens” and “Masses” in the “Dual Public Sphere* KJH6@6 Wataru**. This paper analyzes moral conflicts between the middle class and the poor in Philippine politics through a discursive construction of the “we/they” consciousness. These moral conflicts have not been explored in earlier studies, which either regard the middle class and civil society as democratic factors or examine class conflicts solely in terms of interest distribution. This paper provides an analytical framework that explains the construction of a “we/they” consciousness in a class-divided “dual public sphere.” I analyze these discourses in relation to several political issues and conclude by arguing that the moral conflicts between the collective consciousnesses of “we/they” relations have undermined popular support for democracy. The middle class generally associates “we” with “citizen,” and regards itself as a purveyor and defender of democracy. It views the “poor” #“them”$ as lacking the appropriate morals and education to make similar claims. In fact, for the middle class, the poor are often responsible for undermining democracy. On the other hand, the poor associate “we” with “the masses,” who despite their upright morality, have been marginalized, despised or ignored by the selfish and cold-hearted “rich” #“them”$% For the poor, the culprits behind democratic deterioration are the rich. This moral conflict denies the legitimacy of others and is undermining popular trust in democracy, which inherently demands the acceptance of “them” as legitimate adversaries. Keywords: Metro Manila, civil society, public sphere, democracy, moral conflict, the middle class, the poor, “we/ they” consciousness ῑῌΐῌῒ῎&'()*+ + + ,,-+ + ./0+ 120+ 34 56. ῏ ῍ ῐ ῎ 78 9:;+ < =>? @ABCD <EF./0120 ῌ ῌῌ. 420. 7G; ! H῎ῌῌῒaI <JKLMNO P@Q+ RSTUVWXY@Z [*\]^_`a COE bc def<EgWhihjX klmn Researcher, Global Center of Excellence for Reconstruction of the Intimate and Public Spheres in ῎῍st Century Asia, Kyoto University e-mail: wataru.kusakaogmail.com.
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(230) DA Myk N OP mzGQd Hn῎{Q|RJSd moL Fraser, Nancy. ῍ῒ. Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the ”Postsocialist” Condition. New York: Routledge.Q Io}~d ῍ῐd 2CTU eV2CAWTU ῏ k X mYQ ῍῍῏῎ aZ[d Hn῎ \JKd ]^_d ῎ῌῌ῎d
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(246) gghk l1 mnop_) q+, - .]/ r0 Laclau, Ernesto; Mouffe, Chantal ῍ῑ. Hegemonía y Estrategia Socialista. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Economica. stFa SfM ῍ῒ῏ '$%u[Y 1mv - ῎2wx/ r0 Lipset, Seymour Martin. ῍ῑ. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Doubleday & Co. y 3 ῎ῌῌ῍ &.z#> ῌῌ <8TY{#|4& '.&. ῐ <8T y3) x}~) I3 ΐ῍῍῎ ῎5)"/ 67~ ῎ῌῌῌ ' ῎8]/ ῎ῌῌ aT HS_u/0 1234#9!"& 'E_1234 /0 ῌῌ 9#: y; ῍ῌῑ῍῍ῑ῎ <" ῍῍῎῍ ! = >NM L? B 1234/0@A#/0z ῌῌ .
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(254) ]. ῍῍῎῏ ῎`¼Q.L Bautista, Maria Cynthia Rose Banzon. ῍. Images of the Middle Class in Metro Manila. Public Policy ῏ῐ: ῍῍῏ΐ. Clarke, Gerard. ῍. The Politics of NGOs in South-East Asia: Participation and Protest in the Philippines. London and New York: Routledge. Diamond, Larry. ῍. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Dryzek, John. ῎ῌῌῌ. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond; Liberal, Critics, Contestations. New York: Oxford University. Ferrer, Miriam. ῍ΐ. Civil Society: An Operational Definition. In Democracy and Citizenship in Filipino Political Culture, edited by Maria Serena I. Diokno, pp. ῑ῍῍ῑ. Quezon City: Third World Studies Center. Fisher, Julie. ῍. Nongovernments: NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World. West Hartford: Kumarin Press. Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University. ῎ῌῌῑ. The Vote of the Poor: Modernity and Traditon in People’s View of Leadership and Election. Quezon City. Hasio, Hsin-Huang Michael; and Koo, Hagen. ῍ΐ. The Middle Classes and Democratization. In Consolidating the Third Wave Democracy: Themes and Perspective, edited by Larry Diamond, Marc F. Platter, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien, pp. ῏῍῎῍῏῏῎. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. ῎ῌῌῑ. In the Name of Civil Society: From Free Election Movements to People Power 439.
(255) ! ῐῒ" ῏ # in the Philippines. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. Kerkvliet, Benedict. ῍῍. Everyday Politics in the Philippines: Class and Status Relations in a Central Luzon Village. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Mercer, Claire. ῎ῌῌ῎. NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Literature. Progress in Development Studies ῎῍: ῑ῍῎῎. Mouffe, Chantal. ῎ῌῌῑ. On the Political. London and New York: Routledge. Pinches, Michael. ῍ῒ. The Philippines’ New Rich: Capitalist Transformation amidst Economic Gloom. In The New Rich in Asia: Mobile-phones, McDonalds and Middle Class Revolution. edited by Richard Robison and Davis S. G. Goodman, pp. ῍ῌῑ῍῍῏῏. London and New York: Routledge. Rivera, Temario. ῎ῌῌῌ. Middle Class Politics: The Philippine Experience.
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