Happen to 不定詞と日本語の「たまたま」の対応について

(1)

Happen to ഩ୩ࠝưష෭܃ƶíƧǆƧǆîƶઓ҃ƳƬƌƮ

஡ҏ¸Аټ

ऻඦҭԙ൉¸ऻඦȜȂǞǝԙҭ

á'%&'ై¸*¸ڧ(&షࢄ໊â

The Correspondence between

Happen to +Infinitive and Tamatama in Japanese

by

Ikue TAOKA

Department of Media Science,

Faculty of Information Science and Technology (Manuscript received May 31, 2012)

$EVWUDFW

+DSSHQ WR+LQILQLWLYH LV XVHG WR H[SUHVV FRQWLQJHQF\ RI DQ HYHQW$ -DSDQHVH DGYHUE WDPDWDPD DOVR H[SUHVVHV FRQWLQJHQF\DQGLVRIWHQXVHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIKDSSHQWR+LQILQLWLYH+RZHYHUWDPDWDPDLVVRPHWLPHVQRWDSSURSULDWH DV WKH -DSDQHVH FRXQWHUSDUW RI KDSSHQ WR+LQILQLWLYH7KLVSDSHULVIRFXVHGRQWKHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQKDSSHQ

WR+LQILQLWLYHDQGWDPDWDPDLQWUDQVODWLRQ,IDGHIDXOWFDXVDOUHODWLRQLVZLGHO\DVVXPHGWRXQGHUOLHDQHYHQWDQGWKLV FDXVDOUHODWLRQLVGHQLHGZLWKKDSSHQWDPDWDPDFDQEHXVHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQ$OVRLIWKHHYHQWLVDUDUHRQHORZLQ IUHTXHQF\ LQ LWV RFFXUUHQFH WDPDWDPD FDQ EH XVHG LQ WKH WUDQVODWHG -DSDQHVH 2WKHUZLVH WDPDWDPD LV LQDGHTXDWH LQ WUDQVODWLQJKDSSHQWR+LQILQLWLYHLQWR-DSDQHVH ǨÓȪÓȄ¿ ّਘ঴»ࠧઙƶПүշٱ»෮๤ . H \ Z R U G¿ FRQWLQJHQF\FDXVDOUHODWLRQEHWZHHQHYHQWVWUDQVODWLRQ 0HPRLUVRIWKH2VDND,QVWLWXWH RI7HFKQRORJ\6HULHV% 9RO1RáâSSØ ફ&.Ӗі܃܃඲൫඲ԙӔȪÓǪǲȢǾȒá'%&&ై&%ڧ&*షѼఛ໴ࣤࠃપԙâƯܔ௧ದഒƟƧఝຓƳ֏ƭƗº

(2)

஡ҏ¸Аټ Ō#ƷƠǉƳ ¸෭ܻƷ»і܃ƶhappen toഩ୩ࠝǚష෭܃Ƴ๤ơ ް»ష෭܃ƶّਘǚഒơ൐ࠝíƧǆƧǆîǚພƌǓ ƛưƔƯƕǓƓƱƎƓƳƬƌƮ݂ƐǓǊƶƯƊǓ¼ á&aâƶhappen toഩ୩ࠝƷíƧǆƧǆîǚພƌƮཋ ๤ƟƮƒƓƟƗƲƌưࠈǗǔǓƶƳ»á'aâƷíƧǆ ƧǆîǚພƌƮ๤ơưƒƓƟƌưࠈǗǔǓ¼

á&âa. I’m sorry. I happened to see it. Your letter was on the screen.

áD. Steel, $QVZHUG3UD\HUVâ&â b. ƜǉǛƲƝƌ¼ƧǆƧǆۂƮƟǆƫƧƶǐ¼

Ӌ฻ƳࢽƮƌƧƓǑ¼

á'âa. 0DLQ 6WUHHW, which is always put down as my first book, happens to have been my seventh. á2(''_{, s.v. KDSSHQâ}'â b. ïȜǟȮ½ǴȃȥÓȃðƷƌƬǊࠕƶફ¸&¸߁ ưƝǔǓƶƨƔ¹áÀƧǆƧǆâફ¸,¸߁๋ƨ¼ ¸ƯƷ»ƛƶǐƎƲhappen toഩ୩ࠝƶ๤ƳíƧǆ ƧǆîǚພƌǓƛưƔƯƕǓƓƱƎƓƶЊƌƷƱƛ Ƴ֬ПơǓƶƨǕƎƓ¼෭ܻƯƷ»ƥƶ஝ƳƬƌƮ ໩ࡣƶϼฒưພ඲ǚೝԔƟƬƬ݂ƐǓ¼ ō#íƧǆƧǆîƶഒơǊƶáƥƶŌâ ¸á(âǊ»íƧǆƧǆîư๤ơư»ƒƓƟƲష෭܃Ƴ ƲǓ༎ƯƊǓ¼

á(âa. She is the sister of my best friend, who happens to be dead. áD. Steel, $QVZHUHG3UD\HUVâ(â b. ೗ࣤƷෞƶ९๴ƶ෶ƨ¼ƥƶॶƷáÀƧǆƧ ǆâළƗƲƫƮƌǓƶƨƙǔƱ¼ ¸ƛǔƷíළƗƲǓáࠑƴâîƶǐƎƲ೪ϼইஇƲ ࠧઙƔࢿ܃ƳີƮƌǓƶƯ»ّਘǚഒơ൐ࠝíƧǆ Ƨǆîưƶ؁֬Ɣव຋இƯƒƓƟƌƶƓưۗƐƸ» ƥƎƯƷƲƌ¼ҢۥƲǑƸ»࠰ƶǐƎƳíࠑƴîƔíƧ ǆƧǆîư؁֬ƟƮƒƓƟƌưƷࠈǗǔƲƌषݜƔ ƊǓƓǑƯƊǓ¼ á)â൲঵&+½&,ైƳಮߤƶࢌࠊեލǚǌƫƧҹ஡ࣔ ়ৎ໊߿Ɣ࢝ЦਏƶਕషƳƧǆƧǆढ़ഩਙƯࠑ ළ¼ áhttp://sonytimer.jza.ne.jp/blog/entryâ á*âǬȮǦ౽ǑǔƧưƓൕ໔ƬࠧۗǗǔƧƓǑƫƮ ߗƟƩǋǻȜƲǛƨǐ¼ࠈƌৡǒ҈ƫƮƒƌƮ» ƧǆƧǆࠑǛƠǋƫƧƲǛƮנƕۗۗǗƲƌƛ ư¼áhttp://mimizun.com/2chlog/newsplus/â ¸ƛǔǑƶ༎ƯƷ»íƧǆƧǆîƳǐƫƮ¸'¸Ƭƶࠧ ઙƶշ༫ǚ೔୩ƟƮƌǓ¼á)âƳƬƌƮƷ»íৎ໊߿ ƔࠑළƟƧƛưîưíࠑළƔ࢝ЦਏƶਕషƨƫƧƛ ưƓǑੀ੡ƝǔǓࠑළƶۍПîưƶշ༫ǚ೔୩ƟƮ ƌǓ¼á*âƳƬƌƮƷí҈ƫƧƛưîưí੏ࡹƔࠑ ළƟƧƛưîưƶПүշٱǚ೔୩ƟƮƌǓ¼á)â» á*âƳƬƌƮƷ»ƥǔƦǔá+â»á,âƶǐƎƳۗƌ՘ ƐǓƛưƔƯƕǓƔ»ƥǔƷƥƶ౱ۼƳá-â»á.âƶ ǐƎƲੀ୩Ɣ݂ƐǑǔǓƓǑƨǕƎ¼ á+âৎ໊߿ƔࠑළƟƧƶƷ࢝ЦਏƶਕషƨƫƧƓǑ ƯƷƲƌ¼ á,âළƗƲƫƧƶƷ҈ƫƧƓǑƯƷƲƌ¼ á-âৎ໊߿ƔࠑළƟƧƶƷ࢝ЦਏƶਕషƨƫƧƓǑ ƨ¼ á.âළƗƲƫƧƶƷ҈ƫƧƓǑƨ¼ ¸íƧǆƧǆîƯ๤ơƛưƔƯƕǓưƟƧá&aâƶष ݜǊ»á&%âƶǐƎƳۗƎƛưƔƯƕ»ƥƶ౱ۼƳ á&&âƶǐƎƲੀ୩Ɣ݂ƐǑǔǓ¼ á&%âۂǐƎưࠈƫƮۂƧƶƯƷƲƌ¼ á&&âۂƧƶƷۂƧƓƫƧƓǑƨ¼ ¸ƛǔƳઓƟƮ»á(aâƶषݜƷ»ƥƶǐƎƳ೔୩Ư ƕǓПүշٱƔ݂ƐǑǔƲƌ¼೔୩ƯƕǓПүշٱ Ɣ݂ƐǑǔƲƌƓǑíƧǆƧǆîư؁֬ƯƕƲƌƶ ƯƊƫƮ»íළƗƲƫƮƌǓîưƌƎࠧઙƨƓǑíƧ ǆƧǆîư؁֬ƯƕƲƌưƌƎǗƙƯƷƲƌ¼ ¸íƧǆƧǆîǚພƌǓƛưƔƯƕǓƓƱƎƓƷ௾ ୩ƶࢿ܃ư؁֬ƯƕƲƌưƌƎƛưƯƷƲƌ¼ƛƶ ƛưǚ»ܮƳ࠰ƶ༎ƯԏీƟƮƒƕƧƌ¼ á&'âa. íǗƟƷଇషȄȤǯȮǵȐǜȮƳƷƌƬǊȖ ǲȉƩǋǛư۝ƻƓƙǓƛưƳƟƮƌǓ¼Ƨ ưƐҢƔƊǕƎư»׭ॶưƌƐƸȅǧǲș» ଇషưƌƐƸȖǲȉƠǋƲƌƓîíƯǊƝ»

(3)

Happen to ഩ୩ࠝưష෭܃ƶíƧǆƧǆîƶઓ҃ƳƬƌƮ ƒƠƝǛ»ҙƶ෭อƷƧǆƧǆȖǲȉƫƮƌ ƎǛƨî á੿रࣂ࢈ïӥඈƶǦȐǦðâ)â b. á࠺ۡझӓƯâࠕƶอਕƷáÀƧǆƧǆâȖ ǲȉƫƮƌƎǛƯơ¼ á&(âa. ǊƟƒ࠯յƔƊǔƸưƌƎƛưƯơƔ»'¸࠯ ƓǑպఝƶթ૒ƲǿǝÓƔƊǒǆơ¼ǇƲƝ ǛƶƜ֔ාƔƊǔƸ»ƌƬǊҳຘషƶ۸ۼƳ ݉ƫƮƌǓǛƯơ¼ƛƶইࣞպƶ຀ີƲƱǚ պସƔƜ৩ฯƟǆơ¼ƧǆƧǆݶషƷҳຘష Ươ¼ á੿रࣂ࢈ïӥඈƶǦȐǦðâ*â b. íݶషƷҢຘషƨƫƧÀîíݶషƷáÀƧǆƧ ǆâҳຘషǐî ¸á&'aâƶषݜƷíଇషȐǜȮƨƓǑȖǲȉưƌƎ ƶƯƷƲƌîưۗƐǓƶƯíƧǆƧǆîƷƒƓƟƗ ƲƌƔ»á&'bâƶǐƎƳ»࠺ۡझӓƯƌƕƲǒíƧ ǆƧǆîƔພƌǑǔǓư»൬ƕࡹƷҢۥ»ǗƞǗƞ íƧǆƧǆîǚພƌƧƶƓưࠈƎƛưƳƲǓ¼íƧǆ ƧǆîƯ೔୩ơǓПүշٱƔ݂ƐǑǔƲƌƓǑƯƊ Ǔ¼á&(aâƯƷ»íݶష»௾ൿƳպఝǿǝÓǚࠈƌ໔ƫ ƧǗƙƯƷƲƌîưۗƐǓƔ»á&(bâƶǐƎƳ»ຘ షǚ൬ƓǔƮ»ҢǊ೔୩ơǓշ༫ƭƙƔƲƌƶƳíƧ ǆƧǆҳຘషîưƌƎƶƷƒƓƟƌưƌƎƛưƳƲ Ǔ¼ Ŏ#íƧǆƧǆîư๤ơƛưƶƯƕƲƌHappen ¸íƧǆƧǆîư๤ơưƒƓƟƌ༎ưƟƮࢽƟƧá'â» á(âƷ»ƱƩǑǊíƧǆƧǆîƯ೔୩ơǓҢǑƓƶ ПүշٱƔੀ֬ƯƕƲƌƶƯƒƓƟƌưƌƎƛưƳ ƲǓ¼ܮƳ»༎ǚۂƮǇǐƎ¼

á&)âa. “I can’t picture you surrounded by thirty children with adoration in their eyes.”“I happen to like children very much!”

áBNC, JY+â+â b.í٨Ɣ๋ǚ֮ƓƣƧࠃ׼ƧƩƳ϶ǆǔƮƌǓ

ưƛǕƷੀ੡ƟƔƧƌîíࠕƷáÀƧǆƧǆâ ࠃ׼ƷપܚƕƲƶǐÁî

á&*âa. “He doesn’t think much of the guy, either.” “Maybe not,”Ashley said stiﬄy.“However,

I happen to like him.” áBNC, JY.â,â b.í೗ƷƊƶॶƶƛưǚપƟƧॶƨưࠈƫƮƌ ƲƌǐîíƥƎƯƟǏƎƵîưǝǲȠȧÓƷ ਬƫ֡ƲƗۗƫƧ¼íƯǊ»ࠕƷáÀƧǆƧǆâ ƊƶॶƶƛưܚƕƲƶǐî ¸á&)âƯƷ»੏ࡹƶੀ୩Ʒí٨Ʒࠃ׼ưƷฤѴƶি ԩƨǕƎîưƌƎǊƶƯƊǒ»á&*âƯƷ»íƊƶॶ ƷપƟƧॶƨưƷࠈǗǔƮƌƲƌîưƌƎƶƔ੏ࡹ ƶੀ୩Ư»ƥƶੀ୩ưƷǃǄגƶƛưǚۗƎްƳ happenƔພƌǑǔƮƌǓ¼ƛƶǐƎƲषݜ»íƧǆ ƧǆîưƌƎǐǒíࡑƷîƶධƔஉৡƳࠈǗǔǓ¼ á&+âa. ࡑƷ»ࠕƷࠃ׼ƷપܚƕƲƶǐ¼ b. ࡑƷ»ࠕƷƊƶॶƔܚƕƲƶǐ¼ ¸á&)âƳઓƟƮ»á&,âƶǐƎƳ»ࠃ׼ܚƕƯƊǓư ƌƎƛưƔ൫ฝƯ֚ƳࢽƮƌǓषݜƷ»íƧǆƧǆî Ư๤ơƛưƔƯƕǓưࠈǗǔǓ¼í௾Ƴ໊຀ƔƊƫ Ʈࠃ׼ƶফཌǚƟƮƌǓǗƙƯƷƲƌîưƌƎੀ ୩ƶ೔୩Ɣ݂ƐǑǔǓƓǑƯƊǓ¼á&*âƳઓƟƮ» á&-âƶǐƎƳ»í௾Ƴ๤ƔƊƫƮ೗ǚ᧡ᆐƳƟƮƌ ǓǗƙƯƷƲƌîưƌƎǐƎƲੀ୩ƶ೔୩Ɣ݂ƐǑ ǔǓषݜƳƷíƧǆƧǆîǚ߹ພƟƮƒƓƟƗƲƌ ƨǕƎ¼

á&,âa. ßYou often take care of the children of your neighbors.”“I happen to like children very much!à

b. íƊƲƧƷǐƗؼࣗƶࠃ׼ƶ฻஺ǚۂǆơƵî íƧǆƧǆࠕƷࠃ׼ƔܚƕƲƶî

á&-âa. “You seem to favor him.”“I happen to like him.” b. í೗ǚ֡ƳహƫƮƌǓǐƎƵîíƧǆƧǆ೗Ɣ ܚƕƲƨƙî ¸ϱरƓǑ»íƧǆƧǆîƷऺƳhappen toഩ୩ࠝƶ ๤ƳພƌǑǔǓƶƯƷƲƗ»ҢǑƓƶПүշٱǚíƧ ǆƧǆîƳǐƫƮ೔୩ơǓư݂ƐǑǔǓषݜƶǇພ ƌǑǔǓư݂ƐǓ¼גƳۗƐƸ»ࠧઙƶПүշٱǚ ೔୩ơǓƶƳພƌǑǔǓƶƯƷƲƌhappenƶພ඲ ƔƊǓưƌƎƛưƯƊǓ¼ ŏ#íƧǆƧǆîƶഒơǊƶáƥƶōâ ¸íƧǆƧǆîǚݦ܃࠼ஒƯСƗư»ǃưǛƱƶषݜ» á&.âƶǐƎƳ»'¸ƬƶϼฒƔװƚǑǔƮƌǓ¼

(4)

஡ҏ¸Аټ á&.âƧǆƧǆ ൐ ࠯ƒǒ¼࠯Ƨǆ¼ƧǆƳ¼íࣂ ưƷƌƐÔՇƌషƔƊǓî ّਘƳ¼ƩǏƎ Ʊƥƶ࠯¼íÔѝƯש๴ƳƊƫƧîáïપ࠼৻ð-â_â ¸रƯƷ»á&.âƶ íّਘƳ¼ƩǏƎƱƥƶ࠯îƶ ϼฒǚۂƮƕƧ¼ƯƷ»á&.âƶ í࠯ƒǒ¼࠯Ƨ ǆ¼ƧǆƳîƳઓ҃ơǓhappenƷƊǓƶƓưۗƐ Ƹ»࠰ƶǐƎƳ֦ࣺࠧઙǚഒơພ඲ƷƊǓ¼ ¸á'%aâƶҟਅ൉Ʒ»íึંƳƌƲƌ֡బƟƌࡈࠧư ƯǊƎǆƗǌƫƮƌƫƧîưƌƎϼฒƨƔ»á'%bâ ƶǐƎƳíƧǆƧǆîǚພƌƮ๤ơƛưƔҧౖƯƊ ǓáҟਅƷഃࡣâ¼í֡బƟƌࡈࠧƔƌǓƛưîƷԨ ۣƶଇƶthere usually weren’tƔ࠷ơǐƎƳ֦Ʋࠧ ઙƨưۗƐǓ¼á'&aâƷíຽࠜîƔƌƬ֬ƛǓƶƓ ǚࢿǁƧ൫ƯƊǓƔ»ຽࠜƯƊǓධƔຽࠜƯƲƌष ݜǐǒ֦ƲࠧઙƯƊǒ»ƛƶषݜǊíƧǆƧǆîǚ ພƌƮ๤ơƛưƔҧౖƨưࠈǗǔǓ¼

á'%âa. She looked after elderly parents, accepted the care of young children, nursed the sickly, cooked divinely, got on well with any crusted servants there might happen to beáthere usually weren’tâ, was tactful with impossible people, soothed habitual drunkards, was wonderful with dogs.

áA. Christie, :KDW0UV0F*XOOLFXG\6DZâ.â b.áƽƬƎƷƌƲƌƔâƧǆƧǆƌǓƓǊƟǔ

Ʋƌ֡బƟƌࡈࠧưƯǊƎǆƗǌƫƮƌƫ Ƨ¼

á'&âa. Itái.e. astigmatismâoccurs when the outer part of the eyeáthe corneaâor the lens of the eyes happened to be not perfectly round.. áࣹ৅á&.-%ââ&%â b.ຽࠜưƌƎƶƷ»Ԓ෽ǌ঎ईઑƔƧǆƧǆՏ ਙƲռƯƲƌưƕƳ֬ƛǓ¼ ¸2('_{ƳǐǔƸ»happenƷ෭ີ¹ࠧƶি֬ǚഒǗ} ơ௫ࠝƯƊƫƧ¼&&â_{íƧǆƧǆîƶíƧǆîƷ»ƓƲ} ǒյǚƒƌƮ൝ࠧƔ֬ƛǓƝǆǚഒơǊƶƯƊǓ¼ ƽƬƎ֬ƛƫƧࠧઙƷhappenǚພƌƢưǊഒ۔Ư ƕǓ¼ౄǕhappenǚພƌƮഒơƛưƶධƔ֦ƯƊ Ǔ¼happenƷࠧƶি֬Ƴ௾Ƴ଎๋ƟƮഒơưƌƎ ƛưƓǑ»íࡻܮƳƥƶি֬ǚഒơƳ૮ơǓǐƎƲ ௾ЂƲá֦ƲâࠧઙîǚഒƟƮƌǓư݂ƐǑǔǓ¼í֦ ƲࠧઙîƷƌƬƯǊ֬ƛǓƛưƯƷƲƌ¼ഁƢƟǊ ƥƎƲǓƶƯƷƲƌࠧઙƯƊǓƓǑ»ࠧઙƶഁਘ঴ ƷƲƌưƌƎƛưƳƲǓ¼ƥƛƓǑí௾Ƴࠧઙি֬ ƶഁਘ঴ƷƲƌƔ»ƛƶǐƎƲƛưƔ֬ƛƫƧîư ƌƎ»ّਘǚഒơhappenƶພ඲Ɣԏ໔ƟƮƌƫƧ ƶƯƷƲƌƓư݂ƐǓ¼ Ő#HappenƳઓ҃ơǓష෭܃๤ƶ༎ ¸ƛƛƯƷ»પԙি',อƳhappen toഩ୩ࠝǚսǈ ϱҟƶ¸,¸Ƭƶі൫ǚƱƶǐƎƳ๤ơƶƓǚॻƵƧ༎ ǚझӓƟ»ƥƶ๤Ƴّਘ঴ǚഒơഒ۔ƔພƌǑǔƧ ƓƱƎƓǚۂǓ¼ƛǔƷ»ƥǔƦǔƶі൫ƔƱƶǐ ƎƳ๤ƝǔǓǁƕƓưƌƎௗƐǚࢽơưƌƎǐǒ» happenƶϼฒǚ࠼ࣞƯСƙƸíّਘ»ҢÐơǓî ưޯƫƮƌƮ»ԙܰƯǊƥƶǐƎƳ࢙ƫƮƕƧԙি Ɣ»ۛÐƶі൫ǚ๤ơưƕƳƥƶ૯ࡀƳы؜ƝǔǓ ƶƓƱƎƓǚۂǓГ༎ưࠈƫƮƌƧƨƕƧƌ¼ϱ ҟ»ئ૝Ʋ܄๤ƶ༎ƷࣩƗƔ¼܄๤ƯǊؘฒ॥ƌ๤ ༎ƷՙƐƮװƚǓƛưƳơǓ¼ ¸á''âƳƬƌƮƷ»á'(aâ!á'(bâƶǐƎƳíّਘî» íƧǆƧǆîƶǐƎƲّਘǚഒơష෭܃ǚພƌǓԙ িƔપವƯƊƫƧ¼

á''âI happened to see it.

á'(âa. ࠕƷّਘƥǔǚۂƧáۂƮƟǆƫƧzۂƓƙ Ƨâ¼á&-ॶâ b. áࠕƷâƧǆƧǆƥǔǚۂƧ¼á¸-¸ॶâ c. ࠕƷƥǔƔൟƓƫƧ¼á¸&¸ॶâ ¸ƛǔƷ»íۂǓîưƌƎ௫ࠝƶषݜ»happenƶ൉ ൟǚíّਘîǌíƧǆƧǆîƯ๤ơƶƔ࠺ਘƨưƌ Ǝƛưǚ࠷މơǓ¼ƛǔǑƶّਘǚഒơഒ۔Ƴǐƫ Ʈ»íۂǓîưƌƎ݉ЀƔ೪ϼইஇƳ݉ǗǔƧƛư ǚฯԏƳഒ۔ơǓƛưƳƲǓƓǑƯƊǓ¼ƥǔǑƶ ّਘഒ۔ǚພƌƲƓƫƧ¸&¸อƷ»íۂǓîƯƷƲƗ íൟƓƫƧîưƌƎ๤ƳƟƮƌǓ¼íۂǓîưíൟƓ ǓîƷ»ƱƩǑǊۂǐƎưࠈƫƮǊۂƐƲƓƫƧ» ൟƓǕƎưƟƧƔൟƓǑƲƓƫƧ»ƶǐƎƳϼࠇƯ ǮȮȃȨÓȦƯƕƲƌषݜƔƊǓƔ!íۂǓîƶධ ƷਰࠐơǓ൝໊இमӳƔƲƌۙǒ»ϼইơǔƸíۂ ǓîƷ঵໔ơǓ¼ƥǔƳઓƟ»íൟƓǓîƷ»ൟǕ ƎưƟƮǊൟǑƲƌषݜƔƊǓƶƯ»ǐǒّದஇƲ ࠧनƯƊǓư݂ƐǑǔ»ƥǔƯّದ঴ǚฯ࠷ơǓഁ ຤ƔƲƌưƌƎ಴૨ƳࠛƫƧƶƯƷƲƌƓư݂Ɛ

(5)

Happen to ഩ୩ࠝưష෭܃ƶíƧǆƧǆîƶઓ҃ƳƬƌƮ Ǔ¼ ¸á')âƳƬƌƮƷíّਘî»íƧǆƧǆîư๤ơԙি ƔҢอƓƌǓǊƶƶ»ޚǊંƌƶƷíܚƕƳƲƫƮ ƟǆƫƧî»íࠕƷ೗ࣤƔưƮǊܚƕƨîư»íّਘî» íƧǆƧǆîưƌƎǐƎƲّਘ঴ǚഒơഒ۔ǚພƌ Ʋƌ๤ƯƊƫƧ¼

á')âI happen to like her.

á'*âa. ّਘ»೗ࣤǚܚƕƳƲƫƧ¼á¸)¸ॶâ b. ೗ࣤǚƧǆƧǆܚƕƳƲƫƧ¼á¸(¸ॶâ c. ೗ࣤǚܚƕƳƲƫƮƟǆƫƧ¼á&&ॶâ d. ࠕƷ೗ࣤƔưƮǊܚƕƨ¼á¸&¸ॶâ e. ƒƥǑƗࠕƷ೗ࣤƶƛưǚܚƕƨ¼á¸)¸ॶâ f. ೗ࣤƳГ๋ǄǔƟƧ¼á¸'¸ॶâ g. ંൟ»ࠕƷ೗ࣤǚܚƕƨ¼á¸&¸ॶâ h. ࡑƷ»ࠕƷ೗ࣤƶƛưƔܚƕƨ¼á¸&¸ॶâ ¸íܚƕƯƊǓîƶषݜ»íƧǆƧǆî»íّਘîƔహ ǓưƌƝƝƓЊཋՕƔƊǓǊƶƶ»హƫƮǊǆƫƧ ƗƒƓƟƌưƌƎƛưƷƲƌ¼೗ࣤǚܚƕƳƲƫƧ ƛưƶّਘ঴ǚ؊ଳơǓषݜƔ݂ƐǑǔǓ¼ؘฒ॥ ƌƶƷ»íƒƥǑƗîǌíંൟîƶǐƎƲഩԏ୩ǚ ഒơ൐ࠝǚພƌƮƌǓԙিƔڐ¸*¸อƌƧưƌƎƛư ƯƊǓácf#á'*eâ!á'*gââ¼ّਘ঴ğഁਘ঴ƶڠ఺ğ ഩԏ୩঴ưƌƎ༫ੀưࠈǗǔǓ¼íГ๋Ǆǔîư๤ ƟƧԙিƔ¸'¸อƌƧácf#á'*fââ¼ƛǔǊّਘ঴ƶ؊ ଳƓǑƨǕƎƓ¼ǆƧ»íࡑƷîưƌƎ൐ࠝǚພƌ ƧԙিǊ¸&¸อƌǓƔácf.á'*hââ»íࡑƷîƷ»੏ࡹ Ɣ૯ǑƲƌưࠈǗǔǓϼӱƲࠧઙǚৡǒࢽơưƕƳ ພƌǑǔǓ൐ࠝƯƊǓ¼

á'+âI happen to think you are wrong.

á',âa. áࠕƷâƊƲƧƷյЊƫƮƌǓưࠈƎáࠈƎ ǐƎƳƲƫƧ½ࠈƫƮƌǓ½ࠈƫƮƌǆơ½ ࠈƫƧâ¼á¸-¸ॶâ b. ࠕƷƺǏƫưƟƧǑƊƲƧƔյЊƫƮƌǓƶ ƯƷƲƌƓưࠈƎ¼á¸'¸ॶâ c. ࠕƷƊƲƧƔյЊƫƮƌǓǐƎƳࠈƎƔ¼ á¸&¸ॶâ d. ࠕƷƊƲƧƔյЊƫƮƌǓƛưǊƊǒ௻Ǔư ݂Ɛǆơ¼á¸&¸ॶâ e. ࠕƷƊƲƧƔյЊƫƮƌǓưҢưƲƗࠈƎ á¸&¸ॶâ f. ࠕƷƒƥǑƗá٨ƔյЊƫƮƌǓ½ƊƲƧƔ ϔƌâưࠈƎ¼á¸'¸ॶâ g. ࠕƷƊƲƧƔϔƌưࠈƎƟƓƲƌ¼á¸&¸ॶâ h. ࠕƷƊƲƧƔյЊƫƮƌǓưଽՕƟƧ¼ ¸á¸&¸ॶâ i. ࠕƷƧǆƧǆƊƲƧƔյЊƫƮƌǓưá݂Ɛ ƮƌƧ½ࠈƫƧâ¼á¸(¸ॶâ j. ࠕ Ʒ ّ ਘ Ɗ Ʋ Ƨ Ɣ ܄ ƫ Ʈ ƌ Ǔ ư ࠈ ƫ Ƨ¼ á¸'¸ॶâ ¸íƧǆƧǆîǌíّਘîǚພƌƢƳ๤ƟƧԙিƷ ڐ&,อƯƊǓƔ»á'+âƷƥƶǐƎƲّਘ঴ǚഒơ൐ ࠝƔƲƌධƔ࠺ਘƲష෭܃ƯƊǓ¼íࠈƎîưƌƎ ƶƷ»෭ີ»೪ϼইஇƲࠧઙƨƓǑƯƊǓ¼íƧǆ Ƨǆîǌíّਘîưƶ؁֬Ɣഩ࠺ਘƨưƌƎƶƷ» ෭ີ»೪ϼইஇࠧઙƯ»ҢǊƥƶǐƎƲّਘǚฯǑ ƓƳơǓഁ຤ƔƲƌƶƳƥǔǚഒƥƎươǓưƛǕ ƳƊǓ¼ǌƷǒ»íƺǏƫưƟƧǑî»íƊǒ௻Ǔî» íƒƥǑƗîưƌƎҢǑƓƶഩԏ୩঴ǚഒơഒ۔ǚພ ƌƮƌǓԙিƔڐ¸*¸อƌǓácf.á',bâ!á',dâá',fââ¼! íҢưƲƗîǌíଽՕƟƧîƯದۗƶݿׯƶฤƝǚ ഒƟƧ༎ácf.á',eâ!á',hââ»ƊǓƌƷíࠈƎƔî ƶíÛƔîƯᨖᨒǚ࠷ơ༎ǊƊƫƧácf.á',cââ¼ƛ ǔǑƷ»happenƶíഁਘ঴ƶڠ఺îƓǑີǓǊƶ ƨǕƎ¼á',gâƶíࠈƎƟƓƲƌîƷГۂ»ഩԏ୩ ƶಶઓƯƊǓƔ»ഩҧܨ໺ƯƥƎࠈǗƞǓǚ௻Ʋƌ ưƌƎƶǊ»ƊǓϼฒƯƷ೪ϼই঴ưƌƎ஝Ưઁƶ ༎ƳƬƲƔƫƮƌƗƶƯƷƲƌƓưࠈǗǔǓ¼íࠈ Ǝîƶषݜ»ّਘ঴ǚഒơഒ۔ưƶ؁֬ƷƒƓƟƌ ư৯ƳࢿǁƧƔ»íƧǆƧǆîưíّਘîƯƷ»íƧ ǆƧǆîƶධƔ࠺ਘƳࠈǗǔǓषݜƔƊǓ¼ƥǔƔ ҢۥƲƶƓưƌƎష෭܃ưƟƮƶíƧǆƧǆîưíّ ਘîƶೝԔƳƬƌƮƷܻǚӡǉǓ¼

á'-â0DLQ6WUHHW, which is always put down as my ﬁrst book, happens to have been my seventh. áƌƬǊࠕƶޚࣖƶ෭ưƝǔǓïȜǟȮzǴȃ ȥÓȃðƷÛâ á'.âa. ࠕƶ¸,¸߁๋ƶǊƶƲǛƯơƙƱ¼á¸&¸ॶâ b. ࡑƷ¸,¸߁๋ƨ¼á¸&¸ॶâ c. ƒƥǑƗáࠕƶ¸,¸߁๋ƨ½,¸್๋Ươ½,¸್๋ ƨâ¼á¸(¸ॶâ d. ƧǆƧǆࠕƶá¸,¸್๋ƶ෭ƨƫƧ½,¸್๋Ƴ ದ݉ƝǔƧǊƶƨâ¼á¸'¸ॶâ e. ࠕƶ¸,¸್๋ưƲƫƮƟǆƫƧ¼á¸&¸ॶâ f. ّਘƳǊࠕƶ¸,¸್๋ƶ෭ƯƊǓ¼á¸&¸ॶâ \#ࠕƶ¸,¸߁๋ưƝǔƮƌǓ¼á¸&¸ॶâ

(6)

஡ҏ¸Аټ ¸á'-âƳշƟƮƷ»൫ϼƔࡷǒƳƗƓƫƧƶƓ»ฯ ǑƓƲ܄๤ƔંƗۂǑǔƧƔ¼ǌƷǒíƙƱîƯ ᨖᨒǚácf.á'.aââ¹íƒƥǑƗîƯഩԏ୩঴ǚácf. á'.cââ»íƲƫƮƟǆƫƧî»íƝǔƮƌǓîƯ೪ϼ ই ঴ ǚ ഒ Ɵ Ʈ ƌ Ǔ ༎ácf.á'.eâ!á'.gââ»í ࡑ Ʒ î ǚ ພ ƌ Ƨ ༎ácf.á'.bââƔ ۂ Ǒ ǔ Ǔ¼í Ƨ ǆ Ƨ ǆ î» íّਘîǚພƌƧƶƷ»ڐ¸(¸อƯƊƫƧ¼

á(%âShe is the sister of my best friend, who happens to be dead. á(&âa. ೗ࣤƷࠕƶ९๴ƶ෶Ươ¼ࠑǛƯƟǆƫƧƙ ǔƱ¼á¸&¸ॶâ b. ೗ࣤƷáࠑǛƯƟǆƫƧ½ࠑǛƨ½ළƗƲƫ Ƨ½ළƗƲƫƮƟǆƫƧâࠕƶ९๴ƶࠁƨ¼ á&'ॶâ c. ࠕƶޚݗƶ๴ૄƶ೗ࣤƶࠁƷࠧۥƯළƗƲƫ Ƨ¼á¸'¸ॶâ d. ࠕƶГ್ƶ๴ૄƶ෶Ʒ»ّਘළƗƲƫƧ¼ á¸'¸ॶâ e. ೗ࣤƷࠕƶ९๴ƶ෶Ư»áƥƟƮâáഩܡ½ഩ фâƳǊළƗƲƫƮƌǓ½ࠑǛƨ½ࠑǛƯƟ ǆƫƧâ¼á¸*¸ॶâ f. ೗ࣤƷГ್໴ƌ๴ૄƶࠁƯ»೗ࣤƷáఈਘࠑ Ǜƨ½כࠑƟƧâ¼á¸)¸ॶâ g. ९๴ƶ෶ƯƊǓ೗ࣤƳࠑƔƽǒƓƓƫƧ¼ á¸&¸ॶâ ¸íّਘîǚພƌƧƶƷ¸'¸อƨƙƯ»ઁƶԙিƷّ ਘ঴ǚഒƝƢƳ๤ƟƮƌƧ¼íࠑǛƯƟǆƫƧƙǔ Ʊîư»גৣƯᨖᨒǚഒƟƧǒácf#á(&aââ»íࠑǛ ƯƟǆƫƧ½ළƗƲƫƮƟǆƫƧîư»íƟǆƫƧî Ưഩҧܨ໺ǚഒƟƧǒƟƮƌǓ༎ƔۂࢄƙǑǔǓ ácf.á(&aâ!á(&bâ!á(&eââ¼ࠧઙƶഩҧܨ໺঴ǚíഩ ܡƳǊ½ഩфƳǊîƯഒƥƎưƟƧԙিǊڐ¸*¸อƌ Ƨácf.á(&eââ¼ܮƳƷ»і൫ƳƷࣞƓǔƮƌƲƌíࠧ ۥƯî»íఈਘî»íכࠑî»íࠑƔƽǒƓƓƫƧîư ๤ƟƧԙিácf.á(&câ!á(&fâ!á(&gââǊƌƮ»ƛǔ ǑƷ܄๤ƳƲǓƶƨƔ»ࠧઙƳઓơǓഩҧܨ໺ƶӕ ࡰǚԉપƟƮƌƗȒȨǶǴƯ֬ƛƫƧ۔नưۂࢄƙ ǑǔǓ¼

á('âDo you happen to know his telephone number? á((âa. ƺǏƫưƟƧǑ೗ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚ૯ƫƮƌǆƣ ǛƓÀá¸&¸ॶâ b. áƊƲƧƷâ೗ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚá૯ƫƮƌǆơ Ɠ½૯ƫƮƌƧƶƯơƓ½૯ƫƮƌǓƶ½Ɯ ੻૯ƯơƓ½૯ƫƮƌǓƶƯơƓâ4á&)ॶâ c. áƊƲƧƷâáǊƟƓƟƮ½ǊƟƓơǓưâ೗ ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚ૯ƫƮƌǆơƓ¼á¸'¸ॶâ d. ƊƲƧƷ»೗ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚ૯ǒƧƗƲǒƬƬ ƊǒǆơƓÀá¸&¸ॶâ e. ƊƲƧƷ඄ǗƫƧ೗ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚ૯ƫƮƌǆ ơƓ¼á¸&¸ॶâ f. ƊƲƧƷ೗ƶځખ್ݛǚáƧǆƧǆ૯ƫƮ ƌǆơƓ½ّਘ૯ƫƮƌƧǒƟǆƣǛƓâÀ á¸(¸ॶâ g. ƊƲƧƷ೗ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚ૯ǑƝǔƮǆơƓ¼ á¸&¸ॶâ h. ƊƲƧƷّਘ»೗ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚ૯ƫƧƶƓÀ á¸&¸ॶâ i. ஢ཌ್ݛǚؐƐƮǊǑƫƮǊƌƌƯơƓ¼ á¸&¸ॶâ j. ƊƲƧƔ೗ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚ૯ƫƧƕƫƓƙƷҢ ƯơƓ¼á¸&¸ॶâ k. ೗ƶ್ݛ૯ƫƮƧǒƟǆơÀá¸&¸ॶâ l. ƱƎƟƮƊƲƧƔ೗ƶ஢ཌ್ݛǚ૯ƫƮƌǓ ƶƯơƓ¼á¸&¸ॶâ ¸íّਘ½ƧǆƧǆîǚພƌƧƶƷڐ¸)¸อƯƊǓ¼ í૯ǓîưƌƎƶǊ»૯ǕƎươǓவ໺ƶ๺ฤƷƊ ǓƨǕƎƔ»ڤүஇƳ૯ǓƓƱƎƓƷϼইƟƮ঵ƣ ǓƛưƯƷƲƌ¼íّਘ½ƧǆƧǆîƔ؁֬ҧౖƨ ươǔƸ»ƥǔƷ»á((hâƶǐƎƳ૯ǓƳࠛƫƧȒ ȨǶǴǚۗƎǊƶƯƊǒ»૯ƫƮƌǓڤүीઙǚۗ ƎǊƶƯƷƲƌ¼૯ǓȒȨǶǴƶّਘ঴ǚ๓ƎƶƔ ئǆƫƮ»á((aâƶǐƎƳíƱƎƟƮ૯ƫƮƌǓƶ ƓîưƌƎ໊຀ǚמǉǓ൫ƳƲƫƧƶƨǕƎƓ¼ഩ ԏ୩঴ǚഒơíƺǏƫưƟƧǑî»íǊƟƓƟƮ½Ǌ ƟƓơǓưîưƌƎ൐ࠝǚພƌƧԙিǊંƌácf. á((aâ!á((cââ¼á((kâƶí೗ƶ್ݛ૯ƫƮƧǒƟǆ ơÀîưƌƎƶǊ»૨୩঴ǚࡴǉƧᅈإഒ۔ƶ༎ư ۗƐǓƨǕƎ¼

á()âHow did she happen to start telling you about the man? á(*âa. ƱƶǐƎƳ೗ࣤƷáّਘ½ّਘƳǊâƊƲƧ Ƴƥƶ૬ƳƬƌƮཌƟࠀǉǆƟƧƓÀá¸)¸ॶâ b. ೗ࣤƷáƱƎƟƮ½ƱƎǌƫƮ½ƱƶǐƎƳ ƟƮ½ƱƶǐƎƲࠧऻƯâƥƶॶƳƬƌƮáཌ ƟࠀǉǆƟƧ½ཌƟࢽƟƧƶƯơâƓ¼á&)ॶâ

(7)

Happen to ഩ୩ࠝưష෭܃ƶíƧǆƧǆîƶઓ҃ƳƬƌƮ c. ೗ࣤƷƱƶǐƎƲّਘƯ٨Ƴƥƶ૬ƶƛưǚ ཌƟƧƶƓÀá¸&¸ॶâ d. ƱƶǐƎƳƟƮƊƲƧƷ೗ࣤƳƧǆƧǆ೗ƶ ƛưǚ൬ƌƧƶƯơƓÀá¸&¸ॶâ ¸íّਘ½ƧǆƧǆîǚພƌƲƓƫƧƶƷڐ&)อƯ ƊǓ¼ّਘഒ۔ǚພƌƮƌǓଇƯ»á(*câƶíƱƶ ǐƎƲّਘƯîưƌƎƶƷíƱƶǐƎƳƟƮîư ƌƎƛưƯƊǒ»ƛǔƷ࠺ਘƲష෭܃ƨưࠈƎƔ» á(*aâǌá(*dâƶǐƎƲíƱƶǐƎƳ»ّਘîǌíƱ ƶǐƎƳƟƮ»ƧǆƧǆîưƌƎƶƷ»໊຀ǚמǉ Ǔഒ۔ưࠧઙƶّਘ঴»Ƭǆǒ໊຀ƶڠ఺ǚీǉǓ ഒ۔Ɣ؁֬ƟƮƌƮฦ࣏ƟƮƒƓƟƌưۗƐǐƎ¼ ¸ϱर¹ԙিƶ๤༎ǚझӓƟƧƔ»ӶƵّਘ঴ǚഒ ơഁ຤ƔƲƗ»ّਘ঴ǚഒƣƸ»ౄǕƒƓƟƲ൫Ƴ ƲǓषݜƳƷƥƶǐƎƲഒ۔ǚພƌƢƳ๤ƟƮƌ Ƨ¼ƛǔƷష෭܃ඟ܃ཌࡣưƟƮஉৡƲۗ܃ଽհƯ ƊǓ¼ƥƶषݜƳ»ԙিƷhappenƶȆȠǝȮǴƳ ઓƟƮઓ҃ơǓష෭܃ǚƌǕƌǕư݂Ɛ»ഩԏƓ Ɲǌᨖᨒ»ϼӱ঴ǚഒơഒ۔ǚພƌƮƌƧ¼Ңۥ ƥƶǐƎƲഒ۔ǚພƌƧƶƓưƌƎƛưƷhappen ƶݿےஇϼฒưພ඲ưƶշٱƳ֟ƣǑǔǓƨǕƎ¼ happenƶݿےஇϼฒưບÐƲພ඲ưƶշ༫ƳƬƌ ƮƷ»஡ҏá'%&&âƯГ݂ǚࢿǁƧ¼&'â ő#ƒǗǒƳ ¸௾ൿƲ໊຀ƔƊƫƮƛƎƲƫƧƶƯƷƲƌư»ࠧ ઙƶПүշٱƶ೔୩Ɣ݂ƐǑǔǓषݜƶhappen to ഩ୩ࠝƷíƧǆƧǆîƯ๤ơƛưƔƯƕǓ¼ǆƧ ֦ࣺࠧઙǚഒơhappen toഩ୩ࠝǊíƧǆƧǆîƯ ๤ ơ ƛ ư Ɣ Ư ƕ Ǔ¼ ઁ ධ¼ ƛ ǔ Ǒ Ƴ ӻ ௓ Ɵ Ʋ ƌ happen toഩ୩ࠝƷíƧǆƧǆîƯ๤ơƛưƷƯ ƕƲƌ¼ƥƶषݜ»ƱƶǐƎƲష෭܃Ɣઓ҃ơǓ ƶƓƳƬƌƮ»ԙিƶ๤༎ǚߣ݂Ƴ݂ƐƮǇƧ¼ happenƳƷ»Ǯȃƶّਘ঴ǌ֦ࣺ঴ǚഒơϱӱƶ ພ඲ƔƊǒ»෮๤ƶްƷƥƶ஝ƳໜϼơǓഁ຤ƔƊ ǓưۗƐǐƎ¼ ଎

¸&¸âDanielle Steel, $QVZHUHG3UD\HUV. New York: A Dell Book. '%%'. p.&.,.

¸'¸â2[IRUG (QJOLVK 'LFWLRQDU\'_{Oxford: Oxford} University Press. &.-.. s. v. KDSSHQ.

¸(¸âरڀ¸&¸âp.()&#

¸)¸â੿रࣂ࢈ïӥඈƶǦȐǦðáॠଫ൫ۢáҟââ௉ ׻¾ॠଫࡡ¼'%%,¼p.+,#

¸*¸âरڀ¸)¸âp.('%#

¸+¸âBritish National Corpus Online. ¸,¸â௬र¼

¸-¸âïપ࠼৻ðáउ੿ฯե࢑â௉׻¾ࣹԙպ¼&..*# ¸.¸âAgatha Christie, :KDW0UV0F*LOOLFXGG\6DZ

New York: Pocket Books. &.*,. p.(+.

&%âࣹ৅๴ࡆáඇâïі܃֏෭௫ࠝ࠼ஒð௉׻¾ڽף ࡡ¼&.-%¼p.+--# &&âरڀ¸'¸âƳ௬Ơ¼ &'â஡ҏАټíࠧઙీࡀƶі܃ഒ۔ÔǮȃƶি֬Ƴ ઓơǓཌࡣƶढ़இઙஶîપ޸ࠅ໔પԙಇ߿ཉ൫¼ '%&&¼