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ȝȪȆǣǫȫȷǨdzȭǸȸᛯƷૼƨƳޒ
ÜÜؾǬȐȊȳǹƷȪǹDZȸȪȳǰƴ᧙ƢǔʖͳႎᎋݑÜÜ
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Recent Trends in Political Ecology:
A Discussion on Rescaling of Environmental Governance
ᑠἨ
భ
㸨㸦㜰ᕷ❧Ꮫ࣭᪥ᮏᏛ⾡⯆≉ู◊✲ဨ
PD㸧㸪♽⏣ ுḟ㸦㜰ᕷ❧Ꮫ㸧
KOIZUMI Yusuke (JSPS Research Fellow, Osaka City University) ,
SODA Ryoji (Osaka City University)
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸࣏ࣜࢸ࣭࢚࢝ࣝࢥࣟࢪ࣮㸪ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢᨻ㸪ࣜࢫࢣ࣮ࣜࣥࢢ㸪㛤Ⓨᆅ⌮Ꮫ Keywords㸸political ecology, politics of scale, rescaling, development geography Ϩ ᮏⓎ⾲ࡢࡡࡽ࠸ ᮏⓎ⾲ࡣ㸪1980ᖺ௦௨㝆㸪ⱥㄒᅪࡢᆅ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࢆ୰ᚰᒎ㛤 ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࣏ࣜࢸ࣭࢚࢝ࣝࢥࣟࢪ࣮ㄽ㸦௨ୗ㸪PEㄽ㸧ࡘ࠸ ࡚㸪ࡑࡢྂࡉࢀࡿ◊✲ࡀ┠ᣦࡋࡓࡶࡢ㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㏆ᖺࡢ᪂ ࡓ࡞◊✲ືྥࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ㸪ᚋࡢᒎ㛤ྍ⬟ᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡃࡓࡵࡢணഛⓗ⪃ᐹ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣ㸪2000ᖺ௦௨ 㝆ࡢPEㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ືྥࡋ࡚ࣜࢫࢣ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᴫᛕࡢᑟ ධࢆ┠ᣦࡍ◊✲ὀ┠ࡋ㸪PEㄽ࠸࠺◊✲ᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ࣭ ᪉ἲㄽⓗ࡞᭷ຠᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ ϩ ᆅ⌮Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ3(ㄽࡢ⣔㆕ PEㄽࡣ㸪ᆅ⌮Ꮫࡢ㢟࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠕே㛫㸫⎔ቃࠖ㛵ಀࡢゎ ᫂ྥࡅ࡚㸪⏕ែᏛ㸦ecology㸧ࡢどⅬᨻ⤒῭Ꮫ㸦political economy㸧ࡢどⅬࢆ⤫ྜࡉࡏࡓࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋPEㄽࡢ ࡞◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡣ➨୕ୡ⏺㸦Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ㸧ࡢ⎔ቃၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪PE ㄽࡢ㯪᫂ᮇ࠶ࡓࡿ1980ᖺ௦ࡣⱥ࣭⡿࣭ࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿᆅ ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡀࣇࣜ࢝ࡸࢪࢆᑐ㇟◊✲ࢆ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡ࡚ࡁࡓ 㸦Watts 1983, Blaikie 1985, Blaikie and Brookfield 1987㸧ࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽึᮇࡢPEㄽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪➨୕ୡ⏺࠾ࡅࡿ⏕ែ⎔ቃࡢኚ ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㛵ࡋ࡚㸪ᅾᆅఫẸࡼࡿ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞ᅵᆅ⏝ࡔࡅ ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪Ἑᕝࡢୖὶᇦୗὶᇦ࠸ࡗࡓᗈᇦⓗ࡞ᆅ⌮ࢫࢣ࣮ ࡛ࣝࡢ┦స⏝ࡸ㸪ᅜᐙ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵࠸ࡗࡓୖࢡ ࢱ࣮ࡢᨻ⟇ධࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᙳ㡪ࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉Blaikie 㸦1985㸧ࡣ㸪࡞ࡐᅵተ㛵ࡍࡿಖᢏ⾡ࡀ㐍Ṍࡋ࡚ࡶᅵተ 㣗ࡀ↓ࡃ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㜵ࡄࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࠸࠺ ၥ࠸ࢆᥖࡆ㸪ᅵተಖᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿኻᩋࡀᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ഃ㠃ࡔࡅ ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࡑࡢᢏ⾡ࢆᨻ⟇ⴠࡋ㎸ࡴ㝿ᵝࠎ࡞ᨻⓗ࣭♫ ⓗ࡞ᐖᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࢆᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡓࠋ ࡶࡶPEㄽࡣࠕே㛫㸫⎔ቃࠖ㛵ಀࡢ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞ᩥ⬦ࢆ㐣 ᗘᙉㄪࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᩥ⏕ែᏛᑐࡍࡿᢈุࢆฟⓎⅬࡋ࡚࠾ ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ᪉ἲㄽⓗ≉ᚩࡋ࡚ࡣࣇ࣮ࣝࢻㄪᰝࢆ㍈ᤣ࠼ ࡘࡘࡶ㸪≉ᐃࡢᮧⴠ࠾ࡅࡿ࣑ࢡࣟ࡞⌧㇟グ㏙ࡲࡽ࡞ ࠸◊✲ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪PEㄽࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶỗ ⏝ᛶࡢ㧗࠸⊂⮬⌮ㄽࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡴࡋ ࢁྛࠎࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࢸ࣮࣐ࡸ⌮ㄽ㸪ᴫᛕ㸪᪉ἲ㛵 ࡋ࡚ࡣ㠀ᖖᰂ㌾࡞ែᗘࢆࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋBryant㸦2015㸧ࡀࠕPE
ㄽࡣᑾࡁ࡞࠸ᑐヰ㸦political ecology is an endless conversation㸧ࠖ
࡛࠶ࡿ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺㸪1990ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣᆅ⌮Ꮫே㢮Ꮫࢆ୰ ᚰከᵝ࡞ศ㔝ࡽࡢཧධࢆཷධࢀࡿࡇ࡛㸪㐣ཤ30వᖺ࡛ ⭾࡞◊✲ࡀ✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ㏆ᖺ㸪ከᅜ⡠ᴗࡼࡿᅜᐙࢆ㉸࠼ࡓᢞ㈨ࡢቑຍࡀ㸪➨୕ ୡ⏺࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㐣ᗘ࡞㈨※㸦ᅵᆅ㸧ዣ➇தࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡞ 㸪➨୕ୡ⏺ࡢ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡢつᐃせᅉࡀࡼࡾ」㞧࣭ከᵝࡋ ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛㸪PEㄽࡢࡼ࠺ࠕே㛫㸫⎔ቃࠖ㛵ಀࢆ㔜ᒙⓗ࣭ከ ゅⓗᤊ࠼ࡿ◊✲ࡢ㔜せᛶࡀቑࠎ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ Ϫ 3(ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿࣜࢫࢣ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᴫᛕࡢᑟධ PEㄽࡣከᵝ࡞◊✲ࢆཷධࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ୍᪉࡛㸪1990ᖺ௦ධࡿ ୍㐃ࡢPEㄽ◊✲࠾ࡅࡿ⌮ㄽ㸪ᴫᛕ㸪᪉ἲࡢࡲࡲࡾࡢ࡞ ࡉࡀㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ᾋୖࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ≉PEㄽࢆࢱࢺࣝෙࡍࡿ ◊✲ࡣ㆟ㄽࡢ୍⯡ࢆᣦྥࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎ㸪⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ຊࡀḞ
ዴࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡢᢈุࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓ㸦Peet and Watts 1996㸧ࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᢈุᛂ࠼ࡿࡓࡕ࡛㸪PEㄽ࡛ࡣ⊂⮬ࡢ⌮ㄽྥ ࡅࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᒎ㛤ࢆぢࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰࡛ࡶ2000ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢPEㄽ࡛ ࡣ㸪ேᩥᆅ⌮Ꮫࡢ㔜せ࡞ᴫᛕࡢ1ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࢫࢣ࣮ࣝᴫᛕࡢ ᳨ウࡑࡢᛂ⏝ྍ⬟ᛶ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ PEㄽࡣ㸪ࡑࡢึᮇࡢ◊✲ࡽ᪤」ᩘࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢆศᯒᑐ ㇟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࡇࢆ1ࡘࡢ≉ᚩࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪Blaikie and Brookfield㸦1987㸧࡛ࡣ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞ᅵᆅ⏝ࡀᅜᐙࡸୡ⏺⤒ ῭࠸⤖ࡧ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠕㄝ᫂ࡢ㐃㙐 㸦chains of explanation㸧ࠖࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢPEㄽ࡛ࡣࠕㄝ᫂ࡢ㐃㙐ࠖࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝࡸ
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࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࠸ࡗࡓࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢆᅛᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ ࡇࢆᢈุࡋ㸪ࡇࢀ௦࠼࡚ᨻᆅ⌮Ꮫ࡛Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠕࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢᨻ㸦the politics of scale㸧ࠖ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡢᑟධࢆヨ
ࡳࡿ◊✲ࡀቑຍഴྥ࠶ࡿ㸦Neumann 2009㸧ࠋࡑࡢᄏ▮ࡋ ࡚Zimmerer㸦2000㸧ࡣ㸪ࣥࢹࢫᒣᆅ࠾ࡅࡿ℺₅⟶⌮࠾ ࡅࡿᆅ⌮ⓗ⠊ᅖࡀ㸪ࣥ࢝௦ࡢ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞ࡶࡢࡽࢫ࣌ ࣥ⤫ᮇࡣᗈᇦⓗ࡞ὶᇦࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࡶࡢኚࡋࡓࡇ ࢆᣦࡋ㸪PEㄽ࡛ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᨻᶒຊࡢ⛣⾜ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ㈨※ ⟶⌮ࡢࣜࢫࢣ࣮ࣜࣥࢢὀ┠ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪
ࣈࣛࢪࣝࡢ࣐ࢰࣥࢆࡋࡓBrown and Purcell㸦2005㸧
ࡼࡿ㸪ᅜᐙࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞㈨※⟶⌮ࡀᅜ㝿NGO➼ࡢᢈุࢆཷ ࡅࡿ୰࡛㸪࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ࡞ᩥࡸ័⩦ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ⟶⌮᪉ᘧ⛣ ⾜ࡋࡓࡇࡼࡾ㸪࣮ࣟ࢝ࣜࢸࢆᮃࡲࡋ࠸⪃࠼ࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢᅛᐃ㸦ࡇࢀࢆࠕ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝࡢ⨜㸦local trap㸧ࠖ ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸧ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿᣦࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ◊✲࡛ࡣࢫࢣ࣮ ࣝࢆᡤࡢࡶࡢ㸦pre-given㸧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪」ᩘࡢᨻⓗ࣭♫ ⓗࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ┦㛵ಀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼㸪 ࡑࡢ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ኚࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ╔┠ࡍࡿࡇࡢ㔜せᛶࡀᙉㄪ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽ㸪⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢࣜࢫࢣ࣮ࣜࣥࢢ╔┠ࡋࡓCohen and Bakker㸦2005㸧ࡣ㸪࢝ࢼࢲ࣭ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱᕞࡢỈ㈨※⟶⌮ ࢆ㸪Ἑᕝࡢὶᇦ࠸ࡗࡓࠕ⮬↛ࡢࠖࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ⮬యࡣ㠀 ᨻⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝタᐃࡸࣜࢫࢣ࣮ࣜࣥࢢ ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚≉ᐃࡢᨻࢡࢱ࣮㈨※⏝ࡢᶒ㝈ࡀ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪ࠕ⮬↛ࡢࠖࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡀᨻⓗ࡞ࡶࡢኚ ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋࡓࠋྠᵝࣥࢻࢿࢩ࣭ࢪࣕ࣡ᓥࢆ ࡍࡿLukas and Fitner㸦2019㸧ࡣ㸪㈨※⟶⌮ࡢࣜࢫࢣ࣮ ࣜࣥࢢ࠾࠸࡚ᅜᐙࡢᨻ㸫ᐁࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ᅜ㝿 ᶵ㛵ࡸࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺ㸪◊✲⪅࡞ࡀከᵝ࡞ࡓࡕ࡛㛵ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㈨※࣭⎔ቃၥ㢟ࢆ࡞◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡍࡿPEㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪 ᚑ᮶ࡢࠕࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢᨻࠖ࠾ࡅࡿ㆟ㄽࡸࣜࢫࢣ࣮ࣜࣥࢢᴫ ᛕࢆ⏝ࡋࡘࡘ㸪㈨※⟶⌮ࡸ⎔ቃಖࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࠸ࡗࡓ ࠕ⮬↛ࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࠖࡀᨻⓗ࣭♫ⓗࢡࢱ࣮ࡼࡗ࡚࠸ ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆ◊✲ࡢ㢟ᤣ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ϫ ⤖ㄒ PEㄽࡢᒎ㛤㐣⛬ࢆࡦࡶゎࡃ㸪 PEㄽ࠸࠺◊✲ᯟ⤌ࡳࡣ ≉ᐃࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀฟࡋࡓヂ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪1980ᖺ௦࠾ࡅࡿPiers Blaikie࡞ࡢᩥ⏕ែᏛᢈุࡸᨻ⤒῭Ꮫⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢᑟ ධࢆヨࡳࡓ◊✲ࡀ㸪ᚋPEㄽࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 1990ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢPEㄽࡣከᵝ࡞◊✲ศ㔝ᗈࡀࡾࢆぢࡏ㸪㏆ᖺ ࡣ㒔ᕷࡸࣇ࢙࣑ࢽࢬ࣒࠸ࡗࡓࢸ࣮࣐ࡀὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ୍᪉㸪PEㄽࡢ◊✲ࠕ⩌ࠖࡣ᪉ἲㄽⓗ࡞⤫୍ᛶࡀஈࡋ࠸࠸ ࠺ᢈุࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ୰࡛㸪ᆅ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚PEㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝᴫᛕࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ᑟධࡀᅗࡽࢀ㸪≉2000ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣ ㈨※⟶⌮ࡸ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࠾ࡅࡿࣜࢫࢣ࣮ࣜࣥࢢࡢᨻᛶ ࢆၥ࠺◊✲ࡀὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ㸪Sayre㸦2005㸧ࡸ
Rangan and Kull㸦2009㸧ࡢࡼ࠺⏕ែᏛࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢆேᩥᆅ ⌮Ꮫࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ᥋ྜࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺ヨࡳࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ Neumann㸦2009㸧ࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸪ከᵝ࡞◊✲ศ㔝ࢆໟ ᦤࡍࡿPEㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ⌮ㄽྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴ◊✲⪅ࡣᮍ ࡔᑡᩘὴ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪1990ᖺ௦㡭ࡽࡢேᩥᆅ⌮Ꮫ࡛ࡢࢫࢣ࣮ ࣝ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ㐃ືࡍࡿࡓࡕ࡛╔ࠎ◊✲ࡀ ✚ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ≉PEㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢࣜࢫࢣ࣮ ࣜࣥࢢศᯒ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ᨻᆅ⌮Ꮫ࠾࠸࡚ᚲࡎࡋࡶ୰ᚰⓗ ࡞㆟ㄽࡣᤣ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ⏕ែᏛⓗࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢᑟධ ࠸ࡗࡓ㆟ㄽࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡇࡽ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢேᩥᆅ⌮Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ㆟ㄽᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ᪂ࡓ࡞ศᯒどゅࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ ࠑཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ࠒ
Blaikie, P. 1985. The PoliticalEconomyofSoilErosioninDeveloping Countries. Longman Scientific & Technical: London.
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