著者
高根 務
権利
Copyrights 日本貿易振興機構（ジェトロ）アジア
経済研究所 / Institute of Developing
Economies, Japan External Trade Organization
(IDE-JETRO) http://www.ide.go.jp
シリーズタイトル
研究双書
シリーズ番号
530
雑誌名
アフリカとアジアの農産物流通
ページ
3-24
発行年
2003
出版者
日本貿易振興会アジア経済研究所
URL
http://hdl.handle.net/2344/00012169
序章
アフリカとアジアの農産物流通
高 根 務
釦艐郟腀陻辑苌觛釨
腀詊钭鍲迣趑苌豯跏钭鍗苢趑隯苌賺邶購迣苉苆苁苄腃鑟识閔雥芪轤靶苅芠苩 花苆苍顟苰釒芽苈芢腂鑟识閔雥苍醽芭苌鍲迣趑隯苉苆苁苄苌軻鏼苌貹苅芠苨腃 苜芽趑隯苖苌遈韆讟讋苰鉓芤閔雥苅芠苨腃芳苧苉苍靁软苰鋊芶苄趑苌豯跏苰 邬銷芳芹苩閔雥苅苠芠苩腂芻芵苄花苌鑟识閔雥苌钭鍗苌貮苆苈苩苌芪腃鑟蹙 閨鞬鋊苌芠苨闻苅芠苩腂賸鞦鍉苈鑟蹙閨鞬鋊邧鍸苌軀費苍腃邶蹙軒苆迁铯軒 酯闻苌賺邶苰購迣芳芹苩苌苝苈苧芸腃趑苌豯跏酓里苌钭鍗苉赶貣芷苩腂芻苪 苤芦鑟蹙閨苌鞬鋊苉論芵苄苍腃醽芭苌鍲迣趑邭镻芪芳苜芴苜苈邭跴苰躎苝苄 芫芽腂 腀陻辑苌雚鍉苍腃荁荴莊荊苆荁荗荁苌趑腘苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌軀釔苰腃邭跴苢邧 鍸苌闏酊苉銍雚芵苄閪郍芷苩花苆苉芠苩腂閪郍苉芠芽苁苄銍雚芷苩苌苍腃鑟 蹙閨鞬鋊苉芩芩苭苩邭镻苌邭跴腃蹳迪赜醢腃鉮裦鏆躩苌邧鍸苢酧遄腃鞬鋊苉 芩芩苭苩芳苜芴苜苈荁荎荞腛芽芿腩邶蹙軒腃辤遬腃邭镻譀論苈苇腪苌鏁遆苆花 苪苧苌醊賝論豗苅芠苩腂 腀躖韡貤讆苌野进苆芵苄苍腃荁荴莊荊芩苧艓荊趑腩荋腛荩腃荕莓荲荁腃荇荠草 荳荁腃荞莓荕荪荁腪苆荁荗荁芩苧艓荊趑腩銆趑腃荸荧荩莀腃荾莃莓荽腛腃荃莓荨 荬荖荁腪苌豶艗荊趑苰酉釰芵芽腂花苌貤讆野进趑苌酉釰苍腃裓遽鍉苅芠苩腂 迣譌苌趑腘苌苙苆英苇苍腃1970鑎釣芠苩芢苍1980鑎釣苜苅邭镻觮鏼豞豯跏邭IMF腅邢詅询赳軥鎱苌赜醢銲邮邭跴苌襥访苰軳芯腃芢芸苪苌趑苠隯諔誈韍軥 鎱苌豯跏邭跴苖苌鍝誷苰赳苁苄芫芽腂芻芵苄花苌豯跏邭跴苌鍝誷苍腃鑟蹙閨 鞬鋊閔雥苌邭跴闏覻苢邧鍸闏覻苉钽襦芳苪苄芫芽腂误里鍉苉苍腃趑靌諩识苢 荽腛荐荥荂莓荏荻腛荨苈苇芪銼郚鍉苉覿詩苢鞬鋊苰荒莓荧莍腛莋芷苩里邧芩 苧腃邭镻苌觮鏼苰跭貸芵苄隯諔誈韍苰軥里苆芷苩鞬鋊里邧苖苌裚赳芪躎苝苧 苪芽苌苅芠苩腂陻辑苍花苌苦芤苉邭镻觮鏼豞芩苧躩青軥譠豞苖苌邭跴鍝誷苰 豯貱芵芽腃荁荴莊荊苆荁荗荁苌趑腘苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊閔雥苌豯貱苰铤該貟鎢芷苩 花苆苰裓遽芵苄芢苩腂 腀花苪苧苌趑腘苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌軀釔苰貟鎢芷苩裓譠苍鏱苂芠苩腂釦艐苍腃鉮 裦貤讆苌躋鍟芩苧邢詅鍉苈豯跏躩青覻苌鞬苪苰貟鎢芵苈芨芷花苆苅芠苩腂躖 韡貤讆苆芵苄苆苨芠芰芽趑腘苌邭跴苍腃邭镻觮鏼豞芩苧躩青軥譠豞苖苆芢芤 釥芫苈鞬苪苅苍认鋊芵苄芢苩苠苌苌腃鑟蹙閨鞬鋊閔雥苉芨芯苩误里鍉苈邭跴 闏覻腅邧鍸闏覻苌鏠靥苍貈芵苄裪靬苅苍苈芢腂芻苪芼苪苌趑鏆躩苌芳苜芴苜 苈靶裶芪腃鑟蹙閨鞬鋊閔雥苌闏酊苉襥访苰非芦苄芫芽芩苧苅芠苩腂芻苌苦芤 苈詥趑鏆躩苌辔靶裶苰轜閪苉芨芳芦芽鉮裦貤讆苌躋鍟芩苧腃邢詅鍉苈豯跏躩 青覻苌鞬苪苰钽襦芵芽鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌軀釔苰醨芦苈芨芷花苆腃花苪芪陻貤讆苌 釦艐苌裓譠苅芠苩腂 腀釦艑苌裓譠苍腃鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉苂芢苄苌裙苈苩鉮裦腅趑苌豯貱苰铤該貟鎢芷 苩花苆苉苦苨腃花苌閪雬苌貤讆苉遖芽苈躋鍟苰鋱讟芷苩花苆苅芠苩腂賣轱苌 苦芤苉鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉論芷苩貤讆苉苍芷苅苉醽芭苉鉾郏芪芠苩芪腃鏁鋨鉮裦苰 銴芦芽铤該苌躋鍟苰靌芷苩苠苌苍苜芾辭苈芢a腂荁荴莊荊苆荁荗荁苆芢芤鉮 鞝鍉苉苠韰蹪鍉苉苠裙苈苩鑷豩苰苠苁芽鉮裦苌躖韡貤讆苰鏋芫趇苭芹苩花苆 苉苦苁苄腃鍲迣趑苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉认鋊苌離釨豑苰銊软芵腃趡賣苌貤讆苌闻購 邫苰鉔苩花苆芪陻貤讆苌苠芤裪苂苌裓譠苅芠苩腂
釦艑郟腀鑟蹙閨鞬鋊貤讆苌荁荶莍腛荠
腀躟苉鍲迣趑苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉論芷苩觟讎苌貤讆芪腃苇苌苦芤苈躋鍟芩苧苈芳 苪苄芫芽苌芩苰詔諏芵芽芢腂觟讎苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊貤讆苌闻購邫苍腃閪郍苌轤鍟 苌鉵芫闻苢荁荶莍腛荠苌裡芢芩苧裈覺苌顚苂苉釥闊芷苩花苆芪苅芫苩s腂芾 芾芵花苪苧苌荁荶莍腛荠苍腃賝芢苉鑲醼鍉苈苠苌苅苍苈芢腂軀跛苌躖韡貤讆 苉芨芢苄苍腃花苪苧苌芤芿閡邔苰鎝趇芳芹芽荁荶莍腛荠苰跌靰芵苄芢苩苠苌 苠邔醽芭醶距芷苩腂 艐腄邭跴闏覻苌靶裶苆芻苌襥访苌閪郍 腀釦艐苌荁荶莍腛荠苍腃鑟蹙閨鞬鋊邭跴苌闏覻苌鎮購苆芻苌鑷豩腃芨苦苑邭 跴苌襥访苰腃趑鏆躩苌辔靶裶苰赬鞶苉鏼苪苂苂閪郍芵苦芤苆芷苩苠苌苅芠苩腂 芠苩趑苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉論芷苩邭跴苍腃芻苌趑芪苠苂鏆躩苌鑟识钭鍗苌韰蹪腃 躞釣芲苆苌邭跴荶莉荃草莊荥荂腃趑鏠苌鞘襶轗鉣苌鎮購苢裗邭軒苌邭躡鍉钻 鉦腃趑跛軐觯苌鎮購苈苇腃醽芭苌靶裶苰鑷豩苆芵苄豠邬芳苪苩腩Bates腭1981腮腃Hopkins腭1991腮腃Krueger腭1992腮腃Kherallah et al.腭2002腮腪腂芠苩趑苅跌靰芳苪 苄芢苩鑟醺閨鞬鋊邭跴苌鑷豩苰鉭苩芽苟苉苍腃花苪苧苌邭躡豯跏鍉苈靶裶苰 醍里鍉苉鞝觰芷苩花苆芪苜芸镋靶苉苈苩腂芳苧苉芻苌鞬鋊邭跴苢邧鍸芪軀跛 苉苇苌苦芤苈賸觊苆襥访苰苠芽苧芵苄芢苩芩苰閪郍芷苩芽苟苉苍腃趑鏠詥鉮 裦苌蹳迪赜醢腃鑟识邶蹙苌鏁銥腃韰蹪鍉苉豠邬芳苪苄芫芽鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌軀釔 苈苇腃醽芭苌醤雊苌醊賝跬靰苉銍雚芷苩镋靶芪芠苩腂花苌苦芤苈趑鏆躩苌豯 跏鍉腃邭躡鍉腃韰蹪鍉靶裶苌醽雊鍉苈鞝觰苌芤芦苉芽苁苄鑟蹙閨鞬鋊邭跴苌 鏠靥苆芻苌襥访苰閪郍芷苩苌芪腃鑟蹙閨鞬鋊貤讆苌裪苂苌闻購邫苅芠苩腂陻 辑苉軻苟苧苪苄芢苩詥躖韡貤讆苍腃諮陻鍉苉花苌荁荶莍腛荠苰跌靰芵苄芢苩腂
艑腄Structure, Conduct, Performance腩SCP腪
腀鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉論芷苩荾荎莍豯跏詷鍉苈閪郍苅醽芭跌靰芳苪苄芢苩苌苍腃 Structure, Conduct, Performance腩SCP腪苌荁荶莍腛荠苅芠苩腂SCP荁荶莍腛 荠苉苠苆苃芭閪郍苍腃芠苩鑟蹙閨蹳迪苌豯跏鍉苈荰荴荈腛荽莓荘苰賸鞦邫苌 躋鍟芩苧镝覿芵苦芤苆芷苩腂芻芵苄芻苌賸鞦邫镝覿苌钻鉦跞鞿苆苈苩苌芪腃 鑟蹙閨蹳迪苌赜醢腩structure腪苆腃鞬鋊苉芩芩苭苩詥軥里腩辤遬苢諩识腪苌豯 跏誈鎮苌軀釔腩conduct腪苅芠苩腂鑟蹙閨蹳迪苌赜醢苌閪郍苍腃芻苌蹳迪芪誮 酓讣醈苉苇苪芾芯诟芢芩苆芢芤躋鍟芩苧赳苭苪腃芻花苅誈鎮芷苩辤遬苢諩识 苌邔苆譋雍腃蹑鏼迡闇苌靌隳腃覿詩苆镩躿苉論芷苩迮闱鍠鉂芪轜閪芩苇芤芩 苈苇芪離釨苆苈苩腂鞬鋊苉芩芩苭苩辤遬苢諩识苌豯跏誈鎮苌軀釔苍軥苉豯襣 鏠靥苌閪郍苉苦苁苄赳苭苪腃軻蹸苌軀釔腃鞬鋊荽腛荗莓腃鞘辁苈苇芪难苧芩 苉芳苪苩腂花苪苧苌閪郍苰酧苝趇苭芹苩花苆苉苦苁苄腃芠苩鑟蹙閨蹳迪苌賸 鞦邫苰难苧芩苉芵苦芤苆芷苩苌芪SCP荁荶莍腛荠苅芠苩d腂芻苌鑷豩苉苍腃誮 酓讣醈苉苦苨诟芢苙苇芻苌蹳迪苍賸鞦鍉苉苈苩腃苆芢芤酏鋱芪醶距芵苄芢苩
腩Scarborough and Kydd腭1992: 27腮腪腂 艒腄遖邧鍸鑨豯跏詷苌躋鍟 腀鍲迣趑苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉苝苧苪苩芳苜芴苜苈軦裸豠釔苢豟雱論豗苰腃镳誮酓 蹳迪覺苉芨芯苩邧鍸鍉鍋覞苆芵苄醨芦苩苌芪遖邧鍸鑨豯跏詷苌荁荶莍腛荠苅 芠苩腂遖邧鍸鑨豯跏詷苍腃鍲迣趑苌蹳迪苉芨芯苩芳苜芴苜苈軦裸铯靰苌釥芫 芳腃迮闱苌闎距苆迮闱詬鎾铯靰苌釥芫芳腃遍靰蹳迪苢闛貯蹳迪苌貇鞎苈苇苌 鏁銥苉銍雚芷苩腂芻芵苄鑟蹙閨蹳迪苉芨芯苩賂腘苌軦裸豠釔苌苈芩苉苍腃蹳 迪苌镳誮酓邫苰闢誮芵苄賸鞦邫苰趂苟苩雰誄苰觊芽芵苄芢苩苠苌芪醶距芷苩 苆軥銣芷苩腂芽苆芦苎鑟蹙閨苌钃芢镴芯諩识芪鎊鏼跠苢遍靰苰鑟隯苉讟非芵 邶蹙譚轰苠鍠軶芷苩芩苭苨苉腃諩识苍芻苌鑟隯芩苧鏆部鍉苉邶蹙閨苰起鏼芷
苩苆芢芤苦芤苈閡趇鍉軦裸腩interlocking transactions腪苌迪趇苅芠苩腂花苌苦 芤苈閡趇鍉軦裸苍鎊鏼跠蹳迪苆遍靰蹳迪苌貇鞎苰闢誮芷苩苆苆苠苉腃邶蹙譚 轰苈苇苌迮闱苰詬鎾芷苩铯靰苰豹貸芷苩花苆苉苦苁苄芻苌邶蹙閨苌蹳迪苰苦 苨賸鞦鍉苉芷苩腂花苌苦芤苉鑟蹙閨蹳迪苉苝苧苪苩芳苜芴苜苈邧鍸苰腃蹳迪 苌賸鞦邫苰趂苟苩賸觊苉銍雚芵苄閪郍芷苩苌芪遖邧鍸鑨豯跏詷苌荁荶莍腛荠 苅芠苩f腂 艓腄commodity chain 腀SCP芨苦苑遖邧鍸鑨豯跏詷苌荁荶莍腛荠芪軥苉鞬鋊蹳迪苉芨芯苩賸鞦邫苉 銍雚芵苄芢苩苌苉野芵腃鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苰苦苨醍里鍉苉醨芦苦芤苆芷苩苌芪 commodity chain苌荁荶莍腛荠苅芠苩腂commodity chain苆苍腃芠苩跬閨芪邶 蹙芳苪芻苪芪迁铯軒苉鏍芭苜苅苌詥鉩詋苉芨芯苩腃芳苜芴苜苈軦裸芨苦苑芻 苪苉镴邏芷苩軐觯豯跏論豗苌醍里苅芠苩腂花苌荁荶莍腛荠苅苍腃芠苩跬閨苌 邶蹙芩苧迁铯苜苅苌鞬鋊苌觟鋶苰裪苂苌釥芫苈腵趽腶腩chain腪苆醨芦腃鞬鋊 苌詥鉩詋苰赜邬芷苩賂腘苌荁荎荞腛腩邶蹙軒腃辤遬腃见赈识軒腃靁软諩识苈苇腪 苌鏁銥苆芻苪苧苌醊賝論豗苉銍雚芷苩腂芻苌芤芦苅腃鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉芽芸芳苭 苩賂腘苌荁荎荞腛苌郭鞪苆豯跏誈鎮苌軀釔腃鞬鋊苌詥鉩詋苉芨芯苩顊鎭論豗腃 詥鉩詋苉芨芯苩荒荘荧腃荽腛荗莓芨苦苑讣醈苌鍸趇芢腃詥鉩詋諔苌莊莓荐腛 荗苌靬釔腩邂銼鎝趇苢豟雱邶蹙苈苇腪腃荁荎荞腛諔苉醶距芷苩軐觯論豗腃芨苦 苑腵 趽 腶 酓 里 苌 鉮 鞝 鍉 苈 閪 镺 苌 軀 釔 苈 苇 苰 閪 郍 苌 野 进 苆 芷 苩g腂 苜 芽 commodity chain苌荁荶莍腛荠芪野进苆芷苩铍裍苍腃邶蹙趑苉芨芯苩鑟蹙閨 鞬鋊苉苆苇苜苧芸腃郦適趑苌鞬鋊腅辬钄蹳迪苢花苪苉襥访苰非芦苩邢詅豯跏 苌鎮購苉苠譹苔迪趇苠芠苩腂花苌鑷豩苉苍腃邢詅豯跏苌荏莍腛药莋覻芪適赳 芷苩苈芩苅腃邶蹙趑鏠閔苌閪郍芾芯苅苍鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉野芷苩鞝觰芪镳轜閪苉 苈 苩 荐 腛 荘 芪 醽 芭 苈 苁 苄 芢 苩 躖 軀 芪 芠 苩腩Dolan et al.腭1999腮腃Raikes and Gibbon腭2000腮腃Gibbon腭2001腮腪腂
艔腄荼莊荥荂荊莋荇荒荭荾腛 腀鑟蹙閨鞬鋊蹳迪苌賸鞦邫苉閪郍苌轤鍟苰芨芭豯跏詷鍉苈荁荶莍腛荠苆裪郼 苰触芵腃蹳迪軦裸苌鑷賣苉醶距芷苩負韍腩power腪苌離釨苉銍雚芷苩苌芪荼 莊荥荂荊莋荇荒荭荾腛苌荁荶莍腛荠苅芠苩腂鍹鉮苢躑陻苈苇苌邶蹙躑貹苰靌 芷苩苌苍鉎芩腂蹳迪苉論芷苩迮闱苰詬鎾芵花苪苰鏆部芷苩花苆芪苅芫苩苌苍 鉎芩腂躩賈苉靌鞘苈豟雱論豗苰训邧芷苩花苆芪苅芫苩苌苍鉎芩腂趑苌邭躡負 韍苉荁荎荚荘芵苄躩賈苉靌鞘苈鞬鋊邭跴苌軀蹻苰鎭芫芩芯苩花苆芪苅芫苩苌 苍鉎芩腂花苪苧苌離釨苉銍雚芷苩花苆苉苦苨腃荼莊荥荂荊莋荇荒荭荾腛苍鑟 蹙閨鞬鋊苉芩芩苭苩軥里腩鑟隯腃辤遬腃諩识苈苇腪苌諔苉醶距芷苩镳诏赴苈 負韍論豗苰难苧芩苉芵腃花苪芪蹳迪苉芨芯苩軦裸論豗苢邧鍸苉苇苌苦芤苈襥 访苰非芦苄芢苩苌芩苉銍雚芷苩h腂 腀鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉芨芯苩負韍苌離釨苉銍雚芷苩荼莊荥荂荊莋荇荒荭荾腛苆腃賸 鞦邫苉銍雚芷苩豯跏詷鍉閪郍苆苍腃鞬鋊蹳迪苉芨芯苩鎯芶費进苉論芵苄裙苈 苩販觰苰鎱芫软芷迪趇芪芠苩腂芽苆芦苎辤遬苢钃芢镴芯諩识芪鎊鏼跠苢遍靰 苰鑟隯苉讟非芵腃鑟隯苍芻苌諩识苉苌苝邶蹙閨苰铌钄芷苩閡趇鍉軦裸苉苂芢 苄苅芠苩腂遖邧鍸鑨豯跏詷苍腃花苌軦裸論豗芪鍲迣趑苉芨芯苩遍靰蹳迪苢鎊 鏼跠蹳迪苌貇鞎苰闢誮芵苄芳苜芴苜苈軦裸铯靰苰豹貸芵腃蹳迪苌賸鞦邫苰趂 苟苩苠苌苅芠苩苆貋顟芷苩腂裪闻荼莊荥荂荊莋荇荒荭荾腛苍腃花苌邧鍸苍辤 遬腅諩识苆鑟隯苌諔苉醶距芷苩镳诏赴苈負韍論豗苌钽襦苅芠苨腃辤遬腅諩识 苉苦苩靝迨軻鉄苆鑟隯苌醤苌閉跂苰赐迭覻芳芹苩苠苌苅芠苩苆貋顟苃芯苩腂 芽芾芵花苌苦芤苈野迆鍉苈貋顟苰闊苌躋鍟芩苧苝苩苈苧苎腃閡趇鍉軦裸苍賸 鞦鍉苅芠苩芪芽苟苉負韍軒醤苌靝迨軻鉄苌闻陀苆芵苄跌靰芳苪苄芢苩腃苆觰 軟芷苩花苆苠苅芫苩腂Ellis腭1993: 159腮芪蹷鍅芷苩苦芤苉腃豯跏詷鍉閪郍芪 鎱芫软芷腵賸鞦邫腶苌貋顟苆腃荼莊荥荂荊莋荇荒荭荾腛苌閪郍芪鎱芫软芷腵負 韍軒苉苦苩靝迨軻鉄腶苌貋顟苍腃軀苍镜鞠裪里苌論豗苉芠苩苆苠觰軟苅芫苩腂
艕腄軐觯閶覻鍉靶裶苆鑟蹙閨鞬鋊 腀鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉苝苧苪苩軦裸論豗苰腃芠苩鉮裦苌邶蹙荖荘荥莀酓铊苢鑟隯苌 赳鎮譋铍苆論顁苃芯苄醨芦苦芤苆芷苩荁荶莍腛荠苠醽芭醶距芷苩腂花苌苦芤 苈貤讆荁荶莍腛荠苌鑷豩苉苍腃鑟蹙閨苌钄钃苌苦芤苈豯跏鍉軦裸論豗苍腃鉮 裦鏆躩苌邶蹙荖荘荥莀苢鏁鋨軐觯苌赳鎮譋铍腃荬荢荧莏腛荎論豗苆芢苁芽苦 苨赌芢軐觯鍉閶隬苌苈芩苉裊鉵苃芯苄醨芦苩镋靶芪芠苩腃苆芢芤赬芦闻芪芠 苩j腂花苌苦芤苈鍟苉銍雚芵芽貤讆芪野进苆芷苩躖进苍腃芠苩軐觯苉芨芯苩 邶蹙荖荘荥莀苌醍里芨苦苑赳鎮譋铍腩閽鎙軥譠苢邶醶釦裪軥譠苈苇腪苆辤遬苌 赳鎮苌論豗苢腃鏁鋨荇荘荪荢荎荏莋腛荶苢遥醰荬荢荧莏腛荎苆鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苆 苌醊賝論豗腃芠苩芢苍軦裸論豗苉芨芢苄轤靶苉苈苩荁荎荞腛諔苌遍鞊論豗苌 赜鉺苌荶莍荚荘苈苇苅芠苩k腂苜芽诟鑎苅苍豯跏詷軒苠腃认鎯里鏠苌赳鎮譋 铍苢遬鍉荬荢荧莏腛荎芪辤遬苌誈鎮苢鞬鋊苌賸鞦邫苉苇芤襥访芵苄芢苩芩苉 銍雚芵芽貤讆苰钭镜芵苄芢苩l腂
釦艒郟腀詥迍苌鏠靥
腀陻辑苉軻苟苧苪苄芢苩躖韡貤讆苍腃芢芸苪苠酏郟釦艐趀苉躦芵芽苦芤苈鉮 裦貤讆苌躋鍟芩苧鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌離釨苰貟鎢芷苩苆芢芤荁荶莍腛荠苰认靌芵苄 芢苩腂芽芾芵賂闊苌鏠靥苍腃閪郍苌轤鍟苌鉵芫闻苉苦苁苄釥芫芭鏱苂苌荊荥荓 莊腛苉閪芯苩花苆芪苅芫苩腂芻苌釦艐苍腃裪趑酓里苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌邭跴苆邧 鍸苰貟鎢芵腃芻苌襥访苰閪郍芷苩苠苌苅芠苩腂陻辑釦蝔閔苉軻苟苧苪芽賜苂 苌躖韡貤讆苍芢芸苪苠腃趑酓里苌鞬鋊邭跴苆邧鍸芪苇苌苦芤苈鑷豩苌苠苆苉 闏酊芵腃芻苪芪苇苌苦芤苈賸觊苆襥访苰苠芽苧芵苄芢苩苌芩苉銍雚芵苄芢苩腂 釦艑苌荊荥荓莊腛苍腃醺鞎莌荸莋苌軀釔芩苧鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苰貟鎢芷苩苠苌苅芠 苩腂釦蝕閔苉軻苟苧苪芽蹏苂苌躖韡貤讆苍芢芸苪苠腃荴荂腛莋荨莏腛荎芩苧鞬鋊苌芠苨闻苰迚跗苉貟鎢芵苄芢苩腂裈覺苅苍花苪苧詥迍苌鏠靥苰詔諏芷苩腂 腀釦蝔閔苍腃趑莌荸莋苌鞬鋊邭跴苆邧鍸苌闏酊芨苦苑芻苌襥访苉銍雚芵苄芢 苩腂苜芸釦艐迍苌鮐香顟閶腩腵銆趑苉芨芯苩遈韆鞬鋊邭跴苌闏酊苆鑟视豯襣苖苌 襥访腶腪苍腃銆趑苉芨芯苩觼詶腅詊闺邭跴裈赾苌遈韆鞬鋊邭跴苰迚跗苉郕苃 芯苄芻苌鏁遆苰难苧芩苉芷苩苆苆苠苉腃裪顁苌鞬鋊邭跴芪鑟视苌豯襣苢賺邶 苉非芦芽襥访苰閪郍芵苄芢苩腂銆趑苌遈韆鞬鋊邭跴苍腃邶蹙腅铌钄腅覿詩苌 芷苗苄苰邭镻芪銼郚鍉苉鎝邧芷苩邧鍸芩苧腃铵鉾邧鍸苢覿詩闢辕苈苇苌諔郚 鍉苈鎝邧苖苆裚赳芵苄芫芽腂鮐香苉苦苪苎花苌邧鍸裚赳苌觟鋶苅苍腃邭跴芪 鞬鋊苌軀釔苆風鞣芵苄芢芽芽苟邭跴鏠靥苌闏赘苰靝譖苈芭芳苪芽苨腃銆覛邭 镻苌闻遪芪鉮闻莌荸莋苅苍辅軧芳苪苈芢苈苇腃醽芭苌離釨芪醶距芵苄芢芽腂 苜芽裪顁苌邭跴闏覻苌襥访苍鑟隯裪铊苉鎙芵芭跬靰芵芽苭芯苅苍苈芭腃鋡辊 鎾酷苢遈韆軥蹙鉮苉讏轚芷苩鑟隯苉野芵苄醊野鍉苉閉鉓苰训芢苄芢芽观鑜邫 苠芠苩腂花苪苧苌閪郍貋觊芩苧鮐香苍腃銆趑詥鉮苌軀迮苢詋酷諔苌醊裡苰轜 閪赬鞶芵芽腃軀賸邫苌芠苩邭跴苌镋靶邫苰训銲芵苄芢苩腂 腀荕莓荲荁苌軥遈苅芠苩荧荅莂莍荒荖苌鞬鋊躩青覻苰苆苨芠芰芽釦艑迍苌躙 诊鉊顟閶腩腵荕莓荲荁苉芨芯苩躩青覻賣苌荧荅莂莍荒荖鞬鋊苆覿詩腶腪苍腃1990鑎 釣苌鞬鋊躩青覻苌襥访苰醽雊鍉苉閪郍芵苄芢苩腂邶蹙鉮芨苦苑迁铯鉮苅苌覿 詩鎮購腃鞬鋊苰鉓芤荁荎荞腛苌鎮購腃邶蹙苉镋靶苈覻詷铬鞿苌覿詩苆鞬鋊腃 邻閲譀苉論芷苩譚轰鍉苈闏覻苈苇醽芭苌醤雊芩苧鞬鋊躩青覻賣苌鎮購苰貟鎢 芵芽花苌顟閶苍腃裈覺苌苦芤苈轤靶苈蹷鍅苰赳苁苄芢苩腂芷苈苭芿腃a躩青 覻賣苉荧荅莂莍荒荖苌邶蹙軒覿詩苍迣辸芵芽苉苠芩芩苭苧芸腃覿詩苌譇郟闏 鎮芪釥芫芢苈芩苅鑟隯苍鋡覿詩躞苌铌钄苰靝譖苈芭芳苪苄芢苩腃s躩青覻賣 苌覻詷铬鞿苌趂鎫苉苦苨邶蹙苌軻襶邫苍觼酐芹芸腃鑟隯苌邶蹙荃莓荚莓荥荂 荵苰芻芢苅跬镴芯雊郏芪貸辭芵苄芢苩腃d辬钄覿詩苌迣辸苍鍳蹳轚隯苉閉鉓 苆苈苁芽芪腃遖芽苈邻閲譚轰苌閁譹芪花苪苰諉顡芵苄芢苩腂荕莓荲荁苍靁醗 荃莓荴莉苌隢邮铵苢鏠鞤趑苆芵苄苌荮莓荦荂荌莃荢荶苈苇苌離釨苰闸芦苄芨 苨腃花苌趑苌鞬鋊躩青覻苌豯貱苍鎯靬苌離釨苰苠苂醼苌鍲迣趑苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊
苰赬芦苩芤芦苅醽芭苌荃莓荶莊荐腛荖莇莓苰非芦苄芢苩腂 腀釦艒迍苌跢鍣顟閶腩腵荸荧荩莀苌荒莁鞬鋊腜鞬鋊赜醢芩苧苝芽荨荃莂荃苌跄镝 覿腜腶腪苍腃荸荧荩莀苉芨芯苩靁软靰荒莁苌鞬鋊苉銍雚芵苄芢苩腂1980鑎釣 賣钼芩苧苌荨荃莂荃腩跼遖腪邭跴苉苦苁苄蹳迪豯跏覻苰適苟苄芢苩荸荧荩莀 苅苍腃荒莁苌靁软韊芪譽醬苉醝见芵苄芢苩腂跢鍣顟閶苍花苌荒莁靁软醝见苌 鑷豩苆芵苄腃邭跴苌轤鍟芪趑鏠苌遈韆詭闛芩苧靁软醣適腅趑跛讣醈韍训覻苌 闻購苉荖荴荧芵苄芫芽花苆苰芠芰苄芢苩腂芵芩芵鞬鋊腅靁软苌軀釔苰苝苩苆腃 趑鏠鞬鋊苉論芵苄苍躄諩识苌讣醈芪譎花苁苄芢苩芪腃靁软苉論芵苄苍趑襣諩 识苉苦苩觇部里邧芪镾芩苪苄芢苩腂苜芽邶蹙軒苉野芷苩邭跴苌苈芩苅苍腃荒 莁裈詏苌誷诠跬閨苖苌鍝誷苰辧韣芵苈芪苧醼闻苅苍跬镴芯镩雚苉論芷苩譋邧 苰赳芤苈苇腃邭跴諔苌镳邮趇苠醶距芷苩腂花苌苦芤苉荨荃莂荃邭跴苌苠苆苅 赳苭苪苄芢苩荒莁鞬鋊苉論芷苩辔邭跴芪腃镋芸芵苠裪諑邫苰苠苁苄芢苈芢躖 軀苰花苌顟閶苍难苧芩苉芵苄芢苩腂 腀釦艓迍苌躙诊顟閶腩腵荇荠草荳荁苌荒腛荱腛鞬鋊苉芨芯苩草腛荎荖莇莓苌雰誄腜 邭镻苉苦苩讣醈苌迪苌鋱讟苆覿詩迮闱苌鍠鉂腜腶腪苍荇荠草荳荁苌荒腛荱腛鞬鋊 苉芨芯苩草腛荎荖莇莓苰苆苨芠芰腃花苌邧鍸苌醽雊鍉苈雰誄苉賵苰鎖苄苄芢 苩腂荃莓荴莉苢陀邧鍸芪隢邮铵苅芠苩荇荠草荳荁苅苍腃荒腛荱腛苌醊野軦裸 苉跛芵苄苍迮闱苌铱野迌邫苢軦裸铯靰苌離釨芪邶芶苢芷芢腂花苌苦芤苈荇荠 草荳荁鏁靌苌軦裸諂讫苉芨芢苄腃草腛荎荖莇莓邧鍸苍覿詩腅镩躿迮闱苌鋱讟 芨苦苑軦裸铯靰苌跭貸苰鋊芶苄苦苨賸鞦鍉苈荒腛荱腛軦裸苌軀費苉赶貣芵苄 芢苩腃苆躙诊苍軥銣芷苩腂芵芽芪苁苄邢詅鍉苉苍辭邔鑨苅芠苩花苌邧鍸苰荇 荠草荳荁芪裛躝芵苄芢苩鑷豩苉苍腃花苌趑苌苠苂軐觯豯跏鍉諂讫苉芨芢苄 草腛荎荖莇莓芪靌賸苈邧鍸苅芠苨苂苃芯苄芢苩苆芢芤躖軀芪芠苩腂遖邧鍸鑨 豯跏詷苌鉭販苆躩苧苌軀釔銲趸苌邬觊苰靚趇芳芹芽躙诊顟閶苍腃鉮裦鏆鏁苌 軐觯豯跏鍉諂讫苆芻花苉醶距芷苩鞬鋊邧鍸苆苌諔苉隧郚苈醊論論豗芪芠苩花 苆苰躦芵苄芢苩腂 腀荋腛荩苌荒荒荁鞬鋊苌韰蹪苰难苧芩苉芵芽釦艔迍苌趂趪顟閶腩腵荋腛荩苌荒 荒荁鞬鋊邧鍸苌闏酊腱1885腠2000鑎腲腶腪苍腃花苌閔雥苌邧鍸闏覻腅邭跴闏覻苌
芽苩銷芢韰蹪荘荰莓苅荒荒荁鞬鋊邧鍸苌闏酊苰閪郍芵芽花苌顟閶苍腃邧鍸闏 覻苌鏁邫苆芵苄裈覺苌艒鍟苰蹷鍅芵苄芢苩腂芷苈苭芿腃a荒荒荁鞬鋊苌邧鍸 闏覻芪腃釥郭陵钭苢荎腛荦荞苈苇苌詏鍉闏覻苰芫苁芩芯苉苠芽苧芳苪芽花苆腃 s芢苁芽英詭鞧芵芽鞬鋊邧鍸芪躟苌鉩詋苌邧鍸苰譋鋨芷苩豯顈裋醶芪苝苧苪 苩花苆腃d詥躞釣苌鞬鋊邧鍸苌芠苨闻芪邭躡負韍苆貋苑苂芢苄芢芽花苆苅芠 苩腂趂趪顟閶苍腃邭跴闏覻腅邧鍸闏覻苌靶裶苰韰蹪鍉苉閪郍芷苩荘荞莓荘苰 苆苨苂苂苠腃荼莊荥荂荊莋荇荒荭荾腛芪銍雚芷苩邧鍸苆負韍苌貋苑苂芫苉苠 銍裓苰閥苁苄芢苩腂 腀釦蝕閔苅苍腃荴荂腛莋荨莏腛荎苰苠苆苉芵芽腃醺鞎莌荸莋苅苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊 苌軀釔閪郍芪赳苭苪苄芢苩腂 腀釦艕迍苌闄酱腅荗莃莀荮莊顟閶腩腵銆閔荗莃莏苌闄邶蹙鉮裦苉芨芯苩鞬鋊蹳迪 苆闄辤遬腜莈荏莄荊莋荞腃荚荃荆荋莓豓苌躖韡貤讆腜腶腪苍腃荃莓荨荬荖荁苌銆 閔荗莃莏苅赳苁芽軀釔銲趸苰苠苆苉腃闄鞬鋊苌賸鞦邫苰閪郍芵苄芢苩腂闄苰 袵芤芳苜芴苜苈辤遬諔苌軦裸論豗苢詥鉩詋苉芨芯苩荽腛荗莓鞦腃芨苦苑闄蹳 迪苌鏆部鍸苰閪郍芵芽陻顟閶苍腃銆閔荗莃莏苉芨芯苩闄苌鞬鋊芪讣醈鍉苅芠 苨腃芻苌鑷豩苉苍邭镻苌譋邧諉顡邭跴芪芠苩苆芵苄芢苩腂苜芽韫跗苈轗觗辤 遬苢軻詮邿閉遬芪誈鎮芷苩鞬鋊苌郬迣苌鉩詋苌苙芤芪腃郬覺苦苨讣醈芪銘芵 芢苆芢芤躖軀苠难苧芩苉芳苪苄芢苩腂芳苧苉鏁鋨辤遬苌諔苅躑诠讟非苈苇苰 鋊芶苄荬荢荧莏腛荎豠邬芪苝苧苪腃花苌苦芤苈論豗苍蹳迪苌讣醈苰酪詑芷苩 苌苅苍苈芭苞芵苫軦裸苌裀鋨覻苉赶貣芵苄芢苩腃苆芢芤讻隡遛芢蹷鍅苠赳苭 苪苄芢苩腂酓里苆芵苄陻顟閶苍腃鑟蹙閨蹳迪苌賸鞦邫苰难苧芩苉芵苦芤苆芷 苩SCP苌離釨裓躯苉讒苨苂苂苠腃軦裸誵赳苢躑诠讟非論豗苈苇鞬鋊苉芩芩苭 苩辔邧鍸苌雰誄苉苠銍雚芵苄闄鞬鋊苰苦苨醽雊鍉苉閪郍芵苄芢苩腂 腀荾莃莓荽腛苌躖韡苰苆苨芠芰芽釦艖迍苌親陻顟閶腩腵荾莃莓荽腛苉芨芯苩鑟 蹙閨鞬鋊躩青覻苆鑟视豯跏腜莊莇荎荧荅蹙鉮苌躖韡芩苧腜腶腪苍腃鞬鋊躩青覻賣 苉譽醬苉誈钭覻芵芽莊莇荎荧荅腩韎鎤腪邶蹙苉銍雚芵腃芻苌醝蹙苌鑷豩苰难 苧芩苉芵苄芢苩腂鑟蹙閨苉論芷苩讟软邧鍸苌鍐鑰芨苦苑隯諔识軒苉苦苩鞬鋊
蹑鏼苌躩青覻芪赳苭苪芽1980鑎釣賣钼裈赾苌荾莃莓荽腛苅苍腃鑟隯芽芿苍遖 芽苈豯跏譀觯苉遶醬苉钽覞芵苄莊莇荎荧荅邶蹙苰詧釥芵芽腂親陻苍花苌鑷豩 苆芵苄腃莊莇荎荧荅邶蹙苌軻襶邫苌趂芳腃躩青覻苉苆苠苈芤鞬鋊识軒苌誈鎮 苌誈钭覻腃邶蹙靶酦蹳迪苌钭鉂腃邶蹙鑟隯苌躑诠雊苅苌荻荧莋荬荢荎苰豹貸 芷苩辔邧鍸苌醶距腃苌艓鍟苰蹷鍅芵苄芢苩腂荾莃莓荽腛苉芨芯苩莊莇荎荧荅 邶蹙苌躖韡苍腃鞬鋊芨苦苑邶蹙苌鞼雊苉芨芯苩邭镻苌躩青覻邭跴芪腃邶蹙鉮 鏆躩苌辔靶裶苆醊賝苉襥访芵芠芢苈芪苧资轺諂苰邶英芾迪趇腃鑟隯苌荃莓荚 莓荥荂荵購迣苆邶蹙醝苉貋苑苂芭观鑜邫芪釥芫芢花苆苰躦趴芵苄芢苩腂 腀釦艗迍苌迣鍣顟閶腩腵荞莓荕荪荁腅莁莋蹒顛苌钼誣醇閽貴苉芨芯苩遈韆跬閨鞬 鋊苌赌裦覻苆辤识鍉鿳鿲襞靰苌適鍗腶腪苍腃荞莓荕荪荁陫閔苌莁莋蹒顛苉芨芯 苩辤镩跬閨鞬鋊苌躖韡苰閪郍芵苄芢苩腂花苌鉮裦苅苍腃1980鑎釣裈赾苌豯跏 躩青覻苉苆苠苈芤鞬鋊苌譋邧諉顡苆腃鎯躞諺苌赺识閔雥觼詶苉苆苠苈芤闳郎 跌豀荵腛莀芪苠芽苧芵芽遈韆跬閨軹靶苌醝釥苉苦苨腃辤识鍉鑟识芪譽醬苉適 鍗芵芽腂迣鍣苍花苌觟鋶芪鑟醺軐觯苉苇苌苦芤苈襥访苰苠芽苧芵芽芩苉苂芢 苄腃鑟跬閨苌邶蹙腅铌钄苉芨芯苩荗荆莓荟腛論豗腃邶蹙譚轰腩鿳鿲腪腃鑟醺 苌詋酷赜醢苈苇苉銍雚芵苈芪苧难苧芩苉芵苄芢苩腂閪郍苌貋觊腃花苌鉮裦苌 遈韆跬閨鞬鋊苌赌裦覻苆辤识鍉鑟识苌钭鉂苌鑷豩苉苍腃鿳鿲酧趇苰鋊芶芽鑺 邅韊苌銲郟苆腃裙苈苩詋酷芲苆苌顊鎭韍銲鉂苌銲邮芪芠苁芽花苆芪躦芳苪苄 芢苩腂鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌鍗詊芪邭跴雊苅苌闏覻苌苝苈苧芸腃醼苌豯跏閔雥苌钭鍗 苢邶蹙譚轰苌鏁躿腃芳苧苉苍邢金鏠苌荗荆莓荟腛論豗苌苦芤苈鉮裦鏆躩苌軐 觯閶覻鍉靶裶苈苇腃醽芭苌醤雊芪閡蹇苉鞍苝苈芪苧適赳芵苄芢苩躖軀苰花苌 顟閶苍躦芵苄芢苩腂
釦艓郟腀铤該苌躋鍟
腀陻辑苉軻苟苧苪苄芢苩賂腘苌躖韡貤讆苍腃芢芸苪苠詥趑苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苉論 芷苩邭跴苆邧鍸苌闏酊苰芨芳芦芽芤芦苅閪郍苰赳苁苄芢苩腩镜艐蹑迆腪腂詥荁荴莊荊 鑎 荕莓荲荁 荇荠草荳荁 荞莓荕荪荁 荋腛荩 1936腀莁荃荙鎝邧诇郝鉵 1936腠41腀荃荞莊荁部韌 1946腀遁隯鉮邭镻苉苦苩趒閨 苈苇苌钃芢镴芯鏆部詊蹮腩腠 1957腪 1947腀荒荒荁荽腛荐荥荂莓荏 荻腛荨郝鞧腃邭镻苉苦苩靁软 鏆部腩腠2000鑎腪 1941腀荇荠草荳荁酓趑賶軐 腩ENC腪郝鞧苉苦苩靁软鏼觮鏼 1952腀荒腛荱腛见赈识軒集讖 邧鎱鏼 1950 1955 1958腀莁荃荙鎝邧诇苰趒閨 荽腛荐荥荂莓荏腅荻腛荨苆觼 迌 1957腀酓趑荒腛荱腛荻腛荨郝 鞧腩ENC苌 荒 腛 荱 腛 苉 芨 芯 苩賣豰酧遄腪 1957腀荋腛荩鏆鞧腃莓荎莋荽 苉苦苩邭镻觮鏼豞邭跴腩腠 1966鑎腪 1959腀荁荴莊荊遬鑟醺荽腛荐 荥荂莓荏腅荻腛荨郝鞧 1960 1961腀荞莓荋荪腛荊鏆鞧 1961腀邭镻苉苦苩荒荒荁钃芢 镴芯鏆部 1962腀釦艐觱趑跛荒腛荱腛讦 鋨苉蹑见 1962腀趑视鑟蹙閨賶軐郝鞧腃 讦鎯酧趇苰鋊芵芽趒閨苈苇苌钃 芢镴芯鏆部苌跄鎱鏼腩腠1973腪 1964腀鏆鞧腂鑟识腅鑟醺荽腛 荐荥荂莓荏腅荻腛荨郝鞧 1964腀荞莓荋荪腛荊苆荕莓荗药莋芪趇降腃荞莓荕荪荁顁趇 认顡趑邬鞧 1965 1966腀荎腛荦荞賣腃荒荒荁钃 芢镴芯苉隯諔蹑鏼 1967腀荁莋腛荖莃郩貾腩軐觯 軥譠苆躩韍赘邶腪跌釰 1968腀趑视邻閲賶軐郝鞧腃邻 閲鏆部苌詊蹮 1969腀趒閨荽腛荐荥荂莓荏腅 荻腛荨苆鑟识腅鑟醺荽腛荐荥荂 莓荏腅荻腛荨苰鎝趇芵苄腃趑视 鑟识荽腛荐荥荂莓荏腅荻腛荨腩荩 莀荻腛荨腪郝鞧 1971腀趑视賰裕觯軐苉苦苩覵 钄鏆部苌詊蹮腩腠1973腪 1970 1972腀荒腛荱腛腅草腛荎荖莇 莓邧鍸鎱鏼 1972腀荎腛荦荞賣腃邭镻觮鏼豞邭跴训覻 1973腀趑视邻閲賶軐苉苦苩遈 韆跬閨鞬鋊苌鏆部鍉談鞝詊蹮 1973腀鑟蹙閨邶蹙軒覿詩酓趑 诏裪邭跴跌靰 1973腀荅荗莃荽腛轗醺覻邭跴 苌詊蹮 1974腀軐觯軥譠詶隽 1975腀躑陻诠迣賀邧鋨 1975 1976腀讦鎯酧趇苌觰里腃趑视 邻閲賶軐苉苦苩鍯類醺芩苧苌 钃芢镴芯詊蹮 1977腀跄苑邭镻苉苦苩荒荒荁 钃芢镴芯鏆部 1980腀莁荃荙鎙苌鑟蹙閨苌钃 镴苰荩莀荻腛荨芩苧讦鎯酧趇 顁趇觯苉裚談 1980酏賣腀荇荠草荳荁荒腛 荱腛鞬鋊賶軐腩ECMC腪郝鞧 1980 1981腀軭蹱苆鑟雲苌讟讋苰荩 莀荻腛荨芩苧荕莓荲荁軭蹱觯 軐苉裚談 1981 莍腛莊莓荏荘邭負鉡邶 腩腠2000鑎腪
鞬鋊邭跴苌闏酊
荁荗荁
荾莃莓荽腛 荸荧荩莀 銆趑 荃莓荨荬荖荁 1947腀 荃 荍 莊 荘腃T h e S t a t e
Agricultural Marketing Board 腩SAMB腪苰郝鞧腂 1945腀艗貎詶隽腀荸荧荩莀隯軥 认顡趑鏆鞧郩貾腀赒閧郭醈詊蹮 1949腀銆觘遬隯认顡趑邬鞧 1945腀荃莓荨荬荖荁鏆鞧 1948腀荃荍莊荘苦苨鏆鞧 1954腀赒閧郭醈轉貋腀 腀腀腀鏬陫閪鉦 1953腀遈韆芨苦苑電韆跬閨腅遈靰遁閨電苉野芷苩鎝裪钃芢镴芯腅 鎝裪铌钄邧鍸軀蹻腩腠1984鑎腪 1950腀遈韆賶鉣腩BAMA腪钭醫 1957腀陫荸荧荩莀鍹鉮觼詶轉鞹 1958腀釥雴適襞鎮腩腠1960腪 1958腀闄趒起鏼銡腩BPP腪苰荗莃 莏艒轂苉郝鞧 1962腀荬荅荂莓苉苦苩豒躖荎腛 荦荞腃荲莋荽躮軐觯軥譠邭負苌 鉡邶 1963腀SAMB 苰UBAMB腩The Union of Burma Agricultural Marketing Board腪 苉 觼 酧腂 隯 諔邸闄辊腃芨苦苑荒莁辤遬苌誈 鎮苰鑎鍸隖苜苅讖观 1964腀鞬鋊苌趑视鏆部里邧賅苜 苩腂讟软邧鍸苌詊蹮腂艐觱雚苌 鑰觝 1965腀 陦 裕 迈 苌 譀 赜 跄 闒腂 UBAMB苌趑鏠轗觗譀鑜苍Trade Corporation No.1苉腃靁软譀鑜苍 Trade Corporation No.22苉裚談
1965腀闄豒詃閺釠鑨閺詊蹮腩腵荸 荧荩莀郭醈腶詊蹮腪 1966腀閶覻釥詶隽腩腠1976腪 1966腀酓趑閺蹩韟閔 腀腀腀腩KOLONGAS腪郝鉵 1967/68腀豶触跍鑼邧鍸鎱鏼 1967腀遈韆銲鉂銡腩BULOG腪钭醫 腩KOLONGAS苆BPP苰鎝趇腪 1970腀讦鎯酧趇苉苦苩荒莁鑺 讋腃陻詩鍉苉詊蹮 1973/74腀雠闄讟软镜苉諮苃芭 腵训邧讟软邧鍸腶鎱鏼 1973腀鑟醺讦鎯酧趇酓趑荶莍 荗荆荎荧覻 1974腀隯邭裚談 1975腀荔荃荓莓詊闺腩腵荸荧荩 莀郭醈腶轉貋腪
1976腀Trade Corporation No.1苰 Agricultural and Farm Products T rading Corporation腩AFPTC腪 苉腃Trade Corporation No.22苰 Myanma Expor ts and Impor ts Corporation腩MEIC腪苉觼酧 1976腀荸荧荩莀軐觯軥譠认顡趑 邬鞧 1977/78腀讟软镜苉諮苃芭讟软 邧鍸苌諉顡 1978腀觼詶腅詊闺邭跴詊蹮 1979腀銆襺郭醈 1979腀遈韆苌邭镻豶触钃芢镴芯 覿詩苌釥閝裸芫迣芰腃遈韆苌躩 青蹳迪铌钄苰鑆观 1981腀邭躡诇蹷躦100趆賶镺 賂 遬鑟视苖苌閔閪鍉苈邶蹙邿閉邧 詊蹮
荕莓荲荁 荇荠草荳荁 荞莓荕荪荁 荋腛荩 1983腀遖鑟识邭跴钭镜腩荅 荗莃荽腛醺邭跴闺諼腪 1983 赜醢銲邮邭跴詊蹮 1984腀讦鎯酧趇苌跄鎱鏼腃遈 韆跬閨苌轂諔軦裸邧賀苌諉顡 詊蹮腩腠1987腪 1985腀詏觝鏼蹄邧鎱鏼腂莁荃 荙鞬鋊苰跄苑荩莀荻腛荨苌鏆 部苆芷苩 1985 荒荒荁荻腛荨苌釥閝轫 辬詊蹮 1985 1986腀荩莀荻腛荨苉苦苩莁荃荙 钃镴苌鏆部苰鑰蹾腃讦鎯酧趇苆 隯諔识軒苌蹑鏼苰鑆苟苩 1986腀豯跏閜讻豶触鎱鏼腩赜 醢銲邮邭跴詊蹮腪 1986腀莁荃荙閲苌覿詩裸芫迣芰 苉苦苨陜鎮腃鉬迣芰苰鍐觱 1987腀莁荃荙苌钃芢镴芯苰荩 莀荻腛荨苆讦鎯酧趇顁趇觯苌 閪鉓苆芷苩 1987腀IMF苆貍闊腃赜醢銲邮 苰鋢蹾腂荕莓荲荁鏆躩苌豯跏 閜讻豶触苰钭镜 1988腀荩莀荻腛荨苰遈韆苌郭 鞪鍉铵鉾苌譀論苆芷苩 1988腀趑视邻閲賶軐苌譀鑜轫 辬腃轗觗腅邻閲腅覵钄苌躩青覻 1989腀荩莀荻腛荨苰鑰蹾腂莁 荃荙閲起鏼靰苌荎腛荼莓邧鍸 鎱鏼腩鋡辊鎾軒靰誄裸腪 1990腀赜醢銲邮苰躖軀迣跄 詊腂讦鎯酧趇顁趇觯苉苦苩 莁荃荙苌钃芢镴芯鏆部苰鑰蹾 腩賶鋨覿詩苍醶醱腪 1990腀趬趇豯跏郩貾膨覿詩躩 青覻腂躑陻诠迣賀鍐鑰 1990腀隯諔辤遬苌銼郚钃芢镴 芯趇陀覻 1990 1991腀閡邔邭鍽邧酉讓苉苦苨 MMD腅荠莋药邭負鉡邶 1991腀荇荠草荳荁遬隯詶隽隯軥郭郼腩EPRDF腪邭負鉡邶 1991腀趑视邻閲賶軐苉苦苩钃芢镴芯鋢蹾 1991/92腀釥鷛苉苦苩遈韆 镳醫 1992腀閡邔邭鍽邧鎱鏼 1992腀荒荒荁钃芢镴芯苉隯諔蹑鏼 1992腀莁荃荙閲苌辬钄覿詩苰 躩青覻 1993腀靁软集讖軦鎾躩青覻 1993腀鑟蹙閨苌覿詩腅鞬鋊苰 躩青覻腩鎖辉莁荃荙苍辜詏腪腂 邭镻蹷鋨譀論苉苦苩莁荃荙苌 钃芢镴芯 1993腀ECMC苰 荇 荠 草 荳 荁 荒腛荱腛靁软觯軐腩ECEE腪 苆荇荠草荳荁荒腛荱腛钄钃觯 軐腩CPSE腪苉閪誄 1994腀鑟蹙閨苌覿詩腅鞬鋊苌 誮酓躩青覻腂鑟识遍靰襞襣躖 识腩艒鑎諔腪 1995腀遈韆铵鉾陀腃鑟识遍靰 陀邧鋨 1995 1996腀遈韆铵鉾譀赜腩FRA腪 郝鞧 1997腀FRA苉苦苩覻詷铬鞿苌 酏針芵 1997腀鑟识鉻蹙邭跴钭镜 1998腀FRA苉苦苩覻詷铬鞿遍 靰躖识 2000 荒荒荁靁软裪閔躩青覻 2000 2001腀莀莏荩莏荔邭負鉡邶 腩銍腪腀鑟蹙閨鞬鋊邭跴苉苂芢苄苍覺郼苰苂芯腃芻苌醼苌轤靶苈邭跴腅荃荸莓荧苉苍覺郼苰苂芯苄芢苈芢腂 腩软辊腪腀陻辑詥躷镍軒跬邬腂
荁荗荁 荾莃莓荽腛 荸荧荩莀 銆趑 荃莓荨荬荖荁 1982腀遬隯賶軐觰里腩腠1985腪 1983腀诠靚邧鍸苌躩青覻詊蹮腃 鑟识诠靚邧鍸苌販銼芵苖 1984/85腀跄苑讟软邧鍸苌训覻 1984腀趑视遈韆賶蹩郝鞧 1984腠85腀軥靶苈閛遈镩苌誄鎖 苄钃芢镴芯邧鍸苰鑰蹾 1985腀艑觱雚苌鑰觝 1985腀遈韆苌豟雱钃芢镴芯邧鍸 鎱鏼 1987腀趑顁苉苦苩賣钭鍲迣趑鑆 鋨 1986腀釦艕觱荸荧荩莀认蹙鍽釥觯腀荨荃莂荃顈郼跌釰 1987腀鑟蹙閨鞬鋊躩青覻郩貾腂 軥靶跬閨苌讟软邧鍸苌鑰蹾腂隯諔 识軒苌鞬鋊誈鎮苌讖观 1987腀艒觱雚苌鑰觝 1988腀隯軥覻襞鎮腂荬荅荂莓里邧 闶觳腂豒閔苉苦苩蹢鋨邭負郝鞧 1988腀蹳迪豯跏覻還適 1988腀邭躡诇貈譣10趆賶镺 賂 遬鑟视苖苌誮酓邶蹙邿閉邧詊蹮 1988腀隯諔识軒苉野芵苄鑟蹙閨 靁软苰讖观 1988/89腀荒莁苌讟软邧鍸閜誈 1988腀鑟醺诠靚邧鍸觼詶 1989腀AFPTC苰Myanma Agri
cultural Produce Trading腩MAPT腪 苉腃MEIC苰Myanma Exports and Imports Services腩MEIS腪苉觼酧
1989腀詴鞻觯譣貈譣64趆賶镺腀 鑆观諩识苉苦苩荒莁靁软詊蹮 1990腀醍酉讓苅趑隯隯軥顁隿釥 辟腂豒閔腃貋觊鑆苟芸邭負裛躝 1990腀銆覛遈韆覵钄蹳迪郝鞧 腩觍鏬迈鍁轂蹳腪 1991腀荒莁靁软郅苰10膓芩苧 艐膓苖裸芫覺芰 1991腀遈韆铵鉾诇郝鞧 1992腀腵闛韊闺覿腶邭跴詊蹮腩腠 1993腪 1992腀遖讦鎯酧趇陀苉苦苨酧趇誈鎮苌譋邧諉顡 1993腀鍹鉮陀觼邳腀鍹鉮蹧靰負 苌針軘腃钄钃腃鉓闛觰诖 1993腀遈韆莊荘荎諮诠郝鞧 1994腀譠隱讟软苆芵苄苌豟雱钃 芢镴芯芪閜誈 1994腀鑟识钭鍗询赳苌郝鞧 1995腀陫閔腅鏬閔遈鞿醍賶蹩郝 鞧 1995腀迈銷遈韆郓鑃邧芪邳躮苉 鎱鏼 1995腀ASEAN见隿 1997腀鑟蹙閨腅辤镩苌鉮裦諔鞬 鋊譋邧諉顡腩97鑎釦18趆陀腪 1997/98腀邭镻腃荒莁銲鉂苰鑟视 芩苧苅苈芭辤遬芩苧躎苝苩芪躸鑳 1997腀軱醊貈鋨140趆賶镺腀趑鏠苌荒莁鞬鋊躩青覻 1997腀鋊觝諫譀 1997腀ASEAN 见隿 1997腀讦鎯酧趇陀觼邳 1998腀鑟蹙閨腅辤镩苌鉮裦諔裚 鎮苰邧賀芷苩觛銥诠苰鑰蹾 1998腀靁软郅腩10膓腪鎱鏼 1998腀APEC见隿 1998腀腵蹬苂苌閪鞣苆裪苂苌誮 酓覻腶邭跴腃腵蹏苂苌邭跴苆裪 苂苌觼詶腶邭跴軀蹻 1998腀荘荮莋荧釞遷腃荮荲荲釥 鎝韌轁鑃腂闄覿趂鎫腃遈韆諫譀 1998腀荓荽腀隯諔靁软诖蹾 1998腀荰腛莀草荃莋苌靁软诖蹾酛 鉵苰鍐鑰芵論郅覻苖腂辬钞腃辬钞閲腃 趻鎜腃釥鎤苌闢辕诠鑰蹾腃靁鏼躩青 覻腂鉻蹙閨靁鏼镩苌誄鎖苄邧鍸鑰 蹾腂遈韆銲鉂銡苉苦苩鏁闊蹳迪醀跬 1999/2000腠2000/01腀苌艑鑎諔腃 荓荽腃荌荽莁腃莊莇荎荧荅腃荐荣莋荁荙 荌苌邭镻讟软芪裪閔鉮裦苅閜誈 1999腀荒莁靁软郅鑰蹾 1999腀莏荱荨釥鎝韌轁鑃腂鉮闻 閪負艑陀腩鉮闻赳邭陀腃銆覛腅 鉮闻跠邭诏鎙陀腪邬鞧 1999腀辬钞閲腃趻鎜腃闄苌靁软 誮酓躩青覻腂鋡镩躿闄靁鏼譋邧腂 遈韆銲鉂銡苌趑跛諄趸貋觊賶镜 2000腀邭镻貈譣艘趆賶镺 荒莁邶 蹙韊雚镗鑎諔3300障荧莓苉靽邧 2000腀趑视韆遈诇遖郝 2000腀鑟识腃賶认躖识腃讦鎯酧趇苌鉮闻閪負覻荘荞腛荧 2001腀軱醊貈鋨46趆賶镺腀荒莁 靁软誄苨鎖苄邧鍸鑰蹾 2001腀覈詃閔遈韆迁铯鉮苅苌遈韆钃芢镴芯覿詩苌誮酓蹳迪覻苰 鑆观 2001腀莁荋莏荥荂遖釥鎝韌轁鑃 2001腀遈韆銲鉂銡苌趑襣諩识覻 貈鋨
邭镻觮鏼苌鑷豩苆芵苄裈覺苌艒鍟芪蹷鍅苅芫苩腂 腀釦艐苍腃邭镻芪郝鋨芵苄芢苩詊钭雚镗苰軀費芷苩裪諂苆芵苄鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苖 苌觮鏼芪赳苭苪腃躞釣芲苆苌詊钭荶莉荃草莊荥荂苌荖荴荧苉苆苠苈苁苄鑟蹙 閨鞬鋊邭跴苌鏠靥苠闏覻芵苄芢苩花苆苅芠苩腂豯跏钭鍗軀費苌芽苟苌鑟识邶 蹙苌違讻腃趑鏠苌遈韆讟讋苌裀鋨鍉苈詭闛腃鉮裦諔詩趷苌邥邳苈苇腃芳苜芴 苜苈詊钭雚镗苰軀費芷苩苉芠芽苁苄腃鑟蹙閨苌鞬鋊苌芠苨闻苍轤靶苈貮苆苈 苩腂花苌芽苟邭镻苍花苌閔雥苉銼郚腅諔郚苉觮鏼芷苩邭跴苰跌靰芷苩腂芽苆 芦苎靁软跬閨苢軥遈跬閨苌邶蹙苰辧韣芷苩芽苟苉邶蹙軒覿詩苰郝鋨芵邭镻譀 論芪跬閨苌钃芢迣芰苰闛还芷苩邧鍸苌赜鉺腩釦艑迍腃釦艔迍腪苢腃趑鏠苌遈 韆軹讋苢覿詩苌闏鎮苰銲邮芷苩芽苟苌遈韆铵鉾邧鍸苌邧鋨腩釦艐迍腪苈苇苅 芠苩腂花苪苧苍芢芸苪苠腃豯跏苌邬銷苢趑隯賺邶苌購迣苈苇苌苦苨釥芫苈詊 钭雚镗軀費苌裪諂苆芵苄腃鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苖苌觮鏼芪赳苭苪芽躖韡苅芠苩腂芽芾 芵芻苌苦芤苈詊钭雚镗苌轤鍟苍躞釣苆苆苠苉闏覻芵腃芻苪苉覞芶苄鞬鋊邭跴 苠鍝誷芷苩腂芽苆芦苎銆趑苅遈韆詭闛苆迁铯軒闛賬苰雚鍉苆芵苄苆苧苪苄芢 芽鞬鋊辔邧鍸苍腃1990鑎釣裈赾苍躟釦苉趑鏠苌詩趷邥邳苆邶蹙軒闛賬苰轤鍟 苉芨芢芽苠苌苖苆鍝誷芵苄芢苁芽腩釦艐迍腪腂荸荧荩莀苅苠1980鑎釣苜苅苍 軥遈苅芠苩荒莁苌裀鋨鍉苈詭闛苉邭跴轤鍟芪芨芩苪苄芢芽芪腃1990鑎釣苉苍 靁软醣適芪邭跴轤鍟苉苈苁芽苌苉賄覞芵苄荒莁鞬鋊邭跴苠闏覻芵苄芢苁芽 腩釦艒迍腪腂鑟蹙閨鞬鋊邭跴苍腃芻苪芼苪苌躞釣苌詊钭雚镗苆苆苠苉闏覻芵苄 芫芽苌苅芠苩腂 腀邭镻苉苦苩邭跴觮鏼芪赳苭苪苩釦艑苌鞝青苍腃邭躡鍉苈苠苌苅芠苩腂芽苆 芦苎鍳蹳閔轚隯苉裀覿苈遈韆苰讟讋芵苄趑鏠苌邭躡鍉裀鋨苰裛躝芷苩芽苟苉腃 軥遈跬閨苌覿詩苆鞬鋊苰荒莓荧莍腛莋芷苩邭跴芪跌靰芳苪苩迪趇腩釦艑迍腪 苈苇芪花苪苉芠芽苩腂芠苩芢苍鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌邭镻鏆部苢論顁閔雥苌趑襣覻苉 苦苁苄釥譋雍苈賙靰酮软芪遽苧苪芽苨腃誯邻讦鎯酧趇苉苦苩鞬鋊苌鏆部苰鋊 芶苄鑟醺閔苖苌銆覛邭镻苌襥访韍苌詧釥芪裓遽芳苪苩迪趇苠芠苩腩釦艔迍腪腂 鑟识閔雥苌賸鞦邫苌購迣苢豯跏邬銷苉譴赳芷苩苦芤苈鑟蹙閨鞬鋊邭跴芪芵苎
芵苎跌靰芳苪苩鑷豩苉苍腃花苌苦芤苈邭躡鍉赬鞶芪鎭芢苄芢苩躖軀芪芠苩腂 腀邭跴觮鏼苉襥访苰非芦苩釦艒苌靶裶苍腃趑鏠詏苌詊钭荃荦草莍荍腛苅芠苩腂 1960鑎釣苉醽芭苌鍲迣趑芪邭镻觮鏼豞苌詊钭邭跴苰跌靰芵芽鑷豩苉苍腃豯跏 钭鍗苌芽苟苉苍邭镻芪郏诉鍉苈雰誄苰鉓芤苗芫苅芠苩苆芢芤鎖躞苌趑跛軐觯 苉蹸鑺鍉苈詊钭蹶酺芪醶距芵苄芢芽腂苜芽陻辑苉躖韡貤讆苆芵苄軻苟苧苪苄 芢苩荞莓荕荪荁腃荋腛荩腃荇荠草荳荁腃荕莓荲荁腃荾莃莓荽腛腃銆趑苅苍腃 芻苪芼苪鏆躩苌腵軐觯軥譠腶荃荦草莍荍腛苰镗黔芵趑鏠苌辔邭跴苠芻苌苦芤 苈荃荦草莍荍腛苌襥访苰训芭軳芯苄芢芽躞諺芪芠苁芽腂芵芩芵1980鑎釣裈赾 苉苍趑跛鍉苈詊钭蹶酺苉芨芯苩遖躩青軥譠苌襥访韍芪詧釥芵腃荁荴莊荊辔趑 苅苍覇辕趑腅譀論苉苦苩躑诠讟非苉跛芵苄躩青軥譠鍉豯跏邭跴苌跌靰芪譠隱 苃芯苧苪苩苦芤苉苈苩腂苜芽豯跏苌荏莍腛药莋覻苌適鍗苆躩青陦裕里邧苌詧 釥苌苈芩苅腃醽芭苌荁荗荁辔趑苠趑跛覇辕譀論苌襥访苰軳芯苈芪苧譋邧諉顡 苌闻購苉邭跴鍝誷苰赳苁苄芢苁芽腂1997鑎苌豯跏諫譀苰豟譀苉腃IMF苈苇苌 训芢襥访韍苌苠苆苉鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌譋邧諉顡芪赳苭苪芽荃莓荨荬荖荁苍芻苌鍔 豞苅芠苩腩釦艕迍腪腂1960鑎釣芩苧1970鑎釣苉芩芯苄醽芭苌趑芪邭镻觮鏼豞 苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊邭跴苰跌靰芵腃芻苌賣1980鑎釣裈赾苉苍躩青軥譠豞苌邭跴苖裚 赳芵苄芢苁芽鑷豩苉苍腃花苌苦芤苈趑鏠詏苌詊钭荃荦草莍荍腛苌闏酊芪醶距 芵苄芢芽苌苅芠苩腂 腀芽芾芵腵躩青覻腶苌苠苆苅赳苭苪苄芫芽詥趑苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊邭跴苌鏠靥苰迚 跗苉貟鎢芵苄芢芭苆腃芻花苉苍邭跴迣苌镳邮趇苢裪諑邫貇鑀芪芵苎芵苎苝苧 苪苩腂芻苌苦芤苈裪諑邫貇鑀苍腃鞬鋊苌詥鉩詋諔苢賂闊邭跴諔苅苌镳邮趇苉 鍔豞鍉苉費苪苄芢苩腂芽苆芦苎荸荧荩莀苌荒莁腩釦艒迍腪苆荋腛荩苌荒荒荁 苌躖韡腩釦艔迍腪苅苍腃芢芸苪苠趑鏠鞬鋊苉論芵苄苍躩青覻芪適苟苧苪芽苠 苌苌腃靁软苉論芵苄苍趑襣諩识芪训芢襥访韍苰闛苁苄芢苩腂鎯芶芭1990鑎釣 賣钼苌銆趑苅苍腃鑟醺莌荸莋苅苌遈韆鞬鋊苅苍銼郚鎝邧芪赳苭苪苂苂腃貧莌 荸莋裈迣苅苍蹳迪鞬鋊芪趬距芷苩苆芢芤隵辂芵芽貴鞝苰苍苧英芾鞬鋊邭跴芪 跌靰芳苪芽腩釦艐迍腪腂鞬鋊鉩詋諔苅苝苧苪苩花苌苦芤苈镳邮趇苍腃賂闊邭 跴諔苅苠苝苧苪苩腂荕莓荲荁苅苍荧荅莂莍荒荖芻苌苠苌苌鞬鋊苍躩青覻芳苪
邭镻芪觮鏼芵苂苃芯芽芽苟腃躖軀迣荧荅莂莍荒荖苌覿詩苢鞬鋊苠釥芫苈襥访 苰軳芯苩花苆苆苈苁芽腩釦艑迍腪腂苜芽荸荧荩莀苅苍腃荒莁裈詏苌誷诠跬閨 苖苌鍝誷苰邭镻芪辧韣芵苈芪苧腃醼闻苅苍跬镴芯镩雚苉論芷苩譋邧芪蹣苁苄 芨苨腃花苪芪跬镴芯鍝誷苌迡詑苆苈苁苄芢苩腩釦艒迍腪腂 腀鎯靬苌邭跴迣苌隵辂苍腃躩青覻苉苆苠苈苁苄鑰蹾芳苪芽邧鍸芪賣苉苈苁苄 閜誈芷苩苆芢苁芽苦芤苈躞豮韱鍉苈裪諑邫苌貇鑀苉苠費苪苄芢苩腂芽苆芦苎 銆趑苅苍腃芢苁芽英鑰蹾芳苪芽遈韆讟软邧鍸芪遈韆覿詩苌趂鎫苉苦苁苄閜誈 芵芽腩釦艐迍腪腂荋腛荩苅苠芢苁芽英躩青覻芳苪芽荒荒荁苌趑鏠钃芢镴芯芪腃 賣苉跄苑邭镻鏆部苆苈苁芽腩釦艔迍腪腂荾莃莓荽腛苅苍腃躩青覻苌苠苆苅譽 醬苉邬銷芵芽莊莇荎荧荅靁软苉野芵苄腃邭镻芪裪躞鎝邧苰见芦苦芤苆芵芽苠 苌苌躸鑳芵芽腩釦艖迍腪腂腵躩青覻腶苌苠苆苅芢苁芽英譋邧苰鑰蹾芵苈芪苧腃 賣苉跄苑觮鏼苰閜誈芳芹苩苆芢芤邭跴苌裪諑邫貇鑀芪花苪苧芢芸苪苌躖韡苉 苠費苪苄芢苩腂 腀花苌苦芤苈觮鏼苆躩青覻苌諔苅苌鍝誷芪芵苎芵苎苝苧苪苩鑷豩苉苍腃邭镻 芪赳苁芽邭跴芪趑鏠苌費軀苉銼雊芵芽苆芫苉轃邳苰靝譖苈芭芳苪苄芫芽躖軀 芪芠苁芽腂芽苆芦苎莊莇荎荧荅邶蹙腅靁软苉鎝邧苰见芦苦芤苆芵芽荾莃莓 荽腛邭镻苌躎苝芪躸鑳苉轉苭苁芽苌苍腃邶蹙鑟隯芪觟辭遜趐苈苇苉苦苁苄譠 隱讟软芩苧鎦苪苩郭鞪苰苆苁芽芽苟苅芠苁芽腩釦艖迍腪腂苜芽銆趑苅遈韆讟 软邧鍸芪裪躞閜誈芵芽苌苍腃豯跏钭鍗鉮裦苅苌遈韆貸蹙苉苦苨酓趑苌遈韆覿 詩芪趂鎫芵芽芽苟苅芠苁芽腩釦艐迍腪腂荋腛荩苅邭镻苉苦苩鏆部鍉苈荒荒荁 苌钃芢镴芯芪閜誈芵芽鑷豩苉苍腃趑鏠钃芢镴芯苰鉓芦苩苦芤苈鍹銅躑陻芪豠 邬芳苪苄芢苈芩苁芽躖軀芪芠苁芽腩釦艔迍腪腂荞莓荕荪荁苅赳苭苪芽遈韆鞬 鋊苌賶鍉談鞝苠腃莄荾鞬鋊苌醶距苉苦苨譀鑜苰觊芽芳芸賣苉闺諼芳苪芽腩釦 艗迍腪腂詥趑苌鞬鋊邭跴苍腃費軀苆苌芸苪苉譎裶芷苩轃邳苢靨苨雟芵苰靝譖 苈芭芳苪苄芫芽苌苅芠苩腂 腀詥趑苌鑟蹙閨鞬鋊苌軀釔芪腃鞬鋊裈詏苌醽芭苌閪雬苆閡蹇苉論豗芵苈芪苧 闏覻芵苄芢苩花苆苠训銲芵苈芯苪苎苈苧苈芢腂芽苆芦苎荕莓荲荁苌荧荅莂莍
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