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1−D−2 2000年度日本オペレーションズ・リサーチ学会 春季研究発表会

OPTIMAL STOPPING PROBLEMS REI.ATED TO THE URN

O1303783 愛知大学 ■玉置 光司 TAMAKIMitsushi

Kare山an Research Center V.Mazalov

l. htroduction Supposethatweh乱VeanurnCOntainingrnminusbal1sandpplusbausinit,Wherethevalue−1is attachedtominusbanandthevalue+1toplusball・Wbdrawballsoneatatimerandomly,Without

replacementuntilwewishtostop・Wbknowthevaluesofmandpandarealsoalk)Ⅵdnottodraw

atall・LetXkbethevalueofthebal1chosenatthek−thdraw,1≦k≦m+p,anddefine †l

Zo=0,Z冊=∑端,1≦几≦m”・

た=1 Zncanbeinterpreted,forexample,aSaprOfitwecanearnifwechoosetostopafterthen−thdraw.

Each timeabanisdrawn〉WeObservetheval11eOfthebananddecideeither tostoporcontinue

drawing・hSection2,WeCOnSideraproblemwherethetrialisregardedassllCCe$Sfu1ifwecould

attainthelargestvalueof(Zn):豊uponstopping,theobjectivebeingtofindastoppingpohcythat

Willmaximizetheprobabilityofsuccess・Asasimplemodi丘cationofthisproblem,WeCOnSiderin Section3aproblemwherethetrialisregardedassuccessfu1ifwecouldattaineitherthelargestorthe

secondlargestvaheof(Zn):豊・Theseproblemswere且rstposedbySakaguchi[1].Fbrlateruse,We

introducearandomvariableT(m,P)thatrepresentsthefirsttimeZnbecomesnon−negative,namely r(m,p)=min(陀:Zれ≧0,1≦乃≦m+p). T(m,P)takesthevaluesofl,2,4,・・・,2pform≧pandifwedenotebypj(m,P)theprobabilitymass functionofT(m,P),i・e・,Pj(rn,P)=吊(T(7n,P)=j),thenthesearegiveninthefbllowinglemma. LemmalTheprobabilitymassfu?CtionofT(m,P)isgivenby p m+p

p2i(m,p)=

pl(m,p)=

五=1,2,‥・,p. 2(2電−1) 2.StopplngatthelargeSt

Suppose that we havedrawnk bans and recognized Zl,…,Zk thro11ghthe observed values of XII・・・】Xk・AIsos11ppOSethatweknowtherestinremainmminusbal1sandpplusbalkintheurn. IfZk<max(Zo,Zl,‥・,Zk),WedonotstopdrawingbecauseZたCannOtbethelargestamonganand

SOtheimmediatestopcannOtleadtoasuccess・Ifm<pleVidentlywedonotstopthenandcontinue

drawlnguntiltheremainlngnumberofminusbal1sexceedsthatofplusbalk.Tlmstheseriousdecision OfeitherstoporcontinuetakesplaceonlywhenZk=maX(Zo,Zl,…,Zk)andm≧p.Letthisstate bedescribedas(m,P)regardl尊SOfkbecause,aSabitofconsiderationshows,thedecisiondepends

OnlyontheremalZ”ngrLumbersofminusbalkandplusballsintheumbutnotonthe肌mberofbans

alreadydrawn・ Letv(m,P)betheprobabilityofsuccessstartingfromstate(m,P),andlets(m,P)andc(m,P) berespectivelytheprobabilityofsuccesswhenwestopdrawlngandcontinuedrawlnglnanOptimal mannerinstate(m,P);then,fromtheprincipieofoptimality,

γ(m,p)=maX(β(m,p),C(m,p)), m≧p≧0,

− 68 − © 日本オペレーションズ・リサーチ学会. 無断複写・複製・転載を禁ず.

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m+1−p

β(m,p)=

m+1 , m≧p≧0, p

C(m,p)=pl(m,か(m,p−1)+∑p2j(m,p)γ(m一宜,p−i),

i=1 form,P≧1withtheboundaryconditionc(m,0)≡0form≧0. LetBbethestoppingregionderivedbytheone−Stagelook−aheよd(OLA)stoppingpolicy,thatis, thesetofstatesforwhichstoppinglmmediatelyisatleastasgooda5COntinulngOnemOret;ansition andthenstopplng;then, 仰て−1 β=((m,p):m≧m■(p)), Wbere m*(p)=p+ ThefonowingtheoremstatesthattheOLAstoppingregion Binfactgivestheoptimalstopping reglOn・ Theoreml Theoptimalpohcystopsdrawlnga5SOOna5thestateentersthesetB.

3・Stopplngatthelargestorthes?COndlargeSt

Supposethat,aSinsection3,WehawejustobservedZl,・‥,Zkandknowthattheurncontains7P

minusbal1sandpplusbal1sinit・Sincetheobjectiveisnowtomaximizetheprobabilityofattaining

eitherthelargestorthesecondlarge5tValueof(Zn)慧,WeeaSilyseethatseriousdecisionofstbp

OrCOntinuetakesplaceonlywhenZk≧max(Zo,Zl,・・・,Zk)−1andm+1≧p・Wedenotet攣 Stateby(m,P;i)or(m,P;2)regardlessofk,dependingonwhetherZk=maX(Zo,Zl,…?Zk)of Zた=maX(Zo,Zl,…,Zた)−1・ Letvi(m,P),i=1,2,betheprobabihtyofsuccessstartingfromstate(m,P;1),andletsi(m,・b andci(m,P)berespectivelytheprobabilityofsuccesswhenwestopdrawingandcontinuedrawigin anoptimalmannerinstate(m,P;i);then,ffomtheprincipleofoptimality, 明(m,p)=maX(βi(m,p),q(m,p)), m+1≧p,五=1,2, wbere (m+1+p)(m+2−p) 51(m,p)= ぷ2(m,p)= , m+1≧p, (m+1)(m+2) p m+p

打I Vl(m,p−1)+扁

V2(m

Cl(m,p)

and p

C2(m,p)=pl(m,p)vl(m,p−1)+∑p2虚(m,か2(m−i,p一五),

i=1 form+1≧p≧1,m≧1withtheboundaryconditionscl(0,0)=0,Cl(0,1)=Cl(m,0)=1form≧1 andc2(0,1)=1,C2(m,0)=0た)rm≧0・ LetBbethestoppingreglOnderivedbytheOLAstopplngreglOn.Then, β=((m,p;2)‥m≧m*(p)−1). Theorem2 Theoptimalpohcystopsdrawingassoonasthestate(m,P;2)entersthesetB. 参考文献 【1】M・Sakaguchi:SecretaryproblemsandtheirrelatedAreas,JqFEconomicsandManqgement,VOl・42, NUCBA(1998),85−137.(inJapanese) − 69 − © 日本オペレーションズ・リサーチ学会. 無断複写・複製・転載を禁ず.

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