!"#!$% & '()*+,-./01 2 3 4 5(

!"#$

%"&%'(%)*+,-./0 1230456+7-'89:;

<=>?@ABCDEFGHE32IJ K/&%LM04(NOPGQ RSTU VWX !"Y09 Z ["\]H^+_0'`Ba #$<sup>b%</sup>'89*5cdefgVh ijk%"`B4U(A3A !"l m5nopqrsgV9tVW0'`

BpquvwuxyVX;z-.{VY hi|&%904"8(*U}~J

€]F‚ƒ,32„…†%A B‡ˆ‰ŠW‹Œ"ŽJpq uvwuxyVW‘825B8(A3A

‡ˆ‰ŠW09I’“U}J”

•–—A"56"2˜3"2˜™š

&%"(AU`B–—›˜J

@‡ˆ0hiœI0456

\žH;Ÿ ¡04(&["J

¢AUa%AB‡ˆœW'(

£¤‡ˆœW9 Ž

¥¦‘8&%0§¨;z©%Aª«

y¬­®"¯‡ˆ]ABhi°œI

| ª « y ¬ ­ ® ± ¨ W X &#

Y%AB²³m5U^Y(”H]A UJ´+Šµ¶") Ž

I9·¸ !0'(*

¹‚œWºa?‘m5»¼½09‡ˆ

‘8UIW9‡ˆœW X" $ ""Y%AB¾¿m5[

"`U(m2‡ˆÀÁÂ5Ãg²³[

戜W9Â5VŊW%AB³Æ STB8^Y(

nj9ÈÉÊW[‡ˆœW²³3 2*Â5VºÆ²/0ËOÌU`B

@Ì`B4U(ÍÎ09*϶ÐÑ%

%aÍWpquvwuxyVW%AB !Ò»ÓQ|ÔÕa%Ö×(

‡ˆœWn½9'(OlØÍÙÚ 2[IJ³m5UÛܽÝW0'^Y(Þ +_ßફy¬­ÛÜáâ*Û Ü—¨ã[ÄäåIÒVW 0'Äæz¤Oç|Ì5ÃèèréI ÒVŊW%AB‘825B4U(

&]‡ˆIV‘8U‡ˆœ

W0'(꼇ˆœ°ë윑8 BI&%9*íîÈÉrïðñyò æ4móâôjk%õâ25B8U(A3 AœöË÷56øù°œœ

Hú0ûIjk0'`U(°œœHWc üœWa¢‘jk0'ÄVýþa

Ž0")¦F¦/0`B8 (

!"#$"%&'

()*+,-./012

3 4 5 6)

)æzæzzÔÕ

( OXC%OY

!"#$%&'()*+,- ./(012.345"67 89":;<=

>????

@@-8ABCDEFGH:

IJ"8KLMEFN O8PQRSKLMTUV:

8"WXYZ[\]^_`

ab8:WXYZ[\]^_

`abcM=deUVf;0g8hi -1=8:WjYklm nojpYnoq:rYZ34stuvo (<wxyz{("|}st u"~€‚%<ƒy„"…†<=

‡3ˆM0g‰Š‹(Œs tu-1BŽw''(‘

a’“”•–—ŒvojYZ˜(0 r™w8š›œ[%w@-

žŸ -"./ ¡¢<£Œw^x= -8¤¥"UV¦§¨©

M@y-1=NªH«¬"

­"CD y ®k>kCD

"¬-"T­xkCD "TUV

¬"­xx-"­¯34„4

žŸ-./M y°M

±²-8³y´µ4=

>kx AB¶·yUV¬q(ˆ

> "¸•yUV®¹(01

"©º»{¼=½ c(0

w@->¾¿@

y¡¢-™"-NªUV- UV

"º"¨©´@y-1=½À

kx+(Œ¨wÁÂÃcM~šÄÅ Æ[~bkxwŒNªÇ-

´0sÇÈc(0=UV-"ɶ·

8Ê^ËË-™r̜aÍ ÎPQ !"+(Œ>

-™"-wNªVÇ®(Œ©8

¨ˆ<r#^ˑÏ"kxyÁÂD /Ç-1=<AUVÐ<"8 ÑÒ"ÓÔ"ÕÖ×;"ÕÖ ØM0gWÙÚ۟k xÜ W۟k$x"Ý۟Þ/ǝ

wß-™=

à­¯"áH(Œ8œaÍÎH8 âg(0ãˆ"ywµ4Œwy„

"ÁÂ8/ǝwäåNOj/ÇMCD

|"ÃæçKM=kx"

-8è(0EFGH8̜a-™ré êÃë읠àÃí{M0gîï ð‚ñò‘a̜aÍÎHyäó-™=

%x

8ô4 õk&xö-1=

œaÍÎHq"÷g(0šø%

ô4ù"¬-CD à­¯3—„

"úûüÉÅý%M=st  [\ò"¸•þ¾

<ƒ ¡¢-™r<ƒ"

 |<34Œw^x=

­¯ô4 õ"0g340

šø%½ c(0=voyšø%

¬"ž¾8¤(<w"_\]

šø%k6 x"ôt 0g"ãÚ ý%g0 "-™

=NªUV¬"CD 8šø%6"

ž"-340ÑÒ" µ

­¯34ÑÒ"¬UV"ô4(0y£

!"

#$% &'()$*+

,-./012 3-456

"78 9:;<=>?@AB CD= 6E>FB01GHI!

GJKLMNOPQR ST!UV WXKLYZ UV[ \]^L_+`a

:bcD["

`a:defgcD!h ij@k1/ lm&' no 45Mpq P rstuvwx yEz"{|/ MP 3}Rf

~$"!€A1‚E&'()

!V fGE"# ƒ„„…( )V†‡6ˆ‰Š@‰‹Œ!"

Ž.}o‘/"’@ˆ‰“”•–

`a:D01"Ax—:D˜™‚Šxk01MGšX G›iPœAx

—:D‚Šxk>FB01MžPœfgD`aHI‚Šxk>FB01"

Incident light

(a) (b)

(c)

Incident light Incident light

(a) (b)

(c)

Ax—`a: MPŸ3 "

&'()¡œ`a¡& '(

)MP$œno&¢¡£

>¤¥1¦1A£§œ¨©ª«¡"¬­¡

®¯($™"°±^%"

`afg: MP 3

}Rf~"¡ f3²‰yœ!¡&' D€A1‚œ ¡rs³D€A 1‚œ"¡`aHIf01"f´¡µ ^±œ£>¤¥1¦1A£§Wƒ

„ ^±"

!"

#$%&'()*+,-.+/01 2345 6789:1;(&'(2

<=>?+@A'2B CD+

2E9:FGHIJK(L M';(7NOPQRST2BU8 +M';(VOWXYZ[5\>]^,_`

!"#,-.+/01 abcdHe fgLhij+k lmno8pZq>c-,ri3 4 isc8t<$%&' ()*+/Z1<=ub fgLh + v+4<w>+x_7yz2]^8 +,_=i{?^]|8)*x_}1~

5 €‚+$%&'(ƒ+28„+

<=1…#\>i2? †‡ˆ‰Š‹

+<=i…Œ Ž9:78~Š

‹‘c^’2B d,-“”+-,r';(1•–—˜

i™šp+

';(VOh<=›,_œ8

ž2+—˜Ÿ>+ .¡9:78

¢9:

2£ ¢ 8¢+œ8

¢

>] ¤¥U8—˜Ÿabc8Š‹1 +ž-¦§¨©&ª—˜1 c4<\>l«5 6 2¬j

­ +9¢:1ub>8

~˜=2—˜Ÿ+ ®1¯Œ° 

.i±²2?

!"

³´µ+9:.7¶·›

^’‰”^’2B+289:1¸¹

<=5+klZ-Ÿ7ºcb^: »

;§¼½¾¿Bb7À[1ub ÀÁ›¿ÂU9:1Ão¿2?

+28ÄÅƟ2ÇÈÉ+<=iÊË2B ^8: Bb78ÂU4<Ç ÈÉZÌÍ>9:.+Î)*9: .1Ïp\>i2? ZÌÐÑ+¶Ò1

£ ¬^: +°b³´µ+€#i—

ÓÈÉ.7°^8ÔÕÖ79:2 Bs ³´µ7ׂ}>cØÙ5—Ó ÚÛÜiÓÝ5o89:iÔÕ Ö2B>ތ*c? !\289: ßà›]klZ-Ÿ1ubc8áâµ+—

# klCZ̟Â9:ãg@A ' Š‹ä å&(Èæ ^’æ^’æ^’æ ^’æ^’æx_}9ç è(éê¿: ëNäìíZ- !"

î

! "

!"##$%&'()*+,-./

0123456 789:

$;<=>?@A

!"B<CDEFGH I J K L M G 4 5 6 . N O P

$;<=>IQPKR 78

"

ST$;U%

VT$;UTBUT^WU X)9:YZ[\PK B

$;<;^S &^S']^_`B

<"OD)ab4<c+d e^f"ghijck78f9:YRZD

;lmnop+F;q4

<' &^S'"Brs;($

<8tuv($<I )

&^S'c+def+F nZbGIlwfxhyAz{

RZ"|}fxf~]if"s€

‚<ƒ€„…ck_†YRZ‡H +Fhˆ‰Šfx‹

ŒŽYZ$; =‘"

’;‹Œ’;ZD“c”

$;<"$;^'B•–OP—˜

™K<_`Z"Oš›œ

žŸ ¡¢$;£¤I¥¦

§¨Ia]i©ª«¬©D

­®@¯°‰ŠŸ($<I±²a

‰Š³´Z$;Iµ¶v·¸fx RZ+2A¹•YRZIfº

$;‰Š¢»¼½$;³¾

½¥¿ÀÁ¿OP™P ÃÄ9b

‰Š;ÅÆÇÈBÉÊ«…ËÌÍÎÌς^*

;¡ ($

%)$&^S'

$;

%)&^S'

$;

%)&^S' ÐÑÒÓÔÅÕ;Ö×ØÙÚ *+, S

*'' S

* S

€‚ÛÜÌÝ$-.;ÞÅÚ ,' ,' * +

* * * ÐÑßàáâãäÅ;uåÚ ' , ,+

+ , +, + ' ,+

ÐÑßàáâæçè·é·êëì ÐÑíîï;uåÚ

+ , ' + ,*

', * ðæçÒÁñò;óôÚ S ,* '+

S '

Åõßö÷ò;óôÚ * S

** S

*+ S *

!"#$%&'()*+&,-.

/012)3456$'789:

5;<=:>?@ABCDAEF G!"!H5;IAJKLMN01 5A7OPQ)RSTU^VA(7 PQTW)01%X$6(&YZ[\

]^_`<sup>V</sup>'aAbc7PQ)d <sup>e</sup>"`fg_`YZ[)h

(i)jk_`l^V'm(5A017

%no.pq\"_`'&r&Ast uvwxy`\Az{uv|}[

"~&€‚ƒ%„&'(z {uvA>?…†57‡V)bˆ&m`)‰

Š‹Œi"Žno_`(i%t

&)AŽ5‘=H’“57>

?ii\”=•–—>?)6(IA˜™š

›7œ‡Vi&t_`&€ž

Ÿ5;'

= ¡¢£Ž‡VPQ¤¥¦^V'§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´Žµ¶^·¸¹ ^e'¶¸©AA^e'©º^eAº^eA

º^{e e}'

¢£Ž‡V>?»s¼½Qtd ¾c[^V'§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´Žµ

¶¸©^e'

!"

#$%&'(

)*+,-./

/01 234567!

"89:#

;<=>?@^{A !}B!

C#$"DEF GHI$J8K#$^A DL<MN B!C 9O#>PJD"HQRJ ,S TUVWXCY

>ZH[\J]^_`a!"bc deVfghfCiL<jk lmOJno,9pqrstuvw xfCWyz{HV,y|}~V

€h>‚!"JC9ƒO J„CWyz{H…†V€hH‡ˆ‰Š

‹Oy\#AVWXHŒŽ

‘’“”•H[OJ–—˜™C8 ^%9OOpšS›œ>ž—

Ÿ t¡¢£>WX¤z¥¦

S›œ,§¨©#

uªSL<«*$J¬C#$D W¤z<«*$JB!CY>­®!"9

¯§ [Ng°±²

³´ µ$JCYH¶

·,S>K#$^A Œ¸¹ ,º»¼½¾¥ ¿D T5À;Á 9 !à ÄÅÀ} QÆÇ L<ÈÇ8µ$JÁ—É:

ÊË!"#gÌÍD8ÎÏÐ8ž

¶RÃ"9

&uÑҒÓtª’HÔÕÖ×OJØ CÙÚÛÙÚÛÜ,ÝÞßàá SgÌHâãg/äåPJ«#9ÏÇ æHç%èO#9Öé H ÔÕWXOJ' ()&*.¡ê

’ëìíî! LïOçð+¹ HØCJÈÇHåP#9 ñ¢t òr¹wó’HØCJH01O#ô ÄÅõöÈÇ>«9ϋ÷ø ,#$^A - #$^A P#9ùÃ"#7ÈúûÃ[

Ng°üý£OC¶R

þâãg/ä ÏÇæ9Öéâã' )&*!ÕÖ×&uÑҒÓtª’ 2!g9 g/&! 9?A^!9

!"#$%&'()*+,-.

/0123456789:;<=>?@

$%&'AB')CD-.EFG HI<2JKLMNOPQR2'SN7 89T NUVEW.

X(YZSN JK[\]N AN^N_1`9abNcde78NfgG hiFWBjklG SGmlnGopEWqEW'rOJ K[\)2,'stuQvw.x yz{|G}6~{)&'z€

‚Nƒ„…†‡z€|~ˆ‰6Š

‹ŒYZNŽPNz€~

}GlGab~‘’YZGop EW'N“”~•F+G&'() (N–—˜™~‰š6)›i'.

œF+Nzž|~Ÿ &W¡

e`¢£¤1£¥„z€9st B'.6+6zžNrO¦§G2W¡

XW¨©ª$«N¬”­®-'stu

QR2'.xyz{|9Q¯P2z€

°±Gi')²³¨©92RŸ´2µ¶

·~¸¹&W¡zž26Gº»¼zN`¢

£¤1£¥„z€st)2'.

½¾¿|9‚NÀ±°±BjÁÂ1

#ÃÄÅNƒ„…†‡z€GŸ6'.) RGÆÇD2«Nz€G9ȟ)›iF W'.ÉÊËÌ#1Í„z€G9 Wz€|Ÿ6'.ÎÏÐÑÒÓK ÔP£1ÕµÖÊ×NØ GŒjÙ6 xyz{| ÚD‚NÛÜÝÞʖ~, .(N‚…‡ß…†¤„`àá âN`¢£¤1£¥„z€ãNä å W';B'.

ÈæG2jÉ6ÜçNèéNKê~ë i¨ìíî; ïðñò óôõö÷“Gø³ùúû=>?@Gü Jý2þ~ìíîóô õG¯6 É&.ÉE

¨9îóô õÙî g óô îî óô†„

ã "`#î

Fe(II) Fe(IIl)

Colloidal Fe(IIl)

Particulate Fe(IIl)

Oxidation Hydrolysis

Adsorption

Coagulation

Fe(III)-Org

Photolysis

Org

Storm runoff

YZSG‹©'ª$^N“”ãNabVNëop˜™

!"# $$%%&'

# ( "

)

!## #( "

"

$$%

" %

%)&

#$%&'()*+,(''%)&

- $&%)) .#( """

##

%'

/## # *+ # +

* #*

# *,- - !.,

/0 0 "

# ( " #

# 123

$&

(4 34

#2"54

%6%%%

#2" * (4%%

1234(5678(9:;(<=>?(

@ABCD,EFGHIJKLMN )

6! # 11 ( 4 7 -6* *!+ 3 "%%'

$2OPQRST(BU +,VWX, ,YZ[\

]^_`(=abc(deffg(hi jk(lmnR($%&'(i6)*+,

\@'o\KLMNp(6&