SER no.015; Cover, contents, and others
journal or
publication title
Senri Ethnological Reports
volume 15
year 2000‑07‑28
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10502/1279
Senri Ethnological Reports 15
New Horizons in
Bon Studies 2
Bon Studies
Edited by
Samten G. Karmay Yasuhiko Nagano
Nationat Museum of Ethnology Osaka 2000
Published by the National Museum of Ethnology Senri Expo Park 10‑1, Suita, Osaka, Japan 565‑8511
@ National Museum ofEthnology, Japan 2000 All rights reserved.
Printed by Nakanishi Printing Co., Ltd. Kyoto, Japan ISSN 1340‑6787
Senri Ethnological Reports 15
New Horizons in Bon Studies
Bon Studies 2
Edited by Samten G. Karmay Yasuhiko Nagano
National Museum ofEthnology
Osaka 2000
Table of Contents
Preface
‑‑‑ X ?Vagano Introduction
‑S G. Karmay
Ben and its Relationship to Buddhism
The study ofBon in the West: Past, present and future ‑‑‑ P. KVaerne
Comparing Treasuries: Mental states and other mDzodphug lists and passages with parallels in Abhidharma works by Vasubandhu and Asafiga or in Prajfiaparamita Sutras: A progress report
‑D. Martin
A preliminary comparison of Bonpo and Buddhist cosmology
‑‑K Mimaki
The ̀Bon' dBal‑mo A(Yer‑bdun (J!Z,rgyaci) and the Buddhist dBang‑phyug‑ma ?Y)7er‑brgJvad : A brief comparison
‑H BIezer
i
1
7
21 89
117 rDzogs‑chen Doctrines
The Lo rgyus chen mo in the collection ofthe Ye khri mtha ' sel attributed to
Dran‑pa nam‑mkha' ‑D. Rossi
Authenticity, effbrtlessness, delusion and spontaneity in the 71he Authenticity qf (lipen Awareness and related texts
‑A.‑C KZein
181
193
Myths and Rituals
Mandala visualization and possession
‑M 7bchikawa
The mKha ' klong gsang mdos: Some questions on ritual structure and
cosmology
‑A.‑M BIondeau
227
249
Table of Contents
The secular surroundings ofa Bonpo ceremony: Games, popular rituals and economic structures in the mDos‑rgyab of Klu‑brag monastery (Nepal) ‑‑‑ C. Ramble
Victory banners, social prestige and religious identity: Ritualized sponsorship and the revival ofBon monasteries in Amdo Shar‑khog
‑ M Schremof
Bon, Buddhist and Hindu life cycle rituals: A comparison
‑H lshii
A comparative study ofthe yul lha cult in two areas and its cosmological aspects
‑ S. G. Karmay
Monasteries and Lay Communities
The bla ma in the Bon religion in Amdo and Khams ‑ 71sering 77zar
Bonpo family lineages in Central Tibet
‑‑Dondrup Lhagyal
The Bon deities depicted in the wall paintings in the Bon‑brgya monastery
‑M Mbri
Khri‑brtan Nor‑bu‑rtse Bon monastery in Kathmandu ‑S. Y2lmaguchi
Bon in a wider context
289
317 359
383
417 429 509 551
Sacrifice and lhapa in the glu rol festival ofReb‑skong 'S. ?Vtzgano
The Indus Valley civilization and early Tibet
‑G. Samuel
Kharamshing: An antidote against evil ' Ugyen Peigen
Space, tenitory, and a stupa in Eastern Nepal: Exploring Himalayan th and traces of Bon
‑B. Bickel
emes
567 651 671
685 Indexes
General Index Tibetan Index List of Contributors
705 717 737
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Bon and its Relationship to Buddhism
rDzogs‑chen Doctrines
Myths劉nd Rituals
Monasteries and Lay Communities
Bon in a wider context
Indexes
General Index
AAbhasvara91 93 ,
abhidharma 42, 51, 119
AbhidharmakoSa 21, 95, 1O1, 102, 114 AbhidharmakoSa‑bhasya 90, 95, 98, 101 114
,
Abhidharmasamuccaya 21, 37 abhiSeka 227
ab‑mandala 90 abnormal tirne 591
Abrha91 93
t)Acarya 152
accretion 373
accumulating merit 320 adaptability 67
adorcism 603, 604, 605 adultery 33
aeons 25 aMictions 26
afterlife 365, 367, 371, 374 aggregates 26
agriculture 652 Aindri 122
a‑ir 29
AkaSanantyayatana 9l, 93 Akani$tha 91, 93
akaSa 90 91 '
Akificanyayatana 9 1 , 93
Amdo 250, 383, 432, 439, 462, 466, 569, 571, 574, 576
Amdo Shar‑khog 3 1 7 Anabhraka 93 Ananda 220
ancestor 580, 601, 605, 692 ancestral founder 688 animal deities 665 animal sacrifices 599 animism 8
annapraSan 368
annual community festival 589 Antaga 148
antara‑kalpa 112 anuSaya 32
1OO,
471,
anuttarayogatantra 228 Apara‑godanTya 27 1 apavahda 200 Apramanabha 91, 93 ApramanaSubha 91, 93 arbuda 104
arrow 384, 385, 570, 574, 581 artfu1 activity 21O
artfu1 endeavor 195, 200, 203 ArUpyadhatu
Arapya‑dhatu 91, 93 ASva‑karna 270 Asartga 37, 42 ASoka 42
asura 94, 95, 97, 99, 112, 113, 583 ASvina 146
Atapas 91, 93 atata 98, 104 Athpare 689 Atisha 430, 440, 448 attraction31 212 , augury 585
auspicious direction 693
auspiciousness 362, 363, 364, 374, 377, 381
authentic scriptures 194, 214 authenticators ofmethod 204 authenticity 214
Authenticity of Essential Instructions and Scripture 193, 201
Authenticity of Instmction Essential
Scripture 20 1
Authenticity ofOpen Awareness l93 authority 696
AvalokiteSvara 5 1 2 Avara‑camara 27 1 aversion31 186 '
avTci 104, 109 Awareness 208
B
Back 146 Bactria 67 Banares 695 bara taygu 360 Baragaon 290
705
706
Baraha Ksetra 695 Barkor 390 barley 652
barleycorns 579, 580, 584, 585 base 211
Belhara 686 Belhare 690
bhUr bhuvah svar 146 Bhutan 555
birch branches 385 bird 26, 28
Bird‑ofPrey‑Mother 136, 148 birth 359, 360, 368, 372, 375 birth element 384
black horn 578, 580, 585, 586 blessing 199
blood offering 586, 595, 600 bodhisattvas 63, 102 Bodic 654, 656 Bodish 655 body model 698
Bon 429, 439, 567, 571, 596, 601, 605 Bon mandala 228
Bon ofcause 663, 664 Bon ofeffect 664 Bon religion 233, 245 Bon swastika 363, 364, 374 Bon Theory 22, 25, 51, 62, 63 Bon‑brgya Monastery 509, 514, 515 Bonkhor 291
Bonpo 429, 551, 570, 572, 605, 673 Bonpo Karijur 14
Brhatphala 9 1 Brahma 148, 263 Brahma‑kayika 91, 93 Brahmani 122
Brahmapurohita 91, 93 Brahmi 122
Bramis 678
bridge 589, 591, 603 Buddha 102, 197, 202
Buddhism 67, 359, 367, 429, 439, 567, 571 Buddhist Association 464
Buddhist Tantra 228, 237 Buddhist Tantrism 244 budhajankwa 367, 376 Budhnath Stupa 236
General Index
bwaskha 360
ccaim 393 cakra 65 Cakravada 270 calque translations 71 Camara 271
Camunda 122
Candamaharosana 236
Candrakirti 35 cardinal points 123 carnelian beads 657 cart 48
Caryantya 237 caryatantra 228
Caturmaharaj akayika 90, 91 caturthadhyana 9 1
causation 25
cedar 574, 576, 578, 579, 583 Chaling 671, 678, 679, 680 Chandogyopani$ad 148, 153 chariot 48
childbirth 361, 369, 372, 373, 375, 377 China 443, 455, 464, 465, 673
Chintan devi 692 Christian 42, 67, 371 chronicle 134
circumambulation 689 Cittamatra 209 clan 135, 573 classical yoga 227
classification ofthe eight types spirits 388 clear light 119
Clearing Extremes from the Primordial Mind 211
Clearing Extremes from the Primordial Mind, Magical Space Treasure 212 cold white offerings 597
Collection ofJewels Sutra 200 color dichotomy 595
commentary 2 1O
Commentary on the stages of the Vehicles 203
communication channel 589 590 '
communication circuit 594, 603, 605, 606
General Index
compassion 63, 228
compassionate blessing male lineage 186 compassionate lineage devoid of aflictions 184
competitiveness 32 Completed Body 232, 233 completeness 202
complicit factors 33, 36 compounding factors 3 1, 70 compounding factors 70 compounding perceptions 3 1 conceptual thought 208, 21O conceptuality 202, 212 conch 384
conquest 69 1
consciousness 31, 208, 210 contemptuousness 32 conventional truth 208 cosmogony 22, 25, 33, 49, 63 cosmological basis 393 cosmological layout 393 cosmological setting 591 cosmological significance 388 cosmology 48, 49, 63 counterclockwise 689 counterproductive views 3 1
cow 26
creative dismemberment 693
cremation 365, 366, 367, 370, 374, 378 crossroads 581, 589, 599, 602
cross‑textual comparisons 24 crown 386
Crystal Mirror 242
Cultural Revolution 434, 455, 456, 463, 465
D
Dakini 139 Dalai Lama 432 dal‑bhat 369
Dangkardzong 299, 316' Dark Retreat 244, 554 darkness‑egg 119
Dasho Tenzin Doiji 673, 678 dBal deities 120
death 365, 366, 367, 368, 372, 373, 374,
707
376, 378, 381, 597, 598, 601, 602 death pollution 366
death rituals 359, 365, 366, 370, 373, 379 decentralized political system 653, 659 deity 692
deity‑visualization 227 delusion 200, 201, 202, 210
Democratic Management Committees 3 1 9 descent 697
descent line 692 descent of deity 235 desire 33, 186 deva 90 Dhankuta 690
Dharma Theory 22, 51, 62 Dharmajee 236
Dharmakirti 20 1 Dharmaskandha 42, 63 dharmayatanas 42 Dhatukaya 42 dhyana 93 dialectics 55 1
dichotomy 591, 595, 597 direct perception 201, 209 directions ofthe compass 123 dishonoring 32
divination 362, 364, 365, 368, 371, 372, 374
Dolakha 695
Dolariji 250, 295, 464, 551 Dolpo 450, 554
Donglcya 29 1 door 594 double moon 201 drum ofgod 579 Druma‑kinnara‑raja 1 12
Druma‑kinnara‑raja‑pariprccha 1 12 dual organization 662
dual‑organization structures 661 Dunhuang 601, 602, 605
Dunhuang manuscript 388, 391, 393 Dunsur Bon 148
Durang 679 Durga 121, 146
DurgatipariSodhana Mandala 228 dvitiyadhayana 9 1
Dzogchen 208, 211
708
E
eagle 134 earth 29, 132 ecstasy 605
effbrt 197, 202, 203, 205, 206 efliortfu1 196, 21O
effbrtlessness 195, 196, 199, 210 eggs 25
Eight cold hells 105 Eight hot hells 105
eight types of deities 577, 590, 596, 597 EkajatT 121
elemental correspondences 32 elements 29,33
emotion 33, 37 emptinesses 25, 62 empty sky 119 encodement 71 endeavor 203
engagement 362, 364, 374, 380 environmental protectionism 68 envy 32, 42, 186
epic 135 eschatology 63
essential instructions 193, 194, 198 essential nature 193
existence ofnon‑dual act 233 existence ofpromise 233 existence ofwisdom 233, 234 exorcism 580, 603
explain 214
F
father trees 576 fault finding 31 feeling 32 female deities 121
Fifth Dalai Lama 432, 452, 455 final liberation 366
final salvation 371 fire 29
first feeding 361, 368 first feeding rituals 368 Five (great) Principles 188 five effects 29
five elements 66
General Index
five paths 207 flesh offering 586 flexibility 362, 368, 369 fblk communal rite 567 folk religion 567 folk rituals 576 form 3 1
Form Realm 63
formless Prayer‑Man 134 Four Butcher Brothers 388 four changeable mentalities 42 fbur conditions 29
fumigation offering 567, 572, 576, 582,
594
funeral 365, 366, 368, 374, 376, 378, 379,
380
fUrnace 574, 576, 579, 582, 586, 596, 599
GGanapati 678 Gandhara 42, 67
Gandharva 94, 1O1, 103, 111, 113, 132 Gansu 569, 574
garuda 99, 100, 101, 107, 113, 148, 197,
200
gate 591, 592 gati 94, 102
dGe‑lugs School 242 geographical conception 49 geo‑morphic 686
gift 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 374, 375, 376, 378, 590, 600, 601, 602, 604
gluttony 42 goat 584, 586, 598 GodanTya 107 goddess cults 665 god's drum 581, 583, 595 god's voice 579
god's words 587 gossip 31 gramadevata 124
Great Perfection 188, 189 greed 33, 42
guardian 388
guardian deity 567, 578, 576, 579, 586, 588, 593, 594, 595, 599, 600, 602
General Index
Gubhaju 371
dGu‑chu River 569, 573, 578 Gur‑zhog Monastery 66
Gyantse 440, 453, 454, 465, 471 gzi beads 657
hahava 104H
hail 596
Harappan civilization 65 1 Hariti 237
harsh words 3 1 hastin 49 hate 33
headman 384, 385
Hell ofalternating heat and cold 105 Hell of simultaneous heat and cold 105 Hell 97, 98, 112
hereditary feudal lord 570 Herrmanns‑manuscript 134, 147 Hevajra 245
Himalayan 655
Hindu 359, 361, 362, 368, 370, 371, 372 Hindu sarnskara 359, 360, 368
Hinduism 359, 367, 372
history of the blessed lineage of the Wbrd and the Trantras 184
homa 365, 368, 374, 375, 376, 377 Hor rtsis calendar 570, 581, 591 horse 659, 668
hot red offerings 597 households 387 huhuva 104 hymn 388, 391, 393 1
Isadhara 270 ignorance 31, 33 Ilmatar 149 imitation goat 600
immediately prior condition 209 impurity 362, 367, 368, 580, 593, 594 inane faith 390
inception in India 22 1 inconsiderate words 33 indeterminate mental states 35
709
India 64, 430, 457, 463, 465 Indra 95
IndranT 122
Indus Valley 657, 659, 663 Indus Valley civilization 651, 665, 667
Indus Valley cultural tradition 661 666
,
Indus Valley cultures 652 Indus Valley religion 665 inferential consciousness 2 1 O infi1trator 26, 30, 32
initiation 360 367372 ' iajurious words 32
instructional authenticator 205 interdependence 26
intermediate space 132 intermediate stage 366, 367 intermediate state 119
intermediate state of the clear reality as it is) 119
intertextuality 67 Iran 666
irritability 32 Islam 67 Ismaya 148
655, 651
662, , 656,
light (of
J
ja nakegn 368, 369, 375 Jalandhara 146
JambUdvTpa 48, 107, 264, 270, 271 Jamkhar 679
Japan 235
Japanese 359, 360, 368, 372, 382 jealousy 41, 42
jfiana‑sattva 233
Johan van Manen collection 147 Jokhang 390
Jomsom 290
juniper 574, 576, 586, 601 juniper twigs 384, 389
Jvalamukhi 113
KkalasUra 104 Kalevala Epic 149
710
Kalff 146, 147 Kali Gandaki 290 kalpa 48, 65 kamadeva 90, 91 kainadhatu 90, 91 Kaficanamapdala 90, 91 karma 24, 26, 32, 431 Karma gling‑pa 1 17 Kashmir 67
Kashnir Neolithic 654 655
'Kathmandu 228, 236, 359, 361, 369, 365, 381 551
, Kaumari 122 Kaurava 271 Kau'u ri 118 kayta‑paj a 360 Ketu 146 khadiraka 270 KhaST 695 Khyenga 316
killing 32
kinnara 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 112 Kiranti 689, 692
Kokonor 390
Kongpo 438, 449, 461, 462 kriyatantra 228
Krodheshvar 117 kuizome 368, 379 Kulung 689,
kumbhapda 100, 101, 107, 113 KumarT 122
Kuru 271
Kusumamaya 236 kuwashizome 368, 379
L
lack of a centralized state 652 lake goddess 666
lake‑goddess cults 663 Lama Dzuki 309 laukika‑devata 100 Lhasa 445, 462, 464
life cycle rituals 359, 360, 367, 368, 370,
375
light 29, 229, 232, 233 Light Retreat 554
General Index
light‑egg 119 liminal zone 601
lineage ofthe compassionate blessing 1 84 1ineage related to the Compassionate Teacher 183
Lo Monthang 291 local authorities 387
local deity 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 393
local land and deity 393 local land and estate 393 local medium 567 locomotion 33 logic 206 Lohorung 689 LokaniradeSa 90
Lopen Chorten Norbu 671 Lopen Phuntsho 679
Lop6n Tenzin Namdak 10, 209, 228 Lord of Death 386
Lord Shenrab 28
Lubra 250, 290, 292, 293, 300, 304, 306, 307, 309, 314, 316, 366
lust 42 lying 31, 33 Ma Pu‑fatig 387M
MahabhUmika 42 Mahabratman 93 Mahadeva 263 MahadevT 122 Mahakala 243 Mahanasa 122 mahapadma 104 maharaurava 104
Mahavyutpatti 37, 99, 100 Mahayana 63
Mahendri 122 MaheSvara 264, 265 MaheSvari 122 mahoraga 99 Maithil 359, 360 maitT 696
Maj iyao 654, 658, 659 malicious words 33
General Index
marpdala 515, 685 MailjuSrT 243, 51O Manasarovar 136
mandala 29, 229, 515, 683
mandala visualization 227, 229, 234, 241, 244
Manhabrahman 9 1 Manichaeism 9
Manifestation‑in‑front 229 manifested deity 233 Manikrnaya 148 Manusya 90, 91, 94
maniage 362, 364, 367, 372, 689 Matara 121
Matarah 1 1 8 Matrka 66, 67, 121 measurement 49, 63 medical crops 392 meditation 198
meditative stabilization 193 meluhha 666
memorization 66 67 'Mental darkness 186 mental direct perception 209 mental states 32, 68
mental states theory 33 Merak 671
merrymaking 364, 365, 368, 370 metaphor of death 60 1 , 602 metaphysical essence 601 microcosm 590, 600, 593, 597 militarism 668
Mind class 22 1 miraculous power 228
Mirror ofMind‑Nature Treasure 205 miserliness 32
Mithila 360 368 381
))Mithra 149
monastery 693
monastic economy 3 1 7 monastic ritual dances 3 1 7 Mongolian 432, 455 moon 29
morality 33 Mother Tantra 29 mother trees 576
motivational dispositions 35
711
Mount Kailas 136
Mount Meru 90, 91, 95, 100, 105, 136 Mount Ti‑se 456, 461
mountain god‑cult 663
mountain god 571, 572, 574, 582, 587, 593
mudra581 589 ' Muktinath 309 mundan 360
Mustang 289, 290, 292, 293, 303, 309, 312 myth 690
mythology 693
N
naga 94, 99, 100, 101, 105, 109 Nagabodhi 122
nagadhipatih 101 nagarajas 1OO, 1O1 Nagaijuna 249
Naivasainifianasanijfiayatana 91, 93 naksatra 123
nameless folk religious rituals 605 nameless religion 567
naming 362, 373, 378, naraka 90, 94
Naraka 91 Nari 122
natural environment 393 nature 582, 592, 594, 595 navadurga 146
navagraha 146 navaratra 146 navaSayaka 146 Naxi 130, 134 Nepal 289, 466, 695 New Age 18 New sMan‑‑ri 250 New Year's Eve ritual 572 Newall 148
Newar Buddhism 236 Newars 359, 370, 371, 375 nidana 28
night 599 Nikayas 51 Nile‑goose 150 Nimimdhara 270
Nine Vehicle literature 220
712
Nine Vehicles 63, 221 nirabuda 104
Nirmanarati 90 91 non‑returner 62
Northern Neolithic 654, 655, 656, 657 Nyakhar dzong 679
Nyasa 229
Nyemo 383, 386, 388, 389, 392
o
oblation 599 Od(d)iyana 146 offering 577, 579, 580 once‑retumer 62 open awareness 208 oracle 579, 605 oral recitation 67 oral transmission 67 origin myth 385, 389 Orphic creation myths 149 Orphic egg 149
Other World 589, 590, 59i, 592, 594, 595, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603
P
padma 104
Padmasambhava 15, 266, 393, 673, 681 Paficaskandha‑kaprakararpa 35
Paficaskandhaprakarapa 35 Panchen Lama 444, 452, 470 Panda Khola 290
paper 597
parallel passage 24 parallel structure 67 parallels 66 paramita 62
ParanirmitavaSavartin 90, 91
Parinabha91 93 'ParfltaSubha 9 1
particles 49 pastoralism 652 pastoralist 66 1 Pehar 390
Perfection of Wisdom 208 perfections 62
Phubj ikha 679
General Index
pig 26 poisons 26, 32
political federation 387
pollution 580, 585, 586, 593, 594, 597, 598 polyandry 662
popular religion 567 possession 606 possessiveness 32 post‑mortuary rite 372
post‑mortuary ritual 365, 368, 369, 370 praj fia 66
Prajfiaparamita 22, 51, 556 pratapana 104
prathamadhyana 9 1 Pratyekabuddhas 102 pratyeka‑naraka 98 pre‑Buddhist 43 1 pre‑Buddhist priests 605 precious substances 29
preta 90, 91, 94, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 113 pride 31, 42, 186
primitive belief 393 Primordial Bon 228 primordial purity 2 1 1 , 2 12
Primordially Complete Ceaselessness and Changelessness 193
procession 363, 364, 368, 374, 376, 380 propitiatory ritual 393
protecting deity 567, 604 Protogones 149
psycho‑physiological changes 227 peja 227
PUrva‑videha 270 pUtana 107, 1l3 Pullirmalaya 146 Punyaprasava 91, 93 purification ritual 593 purificatory ritual 384 purity 361, 362, 365, 368
QQiang 147, 569
quintessence ofwealth 385 Raga‑a‑sya 265R
General Index
Rahu 146 Rakatatamam 148 Raksasi 122 Ratna gling‑pa 265
Ratnakajee Bajracharya 237 raurava 104
raw 595
Realm 24, 25, 26 reasoning 198, 206 rebirth 24
Rebkong 383, 387, 390 reciprocal relationship 600 recitation 66
red bsang 576, 580, 594
red offering 577, 587, 595, 596, 597, 598, 600
Red sect 571
reflective open awareness 194, 196, 209 Rekawati 148
Religious Affairs Ofifice 3 19 religious and ethnic identity 3 18 religious protector 384
religious site 694 Remati 121 revelation 67, 68 revival 317
Rinchen Drakpa 671, 677, 679 ritual arrow 384, 389
ritual destmction 599
ritual scarves 579, 580, 583, 586, 588 ritual term 391
rock paintings 659, 665 Rong‑po monastery 573, 588 Royal 445
Rupadhatu 91, 93
s
sacred landmark 686
sacred palanquin 576, 577, 578, 579, 584, 588
sacred place 698
sacred powers 591, 594, 595, 599 sacred symbol 691
sacrifice 689, 692 sacrificial ritual 599
Sadamada 108
713
Saddharmapurpdarika‑sUtra 102 sadhana 227, 235
Sadhanamala 24 1
rSaivism 131 Sakata 48 Sakteng 671 Sakya 431
rSakyamuni 249 salvation 366, 367 samghata 104 sarpjTva 104
samskaras 359, 360, 368, 371, 372
Samantabhadra 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 214, 215, 229
samaya‑sattva 233 Samvarodaya 245 Samye 429, 430
Sang Hyang Tunggal 148 Sang Hyang Wenang 148 Sanskritism 49
Sapta KoSi 695 Sarasvati 243
Sarvabuddhasamayoga 122 Sarvastivada 29
Sarvatathagatas 24 1
Sarvatathagatatattvasamgraha 122 Satha 271,
Sautrantika 209 scapular bone 48 scapulimancy 48 scientific system 2 1 , 22
scriptural authority 194, 195, 196
Scriptural Heart of the White Shen Deity l97
Scripture of the Blissfu1 Samantabhadra 197
Secret Mother Tantra 29 sectarianism 68
seij in‑shiki 360
selfiarisen primordial wisdom 209, 211, 212
selfarisen wisdom 2 1 O Selfimanifestation 229 Semar 148
sense faculties 26, 29 sensory 209
sensory direct perception 209
714
sensory media 26 sentient beings 197, 202 seven deadly sins 42 sexual conduct 31
Shabdrung Tshenden Dewa 679 Shaivite 67
Shakya‑brtan 46 1
shaman 696
shamanic‑style religion 663 shamanism 8, 16, 18 shamanistic rite 604 Shangs Valley 66 Shardza Rinpoche 243 gShen clan 439 Sherab Gyaltsen 291 shichigosan 360
Shigatse 444, 463, 464, 466 Shintoism 234, 372, 379, 380 shrine 602
Shugendou 234, 235, 242 Sino‑Tibetan tea trade 324 Sita 270
Siva 148f
six causes 29 six perfections 207 Sixteen arhats 511 skanda 113 skandha 28, 29, 70 sky 132, 594 Sky Burials 366, 370 slandering 3 1 sloth 42 smrti 66 snake 26
social prestige 320 soteriology 63 sound 29
sound, light and coloured rays 119 space 29
spatial conceptualization 685, 697 spear 570, 574, 581, 589
Spiritual Accomplishrnent 187 sponsorship 317
spontaneous occurrence 21O, 211, 212, 213 Srad‑rgyud Monastery 234, 235
rSravakas 102
rSridevi 121
General Ifidex
Stages of the Vehicles 193, 210 stealing 31, 33
steppe 668
steppe cultures 658, 661 stilt dance 583
straw 599, 602 stream enterers 62 stupa 687
Subha‑lqtsna 91, 93 substitution 600 SudarSana 91, 93, 270 Suddhavasa93 96r
,
SudrSa 9 1 , 93
Sumeru 254, 260, 263, 266, 267, 270, 272 summer festival 570
support 594 Svaha 229
Svayambhunath 237 swastika 385 Swayambhu 365 syllogism 206 symbol of fortune 384 symbol ofwealth 385
T
Taiwan 235
Taktse Jiri 29 1
Tamang 136, 693 tame culture 591 Tamur 695 Tang dynasty 569 Tangut 130 tantra 458, 557 'rantric Buddhism 233 tapana 104
Tarai 694
Tattvasarngraha 237, 24 1 Tawang 678, 679
rre‑kok 57 1 telluric relation 393 temple 384 ten grounds 207 ten virtues 4 1 ten warlords 130 Tendai 102
terrestrial domain 393
General Index
territorial claim 691 territorial deity 695 textual criticism 66 thangka 579
Theravada 62, 372, 373 this Wbrld 589
three authenticators 195, 196 three Buddhists 2 1 1
three realms 590, 593
Three Revealed Cycles 193, 207, 212 Tibet 251
Tibetan Buddhism 694 Tibetan Buddhist 430, 43 1 Tibetan Empire 569, 574 Tibetan Kingdom 605 Tibeto‑Burman 698
T'ien t'ai 102 Tiryak 90, 91, 94 tolerance 67
Total Knowledge 24, 25, 29 tourism 339
tptfyadhyana 9 1
trance 580, 586, 588, 589, 593 Trashiyangtse 679
TrayastrimSa 90, 91 treasure texts 185, 186 Tree Cycle ofRevelation 208 tribes 573
Trichen Chopkye 235
Trilokavljayamahamarpdalavidhivistara section of the Sarvatathagatatattva‑
samgraha 122 trisamadhi 244
Tritan Norbutse Monastery 228 Tsetang 445
Tshanglas 678 Tshenkharla 679 Tu tri su Mandala 229 Tukhara 67
Tusita90 91
te
twelve rituals 5l1 512 '
twenty‑eight lunar mansions l23 twenty‑eight powerfu1 yogini 120 twenty‑four pitha 123
twenty‑two 187 two truths 202
715
ultimate tmths 208U
unawareness 2 l 3
unbounded wholeness 193, 195, 196, 202, 208
Unbounded Wholeness, the Ceaseless, Changeless Essential Heart 195
underground god 593
union ofthese with just‑isness 2 1 1 upanayan 360
upapaduka 100
uphill‑downhill trajectory 697 upper deities 577, 590, 595, 597, 598
Urgyen Pema 148 utpala 104 utsada 98 Uttarakuru 270 Uttaramantrina 27 1
vVaibhasikas 66 Vainamoinen 149
Vairocana 21O, 220, 237, 673 Vairocana Sutra 245
Vaisnavi 122 VaiSravana 243 vajracarya 371
Vajradhatu mandala 1 1 8 Vajrr 122
Varahi 122 Varuni 122
Vasubandhu 21, 35, 37, 42, 102 Vasukir Nagaraja 99, 1OO Vasumitra 35
VayudevT 122 Vayumandala 90, 91 Vehicle 27
Vemacitra 111 113 '
Venerable Bon Awareness of 203
vertical axis 393 vessel 24 vessel world 25 via negativa 198, 21O Videha 107, 270 View Tantra 199
Everything
716 General Index
Vljfiananantyayatana 91, 93 Vinataka 270
Visnu 263
vis'ibn 133
visualization 236 237 , vita} worlds 24, 26
yarn 385
yogatantra 228, 237 yogic direct perception 209, yoj ana 90
YUgamdhara 270 gYung drung Vehicle 27
210
WWangduephodrang 679 war god 576
warrior deities 121 water 29, 593
wedding 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 372, 375, 380
white bsang 574, 576, 580 white gtor ma 577, 578, 598 white offering 577, 594, 596, 597 white stone 585, 592
white‑tailed eagle 134 wickedness 32 wild yak 386
wiHow 574, 577, 598, 599, 602 wind‑horse 384
wind‑horse 386
wisdom of emptiness 2 1 O
wisdom ofmeditative equipoise 210 woolen yarn headman 385
worhip service 227 wrath 42
wrathfu1 deities 117, 118 wrathfu1 yoginT l21
z
Zhabdung Tshenden Dewa 679 Zhang‑zhung language 21O, 655 Ziling 383, 387
XXining 383 Xixia l30 Xu Zheng 147
YYagsha khore 132 yak 386
Yaksas 94 Yakut 136, 148
Yakut shamans 136, 148 Yama 49, 122
Yama 90, 91, 95, 100, 105 Yarlung Valley 48
Tibetan Index
Ka
ka tag 211, 220 Ka‑ba dPal‑brtsegs 37
Ka‑ru Grub‑dbang bsTan‑'dzin rin‑chen 292
Kar gling zhi khro 1 17 Karma gling‑pa 1 17 Kar‑ma grub‑skyes 466
Kar‑tsha bSod‑nams blo‑gros 459 Kun‑mkhyen 433, 442, 443, 445 Kun‑mkhyen Ye shes blo‑gros 442, 443 Kun‑gyis‑khyab Sangs‑po 'bum‑khri 133 Kun‑grol grags‑pa 434
Kun‑grol ja'‑tshon snying‑po 420 Kun‑dga' rnam‑rgyal 467 kun tu 'gro ba 36
Kun‑tu bzang‑po 117, 183, 184, 229 Kun‑tu bzang‑mo 117, 186
Kun‑dbyings 5 12
Kun‑bzang rgyal‑ba rgya‑mtsho 5 12 Kun‑bzang rgyal‑ba 'dus‑pa 301, 313, 512, 555
Kun‑rig 5 12
Kun‑gsal blo‑gros 467
Kun‑gsal 'od‑kyi khye'u‑chung 184 Ke'u‑ri ma‑mo brgyad 1 18 Ko‑rang‑gsal 270
Kong‑co 389 Kong‑po 673 Kong‑po Bon‑ri 386 Kong‑spru1 265
kong‑spru1 Ybn‑tan rgya‑mtsho 364,371 kyi hud 98, 112
kyi hud zer ba 104
klu 99, I04, 106, 130, 136, 137, 261, 262, 263, 571, 574, 576, 577, 578, 581, 586, 596, 597, 598, 602
Klu‑dga' 439
Klu‑rgyal gzi‑chen 449 Klu‑rgyalro(1)‑‑mtsho 270
klu rta 572, 576, 577, 578, 580, 581, 582, 587, 589, 597, 598, 599, 602
klu rta 'dzin mkhan 580, 581, 589
klu bdag 1O1 klu phal pa 1OO KIu‑brag 289 Klu 'bum 12 Klu‑mo 136, 571 klu sman 262 Klu‑rtsegs 439
klu rtsed 571, 574, 582, 596 Klu‑yi byin‑te chen‑mo 128 klu bsang 577, 584 klung rta 597, 598
klu'i rgyal po Nor‑rgyas‑kyi‑bu 99, 1OO KIong‑gsal snying‑po 265
dkar mchod 577 dkar gtor 584
dkar phyogs pa'i 'go ba'i lha 595 dkar phyogs pa'i lha 577 dkar gsum 584
bKa' 'gyur 102
bka' rgyud byin rlabs can gyi lo rgyus 184 bka' brgyud 43 1
bKa'‑rtogs don‑mthong rgyal‑po 1 84 bKa'‑blon 679
bKa'‑srung‑ma 127 bKra‑gdong 445, 462 bKra‑shis dge‑'phel 444, 445
bKra‑shis rgyal‑mtshan 292, 295, 307 bKra‑shis lha‑mo 465
bKra‑shis lhun‑po 444, 452, 465 bKra‑gsal rgyal‑po 439
rkang shing pa 583 rKun‑ma la‑btsas 388, 389 rKong‑ije dkar‑po 438 rKong‑po 15
rKong‑tsha dBang‑ldan 438 rKong‑bza' 438
rkyen 184 skar 104
sKal‑bzang dbang‑rgyal 467 sku glud 262
sku gshen 429, 433 skur 'debs 200 sku1 ba 602
skem byed 106, 107, 113 skem byed 107
sKos 104, 132, 272 sKos‑oje 'brang‑dlcar 151
717
718
sKyang‑skya 573, 581 sKyang‑nag 463, 464 sKyang‑'phags 420 sKyang‑tshang 32 1 , 420
sKyang‑tshang sKal‑bzang mkhas‑grub 420
sKyang‑tshang rGya‑nag‑tshang 420 sKyang‑Zhig 455
sKyabs‑kyi ston‑pa Rin‑chen 'od‑zer 151 sKyid‑mkhar 432, 433, 440, 453, 454, 465 sKyid‑mkhar sngo‑phug 453
sKyid‑mkhar Zhu 453 sKyid‑lde Nyi‑ma‑mgon 447 sKyid‑gzhong 444, 445, 462, 464 skye mched 1 13
sKye‑rang skrag‑med 292, 309, 31O, 311 sKyes drug 107, 112
bsKo‑ting cig‑la wer‑mo 133 bsKos 255, 258
bsKos‑pa bskos‑ije Grang‑dkar 255 bskyed pa'i lha tshogs 233
bskyed rim 257
Kha
kha btags 362, 363, 364, 365, 374 Kha‑'bar‑ma 1 1O, 1 13
kha dmar 578, 579, 584, 585, 586, 596, 604
Kha‑rag 4 1 8 Khang 'dra ma 1 13 Khang‑gsar 454
Khams‑sgom drang‑srong 268 Khams brgyad 22, 51, 62, 66 khams tshan 432, 455 khams gsum 94 Khod‑po 330
Khod‑po Blo‑gros thogs‑med 418, 435, 473
Khyab‑jug 263 Khyab‑pa 438
Khyab‑pa lag‑ring 15, 386 khyi mo l29
Khyung 148
khyung 28, 99, 113, 136, 257
Kliyung‑dkar rig‑'dzin smin‑grol‑gling 5 14 Khyung‑gi rgyal‑mtshan 448
Tibetan Index
Khyung‑po 383, 384, 431, 432, 434, 435, 437, 456
Khyung po Blo‑gros rgyal‑mtshan I51, 434, 435
Khyung‑po rtse‑drug 456 Khyung‑mo 419, 423
Khyung‑mo sGrub‑pa mthar‑phyin 423 Khyung‑lung dngul‑mkhar 255 Khra‑rgan 465
Khra‑rgan nyi‑phug 455
Khra‑chag‑med bKra‑shis rgyal‑mtshan 455
khrag mchod 586 Khri‑ka 423
Khri‑skyong dar‑po 442 Khri‑chen Rin‑po‑che 465 Khri Nyi‑ma‑mgon 447 Khri‑brtan nor‑bu‑rtse 228 Khri Dar‑ma 429
khri pa 322
Khri‑men lcags‑kyi bya‑ru‑can 457 Khri‑srung sde‑btsan 256
Khri‑srong lde‑btsan 256, 429, 430, 432, 434, 435, 438, 457, 573, 673
khrin 104 khrims bdag 258 Khrus‑'phags 270 Khro‑rgyal 253 Khro‑rgyal‑'bar 454 Khro‑chen 24, 254, 255 klrro bo 555
Khro‑bo dbang‑chen 127, 145 Khro‑'bum 443
Khro‑tshang 458
Khro‑tshang 'Brug‑lha 457
mKhan‑chen sKal‑bzang bstan‑pa'i nyi‑ma 460
mKhan‑chen Grags‑rgyal 454 mkha'‑'gying‑kha 257 mkha' 'gro ma 186, 187, 265 mKha'‑ra‑khyung 64 mKhar‑sna 450 'khor lo 65
'khyar bon 663, 664 'Khrungs‑gzhis 452
Tibetan･Index
6a
Ga‑khyung spungs‑pa 64 Ga‑ra ngo‑mang 448 Ga‑ru 467
Gang(s)‑chen srid‑tie 'Brang‑dkar 255 Gangs ti se'i dkar chag 134, 147 gar ma 583
Gar‑log 448 Gu‑rib291 449 '
Gung‑thang 457, 458, 459 Gur‑zhog 66, 461
Gur‑zhog‑pa 66 Ge‑khod 439 Ge‑sar 135, 150, 673 Gya nom snang 91, 93 Gyang‑to 389
gyad 130
Gyad‑chen bcu 118 Gyad‑mo dgu 119 gyer 252
Gyer‑ston mChod 185 Gyer Thogs‑med 182, 435
Gyer Nam‑mkha' g‑yung‑drung 185, 186 Gyer‑mi Nyi‑'od 24, 150
Grags pa gling grags 14 grang dmyal 104 Gri‑gum 433, 438, 453 Gri‑gum bstan‑po 438, 439 Grub‑chen bsTan‑'dzin rin‑chen 152 grub thob kyi mkha' 'gro ma nyi shu rtsa gnyis 187
grub pa 184
grul bum 1OO, 1O1, 113, 261 Gro‑mo 465
grong dpon 570 Glang‑dar‑ma 430, 447 Glang‑po rab‑'bog 270
Glan‑ston bSod‑nams rgyal‑mtshan 459 Gling Ge‑sar 153
Gling‑rgyal 570, 571, 572, 582, 587, 599 Gling‑bu 465
Gling‑zhig 455 glu 571
Glu rol 567, 569, 571, 578 glud 251, 252, 254, 259, 260 glud yas 254
719
Glo‑bo chos‑tsong 292, 306
dGa'‑ston Tshul‑khrims rgyal‑mtshan 1 50 dGa' ldan 90, 9l
dga'‑ba dmar‑mo rta'i mgo 124 dGa'‑mal dgon‑khag 322 dGa'‑mal gYUng‑drung gling 321 dGu‑skyang 420
dGu‑chu 569, 573, 578 dGe rgyas 91, 93 dGe chung 9l, 93 dge snyen rgyal po 11O
dGe‑lding gSer‑sgo khra‑mo 440
dGe‑spyod Tshe‑dpag med Byams‑ldan 511
dge ba 36 dGe‑lugs 242
dGe‑lugs‑pa 37, 242, 431, 444, 452, 455, 462, 465
dGe‑bshes Shes‑rab grags‑pa 1 19 dgongs brgyud 515
dGongs‑mdzod ri‑khrod‑pa 46 1 dgon pa 663
dGra‑'dul thogs‑med‑rtsal 384 dGra‑'dul dbang‑phyug 576
dgra lha 579, 583, 588, 590, 595, 596, 601 bgegs 130, 255, 256, 260, 262, 263, 264 bGegs‑kyi byin‑te chen‑mo 128 mGar 389
mGo brnyan 107 mgo brnyan can 112 mgon btsun phywa 91 mGon btsun phywa 97 mGyogs‑po sde‑brgyad 673
'Ga'･･zhig 455 'gu hreng 4 1
'go ba'i lha 590, 593, 595, 596, 597, 599, 602, 603
'gyur bon 89 'gre ba 66 'gres rkang 66
'Gro‑mgon Klu‑brag‑pa 292
'Gro‑mgon Blo‑gros rgyal‑mtshan 442 rGa‑zhig 455
rGal‑'obs bsTan‑'dzin dbang‑rgyal 423 rGya‑gar 673
rGya‑mtsho 440, 441, 444, 445, 471 rGya‑zhig 455
