2
"OUR~"AL ( j V ' J ' J l F : TN. ρ us'/'nTAJ. EXPLosn'f:S SOO Il~"1' Y, , JAPAN. ORTGr~\'AI. l ' APHU
SHOCKWAVETHEORYOFBLASTING WITHCYLINDRICALCHARGE
( R e c e i v e dD e c . I 九 1956) By KU l ¥ IAO HINO
( A s a uboratory , Nip凹" K 町 aku C o . Ltd ・3 Summary
Shock wave
th 田町 ofb l a s t i n gw i t ha
1加g cyli吋ricalc h a r g eh a sb e e n d e s c r i b e da l o n gt h e
s割問 linesa sdonei nas e r i e so f
previ 叩sp a p e r s by t h ep r e s e n ta u t h o ro nt h es h o c kwavet h e o r yo fb l a s t i n gw i t hc o n c e n t r a t e d c h a r g eandi t sa p p l i c a t i o n st op r a c t i c a ip r o b l e m s
P r a c t i c a lf o r m u l a shaveb e e n summarizeda sfoHows
(1) Peak
pre 田urel J r o fac y l i n d r i c a l
曲目 k
wavea td i s t a n c e r fromana x i s o fac y l i n d r i c a lc h a r g ewhose
rad 山sisα
1) , =PD(
~r
wherep D = d e t o n a t i o n
pre 田 ureJ)=r =reduced
dis 国 nceI ! = 1 . 5
u
(2) Peak
pre 田ure 1)4 ∞ the fr 間 face同D(H'
whereI l = d e p t ht oac h a r g eo r b u r d e nL ob eb l a s t e d
(3) Peak
pre 畠山 e Vl-~a t
the 皿condr,目 face pr 国 uccd
byt h ef i r s ts l a b 1 1 1̲z=Pa‑St
whereS t = t c n s i l es t r e n g t ho fr o c k (4) Mean
pr 品S町eP Io fas h o c kwave
e n t r a p p e dw i t h i nt h ef i r s ts l a b
/命、 l ,~
S ,
PI=PD¥d)
-ヲー(5) V e l o c i t yo foutwardmovementV I
•
A田 machi ,Y a m a g u c h i Pr efecture , J a p a n 2
o ft h ef i r s ts l a bduet omomentumg i v e n by as h o c kwave
(2z) 九一-
L 1 . U
where. ( ' = g r a v i t yc o n s t a n t
ι=density
o fr o c k
U=shock wavev e l o c i t y (6) De p t ho fa
era阻,<I,
L
1',=ー2
whereL = e f f e c t i v el e n g t ho fa s h o c kwave
(7)
Co<田 ciento fp r e s s u r ed e c a yI I : Meュ t h o d J
ょj{盟国d'
) )
句(ぺ正)
wh 町e
R=radiuso fac r a t e r ( h a l fo ft h eb r e a d t ho fat r o u g h
由ape
c r a t e r )
(8) Burden d T f o ra f u J i c r a t e r
ふ~P.( 走r 川=f(TY
Reducedb u r d e n
D戸 d,ュ
P
: ¥ l a r c h I 弱η K " 羽 田 開 閉 3 (O)
C岨 fficiento f
pr e:制問 decay/ I : Meュ
'h 吋日
=叫苧)句(す)
。0) Time 同司 u ,問 d t~
f o rs l a bf o r m a ti o n duet oas h o c kwave
2 d r
t . = r i ‑
( 1 1 )
Di叩 lacemento fstemming 2 : a f t e r t i m e t fromt h emomento fd e t o n a t i o n
Z = / z o = +( 1 1 : 1 ; 1 '
)t~wherez . = o r i g i n a ll e n g t hola charge , rD=volumeo fa charge ,
l1 =ma田 of
stemming
( 1 2 )
Vel 田町。 f the 居間 nds l a b 1 ' = :
民=(品 )(P<- ~ι)
( 1 3 ) V e l o c i t yo f
the 出irds l a b1 " 1
九=(長)
( P < ‑
~s ,)(1 り Time
I
I>a t
wh 凶 deton :1 tionp r o d u c t s
国gin
t o
blow 凹to f
a 回目 holeら=,で fJ_
,
P" もn u,.= コ;}where
111.= 印tall e n g t ho fab o r e h o ! e
l~= 出回 I I阻gth
o f ac y l i n d r i c a l charge=x u
( 1 5 ) SpacingS c
between 加reh o l e s S , =xdr. ! l ' ̲S.fd:=reduccdS p a c i n g .
:1: =2 ,
2・-~-1f o r" . . . . 1 . 5 ,r =lA
( 1 6 ) Le n g t ho fs u b ‑ d r i l l i n g I ,
4 IS.
、aI.=:("")d
3¥P r
弓 (0 おd,)I'
J
( l 7 ) Le n g t ho fstemmingn e a ramouth o fab o r eh o l el .
, ? I "
_~、昔、(.=2 (1‑: I -, I
~,I,尋 (1 白d,)I
,、 I'DJ J
( 1 8 )
I且dingf a c t o r f o r a
cylindri四Ic h a r g e
I
"'.今、 IS . ¥ 1 . : =
F=2. S 6 xl O ' ; r 1‑ ̲ ‑ 1 1
~I
¥ . t J .J¥pD}
~mex 司竺主主
t o no fr o c k
where . 1 . = l o a d i n gd e n s i t yo fan
expl 曲 ive
c h a r g e
( 1 9 )
Loa ding 白ctarf o r
a 田町即位引 edc h n r g e
(∞ yolcb l a s t i n g )
(.1, \(StV·~
F=4.05x10 ・1r f~ 一一\I
-, I
¥d.
J \p" ノ〈却) L回ding
f a c t o rf o rad e c kc h a r g e F=6.31
x附f会)(土 r( 2 1 ) Numbero fs l a b s. Y :
J=2 ・p
〈包) Tbickne 坦 of
as l a b I J l= . I~~ v‑ =“ ( ' : . " r
2・“ \
S , )
( 2 3 )
~umber of 回re hoI 四 Bp e r
1田m'f o r
c}'lindri 国 Ic h a r g e s
B ・2 聞で!O'
= 一 -(
lS ,-
‑ IY 舗
“ー \ P "ノ
( 2 4 )
N山n出r of 回reh o l e sB p e r1 0 0 m = f o r
d町kc h a r g e s
B =
2 担う1 0' I ゐ'-Iz 一 一
“ \P" J I n t r o d u c t i o n
Fort h e
be 田fit of 位Ies i m p l i c i t yo ft h e
t h e o r e t i c a l
t問atmentt h et h e o r yo fb l a s t ュ
i o g .
of 田lid r田ks may 匝 dividedi n t o
two
ext 問 me en 曽S,t h a t
is ,出 etheoryof
b l a s t i n g
wi 出 a con 由民 t四tedc h a r g eand
t h e o r y o f b l a s t i n g
wi 出 a cylindri 国l d町ge.The
former 回担 has 出血 dealt4 S h o c kw a ¥ ' et h e o r ro f bl 回ing w i t h c~' lI mlrical c h a r g e i ' o l .1 8N o .I with i n t h e
prcvi 山Sり papersw h i l et h e
pee 担nt
p a p e ri sa l la t t e m p tt o
es 回 blishas h o c k
wave 出回 ryo fb l a s t i n g witha
c}'lindri回I
charge
Thed e f i n i t i o no ft e r m si nb l a s t i n gw i t h ac y l i n d r i c a lc h a r g eh a sbeen i l l u s t r a t e d i nF i g . 1
I nt h e
p日記 nt theoreti 回 1 t目 3tmenti t h a sb e e nassumed
that 出el e n g t ho fa c y l i n d r i c a lchargei sl o n g
enough 回mpa ,cd witht h eb u r d e nandt h ed e t o n a t i o n
\'cl 田 it}'
o ft h ecolumno fan
expl< 臨時"inti 即時 I}-
fast , t h a t is , t h e
刊官‘ ef r o n to f t h es h o c kwavep r o d u c e dbyt h ed e t o n a キ t i o n o f t h e c h a r g e formsa c y l i n d r i c a l wavewhichp r o p a g a t e stw o ‑ d i m e n t i o n a l ュ I ,
回目pt 田町 the 加出印dsofa 田lumoarc h a r g e
ァ 1 ‑ O u t l i n eoft h e
theo 可Theb l a s t i n go f
a 田lidm a t e r i a lbyan e x p l o s i v ec h a r g e
m町田 curi nt h ef o l l o w ュ
mg 田 quen 皿
(l、De tonation
o fan
expl 凶 vc ch 町go p,凶 "re ,‘ crushed zo 田"around
it 田 Cae自由 e
i n t e n s i t yo f
由民 kwavei sg r e a t e r
曲an
l h ecompress i ¥ ' es t r e n g t ho ft h e
r配k.however , t h i s
rallg 芭 ofc r u s h i n gi sl i m i t e d t ot h e
叫 ighbourh ∞do fac h a r g e
< 2) Be yondt h ec r u s h e dz o n e
there 国n民間
b r e a k i n g by
四mpressiondue t o
曲目 k
wave, however, t h es h o c k
wave 凶r e f l e c t e dD Sat e n s i o nwavea taf r e ef a c e Ast h et e n s i l es t r e n g t ho fr o c ki smuch s m a l l e rt h a n
comp 同国 ivco n e .
rock 田nbeb r o k e nbyt h i st e n s i o nwave.t h er a n g e t ) K u m a 。 問 。 0: Th 田 町 。 , bl 回 出 g with 回a
c e o l r a t e dc h a r g e : T h i s
J曲目 ai ,1 5 .N o . ‑ l .
,,,..・,.仇 (19ω) a n dKumaoH i n D : F悶 .me
n l a t i o no fr o c kt h r o u g hb l : u t i n ga n ds h o c k w a v e
theor~'o fb l : l S ! i n g .
S~'mposiumo n Roc k
JI.'1 echania , Qu a r t e r ! } 'o ft h e
Col 。ロ do Sc h∞ Io f <\lin C! s, 5 1 . No.3 , 1 9 1 .( 1 9 5 6 )
.・ a岨・ '110"...1
. . . . ..,.
I ,
, W.
'
.
.
.
・ 吉..田
‑ E . . +(l
'.,
ユ泊...-,.
喝‘‘..~"'H
也記.rui tTι
.t,.
;-宮古 E辺I . U
<・ TL 詰"'.d一s
s
, r出
a "
グ-回世
F i g .I . D e f i n i t i o no f
term ・ in bIas れ ngw i t h a
c~'lindriealc h a r g e
グ》戸ポ夜、マ
{(:強制 ;j;
¥
\-こ・:でよ?'. . .
F i g .2 . Pr o p a g a t i o no fnc r l l n d r l c a ls h o c k w a v e( s c c t i o n ) : : l Q di t sr e l l C ! c t i o na ta fr田 f:lee
。f
b r c < l k i n ge x t e n d i n gfrom < l
fr ,配白血i n w a r d st ot h ec r u s h e dZ O n e
(3) Onlya p a r to ft h et o t a lenergy o fan
expl 国ivech < l r g e
g'世si n t oa
sh皿k‘叩 ve
andt h e
ga 盟 sfromd e t o n a t i o na t h i g hp r e s s u r eexpandd o i n gworka g a i n t 4
/
~I :l rch 1 9 5 7 )
Kuma 。問団frngmentso fr o c kwhichhaveb e e np r o ュ ducedbyas h o c kw a v e . Thesefragments a r ea l r e a d yi nm o t i o nduet omomentum
acquired 仕om 0 曲目 k
waveandt h e yg e t more momentum from t h ee x p a n s i o no f
go 担S
ァ
2 口laracterill1 i問。rashockwayei n 'ock
De t o n a t i o n
pre 且.u rePD o fane x p l o s i v e mayb ec a l c u l a t e d
by 廿leh y d r o d y n a m i c a l ュ
thermodrnamical 出回 ry
o fd e t o n a t i o no r
by 開me
a p p r o x i m a t i o n
fonnulas~}.C h a r a c t e r i s t i c so f
a 由ockwave
wi 出 inr o c k
may 出回Jc ulated り ont h eb a s i so f Riemann ,
Ra曲 ine-Hugoniot'se q u a t i o n so f
olsh 血k
waveandane q u a t i o no fs t a t e
。.f
solid, however, as t r o n g
sh は主 wa 、'emaye x i s to n l y within “ a c r u s h e dz o n e "
andbeyondt h i sc r u s h e dz o n et h e
intensi ・t y
of 由民 kwave i sweakert h a ncomュ
p,e田ive
s t r e n g t ho frock,
m町cover,t h e i n t e n s i t yo f
油田 kwave
decrea 担sr a p i d l y duet otwod i m e n t i o n a ld i v e r g e n c eo ft h e s h o c k wave.
BcCtl. u曽 of 曲目 ec I r c u m ュ
S阻n田s
i na d d i t i o nt ot h ef a c tt h a tcomキ p r e s s i b i l i t yo fs o l i dr o c ki sg e n e r a l l yv e r y
闘all , an 旦fQ ustic aEE 旦出盟主坦 ~~y 出 p些旦旦翌 1旦.in
E i i r l yw e l lt h eb e h a v i o u r s
o fs h o c kwavesandt h i ss i t u a t i o nmakes f u r t h e rt h e o r e t i c a lt r e a t m e n t
much 回slerァ 3 . P r e s s u l ' edecayduct od i s t a n c e
O u t s i d eo fac r u s h e dz o n ewemayasュ
‑
s umet h a tt h ep e a k
pre 日ure1 " o fa
sh皿kwavea tad i s t a n c erfromana x i so fa c y l i n d r i c a l charge , whoser a d i u s
is “ α" ,b er e p r e s e n t e db yt h ef o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n
内.( ~
" )
u u u u u u u u (1)
ニ) Kumao Hi 問 and T .U r a k a w a : A p p r o x i m a ュ t e detonali 拍 P' 目 四 日 。 f i n d u s t r i a l eJt p]c ド
! . i ¥ ' c s : T h i s Journal , 1
~o." . 2"2̲250
(19 日〉5
V一α
y 目 E
l山e退C( S
同
1
副
P M m d H d m 目 E E V l J 旬
d
e e 1 D 4 同 n (nz
p z e ' r p
町 W h e
The n u m e r i c a l v a l u eo f I t mayb e
抽出血 ed to 出 1-2
w h i l ei ts h o u l ddepend
on 出e
n a t u r eo fr o c kand
朗自 plosi\"e~.
4 . Brcakingbynr e f l c c t e dt c n s i o n
l\ ·3 , ·e
ι1.
Formationo f
sla 出 bya
t朗 Sianwa、'e
I nF i g .2 . 0 i sas e c t i o no fana x i so f a
cy1i ndri回 Ic h a r g e
who 世間 diusi s
.;α"The
pre 宙urea t "a" a t t h emomento f d e t o n a t i o no fan
e叩!曲川 echarge ,
wh田eleng出 is
asswnedt ob e infinite ,
may 出 2時間led to 匝 equalw i t ht h ed e t o n a t i o n
p,e田ure
PD. r c i n d i c a t e sar a d i u so fa
crushed 油田 and
t h ep e a k
pre 田ureo fa s h o c k w a ¥ ' e
at 町 mayb eassumedt ob e t h esame w i t ht h ec o m p r e s s i v es t r e n g t h
ole 田k
1 ' c . Ataf r e ef a c e •. J B whichi s s i t u a t e da tad i s t a n c edfromana x i so f a c y l i n d r i c a l c h a r g e t h e
comp 四時 ives h o c b waver e f l e c t sa sat e n s i o n wave Atap o i n t H wheret h ee f f e c t i v e tension , t h a tis , t h e
difference 出 tweent h ei n t e n s i t yo fat e n s i o nwavennd t h a to ft h e remaining c o m p r e s s i o n wave , e x c e e d s t h et e n s i l es t r e n g t ho frock ,
wh田e 、 aluei t much
small 巴rt h a n t h e c o m p r e s s i v e strength ,
the 日rstmain f r a c t u r eduet o t e n s i o nt a k e sp l a c ea tI Tandt h ep o r t i o n o fr o c kbetween j[ andaf r e ef a c ei sd e f i n e da st h e
Ii毘 ts l a b .I fwe
de 認口出 thepeakp r e s s u r eo fas h o c kwavea tap o i n t E o naf r e eface ,
by 拘 thenwehave
p . = p n (
-~)‘
Toaf i r s t a p p r o x i J r . a t i o nt h e
pre 田辺町6 S h o c kW 3 ¥ ' CI h e o r yo fb l a s t i n g ~'ith c y l i n d r i c a lc h a r g e ( V o l . 1 8No.1 o fns h o c kwave a t H where t h e f i r s t
mainf r a c t u r eduet ot e n s i o nt a k e sp l a c e r n a ) 'bed e s c r
i 匝das
follo 、四旬PI_:= , JI-$I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 3 >
whe問 SI=胞llsile
s t r e n g t ho fr o c k Thent h e
m白n p同盟 ureo fshockwave
en 甘apped within 曲e 面-s t
s l a bi sas
fol ・l o w s
J勾 +IJI_:
1. : . ̲ ‑ ' ' " ¥ r 、 IlJ ;
(l¥ "' )
-ーヱS 2 ,
〈りThe outward ¥ ' c l o c i t y
of 出ef i r s t s l a b a t
a 凹intEona 公明白血 maybe r e
p同盟 nted
as
foUo\' 団"v,~( ふ).,
、.vhere:
g= g r a v i t yc o n s t a n t
4,=d 回sity
o fr o c k
l:~ 同!田 it}'
o f a shock
‘ vave
In 出is
war t h ef i r s ts l a b E H moves
。utwards
away from t h ea x i so fa
cy・l i n d r i c a lchargeanda n e l v
fr 目白田 AJl Bispr 以Juced.
SOf a ra st h ei n t e n s i t y o ft h eremaining
camp 四回, ve 曲目 kwave e x c e e d st h et e n s i l e
st 開ngtho f
r恒 kt h e s i m i l a r
prace 問時間 ats it 皿If ,出 usp r o d u c i n g
the 皿conds l a b .t h et h i r ds l a band s oon
I fwe d e f i n e t h ee f f e c t i v el e n g t ho fa s h o c kwaveL
to 出 a leng出 ofas h o c k wnve
who 担 intensitye x c e e d st h et e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f r o c k t h e n t h e d e p t h o f a c r . l t e r d r maybe
repre 担ntedbyt h e f o l
l o w i n ge q u a t i o n
dr= L 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 6 )
3町} Ku町,
'"鵠 s引ling: τThIs J。叫"'阻 no討比1 , 1げ7, 1お屯向 o.
1 . 2 ̲ 1 1 .
(I印95お')"
Kuma四。 Hin。似句 v,“I。民cαa同E匂5 。叫g 悶c曲kf r a g m e n t s a n de h 3 p e
of 由民 kw a ¥ ' e : i b i d . 1 7 .! ¥ o .
~.•.
-λ 1. (I~~4 ‑ 2 . E s t i m a t i o n o f decay
∞nstant1 1
ThemethodI ,
[ n F i g .2 .a tt h ep e r i p h e r ro fac r a t e r . . l o r B t h e
outwards ∞m岡田 nto ft h e i n t e n s i t yo fn shock wave¥ ' e r t i c a lt on f r e e
fa 世田町民 assumed to 匝 thesamc witht h et e n s i l es t r e n g t ho f r o c k
Thenweha , -e
d , I
s a n
nz , =τ/Jr +l r ‑. . . . . . . . . ( 1) S , =p , ( s i n
«):・...(8) o r
St=PD~ ,-、.~)( s i nォ ) :. . . . . . . . . (8r
,“\" . 1 :
町 St= ベ~)下山
=ベ 7会F)"FCF
f9 >
出ベ:)'+1=( ~)日
} n V
ュ E
‑ ‑
・ ム T 2
、 、 ・ E , J
R d
(
from(8r weh a ¥ ' e
吋(υsin«?]
11= 一可了)
r (
IJD 、 (d ' ¥ 1
J噌L\‑ ' S ;) ¥ If+ , I'))
(
IノIf平I/~\f叩[一τ~)
Thef o l l o w i n gd a t a
havc 出en ob 凶 n,df o r
limesto 田(J oban M山 ngC o .Kokura Quarryi nKyushu.Japan):
{ A = l e n g t ho fb o r eh o l ed r i l l e dp a r a l l e l t oa
verti田I fc担 face"",4 .5meter
1.= 加担 1 leng 山 of a 回目 inuous 回c
t r i d g e = 2 . 7meter
H" = t o t a lweighto ft h ec h l l r g e = 3 . r o O kg
2a=d 四neter
o f
a 回目加 le=3 .4目 nti·m e t e r .a‑ 1 . 1cm
Jr=伽は rden
f o raf u l l
crater "", l.5 me 回ZR=halfo f
b陀ad 由。 f3 d i t c h ‑ s h a p e d ( 1 1 )
6
ノ
M : m : h 195η Kum :l.O間同 ?
,,-
c r a t e r
H=_I£ 田 Fig_ 2=2 冊m
S,= 怯nsile 5町田 gth
o fr o c k
assumed 幻to 匝So icS!1 ロぜ
C=vel 田町 of 曲目 k
wave
wi 出inr o c k assumed
4) 阻 be 5.1 ,岨田/'"",!1 r=densitr o fr o c k
2 田g向n'1)/>=d 目。 nation pre 田町 e
o f Anuno nG e ( a ュ t i n( S h i nK i r iDynamite)
a回umed: jt ob e
1田 x 10'kg/cm~,!1 .=loading d e n s i t y l . 4 5 g / c m '
The
a回vc cn 田 iso f t e nr e f e r r e d t o i n t h e
pre 詑ntp a p e randi tmayb ed e s c r i b e d i nt h ef o l l o w i n ga st h e
model 国担Thenweha"e
"=l /]f芋耳ヨ=〆'!lIll'芋 I窃き=お Occnti
meter
仰げ~(イ H:)'-O .3oo
叫世 2p 澗)
句(与)
=1 .'39'と1. 4
4 ‑ 3 . Reducedb u r d e n
Redu 世d
d i s t a n c eo r
redu 団 db u r d e nf o r af u l lc r a t e ri s :
D , a 4 L o < 12 >
•
1却o r
1),=←=田,- 1 . 7
2This
num 町 icalv a l u e
of 目du 白db u r d e n i s
a 回目回目 forap a i ro fr o c kande x ュ
pi 田ive
andi s
impor 回目 int h ed e s i g no f b l a s t i n g . Ont h eb a s i so ft h i s¥ ' a t u ewe cane a s i l ye s t i m a t et h eb u r d e nf o rad i f ュ
ferent 団創出 of
a
crlindri国tc h a r g eo r
v>由時国 a,
For
e盟mplei fwe
u提出 er a d i u s o f a c r l i o d r i c a l c h a r g e (ls:5c m ,
出eo
t h eb u r d e ns h o u l db e
d,=1) to= 田 x5= 44Oc mI t mustb eremembered t h a tt h i s im
凹 rtant
r e l a t i o n h o l d s
th 回目 U国lI yo n l y i n
the 国民 d 曲 infinitelyl o o g
cl"!i ndri ・ 回 Ic h a r g e w i t ha
fr世 fa居 parallel 佃t h ea x i so fa
c}'lindri曲Ic h a r g e . S i m i l a r i m p o r t a n t
si 皿山 tuder e l a t i o nh o l d si nt h e
国耳 of'a 叩heri 国 I
c h a r g e
t)w h i l ei nt h e
回se
o fa
spberi回 I charge 目白山“ 0"i n d i c a t e sar a d i u so fa
spheri国Ic h a r g e . I n p r a c t i c ei n t e r m e d i a t e
国語 smayb eo f t e n r e a l i z e d . Roughly s p e a k i n g when t h e
回目 I
l e n g t h o f a
charge 叶<"e x c e e d s t h e b u r d e n "d" t h e l lt h ec h a r g e
may 出assumedt ob e “ cylindrical" w h i l ei nt h e
田宮 where
t h et o t a ll e n g t ho fac h a r g e I f ! i ss h o r t e rt h a nab u r d e n J i tmayb e
a由umed
t o
be “ spheri 回I" 匝cou 日 as h o c k wave
produ 田dfroma s h o r t
cylindri 回lc h a r g echanges
i回 formfromac r l i n d r i c ュ alonei n t oa
spheri回 lonea st h ed i s t a n c e o fp r o p a g a t i o n
incr 目時 sandt h i sd e g r e e o fe x p a n s i o n
n羽y 匝 expr es<ョ cdby t h e
目lative
d i m e n s i o n o f t b e
burden 曲mp a r e d
wi 出出 et o t a ll e n g t ho fane x p l o ュ
s i ¥ ' ec h a r g e .
1)I np r e v i o u sl i t e r a t u r e so n
blasting 出esc
two
extreme 園田 so f "a
∞ncentra皿d
charge"and"a
cylindri 回lc h a r g e "
have 出-e nc o n f u s e dn o to n l yi n
t h e o r e t i c a lt r e a t m e n t sb u t
al 日 inp r a c t i c ュ a ta p p l i c a t i o n sa n t lt h i s
im 凹rtantr e l a t i o no f. .r e d u c e d
bu 吋en 1) r= ぐ"which
‘
i sq u i t eu s e f u lh a sb e e n
m凶U田d.I fwe canc a r e f u U rd i s c r i m i n a t e
betw 田n the 田twoc a s e smosto ft h ed a t a
descri 出di n
p問V閉店凹 bli 回tions
onb l a s t i n gmayb e
U語fuUr
a n a l y s e d
und 匝 ut 山田 dfromt h e
袋店 ld lX> int
o ft h e
shock 、四 vet h e a r " l o f
時 Kumao 間 四 C o n c e n t r a t e dt y p e of 岡 引 E r o u n do fb l a s t i n g : i b i d . 16 , No.3 , p . 4q , F i g
9 .
(刊誌[Vol 川氏。 1 p,e苗UTe
o f
a 曲目 k wa 、 ea tt h eo r i g i n a l
f,目白目 II ,. num 匝r
o fs l a b s K. and" e l o c i t } "o ft h ef i r s ts l a b V I a sf o l l o w s S h o c k \\'II
\,O t h e o r yo f bl 附 Z 町 with c r l i n d r i c l l lc h o r : s e
b l a s t i n g .
4 ‑ 4 . E s t i m a t i o n o f decay c o n s t a n t I I
Themethod 1 1 8
P.~p"(;)二酌10'(ぷ)'‘
p . 1 9 2
=今 3.5キ 3-1
$, 5 5
Es t i m a t i o no ft e n s i l e
st 同n眠hoir o c kfrom
reduced 加'd 朗I fwe
know 曲ed e t o n a t i o n
'P目 55" 皿 poo f
an 白pi 曲iveand
the 日nsUes t r e n g t h o fr o c k
S. 出四 we 回 nc a l c u l a t et h er e ュ
山田 d
b u r d e nDrbyt h ee q u a t ! o n ( 1 4 )
va=d ,告 p,
= (
2.~: 為。 )(m- ~)= 1 . 2 9 8 x
l&I.5=21 3cmjseιAnothera p p r o x i m a t er e l a t i o nf o raf u l l
口ater may 出 obtaincd
a sf o l l o w sont h e b a s i so fn
h吉田thesiso fas i n g l er e f l e c キ t i o n . I nF i g .2 .t h ef r o n to f
a 問fleetedt e n s i o nwave if mustr e a c ht h ea x i so f ac y l i n d r i c a lc h a r g e C t o
rcali 担 af u l l crater , then , t h ei n t e n s i t yo fas h o c k
wa 可 es h o u l db ee q u a lw i t ht h et e n s i l e
st 毘ngtho fr o c ka f t e rhavingt r a v e l l e do v e rad i s
t.n 世副 and
wehavet h ef o l l o w i n g
同I.t i o nf o raf u l l
crater 曲nd 山肌4‑ 5
S I = P t > ( : I ; r ‑ r ( 1 3 )
For a f u l l c r a t e rwcg e tt h e f o l l o w i n g
問lation
1
(守 r2
ρ
. = =
,I,α
め α = F D n e d r u b ec u d e R
1
(げ= 2 Fort h emodelc a s e
(号~)九回
1
‑ 9
The
a回vee q u a t i o n
may 匝 u田dt oe s
uπlate
p r a c t i c a lt e n s i l es t r e n g t ho fr o c k
becau 皿 we
canc a l c u l a t et h ed e t o n a t i o n
pres 叫re
1 )
/1a tl e a s ta p p r o x i m a t e l yw h i l e wecan
deterττlinet h e" a l u eo fDro r
fむb yb l a s t i n g
experimen 回。 For e四mpleR
、Nestwaler8)
h a s g i v e n t h e f o l l o w i n g v a l u e sf o rd i a m e t e r s
of 加国 andb u r d e n s w i t h P o l a r Ammon G e l i g n i t e f o r p a r t i c u l a r r o c k s o f
thr 明 degreess t r e n g t h
Wehave
f悶悶 (14)D r =
whα担 value
i sa c o n s t a n tf o rap a i ro f r o c k and e x p l o s i v e
irres 回目 i\'eo f t h e
a民栂 lute
v a l u e so f
burd 釘1e l r o rr a d i u so f ac y l i n d r i c a l
charge 白 α"Fromt h ee q u a t i o n ( 1 3) wemayf i n dt h e v a l u eo f
/Ia sf o l l o w s :
( 1 4 )
均( ~~) 句(~:'
)
.ny
。f
s,~( ヲ缶 )L
o
。) R . Westw a!町 Mine & Qu a r r yE n g i n e e r i n g : J u l y 19~. p . 2M.
r 】曲 xlO ・、
l o g l
-:;.,; τr 一一 l,---'
ーマーで.!...-=1.5·1f
ih1出!町 I 1 . 7 )
I nt h e f o l l o w i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s t h e v a l u e o f"
may 出 assumed to 出 η=1.5Once we have known t h e n u m e r i c a l v a l u eo f
I~ 山田 we may 回lculatet h e
,
o ri nt h e
ca 揖 a加vementioned
,
日九:Iarch 1 9 5 7 ) KumaoH i n o
T n b l cI . Estimal 附 n o ft e n s i l es t r c o R t hfmmr e d u c e db u r d e n
9
1 1 inch ー ナ プ . - . r
N。
2
日叩削 cr o fb o r eh o l e2 "
I Ii n c h 3 5 . 2
BnnleηIn ft 酬,"
0 1 4 . 0
s
9 6 . 0
~2.5
6
l l : i . 3
ι省
T e n s i l es t r e n g t hS r (Calculated) 、 8 l. Jk 民 om ・
"曲 g, cm' 判。二 kg , cm:P
I'may 匝 assumedt o b e 1 5 5 ) (
lO )kg/cm~(reee 陀n目(
2 サ
Ca l c u l a t e d t e n s i l e
st 閃ngthso f
thr 匝k i n d so f
r凹ksshowni nT a b l e 1 . ( t h el a s t l i n e )
m町民 considered to 匝 withinr e a s o n ab l er a n g e
ァ
5 、:V orkdoneb yexpansiono fgases Thee f f e c t so fe x p a n s i o no f
ga 記sp r o ュ d u c e db yd e t o n a t i o no fane x p l o s i v ec h a r g e
may 恒 divided
i n t ot h r e e
p帥sest h a ti s (1) movemento fs t e n u n i n g ( 2 )b l o w i n g o u t t h r o u g h
a 加reh o l e ( 3 )f u r t h e re x ュ p a n s i o no f
g<l日 swhich
ac 凹leratesf r a g キ mentso fr o c ki np a r t
while 田meo ft h e
回目 ous
p r o d u c t sexpandt h r o u g hab o r e h o l eand
s回目 s bctw 田 nf r a g m e n t sw i t h o u td o i n gworko fa c c e l e r a t i o no ff r a g m e n t s . I n p h a s e ( 1 ) t h eg a s e s
may 出a田山間 d
t o b e working w i t h i na
cl。担d四ndition
w h i l ei n
p加盟 s( 2 )and
(句、、, emustd e a lw i t hag r e a tamounto fl e a k ュ ageo f
ga 盟S5 ‑ 1 . Movemento fstemming
Thet i m e t .
ne 世田町 Yt op r o d u c ea l l p a s ュ s i b l e
sla 国 duet oa c t i o n
of 曲ockwave may b e r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n
2(1 ,
t F d ( 1 6 ]
f o rt h e
m凶el 回目• 9
2x150
f.=
ー ~O 訓加号沼田 c574αxl
=0 . 5
mi Ui民間 ndThew e i g h to fstemming 11',
=11',, :1 , 11. . ( 1 7 )
wherea = r a c l i u so fab o r eh o l e l . = l e n g t ho fstemming .d, =density o f
sten 沼町 ngo r
l九 =3 .1 415
x
1.7~x(4 5 0 ‑ 2 7 0 )x 2 . 6
=4250gram
I nt h i s
ca 盟 wed e a l w i t h o n e d i m e n ュ t i o n a lm o t i o no ft h es t e n u n i n g which i s assumedt oformar i g i d p i s t o nandan e x p a n s i o no f
g<l盟 Sη Le tu s
u皿 thef o l l o w i n gn o t a t i o n s
F. ~=work
d o n eb y
ga 担sat displa 四一ment2o ft h estemming
.1 事=work
donea g a i n s tt h eb a l a n c ュ
問g pre 誼ure
p . o fstemmingp l u s a t m o s p h e r i cp r e s s u e
仏=velocity
o fmovable
rna 闘争 νL . = k i n e t i c
en 町gyo ft h e
rna 田 .11Then ,
E.=Aa+L~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 1 8 )
E F j : ; M v j : q p L d h
JtTb-( ごf' J
り C.
Ramsancr , A n n .d . Ph}' ,. \023 , p .
26~J1 0 S h o c kwa ‘ 'e t h e o r yo fb l a s t i n gw i t hc y l i n d r i c a lc h a r g e ( V o l .1 8No.1 wheret ' = v o l u m eo f
ga 匝S. l'o=io 注目 lvalu 皿e
k=indexo fp o l y t r o p i ce x p a n s i o n
.I..=pz( らー t':.)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 0 )
‑ ' I
L . . =
-~C:~...(21)T h e r e f o r e
:ォ [1-(
: : : f J
I I
=p.(r
",-t' ,.,)+ ' 2 C. .
!. . . . . . . . . . ( 2 2 )
H
…
れ mnx.= """'O了寸ー ( 2 3 ) Thep r e s e n tp r o b l e mi st of i n dt h ev a l u e s o ft ' . .and1 ) . .a tt i m e f ,. We
t.i且 thef o l ュ l o w i n gn o t a t i o n
百九 C..= 吾川間 may 岬叫
" . ( r . . ‑ l ' p )t oaf i r s ta p p r o x i m a t i o n .
the ロ,t h ee q u a t i o n( 2 2 )may be w r i t t e na sf o l l o w s
( i x 2
f 陶旬、r. /:x.\" ーっつγ~ , ‑ ' I I 0 ' ‑ 1 J L 1 ‑ I . ) I
り (24)
where z , =length o fac h a r g e
A c c o r d i n gt oH .J o n e s ' )andA .R .M i l l e r t h en u m e r i c a lv a l u e so f J . : =r f o rTNTo f s p e c i f i c
v山間 (τ= よ)s m a l l e r t h a n
1 . 1 3 6( o rd e n s i t yh i g h e rt h a n
&.=0 曲)i s
a加ut
3 . 0 . L e tu s
a田町 nck = 3 . Thee q u a ュ t i o n( 2 4 )mar b e
c::-" l) r田昌 da s
folio 時d.
J
.~/(性)[1-(ザ]( ! H. J o n e sa n dA .R .M i l l e r : The
deωnation。 f 副 id e:t plosi" 白;
P r o c : . R o r a l s o c . A .1 3 4 .
“-.
(I匂ヲ》. d ,
-'--"':'~;- (:z: ~-z.~)
P. 句.ν
I fwe
introdu 世 anew¥ ' a r i a b l e : X = : z : !
• .• JX
-:r.~. 出en , :z:dz=ヲ::.... and 明 have
dX c i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 7 ) t i t . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 6 )
2./); 初旬空 x
1aU
I n t e g r a t i o no ft h ee q u a t i o n( 2 7 )g i v e s 1
X'=件const...(28)I7 '
1>1 ' "
} '‑ ‑ x i
A t 1=0 , Z=ZD , z=O ,
then ∞nst.=O.o r
側
F
めZw d知 h m一 川 地 問 伽
E J J 一
= 一 ゎ
←
←
4 J m m w 器
¥ ¥ ' ch a v e : PD
t'n = 9 0 : <1 0 '
‑ ' 1
Z= ,/ n筑)()+24570
o r : Z : ‑ : Z : .=42em
Ast h et o t a l l e n g t ho ft h estemmingi s
I田em"
42em o fstemming i sblowno u t a t
1,=0 叩0522see.At t h i s moment t h e volumeo fg a s e si s
l' c1=1' ,, =3 .1 415xl 戸 X 312cm~=2810em'and t h e
pre 昌ureo f
ga 田S
,
.一、 YlJc1=1 , ..=lJ J1{
--:子)0 0 . . . . 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . ( 3 1 )
、‘.
,
o r
lJc ,=p., =1 曲X103(32)'= ル 1町/5 ‑ 2 . Blowingo u t
thr 四gh a 回目 holeAt
t= ん ~O 償却 522 語c.t h e v e l o c i t yo f
t h e
middle 凹 into ft h el a s ts l a bwhich
1 0
M a r c i l1 9 5 7 ) Kuma
l)Hin 。I I
i st h en e a r e s tt ot h ec r u s h e dz o n ci sa s f o l l o w s
九~(ゐ)(パ ι) ぼ〕
o r
n
(2x9岨 xlO問、 1___ 5 、
円~I "τ7τ=π古島If
¥2. 192‑: x551
{ j 3 x57·叫00 J¥‑" 2
, "wI
=1 . 2 9 8 x 5 5 . 5 = 7 2 c m / s e c .
At t i m c t ) t h e stemming i s a l l blowD o u to f
a 加reh o l eandt h e
ga 坦 sb e g i nt o expand
f世田 IyO l l to ft h i s opening ,
that 沼田o u to fab o r eh o l e . Thet i m eI
Qmay b e
ob 回田町 I
from
(29) 田 follo\\'sら-,午豆::--(,z
, f l
f)tiD
~-Zf:)Z
:c=[~ ,
,z1l =[...(3 ..J)
'一一
町九 -J/9船田叫0
叩
50 (剖'-270')=/36品 x 国側
=0 曲盟国C
T h e r e f o r e we may
a由umet h a t j u s t a f t e rt h e s h o c k
wa 、 eh a s f i n i s h e d t h e worko fp r o d u c i n g
sla 出 thc ga 田S 国gont oblowouto f
a 加reh o l e . Att h i smo menta l lo ft h es l a b sh a sb e c n
already 担ti n motionoutwardsdue t o t h cmomenュ tumg i v c nbyt h es h o c k
\\'町 cand
hen 但for 目 the pre 出ure
o f
即日 S 出gint ob e r e d u c e d' q u i t e
rapidly 出回 use ga 盟 sblow o u to fab o r ch o l eanda l s oblow
thr 凶ghgaps between fragments formed from s l a b s .
Be cau 皿 of the 田 cir c u m s t a n c e st h e
e符'ect
o f
e叩a田iono f
ga 且son
bias 山ogseems 凶 be
q u i t es m a l l e rthanh a s
bE提 ue x p e c t e dt o
be 田 farTher a t eo fb l o w i n go u to f
a 加reb o l e
may 匝 estimated
a sf o l l o w s
I f wen e g l e c tt h ei n c r e a s eo ft h evolume duet oa
crushed 回net h evolumeo f
ga 担sa t
t= 九 isa sf o l l o w s
t')= 7( Q~{ 1I ...(詰〉
where
九=l e n g t ho fb o r eh o l e
。r 1·)=3.14xl.7 ヨ x4 却 =4 開Ocma pr es.:刻 re
o f
ga 日sa t
均",、.
,
,畑、向=仰\
,;
)・〈謁〉(270¥ a
。r l)~=l60xlO~x l石)
= 3 8 . 3x
lO~kg/cm~Ther a t eo f
flowing 出r叫ghanopening w i t ha
Beほtionala r e a. ‑ 1i sg i v e n byt h e f o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n
ψ 向 A /一-
Q=~/
; f ; ' ; '
=和ijtmwhere
'/:=0 師向 and1 ,:>, =specific volume o fgas
o r
Q=0.6 芯 x3 .l 4x 1. 7~x「甜百五 TO~x l(削 x副阪百花。
, ‑ 4曲。ーー一一 ー
=1105kg/sec
Thet o t a lt i m eo fd i s c h a r g e' } 'o fg a s e s throughab o r eh o l emayb ee s t i m a t e dby t h ef o l l o w i n g
therm 吋yn 印叫田(e q u a t i o n
{ト I)A(g ,,( ム)宮内会内 .a
((:;, ).1j
鯵-,fo吋 =1 .4,
' J ' = 0 . 0 4 4 5 s e c .and
for 必 =3.1'=
1 . 8 1 s e c
As t h e v e l o c i t i e s o f t h e f i r s t and t h e
皿cond
s l a b sa r eh i g h e rthant h a to ft h e l a s t ( t h i r d ) s l a b t h e a r e a s o f opening formedb } 't h ef i r s tandt h e
母国 nds l a b s a r ew i d e rthant h a tduet ot h el a s ts l a b andt h e
ga 配sexpand i n t oo u t e ratmos
的]. Co r n e r ; Th 回 r)' o ft h eI n t e r i o r &Ili sti 図
o fG U l i S ; New York , J o h nW i l e y & So ns , I n c
19S~.
p .
~.【 Interior&1I 3 s t i c so f Le a k i n g
G u n s )
1 2 S h o c kW i l l i e th 回 ry o fb l a s t i n gw i t hc y l i n d r i c a l c J mrgc ( V o l .1 8No.1
帥 erc
running
the. 叫 ght h e s e openings w h i l et h e ymay
give 回meo ft h e i rm o ュ
m朗tum
t o t h e fragmentsa l r e a d y
pr かduccd
and 日ti nmotionby
a 由ockwave
Mo 同over 出e ex 凹 nding
g a s e s may go
int 。叩 a田s
fannedamongt h efirst , t h e s e c o n dandt h e l a s t
sla 回目吋 the pr 田ー 四roea c t i n gonfragmentsmayb e
bat 師団 donb o t h
sid 田 ofeachfragments
and 山崎町tuation
mayr e d u c et h eamounto f
n昨mentumg i v e nt ot h efragmentsfromt h e
ga 首s. At 田r rale 出e
part p l a y e d by ane x p a n s i o no f
ga 世si nb l a s t i n go f
r官km町民 much small 町出 an
i t
has 国ena田umed
t o
be 田 far.We
may 田timate 出e vel田川 oft h e whole
rna 田 ofr o c kdetached fromt h e grounda sf o l l o w s . Themaximum
avail ・a b l e
en 町gy 台oman
expl 由日 Iechargei s a sf o l l o w s
1 ) / 1 l ' n
F: rn-,1<.= r ; '
.~'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 3 ) k‑l
(l団)l'
1 0 ' ) (
l000g/' 四l~»)( 24 却em'o r
E同払- 3-1 一=19 曲 .10 守gtem
T o t a )
ron 由。 fr o c kbroken Rdl ,.. . d
h ナ:!!. ...(謁〉
Thent h emaximumv e l o c i t y V o f
rna 田. I I mayb e : : I Sf o l l o w s
fJ'ml ,.宮古 .uP... 側
。r
1'=,
E~.,.:g~2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 4 0 )
~
l i d i l l . . d r
一一 19国王 10・ .9回
。r 1'=1.41.1 ,寸刻司窃百百万E -J 山6
) (
10 'an/5l' きc_l0.5m/secThis may be t h e
maxim 山富 addi 針。 n.1 vel 配 ity of 出em. 田 ofrock i ft h e r eb e nol e a k a g eo f
ga 担S 出roughc r a c k sand
1 2
ab o r eh o l e
5 ‑ 3 . F u n c t i o n so fstemming
F u n c t i o n so fstemming i n b l a s t i n go f r o c kmayd i v i d e di n t of o u rp h a s e s
(1)
Stemming 匹、 k田 detonationo fan
expl 田i\'echarge
more ∞mp!et e.S t r o n g e r i s
the 回nfin 白羽田丸山 eπ >0<0∞ mplete bec O'羽田 thed e t o n a t i o no fane x p l o s i v e chargeandt h ev a l u eo fd e t o n a t i o np r e s
叫reP
I)approaches t o t h e
th 田reticalv a l u e
(2 >
St釘nmmg mcr担割弱 thee f f e c t i v e
leng 由。 f
shockwave
produ 由dby
de 岡田t i o n . Thee f f e c t i v e
leng 出 Lo fa
曲目kwavemaydependsn o to n l yonana b s o ュ J u t ev a l u eo fd e t o n a t i o np r e s s u r eP
I)b u t
.1 田朗自 e
d u r a t : o n o f high
pr 国組問which i sgoverned
al 田 byt h ei n t e n s i t y o f “ back
pre田町e·・ which m町民副gh町、.vith
s t r o n g e rstemming
(3) Stemming i n c r e a s e si n i t i a l
pr 田s u r eo f
gas 曲目 the mom 凹to ft h eb e g i n
即時 ofworkdonea g a i n s tr o c k . B e f o r e a
曲目kwave
produ 目s sla 出 whichr e a c h
the 凹sitiono fan e x p l o s i v echarget h e highp r e s s u r eg a s e sc a n n o t performe f ュ f e c t i v c worko fe x p a n s i o na g a i n s t
r田kI t t a k e stime
2 < l
t , = 1 7 0 1 >
f o ra s h o c k wav et o
prαlucef u l l
sIn 出whered=burden , U=vclocityo fashock
、,vave.
Du r i n gt h i stimc t , t h c
pre 田u ,eo f
go.冒 smayber e d u c e dt oal o w e rv a l u e p . andt h camounto fp r e s s u r er e d u c t i o n (pn‑14)
dep 白dsont h estemming , t h a t is , t o t a l weight o f stemming nnd t h e
friction 匝tweent h e ¥V aUo f
a 加問 holeandstemming. Thel a t t e rmay b ed e s キ
en 民謡
by t h e { a l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s f o r
stemming 噌
March
J95' 司 Kom 回出 m1 3 P =C ' e l ' J . . . . ( 4 2 ) ( Y .
Shimomura l・')wh 町e
P = r e s i s t a n c eduet ostemming C=constant
。 =base
o fn a t u r a ll o g a r i t h m K=constant
J . = l e n g t ho fstemming
山
o r
p= 九 CI f . . . . . . ( 4 3 )
(J τ'a ylor ll)Po=constant
μ=friction
c o e f f i c i e n t d=diametero fb o r eh o l e
At
a回目 timef , t h es l a b s formedbya s h o c kwavea r e i na movablec o n d i t i o n andt h ee x p a n s i o no fg a s e swithani n i t i a l
pc 邑sure 伶, perfo ロ市 work
o fa d d i t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t i o no fr o c kf r a g m e n t a t i o n
(4) U s u a l l ya tane a r l i e r
s回geo fex p a n s i o n o f
ga 田s stemm 田gmay be a l r e a d ya l l
blown 凹to fab o r eh o l e . Howュ e v e rt h e r emay b e s m a l lc o n t r i b u t i o nfrom t h estemmingt o t h e i n c r e a s e o f work donebye x p a n s i o no fg a s e s
The i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n so f
st 回nmmgi nb l a s t i n gmay be( 1 ) . (2) , ( 3 )andn o t ( 4 ) . The
stag 田(1).(2) and( 3 )may be
r田!i red
w i t h i nane x t r e m e l ys h o r t
peri 叫o ft i m e .f o re x a m p l e .w i t h i n
a加utb a l i
millis 町m吋 as
i sshownbyt h ef o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n
2x 1 . 5meter
-0 田町 ;22 時c.
o r 5 7 4 Om e t e r / s e c
O.5milli 民団 nd
B伎コ ause
o ft h i se x t r e m e l ys h o r tp e r i o d o ff u n c t i o nevenas m a l lamountofstem mingmay be e x t r a o r d i n a r i l ye f f e c t i v ei n b l a s t i n g
1 0 )Y . S h i m o m u r a : J o u r n a lo ft h eM i n i n gI n s t i t u t eo fJ a p a n . 1942 , No\' , p . 6 'n
I I )J .T a y l o r : M i n i n gE n g i n e e r .
Vol ,民間ト" "
ァ 6 . Simultaneousb l a s t sands e l e c t i o nof s p a c i n g & betweentwoboreh o l e s I n F i g .4 .s p a c i n g S o
bctw 田11two
cy~I i l l d r i c a lc h a r g e s 0 1 andC :i sd e f i n e dby
「 町 向 山 人 時 一 z m
沼 町 一 樹
… 比
一 日 一 明 一 一
一平……十
ち〈卦"借地毛 ー-(-告尚.
-f3,, 1
O elZJ)3Cコ
W均喝骨ゥオ胃7事~.:_- "'-"""""~‘ M ・,
£長二…: F i g . : 3 邑 quence o f e\'en 匂 in bl 田 ting
'.・ ro O'ト
H +
54-一一」~疋ドフ;;-;;;こ勺京高三(↑〉よ
1
ョ'ず
、
、
⑧
C , .
u ・ d 出",.., ηI~,:..:山町・
c .• . . I .
M 出 . .
・ .
,
<
r ll a1r.・ a ・1 ・lU"f'