ulburnal
ofindian
andBuckZhist StudiesVbl.63,
No.3,
March2015
(201)
Prabhakaramitra:
His
Name
and
the
Characteristics
ofHis
rlhanslation of
the
ProjnNopracfipa
AKAHANE
Ritsu
Introduetion
Prabhakararnitra
(564-633)
is
a well-knowntranslator
who translatedIndian
Buddhist
texts
into
Chinese
between
630-633.
He
translatedthreetexts,theRatnaketudhbrani
(Bao-xing toroluonij`inggEB2eeJilE:
RKDh)
, theMZihltyanasijhalamktira
(Dacheng
zhuang-yan1-ing
lun
JJk
ptSIIIthffwh:
MSA)
, and theProjnNiipradipa
(Beredeng
lorn
reXrewh
:PP)
of
Bhtiviveka.
Of
course,he
did
nottranslate
these
textsonlyby
himselL
He
worked withthe
help
ofChinese
monks and otherfbreign
monks who could speakChinese,
because
Prabhalcaramitra
came toChina
attheend ofhis
life
andhe
probably
could not understandChinese
well.In
any case,his
nameis
registered as themain translatorin
allcatalogues.I
examinedhis
transiationofthePP,
andI
have
researchedthe
differences
between
the
Chi-nese translation(PPc)
and theTibetan
translation(PPt)
ofthe PPfbr
threeyears,
as apart
ofa research
prQject
funded
by
theAustrian
Science
Fund
(FWF).
This
paper
is
abrief
summary ofthis
project.
The
present
paper
consists of twoparts.
I
will address thequestion
aboutPrabhakarami-tra's
namein
the
first
half
ofthe
paper.
In
the secondhalL
I
willbriefly
summarize thecharacteristics ofthe
PPc.
1.
Prabh5karamitra
orPrabh2mitra
I
referred tothetranslatorofthe
PPc
asPrabhakaramitra
in
the
introduction
tothepres-ent
paper.
Indeed,
most scholars refer tohim
asPrabhakaramitra
in
their
papers
orbooks.
Howeyer,
Kurumiya
suggests thatthenamePrabhAkaramitra
is
wrong andinstead
PrabhA-mitra maybe
the correct name. i)Is
his
suggestionplausible?
Which
is
this
person's
real name,Prabhakaramitra
orPrabhtimitra?
After
introducing
Kurumiya's
view,I
will thenad-dress
the
issue
ofwhich nameis
moreplausible.
-The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Japanese Association of 工ndian and Buddhist 二 St二udies
(202) Prabh琶karamitra (R . AKAHANE )
Kurumiya
admits thatboth
names,
Prabh
巨karamitra
andPrabhEmitra
, canbe
found
in
some
Chinese
catalogues ofBuddhist
texts(
経録)
.He
considers threefamous
cataloguesnamely the
Datang
neidianlu
大唐 内 典 録(
664
)
and theXu
gaoseng
zhuantwc
高僧 伝(
645
)
ofDaoxuan 道宣, and theKaiyuan
shi’
ing
iu
開元釈
経録(
730 )
ofZhisheng智昇
.The
descriptions
ofPrabh
巨karamitra
in
these
three
catalogues aiJe asfollows
:Translator
In
Chinese
Short
nameIn
Chinese
続 高僧 伝 (蜘 9α ・ ∫θ η9 伽 。。)2) 波羅 頗迦羅 蜜多 羅 (
Boluopojialuomj
− duoluo, Skt. Prabh巨一 karamitra) 作 明知識 (Zuomingzhishi) 波 頗 (Bopo, Skt。 Prabhの 光 智 (Guangzhi ) 大 唐 内典録 (加 纏 9 皰 一 伽1
“)3) 波羅頗 .蜜多 (Boluopomiduo
,Skt
.Prabh
鋤mit [r]a) 先 (光)智(Xian [
guang
]zhi)開元釈 経録 (κめ 〃 σ η 5加一 ノ∫ 1“)4) 波 羅頗迦羅 蜜多羅 (BoluoP 〔
jialuomi
−duoluo
, Skt. Prabh巨一karamitra
) 作明知識 (ZuomingzhishD 明友・波 頗 (Mingyou
,Bopo
,Skt
.Prabh
巨lnitra) 光智 (Guangzhi
)The
namePrabh
巨karamitra
is
given
in
both
theKaiyuan
shi ’ing
lu
andthe
漁g
α05召ηg
2肋 α η.
On
the
otherhand
, the namePrabhEmitra
is
given
in
the
D
α’ang neidian1
.If
welook
at only these three texts, we
cannot
determine
which nameis
correct .However
, at
the
same time,
Kurumiya
looks
at the three texts thatPrabh
酉karamitra
translatedinto
Chinese
.The
namesfbr
Prabh
百karalnitra
that
are re飴 rencedin
these threeintroductory
sections areas
fbllOWS
:Trans正atorIn
ChineseIn
Sanskrit
Birth
place宝 星 陀 羅 尼 経
(βαox∫ 刧01〃oη’ノ加g;RKDh )
波 羅頗5 光智 Prabh互[mitra ] India
大 乗荘 厳経 論
(
Doo
乃θ ηg z加 α η9
ソoη ガη9
跏η;MSA )6)
波羅頗 蜜 多羅 明友 Prabh巨mitraMagadha
般若燈論 (Boredeng
lun
;PP
)7 波 羅頗蜜多羅 明友Prabh
轟mitraMiddle India
These
three
texts refer tothe
namePrabhtmitrafPrabhfi
but
notPrabhakaramitra
.There
−fore
,Kurumiya
assumes thatPrabh
且mitrais
the
cQrrect name of this translator.
To
reln −force
thishypothesis
,he
considers anotherChinese
catalogue , the(?uj”ηア伽g
吻 ’古 今 訳一
1296
一Prabhakaramitra
(R.
AKAHANE)<203)
ffpakE
(627-649)
ofZhisheng.
He
does
this
because
the
1(btyuan
shijinglu
is
a copy ofthiscatalogue.
Prabhakaramitra
is
referred toasfbllows:
Translator
InChinese
Shortnarne
InChinese
tsA>xamN8
(Gujinyi'ingtuii)?Emewtpmee
(Prabhakara)
fFopzauisu
('PrabhEkaramitra)?Npt(Prabha)
)tZigm
In
the
Gay'in
yijing
tay'i,we canfind
three
names;Prabhakaramitra,
Prabhakara,
andPrabha.
Therefbre,
Kurumiya
infers
thatwhen theKtityuan
shijinglu
copied thedescrip-tion of the
Gtu'in
yijing
tzu'i,the namePrabhakaramitra
was wronglypicked
up, and thisname was then transmitted
in
the
Xlt
gaoseng
zhuan.
Kurumiya's
suggestionis
worth considering.However,
there are two smallquestions
about whether theattribution ofPrabhakaramitra
in
theMt
gaoseng
zhuan was writtenear-lier
than
thatin
the
Gzg'in
yijing
tay'i,9) and why the namePrabhamitra
was selectedin
theDatang
neidianlu,
which was written after theKdtyuan
shijinglu.
In
addition, wehave
plausible
evidence to show thatthe namePrabhakaramitra
wasknown
befbre
theGzofin
yijing
tzg'i.This
evidenceis
theBianzheng
lun
SUIiEwh
ofFalin
iXSIC.
Falin
is
aChinese
monk whopanicipated
in
thetranslationof all threetextsthatPrabhakaramitra
translated,and
he
played
a veryimportant
role asbishou
ge;E.
This
fact
means thatFalin
met withPrabhakaramitra
and was working withhim
fbr
threeyears.
Falin
refers tothenamePrabhA-karamitra
in
the
Bianiheng
lun
asfbllows:
[His]
k$atriya's
nameis
Prabh5karamitra.
He
is
calledZuomingzhishi
"i
op
1ll
E'rk
in
Chinese.
iO)
On
the
otherhand,
he
also refers tothe
name ofPrabha asfbllows:
Prabhawas from Middle India.He was cal]ed
Guangzhi
)tZg
in
Chinese.
ii)From
Falin's
reference,Prabhakaramitra
is
the truename, andPrabha
(or
Prabhamitra)
was
probably
used as a short name.At
the veryleast,
the
namePrabhakaramitra
was not made upin
the
Gttiin
yijing
mp'i.
Therefbre,
Prabhikaramitra
maybe
regarded asthe correct name ofthistranslator.
2.
The
Characteristics
ofHis
Translation
ofthe
PP
Next,
I
will summarize the characteristics of thePPc
in
threepoints,
each of whichis
composed oftwo
parts.
2.1:
Hypothetical
eliminations.-The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Japanese Association of 工ndian and Buddhist 二 St二udies
(
204
) Prabh瓦karamitra (R . AKAHANE )
2
.1a
:The
description
, which wasprobably
thought tobe
wordyin
Chinese
but
has
to
ex−ist
in
the originalSanskrit
context ,is
eliminatedfrom
the
PPc
.
2
.lb
:When
some similar examples exist ,just
oneis
suMcient and thus the other exam −ples
are eliminatedfrom
the
PPc
.In
both
cases(
2
.la
and2
。lb
)
,we may
be
led
to
concludethat
the
translators
intention
−
ally skipPed these sentences or
discussions
, though they existedin
the
originalPP
.2
.2
:Hypothetical
additions .2
.2a
:The
objection 丘om an opponent andits
answerfrom
Bh
翫vivekado
not existin
thePPc
.2
.2b
:An
entire meaningfUldiscussion
does
not existin
the
PPc
.一
1298
一Prabhakaramitra (R , AKAHANE ) (
205
)The PPt (D l 20a4−
6
;P137a7
−b3
)The
PPc
(82a2
−6
)[2.2a]Gra貞s can da las a血 dag rgyu
la
’bras
復 次, 異 僧 怯 人 言.因 中果体不 可得 者.由 果bu
sha nayod
pa
yin
modkyi
chaphra
ba
’i
phy
止 細 故 .此執不然.何以故.因中無 麁 故.麁先 無ram !z皿
gyis
nonpa
,i
phyir
midmigs
so2es
zer 体 後 時可 得者.即是因 中無果.汝立義破.若ba de da la a 血rags
pa
五id dah !zilgyis
ma 汝意欲細 者為 麁.是亦不然.何以故.不 見細no 皿
pa
hid sha na medpa
las
phyis
yod
pa
’i
者 .転 為 麁故.後 時麁 果 与細 相 違.法体巓 倒. phir1
’bras
bu
s血ana od a ma yin as hyogs 立義過故.s血ama
la
gnoddo
!!cha phraba
yodpas
bsams
pa
ahin
ade
rags ar mtho 血 血o 乏es zcrba
daggi
dambcas
pa
layafl
ragspa
負id duyod
pa
巧es 8u
d
o as chahra
ba
fiidbsai
ba
’i
phyir
chos
kyi
血obo
fiidlas
匡09 Pa’iskyon
yoddo
〃 [2.2b]Bye brag tu smra badag
gidam
bcas
pa’i
phyogs
la
ya血yod pa ga血yin pade
nida
匡taryin
pas
!da
ltar
fiid
yod parOes
sudpog
Pas’bras
bu
’das
pa
da
血1ma
,o血s pa5id
kyi
khyad
parbsal
ba
’i
phy辻chos can gyi yad parbsal
ba
’i
skyon yod
do
!1
gah
dag
rgyu ni ’bras
bu
byed
pa
五id
mayin
gyi
![2.2a]The reason ‘‘Zi藍gy童s non pa’i phyir”does
not exist in either the o切ection or its answer in
PPc .
[2.2b]
OnIy
the entirediscussion
with Bye bragtu smra
ba
does
not existin
thePPc
.復 次.異僧 怯人言.因作 果者 .是義 不然.由了
作 故.... o , 曾 .
It
is
didicult
t。determine
whether these sentences anddiscussions
existedin
thePP
that
was translated
into
Chinese
.However
,there
is
atleast
the
possibility
that
they
did
not orig−inany
existin
thePP
,because
we cannotfind
any reason to eliminatethem
frem
thePPc
.
2
.3
:Different
translations.2
.3a
:Simple
different
translations.The PPt (D
119b3
−6
;P146b5 −8
)de laりdir med pa la mi byed pa,i phyir ies bya ba
de
ni phyogskyi
ohos ma yin pa’l
phyir gtantshigs kyi don ma
grub
pa
負id do !/chos mimthun pa’
i
dper
rtag tu ya血byed
pa’i
phyir乏es一
一
don
’galba
fiidde
!yod pala
byed
pa mi srid一
don
dam
par ni gtan tshigsdafi
dpe
meddo
〃gafila
ga血sha na yod pade
nide
las
mi ’byu
血ste ! The PPc (
81c18
−25
) 論 者 言 .如 汝立因 無 不作 者 .非立義 法 .以是 果 故 因義不成 、汝 言 無 果 有 因義則不爾.由有 此故彼得成者.此於世諦 中成.非 第一義,以 第一義 中因 及譬喩二皆 無 体 .若 物彼処 有者. 彼 物不於 彼 処 起 故 .如因 自体 由此法体二種 差別.彼 義不成.有 過失故.如 破 初 因.彼 取乳 等諸因亦応以 此道理答遣.W
白canfind
differences
between
the two under −lined
parts.The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Japanese Association of 工ndian and Buddhist 二 St二udies
(
206
) Prabh誕karamitra (R
.AKA
日ANE )2
.3b
:Expansion
:the
PPc
expanded the sentences 。The PPt (D 144a3−
4
;Pl78a6 −7
) The PPc (89al3
− 16)sems
kyi
skad cig ma sha mala
sogspa
’i
mthu ’ikhyad
par ni skyeba
’i
g5en po ma skyes pa’i rgyudIa
’bras
bur
,gyurbar
gzuhbar
bya
ste1
何以 故.由先心刹 那 所 伝 来 業.対 治 未生.相
続 与 果.以 功 能 勝 異 故.譬 如 以 紫 鑛 汁 浸 摩多 弄伽 子種之 .後 時花中有紫鑛色 不 違世 諦.
mthu ’
i
khyad
par yin pa’i
phyirdper
na 皿 adu
1uh
ga’i
me tog gi zeba
dmar
ba
b
乏in
pa5 thasfiad
kyi
bden
pala
gnod pa meddo
11
The
example of thefiower
ofMAtulu
血ga
is
wellknown
.Bh
巨viveka also uses this exam −ple
in
othertexts
such asthe
Tar
切
v 観δ(D
55b2
;P59al
),
in
whichit
is
mentionedthat
, ‘‘It
is
like
the
center of anower
ofM 巨tuluhga
,”like
the
PPt
,On
the
otherhand
,it
is
translatedin
thePPc
asfbllows
:“lt
is
hke
if
[we ]plant
a seed ofM
蕊tuluiga, which wasdipped
in
purple
water , thenthe
center ofthe
flower
becomes
purple
.”Asimilar
sentence canbe
負)und
in
the り
〜ikhydyukei
i2)ofVasubandhu
,
belonging
to theYog
互c盃raSchool
, thedoc
− trines of which
Prabh
盃karamitra
studiedin
the monastic center ofNalanda
in
India
.This
fact
suggeststhat
Prabh
巨karamitra
expandedthis
passage
to
explainits
meaning ,though
the
sentencein
the
PP
was similar tothat
ofthe
PPt
.3
.Conclusions
We
should considerthat
the name of theIndian
translator that translated thePP
, the
MSA
, and theRKDh
into
Chinese
is
Prabh
亘karamitra
,Due
to spacelimitations
,I
could show only one examplefbr
each case concernilg the characteristics ofthe
PPc
.However
, these characteristics arejust
tentative
hypotheses
;in
order to obtain moredetailed
results,
I
will compareboth
translationsin
their entirety and examine theirdifferences
.1
)Kurumiya
[1998]pp .31−34
.2
)Daoxuan Xor gaoseng zhuan (T・no.・2060 , vol.50,pp
.439c26 −27);波羅 頗迦 羅 蜜多羅 唐 言作明知 識.或一云波 頗。此 云 光智.中 天 竺 人也 .
3
)Daoxuan
Datang
neidian iu (T no.2149
, vol .55
, pp .281al2
):西天竺 国沙 門波 羅頗 蜜多 .唐言先 智.
一
1300
一Prabh蕊karamitra (R ,
AKAHANE
) (207
)4
)Zhisheng Kaiyuan shijinglu
(T no .2154
, vol。55
, pp .553b3− 5):沙 門波羅 頗迦 羅 蜜多 羅.唐 言作 明 知識 .略云朋 友 .或一云 波 頗.唐言光智,中印度人也.
5
)唐天 竺 三蔵 波羅頗蜜多羅訳.(Tno .402
, voL13
, pp .537a6
)6
)摩伽 陀 国三蔵 法 師波羅頗蜜多羅.唐言明友.(Tno .402
, voL13
,pp
.590a6
−7
)7
)中天 竺 国 三蔵 法師 波羅頗 蜜多羅.唐 言 明友.(Tno .1604, vol.31,pp
.51alO)8
)沙 門波 羅頗 迦 羅.唐 言作 明知 識 .或云波 頗.此 云光 智.中 印度人.(T・no .2151
, vol .55
,pp
. 366c2−3)9
)Allhough the蜘g
α03εηg
z伽 η was completed in645
, it is own that some expansions were made after that.10
)刹利帝名波 羅 頗 迦 羅密多羅.唐言作明知識.(Tno .2110
, vQl.52
, pp .513b9
)11
)有 中 天 竺 国 三蔵 法師 波 頗.唐 言 光 智.(T no.2110
, vol .52
, pp ,512c9
−10
)12
) Lee [2001
]p.194
.Ab
』reviationsD
;sDedge
edition .MSA
;ル(ahdy δnαstitr∂larphara
.P
:Pek
血g edition .PP
;Pra1
’fiapra
ゆ α.PPc
:Chinese
translation of the PP , PPt:Tibetan translation of the PP . RKDh :Ratnaたetudharani 。 T:Taish6 shinshU
da
皀δky6
.References
Mah
め7anastitr δlarpkara
:(Tib
.)Dno
.4026 ,phi
129b1 −260a7 ,P
no.5527 , voL 108, phi 135b7 −287a8
;(Chin
.)Tno
,1604, vol.31
,pp
.589b21 −661c2
1
Dacheng
zhuangyan 」’
ing
gun
大乗 荘厳 経 論;Praj’mapradipa:(Tib.>Dno .3853 , tsha 45b4−259b3 , P no .5253 , voL 95, tsha 53b3− 326a6 .(
Chin
.) T no .1566
, vol.
30
,pp
.51
−136
βor 〃 α 勧 g 伽 3勉 般 若 燈 論 釈;Ratnaketudhdra4i: (Chin.)Tno .402
,vol ,13
,pp
.536c3
−582c23
βαo勲g
脚 1〃oηゴ抑g
宝 星 陀羅尼経;勲 r吻翩 ∂ (Tib,)Dno .3856
,dsa
40b7−329b4
, P no .5256
, vo1 .96
,dsa
43b7−374b
1
;Akahane Ritsu[2013
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Reevaluation
ofIts
Chinese
Translation
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Bukk
ソOgakukenkyfi
印 度学 仏 教学研究
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the Chinese Translation
ofthe prの噸ρrα吻ワα,”lndogaku Bukkyδ
gaku
kenlyii62
no .3
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.1217
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1998
]:3
伽 初勧 σ肋 伽 zδ妙δ,5
肋 砂δ肋 1,Hδ訪δぬ 厂α η∫妙δ新国 訳大 蔵経 諸経部1
宝星 陀羅尼 経,TokyQ:Daiz6
Shuppan
;Lee, JQngCheo1
[2001 ];TheTibetan Text(〜
f
the Vyakhyayukti ofVasubandhu
,Bibliotheca
lndologica
etBuddhologica
8,Tokyo
;Sankib6
Bussho
血 .(
Works
onthis
paper
hasbeen
generously
supportedby
the AustrianScience
Found
(FWF
)in
th¢framework of the FWF
pr
()ject
P23196 −G15
‘‘Buddhist LiteratUrc andits
Context
.”)〈Key words > Prabhakaramitra,
Prabh
互mitra,般 若燈 論,Praj
’fidpradipa
(Research Fellow, The lnstitute for the
CultUral
andlntellectual
Histery
ofAsia ofthe Austrian Academy ofSciences )