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八代市内建造物の悉皆調査の報告とその建築的特性に関する考察

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౎ઍᏒౝᑪㅧ‛ߩᖅ⊝⺞ᩏߩႎ๔ߣ

ߘߩᑪ▽⊛․ᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤ

᫪ጊ ቇ

Report about the exhaustive survey of the buildings in Yatsushiro-shi

and consideration about its architectural characters

Manabu Moriyama㧖

This paper reports the exhaustive survey (2011) of the buildings in Yatsushiro-shi, Kumamoto. The exhaustive survey of the buildings in Yatsushiro-shi is the first time. This paper contents about the process of the investigation, the summary of the study method. In addition, this paper reports "Machiaruki Yatsushiro Tatemono Map". It is the guide map which I utilize the findings and made.

Furthermore, I analyze the findings and consider nine points of the architectural characters in Yatsushiro-shi. For example, about the regional characteristics such as the main hall of a Buddhist temple of the temple, the main shrine of the Shinto shrine, the front shrine.

I am going to use this result for more detailed study to carry out in future.

ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼㧦౎ઍᏒ㧘ᖅ⊝⺞ᩏ

Keywords㧦Yatsushiro-shi, exhaustive survey

㧝. ⎇ⓥߩ⚻✲ߣ⋡⊛ ᒰ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ౝ㑑ᐭߩޟ࿾ၞᵴᕈൻ੤ઃ㊄੐ᬺޠ㧔2010㧕ߩ ޟ૑᳃↢ᵴߦశࠍߘߘߋ੤ઃ㊄ޠߩ੐ᬺߣߒߡ㧘ᾢᧄ⋵౎ ઍᏒࠃࠅฃ⸤ߒߚޟᑪㅧ‛ᵴ↪㧔߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈ᑪ▽ࡑ࠶ࡊ૞ ᚑ㧕ᬺോޠߩᚑᨐߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ᒰᬺോߪ㧘ߎߩ੤ઃ㊄੐ᬺߩਛߢ߽㧘․ߦޟ⍮ߩ࿾ၞߠ ߊࠅޠಽ㊁ߩᡰេߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆ߽ߩߢ㧘ߘߩ⋡⊛ߪ㧘᥉Ბ⷗ ㆊߏߐࠇ߇ߜߥ౎ઍᏒߦᱷሽߔࠆᱧผ⊛ᑪㅧ‛╬ߩᑪ▽ᢥ ൻࠍᵴ↪ߒߡ㧘ޟ⍮ߩ࿾ၞߠߊࠅޠߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ⹦⚦ߦߪ㧘ԘᏒౝߩᑪㅧ‛ߩ↱᧪㧘ᑪ▽ᐕઍ㧘᭴ㅧ⊛․ ᓽ╬ߩᖅ⊝⺞ᩏ㧘ԙᏒౝߩઍ⴫⊛ᑪㅧ‛ࠍᭉߒߊቇ߮ߥ߇ ࠄ⷗ቇߢ߈ࠆޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠߩ૞ᚑ㧘 Ԛᑪㅧ‛ߦ⴫␜ߔࠆ⸃⺑ࡄࡀ࡞ߩ૞ᚑ㧘ԛᱧผ⊛ᑪㅧ‛߳ ߩℂ⸃⠪ߣ଻ሽ⛮ᛚߩᓟ⛮⠪ߩ⢒ᚑ㧘ࠍᬺോ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ㧚 ౎ઍᏒߢߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢᏒౝߩᑪㅧ‛ߦኻߔࠆᖅ⊝⺞ᩏߪ ⴕࠊࠇߡߎߥ߆ߞߚ㧚 ╩⠪ࠄ߇ᐔᚑ18 ᐕᐲߦ⺞ᩏ࡮ၫ╩ߒ㧘ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕᐲ਻Ꮊ ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢޟᑪ▽჻ߩ㓸޿ޠᾢᧄᄢળߦ޽ࠊߖ⊒ⴕߒߚޟ߿ ߟߒࠈᑪ▽ࡑ࠶ࡊޠ߇ᖅ⊝⺞ᩏߦㄭ޿߽ߩߢߪ޽ߞߚ߇㧘 ቇⴚ⊛ߦߪචಽߥขࠅ⚵ߺߣߪ⸒߃ߕ㧘߹ߚว૬೨ߩᣥ౎ ઍᏒߦ஍㊀ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ㧚ߘߩᚑᨐߢ޽ࠆޟ߿ߟߒࠈ ᑪ▽MAPޠ߽ޟᑪ▽჻ߩ㓸޿ޠෳട⠪ߦਥߦ㈩Ꮣߐࠇࠆߦ ߣߤ߹ߞߚ㧚 ߎߩޟ߿ߟߒࠈᑪ▽MAPޠߩ૞ᚑᤨߦ⊒⴫ߒߚ᜕Ⓜߢߪ㧘 ⺞ᩏߒߚฦᑪㅧ‛ࠍ㧘ᒻᑼ߿ᗧඅߥߤᑪ▽⊛․ᕈߦࠃߞߡ ߢߪߥߊ㧘㑐ଥߔࠆ౎ઍߩᱧผ⊛㧘ᢥൻ⊛․ᕈߦࠃߞߡಽ 㘃ߒߚߩߢ޽ߞߚ1㧚 ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪ㧘Ԙᒰᬺോߩޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ ࡊޠ╬ߩᚑᨐຠߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ԙᒰ⎇ⓥߩ᭎ⷐ㧘Ԛᖅ⊝⺞ᩏߩ ಽᨆ⚿ᨐࠃࠅᛠីߢ߈ߚ౎ઍᏒߩᑪ▽⊛․ᕈߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ႎ ๔ࠍⴕ߁ޕޟᑪ▽⊛ޠߣߪᑪ▽ߩᒻᑼ߿ᗧඅ㧘᭴ᴺߥߤߦߟ ޿ߡ㧘ߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 Ԛߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘න૕ߣߒߡߩฦᑪ▽‛ߩ․ᓽߢߪߥߊ㧘 ⶄᢙߩᑪ▽‛ߦ౒ㅢߒߡ㧘߹ߚߪኻᲧ⊛ߦ⏕⹺ߢ߈ߚὐࠍ ขࠅ਄ߍߡ޿ࠆ㧚 㧞. ޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠ╬ߦߟ޿ߡ 2.1 ޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠ ޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠߪ౎ઍᏒౝߩᑪㅧ‛ ࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆࠟࠗ࠼ࡉ࠶ࠢߢ㧘ߘߩ૕ⵙߪ㧘㧭5 ್㧘ਛߣߓ㧘 ో78 ࡍ࡯ࠫߩࡄࡦࡈ࡟࠶࠻ᒻᑼߢ޽ࠆ㧚 㧖 ᑪ▽␠ળ࠺ࠩࠗࡦᎿቇ⑼ ޥ866-8501 ᾢᧄ⋵౎ઍᏒᐔጊᣂ↸ 2627 Dept. of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

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౎ઍᏒౝᑪㅧ‛ߩᖅ⊝⺞ᩏ㧔᫪ጊቇ㧕 ⴫  ޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠߩ᭴ᚑ ౎ઍਛᔃᏒⴝ࿾ ౎ઍ㚞๟ㄝ ⥃᷼✢ᴪ޿ ౎ઍ᷼๟ㄝ ች࿾๟ㄝ 㦖ፃ࿾ၞ 㤈ፉ࡮ᬀᩉ࡮㜞↰࿾ၞ ᣣᄹਭ᷷ᴰ๟ㄝ ㊄೰࿾ၞ ੑ⷗࿾ၞ ㏜࡮ජৼ࿾ၞ ဈᧄ࿾ၞ ᧲㓁࿾ၞ ᴰ࿾ၞ     ౮⌀1 ⸃⺑ࡄࡀ࡞  ࿑ 1 ౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࡯ࠢ ᧄ✬ߪ㧘౎ઍᏒౝࠍᱧผ࡮ᢥൻ⊛․ᕈࠍ߽ߟో14 ࠛ࡝ࠕ ߦಽ㘃ߒ㧔⴫ 1㧕㧘ࠛ࡝ࠕᲤߦ᭴ᚑߒߚ㧚ฦࠛ࡝ࠕߪᦨೋߦ ࡑ࠶ࡊ㧘ᰴߦ౮⌀2 ὐߣ⹦⚦⸃⺑ߩߟߊਥⷐᑪㅧ‛ߩ⚫੺㧘 ᦨᓟߦ౮⌀ 1 ὐߣ◲ẖߥ⺑᣿ߩߟߊߘߩઁߩᑪㅧ‛ߩ⚫੺ ߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ㧚 ਥⷐᑪㅧ‛ߪో67 ઙ㧘ߘߩઁߩᑪㅧ‛ߪో 131 ઙߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ߎࠇࠄߩ߁ߜ㧘਄ ↸ߩฎზ⟲㧘㦖ፃߩฎზ⟲㧘ᣣᄹਭ᷷ ᴰㄭઍᣏ㙚⟲㧘⮋៺ⴝ㆏ᴪ޿ੑ⷗ߩ⍹ᯅ⟲㧘㏜࡮ජৼ࿾ၞ ߩᐓᜏㆮ↥⟲㧘ဈᧄߩዊ␠࡮ၴ㧘⢈⮋✢ߩ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞⟲㧘᧲ 㓁࡮ᴰߩ⍹ᯅ⟲㧘ᴰߩษᯅ⟲ߪන૕ߢߪߥߊ㧘ࠛ࡝ࠕߦὐ ࿷ߔࠆ⟲ߣߒߡ⸃⺑ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚 ᧄ✬ߦട߃㧘ࠃࠅᭉߒߊᑪㅧ‛ࠍ⷗ቇߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦࠦ࡜ ࡓࠍᝌ౉ߒߚ㧚ࠦ࡜ࡓߦߪ㧘౎ઍ࿾ၞߩ᳃⹤ޟᒾ৻ߣࠎߜ ⹤ޠߩਛ߆ࠄ౎ઍᏒౝߩᑪㅧ‛ࠍ⥰บߣߔࠆ߅ߪߥߒ3 ⹤㧘 ㄭ਎ኹ␠ᑪ▽ߩᗧඅߩਛߩ․ᓽ⊛ߥേ‛࡮㔤₞ߩ⚫੺㧘ห ߓߊኅ⚉࡮␹⚉࡮ቬᵷ⚉࡮ኹ⚉ߩ⚫੺㧘ߊ߹߽ߣࠕ࡯࠻ࡐ ࡝ࠬߩ⸃⺑㧘࿖ᜰቯฬൎ᳓ፉߩ⸃⺑㧘↪⺆⺑᣿߇฽߹ࠇࠆ㧚 2.2 ⸃⺑ࡄࡀ࡞ ޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠߦឝタߐࠇߚਥⷐᑪ ㅧ‛ߩ⸃⺑ᢥࠍឝタߒߚࡄࡀ࡞㧘෸߮ฦࠛ࡝ࠕߩࡑ࠶ࡊࠍ ⃻࿾ߦ⸳⟎ߒߚ㧔౮⌀1㧕㧚 ⸃⺑ࡄࡀ࡞ߪ྾㓈ࠍⷺਣߣߔࠆ㧭3 ࠨࠗ࠭㧘࿾ࠍߎߍ⨥ ⦡㧘⸃⺑ᢥߪ 500 ᢥሼ⒟ᐲ㧘߰ࠅ߇ߥߟ߈ߣߒߚ㧚ోߡߦ ⋡ශߣߒߡޟ౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࡯ࠢޠࠍߟߌߚ㧚⸳⟎ᣇᴺߪ ฦᚲߩ⁁ᴫߦࠃࠅ㧘ࡐ࡯࡞߹ߚߪო㕙⸳⟎ߣߒߚ㧚 ޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠߦߪ⸃⺑ࡄࡀ࡞ߩ⷗ ᧄࠍឝタߒ㧘ਔ⠪ࠍㅪ៤ߐߖࠆߎߣߢ㧘೑ଢᕈࠍะ਄ߐߖ ࠆലᨐࠍ⁓ߞߚ㧚 2.3 ౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࡯ࠢ ޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠ෸߮⸃⺑ࡄࡀ࡞ࠍㅪ ៤ߐߖࠆߚ߼㧘ਔ⠪ߦ౒ㅢߔࠆ⸥ภߣߒߡ౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ ࡯ࠢࠍ࠺ࠩࠗࡦߒߚ㧚ኹ␠ᑪ▽ߩᆄߣ౎ઍߩޟ౎ޠࠍ⴫ߔ ጊဳޔኹ␠ᑪ▽ߩ 㝼ߩⁿ⋡ߣᑪㅧ‛߿౎ઍ߳ߩᕁ޿ࠍ⴫ ߔࡂ࡯࠻ဳߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᚑߒߚ㧚 㧟. ⎇ⓥ᭎ⷐ 3.1 ⎇ⓥᣇᴺ  ᐔᚑ23 ᐕ 8 ᦬ 29 ᣣ߆ࠄᐔᚑ 24 ᐕ 2 ᦬ 29 ᣣ߹ߢߩᬺോ ᦼ㑆ਛ㧘ᧄᩞ5 ᐕ࿯ᧁᑪ▽Ꮏቇ⑼ߩቇ↢ 7 ฬߣߣ߽ߦ㧘⃻ ࿾⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚ㧚  ⃻࿾⺞ᩏߪ৻ᰴ⺞ᩏߣੑᰴ⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߚ㧚৻ᰴ⺞ᩏߪ㧘 ᖅ⊝⊛ߥ⺞ᩏߢ޽ࠅ㧘3.2 ߢ␜ߔᑪㅧ‛ߩ⃻⁁ࠍᛠីߔࠆߎ ߣ߇⋡⊛ߢ޽ࠆ㧚⃻࿾ߢߪᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡᚲ᦭⠪㧘▤ℂ⠪ߦ ࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣࠍⴕߞߚ߶߆ߪ㧘ਥߦ౮⌀᠟ᓇࠍⴕߞߚ㧚  ੑᰴ⺞ᩏߪ㧘ਥⷐᑪㅧ‛ߩਛ߆ࠄ㧘౎ઍᏒߩᱧผ਄߆ࠄ ߺߡ߽㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠅ㧘޿߹ߛታ᷹⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ᑪㅧ ‛ࠍኻ⽎ߦ㧘ᚲ᦭⠪߿࿾ర㑐ଥ⠪߳ߩࡅࠕ࡝ࡦࠣ㧘ౝⷰ᠟ ᓇ㧘߅ࠃ߮ᐔ㕙࿑ߩታ᷹⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߚ㧚ታ᷹⺞ᩏߦ޽ߚ ࠅේ↰⡨᣿᳁ߦදജ㗂޿ߚ㧚  ߎߩ⃻࿾⺞ᩏߣᢥ₂⺞ᩏ߆ࠄޟ౎ઍᏒᑪㅧ‛ࠞ࡯࠼ޠࠍ ૞ᚑߒบᏭൻߒߚ㧚 ੑᰴ⺞ᩏߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ᬺോᦼ㑆ౝߦታᣉน⢻ߥ▎ᚲߦ㒢 ቯߒߡⴕߞߚ߇㧘੹ᓟ৻ᰴ⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐߦၮߠ߈㧘㗅ᰴ⺞ᩏ ࠍታᣉߒߡ޿ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ㧚 3.2 ⺞ᩏኻ⽎‛ ৻ᰴ⺞ᩏߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߚ߽ߩߪ㧘ᧁㅧ␠ኹᑪ▽㧘ၔ〔㧘 ฎზ㧘⍹ㅧ‛㧘ᮘ㐷࡮ầฃႇ㒐㧘⍹ᯅ㧘ߘߩઁߩᯅ᪞㧘㋕ ㆏࠻ࡦࡀ࡞㧘ᤘ๺೨ඨ߹ߢߩㄭઍᑪ▽‛㧘⃻ઍߩ⪺ฬᑪ▽ ኅߩ⸳⸘ߦࠃࠆ⃻ઍᑪ▽‛㧘ߊ߹߽ߣࠕ࡯࠻ࡐ࡝ࠬ㑐ㅪߩ ⃻ઍᑪㅧ‛㧘ߊ߹߽ߣ᥊ⷰ⾨࡮ᾢᧄ⋵ᧁ᧚೑↪ᄢဳᣉ⸳ࠦ ࡦࠢ࡯࡞╬ߩฦ⒳ฃ⾨ᱧߩ޽ࠆ⃻ઍᑪㅧ‛㧘ߘߩઁ᳃ኅ߿ ᱞኅደᢝߥߤ౎ઍߩᱧผࠍ⍮ࠆ਄ߢ㊀ⷐߥᑪㅧ‛ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ઙᢙߢߪ㧘ᆔ⸤⠪ߢ޽ࠆ౎ઍᏒࠃࠅฃߌขߞߚ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ ࡝ࠬ࠻ߢߪ 344 ઙ㧘ߎࠇߦߐࠄߦᢥ₂⺞ᩏࠍⴕ޿ㅊടߒ㧘 ో578 ઙߣߒߚ㧚 ᢥ₂⺞ᩏߦ૶↪ߒߚਥⷐߥᢥ₂ߪએਅߩߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ࡮ർፉ㔐ጊ㧦ޟ⢈ᓟ࿖⹹࡮ਅᏎޠ㧘㕍ầ␠ (1972). ࡮ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ળ࡮⍹Ꮉᗲㇹ㧦ޟ౎ઍ㇭ผޠ㧘⥃Ꮉᦠᐫ (1927)㧚 ࡮ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ળ㧦ޟ⫆ർ㇭⹹ޠ㧘ฬ⪺಴  (1973). ࡮౎ઍᏒผ✬➏ද⼏ળ㧦ޟ౎ઍᏒผޠో੖Ꮞ㧘౎ઍᏒᢎ⢒ᆔ ຬળ(1978). ࡮ᾢᧄᣣᣣᣂ⡞ᖱႎᢥൻ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㧦ޟᴰ᧛⹹ޠ㧘ᴰ᧛ (2005). ࡮᳗᧻⼾⬿㧦ޟ㏜↸ผ࡮ਅᏎޠ㧘౎ઍ㇭㏜↸ᓎ႐ (1992). ࡮᳗᧻⼾⬿࡮ᳯ਄ᢅൎ㧦ޟ᧲㓁᧛ผޠ㧘᧲㓁᧛ᓎ႐ (1992). ࡮ဈᧄ᧛᧛ผ✬➏ᆔຬળ㧦ޟဈᧄ᧛ผޠ㧘߉ࠂ߁ߖ޿ (1990). ࡮ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧦ޟᾢᧄ⋵ߩㄭ਎␠ኹᑪ▽̆ᾢᧄ⋵ㄭ਎ ␠ኹᑪ▽✕ᕆ⺞ᩏႎ๔ᦠ̆ޠ㧘ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ (1986). ࡮ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧦ޟᾢᧄ⋵ߩㄭઍൻㆮ↥̆ㄭઍൻㆮ↥✚ ว⺞ᩏႎ๔̆ޠ㧘ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ (1999).

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࡮౎ઍᏒ〔᩺ౝ⠪ߩળ࡮ᳯ਄ᢅൎ㧦ޟ౎ઍᏒߩᢥൻ⽷ࠟࠗ࠼ ࡉ࠶ࠢޠ㧘౎ઍᏒᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ (1993). ࡮౎ઍ໡Ꮏળ⼏ᚲ࡮౎ઍᏒ㧦ޟၔਅ↸߿ߟߒࠈࠟࠗ࠼ࡉ࠶ࠢ ᱧผߣᢥൻߩᢔᱠ㆏ޠ㧘౎ઍᏒਛᔃᏒⴝ࿾ᵴᕈൻද⼏ળ࡮౎ ઍᏒ. ࡮౎ઍᏒᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧦ޟᣣᄹਭߩ↸ਗߺࠟࠗ࠼ࡉ࠶ࠢ̆౎ઍ Ꮢᣣᄹਭᱧผ⊛ᑪㅧ‛⟲ၮᧄ⺞ᩏႎ๔᭎ⷐ̆ޠ㧘౎ઍᏒᢎ⢒ ᆔຬળᢥൻ⺖ (2001). ࡮౎ઍᏒᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧦ޟ౎ઍᶏᐓᜏᣉ⸳⺞ᩏႎ๔ᦠޠ㧘౎ઍ Ꮢᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ (2004). ࡮㏜↸ᐓᜏผ✬➏ᆔຬળ㧦ޟ㏜࿾ᣇߦ߅ߌࠆᐓᜏߩ޽ࠁߺޠ㧘 ㏜↸ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ (2003). ࡮ᾢᧄ⋵౎ઍ࿾ၞᝄ⥝ዪ㧦ޟ߿ߟߒࠈᐓᜏߩᱧผ㨪ࠊ߇↰ߪ ✛ߥࠅ㨪ޠ㧘ᾢᧄ⋵౎ઍ࿾ၞᝄ⥝ዪ. ࡮᜕⪺㧦ޟ߿ߟߒࠈᑪ▽MAPޠ㧘ᾢᧄ⋵ᑪ▽჻ળ (2006). ࡮ᧁਅẖ㧦ޟᳯᚭᤨઍߩ౎ઍ̆౎ઍၔਅ↸ߩᄌㆫߣኹ␠⠨ ̆ޠ㧘ᧁਅẖ (2009). ࡮ਛේᢥᢘ㧦ޟᣣᄹਭߩᱧผ̆ㇹ࿯ผ̆ޠ㧘ᣣᄹਭߩᱧผᓟ េળ (1970). ࡮ᾢᧄᣣᣣᣂ⡞␠㧦ޟᾢᧄߩ⍹ᯅ 313ޠ㧘ᾢᧄᣣᣣᣂ⡞␠ (1998).                     ߥߤ  ੑᰴ⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎ߪᄹ⦟ᧁ␹␠㧘ᄹ⦟ᧁⷰ㖸ၴ㧘቟㙃ኹᧄ ၴ㧘ᧄᚑኹᧄၴ㧘ᤐశኹᧄၴ࡮ᦠ㒮ߣߒߚ㧚 ․ߦᓟ⠪ 3 ઙߪฦޘ㧘ട⮮ᱜᣇῳᲣߩ⪄ឭᚲ㧘ട⮮ᷡᱜ ል↵࡮ട⮮ᔘᱜߩ⪄ឭᚲߢ⚦Ꮉਃᢪઍߦ⒖ォߒߚኹ㒮㧘᧻ ੗ኅ⪄ឭᚲ㧘ߣၔਥ࡮ၔઍߦ㑐ଥߔࠆ↱✜޽ࠆኹ㒮ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ߹ߚฦޘ㧘ᵺ࿯⌀ቬᧄ㗿ኹᵷ㧘ᣣ⬒ቬ㧘⥃ᷣቬߣቬᵷ߽⇣ ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ฦቬᵷߩᐔ㕙ᒻᑼࠍᲧセᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎ ߣ߽ᗐቯߒߡㆬᛯߒߚ㧚  ߎࠇࠄ⺞ᩏኻ⽎‛ߩਛ߆ࠄޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ ࠶ࡊޠߦឝタߔࠆߦ޽ߚߞߡߪ㧘୘ੱ૑ቛ╬ߩ⑳⊛ᯏ⢻ߩ 㜞޿ᑪㅧ‛߿㧘ᚲ᦭⠪╬ߩᗧะߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߪኻ⽎߆ࠄᄖߒ ߚ㧚 㧠. ౎ઍᏒߩᑪ▽⊛․ᕈ 4.1 ㄭ਎એ㒠ߩኹ㒮ᑪ▽ߩߒߎࠈደᩮ  17 ਎♿ඨ߫એ㒠㧘᐀ᐭߦࠃࠆኹ␠ᑪ▽߳ߩⷙ೙߇ⴕࠊࠇ ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆޕ1668㧔ኡᢥ 8㧕ᐕߦߪ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆኡᢥ 8 ᐕ઎ ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆኹ㒮ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚਃ㑆᪞ⷙ೙߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ㧚㑆ญ ਃ㑆ߣਔ஥ߦᐤ৻㑆ඨߕߟ߹ߢࠍ⹺߼ࠆⷙᮨⷙ೙ߢ޽ࠅ㧘 ߎࠇએ㒠ߦᑪ⸳ߐࠇࠆኹ㒮ߪߎࠇߦኻᔕߒߡ㧘ߒߎࠈደᩮ2 ࠍណ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕߘߩߚ߼ߒߎࠈደᩮߪ㧘ኹ㒮ᑪ▽ ߩᑪ⸳ᐕઍࠍផ᷹ߔࠆ್ᢿၮḰߩ৻ߟߣ⸒߃ࠆ㧚  ⢈ᓟ⮲ߩߒߎࠈደᩮߩኹ㒮ᑪ▽ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘የ㆏ᑪੑ࡮ ർ ㊁ 㓉 ਔ᳁ ߦ ࠃࠅ 㧘ޟ ኹ ␠ਗ ฎ 〔 ਯᐻ ቶ イᢙ ࿾ ᐥᡷ Ꮽޠ 㧔1740㧔రᢥ 5㧕㧕ឝタߩ⨹የᚻ᳗ߩᵺ࿯⌀ቬኹ㒮ߦ㑐ߔࠆ ႎ๔߇޽ࠅ㧘ឝタ 12 ઙߩ߁ߜ㧘ޟᔒߎࠈޠઃ߈ߩ㑆ญਃ㑆 ߪ10 ઙߢ޽ࠆߣ⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ3  ౎ઍᏒౝߦ⃻ሽߔࠆߒߎࠈደᩮߩኹ㒮ᑪ▽ߪ㧘એਅߩࠃ ߁ߦ㧘ฦࠛ࡝ࠕߦᢔ࿷ߔࠆ߆ߚߜߢ16 ઙ㧘ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㧚 ਛᔃᏒⴝ࿾㧦ᧄᚑኹ㧔౮⌀2㧕㧘ༀᱜኹ㧘⨿෩ኹ㧘ᵺ༑ኹ ⥃᷼✢ᴪ޿㧦⷏ᨋኹ㧘ᓼᢘኹ ች࿾๟ㄝ㧦ᤐశኹ㧘ᷡવኹ㧔౮⌀3㧕㧘ቬⷡኹ 㦖ፃ࿾ၞ㧦ᴺベኹ ဈᧄ࿾ၞ㧦ᑧ๮ኹ㧘శኾኹ㧘ፏశኹ㧘⷏⑔ኹ ᧲㓁࿾ၞ㧦శᨋኹ ᴰ࿾ၞ㧦ᱜⷡኹ  ߎࠇࠄߩ߁ߜ㧘ᤐశኹ4㧘ቬⷡኹ5㧘శᨋኹ6ߪ᣿ᴦᤨઍߩ ౣᑪߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߒߎࠈደᩮࠍ〯ⷅߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚߹ߚᴺベኹߦ ߟ޿ߡߪᣢᓔ⎇ⓥ7߇޽ࠅ㧘1908㧔᣿ᴦ 41㧕ᐕߩᡷୃએ೨㧘 1791㧔ኡ᡽ 3㧕ᐕߩᓮᡷᏭߦޟ㍧㧔ߒߎࠈ㧕ޠߩ⸥タ߇޽ߞ ߚߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩઁ㧘ဈᧄ࿾ၞߩ⋿ᴺኹ߽ߒߎ ࠈደᩮ㘑ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘૑⡯ߦࠃࠇ߫ㄭᐕߩჇ▽ߦࠃࠆߣ޿߁ ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ8  ߹ߚ਄ጀߩደᩮᒻ⁁ߦࠃߞߡಽ㘃ߔࠆߣ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߦ ߥࠆ㧚 ౉Უደᐔ౉㧦ᧄᚑኹ㧘ༀᱜኹ㧘శᨋኹ ౉Უደᆄ౉㧦ᴺベኹ ነ᫟ᐔ౉㧦⨿෩ኹ㧘ᵺ༑ኹ㧘ᤐశኹ㧘ᷡવኹ㧘ቬⷡኹ ነ᫟ᆄ౉㧦⷏ᨋኹ㧘ᓼᢘኹ㧘ᑧ๮ኹ㧘శኾኹ㧘ፏశኹ㧘 ᱜⷡኹ ቲᒻㅧ㧦⷏⑔ኹ ౮⌀2 ᧄᚑኹ       ౮⌀ 3 ᷡવኹ 4.2 ෺ၴߩኹ␠ᑪ▽  ᐔ቟ᤨઍߦᚑ┙ߒߚ෺ၴߪ㧘੽೨ߦᴺⷐࠍⴕ߁␞ၴࠍᑪ ߡࠆᒻᑼߢ㧘ᱜၴߣ␞ၴ߇ਗ߮ᑪߟὐߦ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩ ᒻᑼߪ␹␠ᑪ▽ߦ߽ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎࠇߣห᭽ߩᒻᑼ ࠍ߽ߟ౎ઍᏒౝߩኹ␠ᑪ▽ߦએਅ߇޽ࠆ㧚 ኹ㒮㧦ᧄᚑኹ๺శᲚ㧔౮⌀4㧕㧘⷏Ꮉ↰ⷰ㖸ၴ㧔౮⌀ 5㧕 ␹␠㧦ᾲ↰␹␠㧘ੳ↰የ␹␠ ᧄᚑኹ๺శᲚ㧔ᷡᱜ౏ၴ㧕ߪ㧘᫟ᧅ㧔࿑2㧕ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘 1856 㧔቟᡽3㧕ᐕߩౣᑪߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ㧘ߣ߽ߦ౉Უደㅧߩޟᓮ㔤 ደޠߣޟ᜙Ლޠ߆ࠄߥࠆ㧚ᓮ㔤ደߪᐔ౉ࠅ㧘᜙Ლߪᆄ౉ࠅ ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᓮ㔤ደߦട⮮ᷡᱜࠍ␢ࠆ߇㧘ᓮ㔤ደߪ੽სႺߦ೨ ᩇࠍᜬߟኹ㒮ᑪ▽ߩ᭴ᚑߢ޽ࠆ㧚૑⡯ߦࠃࠇ߫ੑ᫟߇ធ⛯

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౎ઍᏒౝᑪㅧ‛ߩᖅ⊝⺞ᩏ㧔᫪ጊቇ㧕 ߐࠇࠆߩߪᓟᐕߩߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᧄ᧪ਔ᫟ߩイਅㇱಽ߇ߘߩ 㓙ߩᡷୃߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ㅧࠅว޿ߪイߩ㊀ߥࠅ ว߁਄ߦಾᆄደᩮࠍ᨞ߌᷰߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚 ⷏Ꮉ↰ⷰ㖸ၴߪಾᆄᐔ౉ߩᱜၴߣ౉Უደᆄ౉ߩ␞ၴ߆ࠄ ߥࠆ㧚ㅧࠅว޿ߩߣߎࠈߢ㧘␞ၴౝㇱߦᱜၴߩะ᜙߇⚵ߺ ㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆὐ߇․ᓽߢ޽ࠆ㧚ะ᜙ߪ㧘ะ᜙ᩇ㧘ะ᜙Ⰲ᪞㧘 ᶏ⠧Ⰲ᪞㧘ᧁ㥦ߥߤߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ㧚ะ᜙ߩ೨ߦዊო߇ုࠇ㧘 ␞ၴౝࠍੑಽߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚 ᾲ↰␹␠߽᜙Ლߩᅏߦ㧘߅ߘࠄߊᧄᲚߩะ᜙ࠍ⴫⃻ߔࠆ ⸥ภߣߒߡⰬ⣻ᡰベ߇ߟߊ㧚 ੳ↰የ␹␠ߪᧄᲚߣ᜙Ლ߇ធ⛯ߐࠇ㧘ᧄᲚะ᜙߇ደౝൻ ߒߚ੐଀ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩ㓙㧘ะ᜙ߩᶏ⠧Ⰲ᪞ࠍᑧ㐳ߔࠆ߆ߩ ࠃ߁ߦ㧘᜙Ლߩᅏ৻㑆ߩᄖოዊოߩਛㅜߦⰂ᪞߇ᝌ౉ߐࠇ ߡ޿ࠆ㧚Ⰲ᪞ߩ㜞ߐߪᶏ⠧Ⰲ᪞ᧁ㥦߇ᧄ᧪޽ࠆ૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ੑ᫟ߩㅪ⛯ᕈࠍ⴫⃻ߔࠆᗧ࿑ࠍ߽ߞߡ⵬ࠊࠇߚㇱ᧚ߣ⠨߃ ࠄࠇࠆ㧚  ౮⌀ 4 ᧄᚑኹ๺శᲚ    ౮⌀ 5 ⷏Ꮉ↰ⷰ㖸ၴ ࿑2 ᧄᚑኹ๺శᲚ᫟ᧅ㧔ታ᷹㧦ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ 11 ᦬ 27 ᣣ㧕 4.3 ␹␠ᧄᲚߩᒻᑼ ౎ઍᏒౝߩ␹␠ᧄᲚߩᒻᑼߪ㧘ᧄᲚߣ᜙Ლ߇৻᫟ߣߥߞ ߡ޿ࠆㄞၴ㘑ߩዊ␠ࠍ㒰ߌ߫㧘߶ߣࠎߤ߇ᵹㅧߢ޽ࠆ㧚଀ ᄖࠍએਅߦ਄ߍࠆ㧚 ౉Უደᆄ౉ ⽴ᵮട⮮␹␠㧔౮⌀6㧕 ౉Უደᐔ౉ ⪤ේᄤḩች㧘໊ፒ␹␠㧘ዋฬᒾ๮␹␠㧘       ౎ઍ␹␠㧔ᅱ⷗ች㧕㧔౮⌀7㧕  ౉Უደᆄ౉ߩ੐଀ߪ㧘ㄞၴ㘑ߩ߽ߩߦߪ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ9߇㧘ᧄ Ლߣߒߡߪ⽴ᵮട⮮␹␠߇໑৻ߩ੐଀ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ะ᜙ߟ߈ߢ ޽ࠆ㧚  ౉Უደᐔ౉ߩᧄᲚߪ㧘޿ߕࠇ߽ะ᜙ߟ߈ߢ㧘⪤ේ↸㧘⷏ ች↸㧘⑔ᱜర↸㧘ᅱ⷗↸ߣ޿ߞߚㄭធߒߚ࿾ၞߦߩߺ⷗ࠄ ࠇࠆ㧔࿑ 3㧕ޕߎߩ߁ߜ౎ઍ␹␠ߪ㧘ᱜ㕙ߦජ㠽⎕㘑߇ߟ޿ ߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘߩ 㝼ߦ⚛ᧁߩ㢬ߩᓂೞ߇ ߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚  㝼ߦ㠽ߩᓂೞ߇ߟߊߩߪ㧘౎ઍᏒౝߢߪ໑৻ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ౎ઍᏒߦ㓞ធߔࠆ౎ઍ㇭᳖Ꮉ↸ߩችේਃ␹ችࠍෳᾖߔࠆ ߣ㧘ߎߩ␹␠ߪ 1661㧔ኡᢥర㧕ᐕߦችේᅱ⷗␠ߣߥߞߡ߅ ࠅ㧘⃻␠Ლߪ1839㧔ᄤ଻ 10㧕ᐕߩᡷ▽ߢ޽ࠆޕᧄᲚ㧔౮⌀ 8㧕ߪᵹㅧߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘౎ઍ␹␠㧔1749㧔ኡᑧ 2㧕ᡷ▽㧕ห ᭽㧘ᱜ㕙ߦජ㠽⎕㘑߇ߟ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚߹ߚ᜙Ლߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘 ᱜ㕙ජ㠽⎕㘑ߩ 㝼ߦߪ㧘⚛ᧁߩ㡅ಪ߇ ߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚 ߎ߁ߒߚᒻᑼ࡮ᗧඅ߆ࠄ㧘౎ઍ␹␠ߣߩᓇ㗀㑐ଥ߇ផ᷹ߢ ߈ࠆ㧚 ౎ઍ␹␠߇หߓᅱ⷗␠ߢ޽ࠆችේਃ␹ችߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚ ߩߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ㧘౎ઍ␹␠ߪㄭ㓞ߩਃ␠ߦ߽౉Უደᐔ౉ߣ ޿߁ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃㧘࿾ၞ․ᕈࠍ↢ࠎߛߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ㧘ផ᷹ ߢ߈ࠆ㧚  ߎߩઁ㧘⃻ઍߩ␹␠ᑪ▽ߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘ጤፒ␹␠ᧄᲚߩ㋕╭ ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧߩᡆૃ␹᣿ㅧ㧘㦖₺␹␠᜙Ლߩᄢ␠ㅧߣ޿ ߞߚᒻᑼ߽޽ࠆ㧚 ౮⌀6 ⽴ᵮട⮮␹␠ᧄᲚ  ౮⌀ 7 ౎ઍ␹␠ᧄᲚ ࿑3 ᧄᲚ߇౉Უደᐔ౉ߩ␹␠ߩ૏⟎ 4.4 ␹␠᜙Ლߩะ᜙ߩᒻᑼ ␹␠ߩะ᜙ߦ⌕⋡ߒߡߺࠆ㧚ᧄᲚߢߪ㧘೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ߶ ߣࠎߤ߇ᵹㅧߢ޽ࠅ㧘౉Უደㅧߩ႐วߢ߽㧘ደᩮࠍᑧ㐳ߐ ߖߡะ᜙ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚 ᜙Ლࠍ⷗ߡߺࠆߣ㧘ᧄᲚห᭽㧘ደᩮߩᑧ㐳ࠍะ᜙ߣߒߡ ዋฬᒾ๮␹␠ ໊ፒ␹␹␠ ⪤ේᄤḩች ౎ઍ␹␹␠ O

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޿ࠆ႐ว߇߶ߣࠎߤߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘଀ᄖߣߒߡએਅࠍ਄ߍࠆߎ ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚 イ໊⎕㘑㧦౎ઍች࡮㔤␠㧘ᣣᄹਭ᷷ᴰ␹␠ ໊⎕㘑㧦⩲ේ␹␠㧔⊕㜬ᄤ␹㧕㧔౮⌀9㧕 ಾᆄᆄ౉㧦┻ౝ␹␠㧘ᩑㄼ␹␠㧔౮⌀10㧕㧘଻ญ␹␠㧘 ዤ㑆␹␠㧘ਭㅪሶ␹␠㧘⪲ᧁ␹␠ ౉Უደᆄ౉㧦ᬁේ␹␠  イ໊⎕㘑ߪイࠍ໊⎕㘑ߣߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ೨⠪ ߇1948㧔ᤘ๺ 23㧕ᐕ㧘ᓟ⠪߇ 1968㧔ᤘ๺ 43㧕ᐕߣ㧘޿ߕ ࠇ߽ᤘ๺ᤨઍߩᑪ⸳ߢ޽ࠆ㧚  ೨⠪ߦ㓞ធߒߡᑪߟ౎ઍችߩਛ㐷㧔1883㧔᣿ᴦ 16㧕㧕ߪ㧘 ᱜ㕙ࠍイ໊⎕㘑ߣߔࠆะ໊㐷ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ะ໊㐷ࠍ߽ߟߩߪ౎ ઍᏒౝߢߪߎߩઁߦᢎᴺኹߩߺߢ޽ࠆ㧚౎ઍች࡮㔤␠ߩイ ໊⎕㘑ߪ㧘ߎߩะ໊㐷ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍផ᷹ߢ߈ࠆ㧚 イ߆ࠄ⁛┙ߒߡ໊⎕㘑ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ੐଀ߪ㧘⩲ේ␹␠㧔⊕ 㜬ᄤ␹㧕ߢ㧘⎕㘑᧼㧘ုᧁߪ໊⎕㘑ߢ޽ࠆ߇ደᩮ⥄૕ߪ⋥ ✢ߢ⫘ߊ㧘ߣ޿߁․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ㧚໊⎕㘑ߩะ᜙ߣߒߡߪ㧘ߎ ࠇ߇౎ઍᏒౝ໑৻ߩ੐଀ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߎߩ⩲ේ␹␠߇┙࿾ߔࠆ᳖Ꮉᴪ޿ߩᓔㆶߦ⌕⋡ ߔࠆߣ㧘Ꮢᄖߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘೨ㅀߩችේਃ␹ችᧄᲚߦイ໊⎕ 㘑ߩะ᜙㧔౮⌀8㧕㧘౎ઍ㇭᳖Ꮉ↸ߩ┙␹ᾢ㊁ᐳ␹␠᜙Ლߦ ໊⎕㘑ߩะ᜙߇޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ᓔㆶ╭ߩ࿾ၞ․ᕈߣ ផ᷹ߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ㧚  ಾᆄㅧᆄ౉㧘౉Უደㅧᆄ౉ߩ੐଀ߢߪ㧘ᣣᄹਭ࿾ၞߩ┻ ౝ␹␠ࠍ㒰ߌ߫㧘ోߡᴰ↸ߩጊ㑆ㇱߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ㧚 ᱜ㕙イਅߩⓍ㔐ࠍㆱߌࠆߚ߼ߩㆬᛯߛߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘㒠㔐ߥ ߤߩ᳇୥㘑࿯߇ᓇ㗀ߒߚ࿾ၞ․ᕈߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚  ᴰ↸ߩ␹␠ߦߪ㧘ጊ㑆ㇱߣ޿߁࿾ၞᕈ߇෻ᤋߒߚ߽߁৻ ߟߩ౒ㅢߒߚ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ㧚⵾᧚ߒߡ޿ߥ޿⥄ὼਣᄥࠍ㧘ߘ ߩ߹߹ㇱ᧚ߦ૶↪ߒߚᧁ⵾㠽ዬߢ㧘ዤ㑆␹␠㧘ਭㅪሶ␹␠㧘 ⪲ᧁ␹␠㧘ዊේ␹␠㧘ੳ↰የ␹␠㧔౮⌀11㧕㧘ᮖᧁ⊕㠽␹␠㧘 ᮖᧁᾢ㊁ᐳ␹␠㧘⩽⫱⼱ጊߩ␹␹␠㧘ᄢㅢ⿧ߩጊࡁ␹␹␠ ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪᴰ↸ߩߺߩ․ᓽߢ޽ࠆ㧚  ⵾᧚ߐࠇߚᧁ⵾㠽ዬࠍߺߡ߽ᴰ↸ߩഀวߪᄙߊ㧘ਔㇱ㠽 ዬߢߪᩑㄼ␹␠㧘଻ญ␹␠㧘㣮ፉ㠽ዬߢߪᮖᧁ␹␠߇਄ߍ ࠄࠇࠆ㧚೨⠪ߩᧁ⵾ਔㇱ㠽ዬ߽ᴰ↸ߦߒ߆ߥ޿㧚  ߹ߚᧁ⵾㣮ፉ㠽ዬࠍᜬߟᮖᧁ␹␠ߦߪ㧘ੑᧄߩ᧖ߩᏂᧁ ࠍ㠽ዬߩᩇߦ⷗┙ߡߚ߽ߩ߽޽ࠆ㧚 ౮⌀8 ችේਃ␹ችᧄᲚ ౮⌀ 9 ⩲ේ␹␠㧔⊕㜬ᄤ␹㧕  ౮⌀ 10 ᩑㄼ␹␠᜙Ლ  ౮⌀ 11 ੳ↰የ␹␠㠽ዬ 4.5 ዊ␠࡮ၴߩ࿾ၞ․ᕈ  ዊ␠࡮ၴߦߟ޿ߡߪ౎ઍᏒౝߩ 2 ࿾ၞߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߘߩ࿾ ၞ࿕᦭ߩ․ᕈ߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߚޕ  ౎ઍၔ㧔᧻ᳯၔ㧕ߩၔਅ↸⷏ㇱߩዊ␠࡮ၴߦߪ㧘߫ߞߚ ࠅᐥ᧍߇஻߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩ․ᓽߪ㧘ߔߢߦᣢᓔ⎇ⓥߢ ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇10㧘੹࿁ߩᖅ⊝⺞ᩏࠍ⚻ߡ㧘౎ઍᏒౝߦ߅ ޿ߡߪ㧘ߎߩ㒢ࠄࠇߚ࿾ၞߦߒ߆ሽ࿷ߒߥ޿࿾ၞ․ᕈߢ޽ ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ㧚 ߎࠇߪ↸ኅߩ⷗਎᫜ߣߒߡ૶↪ߐࠇߚ߫ߞߚࠅᐥ᧍߇㧘 ዊ␠࡮ၴߦ߽ណ↪ߐࠇߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚߹ߚ߫ߞߚࠅᐥ᧍ ߪ㧘ߎߩ࿾ၞߩዊ␠࡮ၴ߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ႐ߣߒߡᵴ↪ߐ ࠇߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ⸽᣿ߔࠆ㧚 ߎߩ․ᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆߩߪએਅߩ6 ઙߢ޽ࠆ㧚 Ⴎ┖␹␠㧔౮⌀12㧕㧘ฎᤐᣣ␹␠᜙Ლ㧘⧯ች␹␠㧘 ർਯᵮⷰ㖸ၴ㧘Ⴎደ࿾⬿ၴ㧘᧻ựイ࡮ఽች᜙Ლ ߎࠇࠄߩ߁ߜ㧘ฎᤐᣣ␹␠᜙Ლߣ⧯ች␹␠ߪ㧘߫ߞߚࠅ ᐥ᧍ߩ਄ㇱࠍ〡ߨ਄ߍᑼߩ᧼ᚭߣߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚  ৻ᣇ㧘ဈᧄ↸ߩዊ␠࡮ၴߪⵝ㘼⊛ⷐ⚛ߦ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ㧚․ ߦ੽სߩ೨ᩇߩ㓈஻ߪ㧘ᄤ੗ߦᴪߞߡિ߮ࠆ㔕ᒻᢥ᭽ߩᧁ 㥦ߦࠃࠅ㧘ᄢ߈ߊജᒝ޿㧚ߎࠇߪઁߩ࿾ၞߩዊ␠࡮ၴߦߪ ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿․ᓽߢ޽ࠆ㧚  ኹ㒮ᧄၴߩ᧪ㄫᩇߩ㓈஻ߩ㓈ᧁࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߡ㧘૞ߞߚߩ ߢߪߥ޿߆ߣផ᷹ߢ߈ࠆ㧚 ߎߩ․ᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆߩߪએਅߩ5 ઙߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ਅ㎨ἑⷰ㖸ၴ㧘⽿ߩ߅ች㧘ਛ⇌ⷰ㖸ၴ㧘 ਄⪲ᧁ᳁␹ၴ㧔౮⌀13㧕㧘ਅ⪲ᧁⷰ㖸ၴ   ౮⌀12 Ⴎ┖␹␠    ౮⌀ 13 ਄⪲ᧁ᳁␹ၴ 4.6  ᚸုᧁ  ㅢᏱߩုᧁߪ㈩ઃုᧁߣ๭߫ࠇ㧘૑ቛᑪ▽߿ኹ␠ᑪ▽ߥ ߤߢᐢߊ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚৻ᣇ㧘ਛ਎એ᧪ߩኹ㒮ᑪ▽᭽ᑼ ߢ޽ࠆ⑎ቬ᭽㧘ᄢ੽᭽ߢߪ㧘ုᧁ߇᡼኿⁁ߦ㈩ߐࠇࠆᚸု

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౎ઍᏒౝᑪㅧ‛ߩᖅ⊝⺞ᩏ㧔᫪ጊቇ㧕 ᧁ㧘㓈ᚸုᧁ߇↪޿ࠄࠇߚ㧚 ੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ㧘౎ઍᏒౝߦᚸုᧁࠍ૶↪ߒߚኹ㒮ᑪ▽ ߇4 ઙ㧘⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ㧚એਅߦ⸥ߔ㧚 ⷰⴕኹੑ㊀㐷ߩ਄ጀደᩮ㧔౮⌀14㧕㧘శᓼኹ㏹ᭈ㧘 ᴺベኹ㏹ᭈ㧔౮⌀15㧕㧘ቬⷡኹ㏹ᭈ  ޿ߕࠇ߽㏹ᭈ㧘㏹ᭈ㐷ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᧄၴߥߤߩᄢⷙᮨߥᑪ▽ ‛ߦᚸုᧁߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ㧚  ⷰⴕኹੑ㊀㐷ߪ਄ጀߩደᩮߩߺ߇ᚸုᧁߢ㧘ਅጀߩደᩮ ߪ㈩ઃုᧁߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ߎࠇࠄ4 ઙߩ߁ߜ㧘ቬⷡኹ㏹ᭈߪ 2010㧔ᐔᚑ 22㧕ᐕߩౣ ᑪߢㄭᐕߩᑪ⸳ߢ޽ࠆ㧚߹ߚቬⷡኹ㏹ᭈߪⵑ⣶㏹ᭈߢ޽ࠆ ߇㧘ߎࠇ߽ㄭᐕߩᑪ⸳ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⠨ᘦߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ ޿߇㧘౎ઍᏒౝߢߪᢙዋߥ޿ᒻᑼߢ޽ࠅ㧘ቬⷡኹߩઁߪᧄ ᚑኹߩߺߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ౮⌀14 ⷰⴕኹੑ㊀㐷    ౮⌀ 15 ᴺベኹ㏹ᭈ 4.7 ᣿ᴦߩഃᑪ␹␠ߣદ᧲ᔘᄥ  ␹੽ಽ㔌઎㧔1868㧔ᘮᔕ 3㧕㧕ࠍ⚻ߡ㧘1871㧔᣿ᴦ 4㧕ᐕ㧘 ࿖ኅࠍቬ␢ߣߔࠆ␹␠ᡷᱜ11߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ㧔ᄥ᡽ቭᏓ๔╙ 234,235㧕㧚࿖ኅߦࠃࠅ␹␠ߩㅧ༡߇⛔೙ߐࠇࠆਛ㧘᣿ᴦᤨઍ ߦഃᑪߐࠇߚᚲ⻐ഃᑪ␹␠ߪ⑂␹ߩᕈᩰߦࠃߞߡ 9 ߟߦಽ 㘃ߢ߈ࠆ12㧚ߎߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩ৻ߟ߇ޟᑪᱞਛ⥝ߩߚ߼ߦዧߊߒ ߚᄤ⊞࡮⊞ᣖ࡮ഞ⤿ࠍᢘઔߔࠆߚ߼ߩ␹␠ޠߢ㧘౎ઍᏒౝ ߩ౎ઍၔ㧔᧻ᳯၔ㧕ᧄਣ〔ߦ1883㧔᣿ᴦ 16㧕ᐕߦᑪ⸳ߐࠇ ߚ౎ઍች㧔౮⌀16㧕ߪ㧘ߎߩ࠲ࠗࡊߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆ㧚  ౎ઍችߪ㧘ධᦺᣇߩᓕ⷏዁ァ࡮ᙬ⦟ⷫ₺ߣ⦟ᚑⷫ₺ࠍ␢ ࠆ␹␠ߢ㧘┫Ꮏߩ⠉ᐕߦ㎾ᐳߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ో࿖ߩᑪᱞਛ⥝ ච੖␠ߩ৻ߟߢቭᐊਛ␠ߢ޽ࠆ㧚  ߎߩᒰᤨ㧘␹␠ߩᩰᑼൻ࡮ᐨ೉ൻࠍㅴ߼ࠆ਄ߢ㧘ቭᐊᄢ࡮ ਛ࡮ዊ␠ߩᮡḰ⸳⸘ߣߥࠆ೙㒢࿑㧔࿑4㧕߇૞ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚 ⮮ේᕺᵗ࡮㕍ᧁ␭੺ਔ᳁ߩ⎇ⓥ13ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘1873㧔᣿ᴦ 6㧕 ᐕߦߪቢᚑߒ㧘1875㧔᣿ᴦ 8㧕ߦᧁ ೚ࠅߦࠃࠅⶄ⵾㧘ᴺⷙ ߣߒߡ᣿ᢥൻߐࠇࠆߩߪ1889㧔᣿ᴦ 22㧕ᐕߩౝോ⋭⸠╙ 642 ߦ߅޿ߡߢ޽ࠆ㧚  ೙㒢࿑ߩ㈩⟎࿑ߩ․ᓽߪ㧘ਛ㐷ߟ߈ߩㅘ႖㧘㠽ዬߟ߈ߩ ౝ₹၂㧘㠽ዬߟ߈ߩᄖ₹၂ߢਃ㗔ၞൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆὐߦ޽ࠆ㧚 ౎ઍችߪㅘ႖㧘ਛ㐷ߟ߈ߩㅘ႖㧘㠽ዬߟ߈ߩ₹၂ߢਃ㗔ၞ ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚߹ߚ౎ઍችߩᧄᲚ㧘᜙Ლߪ㧘ฦޘ㧘ቭᐊਛ ␠ߩ೙㒢࿑ߩߣ߅ࠅ㧘ᧄᲚߪਃ㑆ੑ㕙ߩᵹㅧ㧘᜙Ლߪਃ㑆 ਃ㕙ߩ౉Უደㅧߢ޽ࠆ㧚౎ઍችߩᑪ▽ߪ㧘ᗧඅ╬ߦ⋧㆑ߪ ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘߅߅ࠃߘ೙㒢࿑ࠍㆡ↪ߒߡ૞ࠄࠇߚߣផ᷹ߢ ࿑4 ቭᐊਛ␠ ೙㒢࿑㧔㈩⟎࿑㧕 㧔಴ౖ દ᧲ᔘᄥ㧦ޟᣣᧄ␹␠ᑪ▽ߩ⊒㆐㧔ਅ㧕ޠ㧘ᑪ▽㔀⹹㧘 ╙174 ภ㧘p.11㧔1901㧕㧚㧕    ౮⌀16 ౎ઍች    ౮⌀ 17 ᖗ⌀ኹᓮ㔤Ლ ߈ࠆ㧚  ৻ᣇ㧘ᒰᤨߎߩ೙㒢࿑ࠍᛕ್ߒߡ޿ߚੱ‛߇ᑪ▽ኅ࡮દ ᧲ᔘᄥ㧔1867-1954㧕ߢ޽ࠆ㧚દ᧲ߪޟᣣᧄ␹␠ᑪ▽ߩ⊔㆐ 㧔ਅ㧕ޠ㧔1901㧔᣿ᴦ 34㧕㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘೙㒢࿑ߪޟᚒ࿡ᑪ▽ߩ ᒻᑼࠍ৻ᓞߩ߽ߩߣߒ㧘න⺞ߩ߽ߩߣߔࠆߦㆊ߉ߥ޿ޠߣ ㅀߴ㧘ޟ৻⒳ߩዅ෩ࠍ᦭ߔࠆޠޟ␹␠ࠄߒ޿ߣ੔߁᪯ઙޠࠍ ޟቇⴚ⊛ߦ⎇ⓥߒޠ㧘ޟ⊒⷗ޠߔࠆᔅⷐࠍਥᒛߔࠆޕߎߩ᧦ ઙࠍ஻߃ࠆ㒢ࠅߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ޟᑪ▽ኅࠍߒߡలಽߦ⥄ኅߩᗧ අࠍ⊔឴ߔࠆߩ⥄↱ࠍᓧߖߒ߼ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ޠߣਥᒛ ߔࠆ14㧚  ߎߩદ᧲ᔘᄥ߇㧘ᄸㆄߦ߽ᙬ⦟ⷫ₺ߩ⪄ឭᚲ࡮ᖗ⌀ኹߩ ᓮ㔤Ლ㧔1921㧔ᄢᱜ 10㧕㧕㧔౮⌀ 17㧕ࠍ⸳⸘ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚દ᧲ ߩઍ⴫૞ߩ߭ߣߟ㧘᣿ᴦ␹ች㧔1920㧔ᄢᱜ 9㧕㧕ࠍᚻដߌߡ ޿ߚᒰᤨߩ૞ຠߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᒰᤨ㧘દ᧲ߪߎߩ᣿ᴦ␹ችᑪ⸳ࠍ ᄾᯏߦᚲ⻐ޟ␹␠ᧁㅧ⺰ޠࠍዷ㐿ߒߡ޿ߚ㧚 ೙㒢࿑ᛕ್ߪ㧘⥄ࠄਥᒛߒߡ޿ߚޟᑪ▽ㅴൻ⺰ޠߦၮߠ ޿ߡ޿ߚ㧘ߣ⸒ߞߡࠃ޿߇㧘␹␠ߪᧁㅧߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ ޿㧘ߣ޿߁ޟ␹␠ᧁㅧ⺰ޠߩ┙႐ߦォะߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘 ␹␠ᑪ▽ࠍᑪ▽ㅴൻߩ଀ᄖߣߒߡ૏⟎ߠߌࠆߦ⥋ࠆ15㧚 ৻ᣇ㧘ኹ㒮ᑪ▽ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘⁛⥄ߩᱧผⷰߦၮߠ߈㧘▽ ࿾ᧄ㗿ኹ㧔1934㧔ᤘ๺ 9㧕㧕ߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆ⁛ഃ⊛ߥ૞ຠࠍ⸳ ⸘ߒߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒߎߩᖗ⌀ኹᓮ㔤Ლߪᧁㅧߢ޽ࠅ㧘᳿ߒߡ⁛ ഃ⊛ߣߪ⸒߃ߥ޿૞ຠߢ޽ࠆ㧚  ㄭઍኹ␠ᑪ▽ߣߘߩઍ⴫⊛ᑪ▽ኅ࡮દ᧲ᔘᄥߩ⎇ⓥߩ৻ ┵ߣߒߡ㧘౎ઍᏒౝߩߎߩ 2 ઙߩኹ␠ᑪ▽ߩ੹ᓟߩ⹦⚦ߥ

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⎇ⓥ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇㧘੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠅℂ⸃ߢ߈ߚ㧚 4.8 㑐᧲ᄢ㔡ἴᓟߩ㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧᩞ⥢  ୖᐶ㧘Ꮏ႐ࠍ㒰ߊ৻⥸⊛ߥᑪ▽‛ߦ㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧ ߇ណ↪ߐࠇߚᣣᧄߢೋ߼ߡߩ੐଀ߪ㧘㆙⮮ᣈ⪁㧔1866-1943㧕 ⸳⸘ߩਃ੗‛↥ᮮᵿᡰᐫ㧔1911㧔᣿ᴦ 44㧕㧕ߢ޽ࠆ16 ߘߩᓟ㧘㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧߪ㧘㑐᧲ᄢ㔡ἴ㧔1923㧔ᄢ ᱜ12㧕.9.1㧕ࠍᄾᯏߣߒߡ㧘ߘߩ⠴㔡ᕈߦ⌕⋡ߐࠇ㧘ᵹᏓߔ ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚 ᧲੩Ꮢ߇⸳⸘ࠍᚻដߌߚ৻ㅪߩᓳ⥝ዊቇᩞ߽㧘㋕╭ࠦࡦ ࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧߢ޽ߞߚ㧚ᓳ⥝ዊቇᩞߪ㧘࠺ࠩࠗࡦ⊛ߦߪ㧘ᒰ ᤨߩ⷏ᵗߦ߅ߌࠆ࠼ࠗ࠷⴫⃻ਥ⟵ࠍ෻ᤋߒߡ޿ߚ㧚 ౎ઍᏒౝߦᱷሽߔࠆ 2 ઙߩ㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧᩞ⥢㧘ઍ 㓁ዊቇᩞ╙ਃᩞ⥢㧔1923㧔ᄢᱜ 12㧕㧕㧔౮⌀ 18㧕㧘ᬀᩉዊቇ ᩞᣥ⻠ၴ㧔1925㧔ᄢᱜ 14㧕㧕㧔౮⌀ 19㧕ߪ㧘߹ߐߦᓳ⥝ዊቇ ᩞߣหᤨઍߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ೨⠪ߪᧄ᧪ᧁㅧߢ⸘↹ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߽ߩࠍㅜਛߢ㋕╭ࠦࡦ ࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧߦᄌᦝߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒߎߩᄌᦝߪ 1922㧔ᄢᱜ 11㧕ᐕ 1 ᦬ 23 ᣣߩߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘⌕Ꮏ߽หᐕ 8 ᦬ 11 ᣣߩߎߣ ߢ޽ࠆ17߆ࠄ㧘㑐᧲ᄢ㔡ἴ߇ᄾᯏߢߪߥ޿㧚ߎࠇߪᾢᧄ⋵ౝ ߢᦨೋߩ㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧᩞ⥢ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ৻ᣇᓟ⠪ߪ㑐᧲ᄢ㔡ἴࠍᄾᯏߣߒߡ㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧ ࠍㆬᛯߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 หᤨઍߩ㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧᩞ⥢ߣߒߡߪ㧘ᾢᧄ⋵ౝߦ ߪ࠙ࠖ࡝ࠕࡓ࡮ࡔ࡟࡞࡮ࡧࠜ࡯࡝࠭㧔1880-1964㧕⸳⸘ߩ਻ Ꮊቇ㒮㜞╬ቇᩞࡉ࡜࠙ࡦ⸥ᔨ⻠ၴ㧔1925㧔ᄢᱜ 14㧕㧕㧘࡚ࠫ ࠪࡘࠕ࡮H࡮ࡧࠜ࡯ࠥ࡞⸳⸘ߩ਻Ꮊᅚቇ㒮㜞╬ቇᩞᧄ㙚㧔1926 㧔ᄢᱜ15㧕㧕߇਄ߍࠄࠇࠆ㧚 ౎ઍߩ2 ଀ߪ㧘ᣣᧄ࠮ࡔࡦ࠻␠౎ઍᎿ႐㧔1890㧔᣿ᴦ 23㧕 ᠲᬺ㧕ࠃࠅ࠮ࡔࡦ࠻ࠍ㧘೨⠪ߪነ⿅ࠍฃߌ18㧘ᓟ⠪ߪഀ቟ߢ ⾼౉ߔࠆ19ߎߣߢ㧘ታ⃻ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ߎߩ 2 ઙߩᩞ⥢ߪ㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧᩞ⥢᥉෸ߩᄾᯏߣ ߥߞߚ㑐᧲ᄢ㔡ἴߩฦޘ㧘⋥೨ߣ⋥ᓟߩᑪ⸳ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᒰᤨ ߩ᭴ㅧ⊛ⷐ᳞ࠍ෻ᤋߒߡ޿ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ߘߩታ⃻ߪ࿾ၞߩ ↥ᬺߦࠃߞߡน⢻ߣߥߞߚߩߢ޽ߞߚ㧚 ౮⌀18 ઍ㓁ዊቇᩞ╙ਃᩞ⥢ ౮⌀ 19 ᬀᩉዊቇᩞᣥ⻠ၴ 4.9 ᄢᱜ10 ᐕઍߩᐞ૗ቇൻߐࠇߚฎౖਥ⟵ᑪ▽ ઍ㓁ዊቇᩞߣᬀᩉዊቇᩞߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦߪ㧘ฎౖਥ⟵ᑪ▽ߩ ࠺ࠩࠗࡦࡕ࠴࡯ࡈࠍᐞ૗ቇൻ࡮න⚐ൻ࡮ࠕ࡟ࡦࠫߔࠆㄭઍ ⊛ᘒᐲߦࠃߞߡᚑࠅ┙ߟ㧚 ೨⠪ߦߪᱜᣇᒻߣ㐳ᣇᒻߩ㗵✼߆ࠄߥࠆ㌃Ⱜ⣻㧘ု⋥✢ ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߚࡈ࡝࡯࠭ߣࠕ࡯ࠠ࠻࡟࡯ࡧ㧘ᓟ⠪ߦߪ㧘ᩇ㗡 ߇⽾ㅢߔࠆࡍ࠹ࠖࡔࡦ࠻㧘ო㕙ߩု⋥✢ᮨ᭽ߣࠕ࡯࠴ߩ⚵ ߺวࠊߖ㧘ࡕ࡞࠲࡞ߢ┱⠀⋡᧼ᒛࠅߦ⷗ߖ߆ߌߚ⣶ო㧘྾ ⷺ㍙⁁ߩⵝ㘼ࠍᜬߟᩇ㗡㧘ߘߩઁߩု⋥✢ߦࠃࠆࠗࡦ࠹࡝ ࠕ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ㧔౮⌀20㧕ߥߤ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘ࡕ࠳࠾࠭ࡓ߇ᵹⴕߔࠆ೨ߩㆊᐲ⊛ߥ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ ߢ޽ࠅ㧘౎ઍᏒౝߦᱷሽߔࠆߎߩᤨઍߩઁߩㄭઍᑪ▽ߦ߽㧘 ห᭽ߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦᔒะ߇ુࠊࠇࠆ㧚 ᱜ㕙ო㕙ࠍ㗵✼ߢ✼ขࠆ਻Ꮊ⵾⚕ᷓ᳓⊒㔚ᚲ㧔1921㧔ᄢ ᱜ10㧕㧕߿㧘ࡔ࠳࡛ࠗࡦ࡮ᚱ㘼ࠅࠍᐞ૗ቇൻߒߚᩇ㗡㧘྾ⷺ ㍙⁁ߩⵝ㘼ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߚᜬㅍࠅ㧔౮⌀ 21㧕ࠍᜬߟᣣᧄ⵾⚕ ౎ઍᎿ႐࡮Ꮏ႐୾ᭉㇱ㧔1925㧔ᄢᱜ 14㧕㧕ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ㄭ㓞ߩ౎ઍ㇭᳖Ꮉ↸ߩᣥ੗⧔㌁ⴕᧄᐫ㧔1925㧔ᄢᱜ 14㧕㧕 ߽㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝࡯࠻ㅧߢ㧘ᐞ૗ቇ⊛ߥᚱ㘼ࠅ㧘྾ⷺ㍙⁁ߩ ⵝ㘼㧘ု⋥✢ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߚᩇ㗡߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 ౎ઍᏒౝߦߪ㧘ᐞ૗ቇൻߐࠇߚ᭽ᑼᑪ▽ߣ޿ߞߚ౒ㅢߔ ࠆ࠺ࠩࠗࡦᔒะࠍᜬߞߚᄢᱜ10 ᐕઍߩ੐଀߇㧘ᄙߊሽ࿷ߒ ߡ޿ࠆ㧘ߣ⸒߃ࠆ㧚     ౮⌀20 ᬀᩉዊቇᩞᣥ⻠ၴ ౮⌀ 21 ᣣᧄ⵾⚕౎ઍᎿ႐࡮ 1819Ꮏ႐୾ᭉㇱ 㧡. ߹ߣ߼  ฃ⸤⎇ⓥޟᑪㅧ‛ᵴ↪㧔߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈ᑪ▽ࡑ࠶ࡊ૞ᚑ㧕ᬺ ോޠߩᚑᨐߣߒߡ㧘౎ઍᏒౝߩਥⷐߥᑪㅧ‛ࠍᖅ⊝⺞ᩏߒ㧘 ߘߩ⃻⁁ࠍᛠីߒߚ㧚  ᧄⓂߩ೨ඨߢߪ㧘ߘߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐࠍᵴ↪ߒߚޟ߹ߜ޽ࠆ߈ ౎ઍߚߡ߽ߩࡑ࠶ࡊޠߥߤߦߟ޿ߡႎ๔ߒߚ㧚  ᧄⓂߩᓟඨߢߪ㧘ߎߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄᓧߚ౎ઍᏒౝߩᑪㅧ ‛ߦ⷗಴ߐࠇࠆ․ᕈߩ߁ߜ㧘․ߦᑪ▽‛ߦ㒢ࠅ㧘9 ὐࠍ਄ߍ ߚ㧚ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘න૕ߣߒߡߩฦᑪ▽‛ߩ․ᓽߢߪߥߊ㧘ⶄ ᢙߩᑪ▽‛ߦ౒ㅢߒߡ㧘߹ߚߪኻᲧ⊛ߦ⏕⹺ߢ߈ߚὐߢ޽ ࠆ㧚ߘࠇࠄߩਛߦߪ㧘౎ઍᏒౝߩฦ࿾ၞߩ࿾ၞ․ᕈߣߺࠄ ࠇࠆὐ߇޽ߞߚ㧚ߎߩ႐ว㧘㓞ធߔࠆ౎ઍ㇭᳖Ꮉ↸ߩᑪ▽ ‛ࠍෳᾖߔࠆߎߣߢ⏕⹺ߐࠇࠆ․ᕈ߽޽ߞߚ㧚  ߎ߁ߒߚ࿾ၞ․ᕈߪᖅ⊝⺞ᩏߦࠃߞߡߩߺ⏕⹺ߢ߈ࠆ߽ ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ផ᷹ߩ▸࿐ࠍ಴ࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿㧚੹࿁⏕⹺ߢ ߈ߚ․ᕈߪ㧘੹ᓟߩ⹦⚦ߥ⺞ᩏߩߚ߼ߩᚻ߇߆ࠅߣߒ㧘ߎ ࠇࠄࠍ〯߹߃ߡᦝߥࠆ⺞ᩏࠍ⛮⛯ߒߚ޿㧚 ߹ߚ੹࿁ੑᰴ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚኹ␠ᑪ▽ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘೎Ⓜߢ ขࠅ਄ߍࠆߎߣߣߔࠆ㧚 

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౎ઍᏒౝᑪㅧ‛ߩᖅ⊝⺞ᩏ㧔᫪ጊቇ㧕 ⻢ㄉ㧦౎ઍᏒᢥൻ߹ߜߠߊࠅ⺖㧘ጊፒ៨᳁㧔ห⺖㧕㧘ේ↰⡨ ᣿᳁㧔౎ઍᏒⅣႺㇱ㧕㧘ߥࠄ߮ߦ⺞ᩏߏදജ޿ߚߛ޿ߚฦ᳁ ߦᓮ␞↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ㧚 㧔ᐔᚑ24 ᐕ 9 ᦬ 25 ᣣฃઃ㧕 㧔ᐔᚑ24 ᐕ 10 ᦬ 15 ᣣฃℂ㧕 ᵈ 1 ᫪ጊቇ࡮⏷↰▵ሶ㧦ޟޟ߿ߟߒࠈᑪ▽ MAPޠߩ૞ᚑߦ㑐ߔ ࠆႎ๔ߣᑪ▽ࠍㅢߒߡℂ⸃ߐࠇߚ౎ઍߩ․ᓽޠ㧘౎ઍ㜞ኾ♿ ⷐ㧘╙29 ภ㧘pp.39-46㧔2007㧕㧚 2 ደᩮࠍੑ㊀ߦߒ㧘ਅጀߩደᩮࠍਅደߩࠃ߁ߦ๟࿐ߦ࿁ߒߚ ደᩮ㧚౅ߩ㍧ߦᒻ⁁߇ૃߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄޟߒߎࠈደᩮޠߣ ๭߱㧚ኡᢥ8 ᐕ઎ਅߢߪ਄ጀߩደᩮࠍ㑆ญਃ㑆ߦ⚊߼ࠆ㧚 3 የ㆏ᑪੑ࡮ർ㊁㓉㧦ޟరᢥ 5 ᐕߩ⢈ᓟ⮲ߦ߅ߌࠆᵺ࿯⌀ቬ ኹ㒮ᑪ▽ߩᐻቶߦߟ޿ߡޠ㧘ᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળ਻Ꮊᡰㇱ⎇ⓥႎ ๔㧘╙36 ภ㧘pp.361-364㧔1997.3㧕㧚 4 ౎ઍᏒᢥൻ߹ߜߠߊࠅ⺖ࠃࠅ㧧1887㧔᣿ᴦ 20㧕ᐕ㧚 5 ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ળ࡮⍹Ꮉᗲㇹ㧦ޟ౎ઍ㇭ผޠ㧘⥃Ꮉᦠᐫ㧘p.560 㧔1927㧕߅ࠃ߮౎ઍᏒᢥൻ߹ߜߠߊࠅ⺖ࠃࠅ㧧1885㧔᣿ᴦ 18㧕ᐕ㗃㧚 6 ห਄㧘p.638㧧1880㧔᣿ᴦ 13㧕ᐕ㧚 7 የ㆏ᑪੑ࡮ർ㊁㓉㧦ޟᾢᧄ⋵౎ઍᏒߩᴺベኹᧄၴߦߟ޿ߡ (2)ޠ㧘ᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળਛ࿖࡮਻Ꮊᡰㇱ⎇ⓥႎ๔㧘╙ 10 ภ㧘 pp.561-564㧔1996.3㧕㧚 8 2011 ᐕ 11 ᦬ 22 ᣣߩ⃻࿾⺞ᩏࠃࠅ㧚 9 ଀߃߫૑ศ␹␠㧚     ౮⌀22 ૑ศ␹␠ 10 ਅ↰㓷ሶ࡮ർ㊁㓉㧦ޟ౎ઍၔਅ↸ߩ↸ੱ࿾ߦߺࠄࠇࠆ␠࡮ ၴߦߟ޿ߡޠ㧘ᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળ਻Ꮊᡰㇱႎ๔㧘╙36 ภ㧘 pp.365-368㧔1997.3㧕㧚 11 㕍ᧁ␭੺㧦ޟޟ␹␠ᑪဝ೙㒢ޠ೙ቯߩ⢛᥊ߦߟ޿ߡ̆᣿ᴦ ೋᦼߦ߅ߌࠆቭ⾌༡❲ߩ⻉⋧̆ޠ㧘ᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળ⸘↹♽⺰ᢥ 㓸㧘╙548 ภ㧘pp.251-256㧔2001.10㧕㧚㧧ޟ␹␠ᡷᱜޠߪ㕍ᧁ ᳁ߩ๭⒓㧚 12 ⮮ේᕺᵗ㧦ޟഃᑪ␹␠ߩᗧඅ․ᕈߣᓳฎਥ⟵⊛ᗧඅߩഃ಴ ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤ̆೙㒢࿑᭽ᑼߣഃᑪ␹␠ߩᗧඅߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ (2)ޠ㧘ᣣᧄ࠺ࠩࠗࡦቇળ࠺ࠩࠗࡦቇ⎇ⓥ㧘╙ 91 ภ㧘pp.61-68 㧔1992㧕㧧ޟഃᑪ␹␠ޠߪ⮮ේ᳁ߩ๭⒓㧚ഃᑪ␹␠ߩಽ㘃ߪ ᒰ⺰ᢥߦ߅޿ߡ᧛਄㊀⦟㧦ޟ࿖ኅ␹㆏ޠ㧘ጤᵄᦠᐫ㧔1970㧕 ࠃࠅᒁ↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚 13 ⮮ේᕺᵗ㧦ޟ᣿ᴦᦼ೙㒢࿑ߩ೙ቯ⚻✲ߣᗧඅⷙ೙ߦ㑐ߔࠆ ⠨ኤ̆೙㒢࿑᭽ᑼߣഃᑪ␹␠ߩᗧඅߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ(1)ޠ㧘 pp.53-60㧔1992㧕㧚ߥࠄ߮ߦ㧘㕍ᧁ␭੺㧦ޟ೙㒢࿑ߩ૞ᚑㆊ⒟ ߣߘߩᚑ┙ᤨᦼߦߟ޿ߡޠ㧘ᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળ⸘↹♽⺰ᢥ㓸㧘╙ 546 ภ㧘pp.261-267㧔2001.8㧕㧚 14 દ᧲ᔘᄥ㧦ޟᣣᧄ␹␠ᑪ▽ߩ⊔㆐㧔ਅ㧕ޠ㧘ᑪ▽㔀⹹㧘╙174 ภ㧘pp.3-15㧔1901㧕㧚 15 ਣጊ⨃㧦ޟદ᧲ᔘᄥߣ␹␠ᑪ▽ ᣿ᴦએ㒠ߩ␹␠ᑪ▽ߦ⷗ ࠆ࿖᳃᭽ᑼߩ⥝੢ޠ㧘ᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળᄢળቇⴚ⻠Ṷ᪪᭎㓸㧘 pp.2037-2038㧔1979㧕㧚ߥࠄ߮ߦ㧘⮮ේᕺᵗ㧦ޟદ᧲ᔘᄥߦ߅ ߌࠆ␹␠ᑪ▽ⷰߩᄌㆫ ᣣᧄㄭઍᑪ▽ߦ߅ߌࠆ㧨๺㘑㧪ߩ ᭽ᑼൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ㧔3㧕ޠ㧘ᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળቇⴚ⻠Ṷ᪪᭎㓸㧘 pp.769-770㧔1989㧕㧚 16 ⮮᫪ᾖା㧦ޟᣣᧄߩㄭઍᑪ▽㧔ਅ㧕̆ᄢᱜ࡮ᤘ๺▻ޠ㧘ጤ ᵄᣂᦠ㧘p.46㧔1993㧕㧚 17 ጊᧄ᣽ብ࡮ർ㊁㓉㧦ޟ౎ઍᏒ┙ઍ㓁ዊቇᩞߩ㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࡝ ࡯࠻ㅧᩞ⥢ߦߟ޿ߡޠ㧘ᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળ਻Ꮊᡰㇱ⎇ⓥႎ๔㧘╙ 36 ภ㧘pp.421-424㧔1997㧕㧚 18 ห਄㧚 19 ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧦ޟᾢᧄ⋵ߩㄭઍൻㆮ↥̆ㄭઍൻㆮ↥✚ ว⺞ᩏႎ๔̆ޠ㧘ᾢᧄ⋵ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧘p.165㧔1999㧕㧚

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