Industrial applications,
namely hydrogen (the fuel of the future)
production and storage
Energy contents of different fuels
Advantages and benefits of development hydrogen-energy technologies
could prevent global warming;
ensure energy security for countries without adequate energy resources;
would provide energy for transportation and electric power;
is a unique energy carrier, as it can be produced from various energy
sources such as wind, fossil fuels and biomass;
when it is combusted, it emits no CO
2emissions;
the wide distribution of resources globally that can be used to produce
hydrogen.
Basic Hydrogen Strategy in Japan
https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2017/pdf/1226_003a.pdf
Revised Strategic Roadmap for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. The roadmap has been organized into three phases: Phase 1—Installation of fuel cells; Phase 2—Hydrogen power plant/mass supply chain; Phase 3—CO2-free hydrogen.
Basic Hydrogen Strategy in Japan
The upper row contains the technologies related to the supply of hydrogen, namely the international hydrogen supply chain and domestic power-to-gas. The lower row presents the technologies on the demand side, namely hydrogen power generation and hydrogen mobility.
Ongoing projects of METI and NEDO
Concept of the hydrogen supply chain
http://www.hystra.or.jp/dist/pdf/pamphlet-en.pdf
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Australia and Japan
http://www.hystra.or.jp/dist/pdf/pamphlet-en.pdf
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Australia and Japan
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Australia and Japan
http://www.hystra.or.jp/dist/pdf/pamphlet-en.pdf
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Brunei and Japan
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Brunei and Japan – cont’d
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Brunei and Japan – cont’d
AHEAD to begin supply of hydrogen from Brunei to Japan in January 2020
The Advanced Hydrogen Energy Chain Association for Technology Development (AHEAD), an association composed of four industry-leading companies from Japan, will begin the
world’s first international supply of hydrogen from Brunei to Japan in January 2020.
AHEAD’s members are Mitsubishi Corporation, shipper Nippon Yusen, engineering company Chiyoda and trading company Mitsui & Co., Ltd. Funding is provided by Japan’s New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), to conduct research and develop plans for hydrogen supply chains to Japan.
The project entails building a hydrogenation plant in Brunei Darussalam and a dehydrogenation plant in Kawasaki’s coastal region of Japan using Chiyoda’s SPERA Hydrogen Technology. Hydrogen will be sourced in Brunei and transported by ship to Kawasaki in liquid form at ambient temperature and pressure. Hydrogen gas will then be extracted from the liquid in Kawasaki and supplied to consumers.
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Brunei and Japan- cont’d
The hydrogen in Brunei will be produced by steam reforming. It’s then mixed with toluene to convert it to methylcyclohexane (MCH) and cooled at -253 ˚C to become a flammable but non-explosive liquid — a process quite similar to liquefying natural gas, which happens at -162 ˚C.
In Japan, hydrogen is extracted from MCH by a dehydrogenation reaction and supplied as hydrogen gas.
The project is demonstrative and is scheduled to be operational for a year, with 210 tonnes of hydrogen expected to be supplied to Japan which can power some 40,000 fuel cell vehicles.
AHEAD to begin supply of hydrogen from Brunei to Japan in January 2020
SPERA HYDROGEN:
The name SPERA derives from the Latin word for “hope”. Chiyoda Corporation chose the name to represent its desire for hydrogen technology to give people around the world the hope they need to build a better future.
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Brunei and Japan- cont’d
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Brunei and Japan- cont’d
Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Pilot Project between Brunei and Japan- cont’d
Hydrogen production technologies
Hydrogen production technologies – cont’d
Hydrocarbon reforming (Catalytic processes)
Hydrogen production technologies – cont’d
Catalysis Today 139 (2009) 244–260
The commonly used catalysts include
Ni, Co, Ir, Pd, or Ru metal(s) supported
on metal oxides, such as Al
2O
3, CeO
2,
MgO and TiO
2!
Non-reforming hydrogen production - Hydrogen from biomass
Hydrogen production technologies – cont’d
Biomass is available from a wide range of sources such as animal wastes, municipal solid wastes, crop residues, short rotation woody crops, agricultural wastes, sawdust, aquatic plants, short rotation herbaceous species (i.e. switch grass), waste paper, corn, and many more.
For hydrogen generation, the current biomass technologies include: gasification, pyrolysis, conversion to liquid fuels by supercritical extraction, liquefaction, hydrolysis, etc. followed in some cases by reformation, and biological hydrogen production.
Superheated steam(900°C) has been used to reform dried biomass to achieve high hydrogen yields as seen in below Figure.
Gasification, even at high temperatures of 800–1000 ° C, produces a significant amount of tar in the product gas.
Therefore, a secondary reactor, which utilizes calcined dolomite or nickel catalysts, is used to catalytically clean and upgrade the product gas.
Ideally, oxygen should be used in these plants; however, oxygen separation unit operations are cost prohibitive for small-scale plants. This limits the gasifiers to the use of air resulting in significant dilution of the products as well as the production of NOx. Low cost, efficient oxygen separators are needed for this technology.
For hydrogen production, a WGS process can be employed to increase the hydrogen concentration, and then a separation process used to produce pure hydrogen.
Several processes have been proposed to decrease the amount of tar produced in the gasification reactor. For example, the employment of an Rh/CeO2/M (M = SiO2, Al2O3, and ZrO2) catalyst for use in the gasification process has been found to reduce the tar formation.
Hydrogen production technologies – cont’d
Catalysis Today 139 (2009) 244–260
Hydrogen storage technologies
HIGH-PRESSURE GAS COMPRESSION
LIQUEFACTION
ENERGY EXPLORATION & EXPLOITATION ・ Volume 24 ・ Number 3 ・ 2006 pp. 197–209
METAL HYDRIDE STORAGE
Hydrogen storage technologies – cont’d
…and carbon nanotube
Element Weight% Atomic%
C K 64.20 72.64 O K 24.85 21.16 Na K 8.85 5.24 Si K 1.03 0.50 S K 1.08 0.46 Total 100.00 100.01
