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Vection strength is determined by the plausibility of a stimulus as a representation of the world(Symposium 1 : Psychology of self-motion perception,The 31st Annual Meeting)

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The Japanese Psychonomic Society

NII-Electronic Library Service

TheJapanesePsychonomic Society

TheJapaneseJournalofPsychonomi[S[ience

2013,NbL 32,No,1,61-64

Lecture

Vection

strength

is

determined

by

the

plausibility

of

a

stimulus

as

a

representation

ofthe

world

Tbkeharu

SENo

kyushu

Vitiversity

The

previeus

vectien

(illusory

self motion

perception)

studies can

be

explained

by

a one simple rule

that

is

vection strength

is

determined

by

the

plausibility

of a

stimulus

as

arepresentation of

the

world,

When

the

world

ap-pears

to

be

moving, we must make sense of

the

situation,

but

we refuse

to

accept

the

solution

that

the

world

is

mov-ing,

Instead,

we

favor

the

solution

that

we ourselves are moving,

because

we

know

that

our

bodies

are movable, whereas

the

world

is

static,

I

propose

a

hypothesis

that

ve[tion will

be

stronger when a

perceived

visual stimulus rnakes us strongly

infer

amore

plausible

representation of

the

world.

Key

words: vection,

the

plausible

representation

of

the

world

'

Introduction

Exposure

to

avisual motion

field

that

simulates

the

retinal optical

flow

generated

by

selfmovement commonly causes

the

'

perception

of

the

subjective rnovement of one

s

own

body,

This

phenomenen

is

known

as

`vection'

(Fischer

&

Korn-muller,

1930),

FDr

exarnple, when

a

stationary

person

observes a

train

beginning

to

move,

they

are

likely

to

perceive

that

they

are moving

in

the

opposite

directien

to

the

motion of

the

train,

This

phenomenon

is

known

as

the

`train

illusion',

and

provides

a

good

example of vection,

This

article reviews a

wide

range of vection studies conducted over

the

last

several

decades.

The

findings

of recent vection studies

have

elucidated which stimulus attributes are effective

for

vection

induction,

providing

new

insight

into

the

phenomenon.

In

this

article,

I

propose

anew

theoretical

framework

that

can

be

used

to

un-derstand

the

findings

ef

previous

vectien research.

According

to

this

novel

perspective,

we

generally

operate under

the

cog-nitive assumption

that

the

world

is

static.

In

real,

the

world

has

some active and movable

factors,

i.e.

Ieaves

stirred

by

the

wind.

Hewever,

when we assume

the

world, almost all

parts

are static.

Thus

in

this

article,

the

word, world

is

indicating

the

static

part

of

the

reaL

werld,

i.e.

the

mountains and

ground.

Stimuli

appearing

in

awide visual

field

makes us

infer

a

repre-Corresponding

address:

Institute

for

Advanced

StudF

Kyushu

Universitv,

Faculty

of

Design,

ICyushu

University,

Research

Center

for

Applied

Perceptual

Science,

Kyushu

University

E-mail:seno@design.k)rushu-u,ac.jp

copY

sentation

of

the

world.

When

the

world appears

to

be

moving, we must make

sense

of

the

situatien,

but

we refuse

to

accept

the

solution that the world

is

moving

because

almest

al1

parts

of

the

world always are static,

Instead,

we

favor

the

solution

that

we ourselves are moving,

because

we

know

that

our

bodies

are movable,

whereas

the

world

is

static,

I

propose

a

hypothesis

that

vection will

be

stronger when a

perceived

visual sttmulus makes us strongly

infer

a rnore

plausible

representationoftheworld,

Historyofvection

In

1875,

Mach

described

vection

that

was experienced when

he

observed

the

flow

of a river

from

a

bridge

(Mach,

1875).

While

this

is

the

first

published

report,

it

is

likely

that

people

were aware ofthe existence ofvection even

before

this

descrip-tion,

The

history

of

the

scientific measurement of vection,

however,

is

relatively

short,

The

first

scientific experiment examining vection was

performed

in

1973

by

Brandt

and colleagues

(Brandt,

Dichgan$.

&

Koenig,

1973).

Thus,

vection research

has

a

history

of only

40

years.

In

their

first

experi-ment,

Brandt

et

al.

(1973)

used a mechanically-driven

ro-tating

drum

that

subjects

entered

and observed a square-wave modulated

luminance

pattern

inside,

The

researchers

mea-sured

the

su.bjective strength of vection,

its

duration

and

the

subjective speed of selfimotion,

After

Brandt

et aL's

(1973)

initial

studp a number of scientists

in

various

fields

attempted

to

research vection.

Tbmp

oral

properties

of vection

A

certain

duration

of exposure

to

a visua

right

2013.

The

Ja

I

rnotion stirnulus

(2)

The Japanese Psychonomic Society

NII-Electronic Library Service

TheJapanesePsychonomic Society

62

The

Japanese

Journa1

ofPsychonomic

Science

VbL32,

No,

1

is

required

to

induce

vection.

This

period

is

referred

to

as

the

`latency'

of vection, and

has

been

examined

in

sorne studies

(e.g.

Kennedx

Hettinger,

Harm,

Ordp

&

Dunlap,

1996,

etc.),

The

induction

of vection requires

a

latency

of

at

least

one second,

When

subjectively stronger vection

is

obtained,

the

la-tency

tends

to

be

shorter.

Many

studies

have

reported a

latency

of4

to

12

seconds

(e.g.

Bubka,

Bonato,

&

Palmisano,

2Q08),

which

is

considered

to

be

a

typical

latency

range.

The

latency

of vection

can

be

measured

by

instructing

subjects

to

press

a

button

and

hold

it

down

while

they

are

perceiving

vection.

This

procedure

has

remained

largely

the

same

through

the

short

history

of vection research.

Vlection

can

disappear

and reappear

during

long

periods

ef stimulus

presentation.

Thus,

the

cumulative

peried

ofvection

is

also an

important

measure of

the

phenemenon,

referred

to

as

the

`duration' ofvection,

Stronger

vection

is

associated with a

longer

duration.

Latency

and

duration

are almost always negatively correlated

(e.g.

Sene,

Sunaga,

&

Ito,

2010),

Thus,

the

measurement of

latency

and

duration

together

i$

one of

the

most valid methods

for

confirming

the

phenomenon,

and can

be

used as an

index

of

the

strength ofvectien,

Visual

field

and

vection

The

visual

field

and

its

effect on vection

inductien

has

been

a major

topic

of vection research since

the

initial

study

by

Brandt

et aL

(1973),

A

number of studies

have

robustly

re-ported

that

a

wider visual

field

induces

stronger vection

(e.g.

Brandt

et al.,

1973;

Held.

Dichigans

&

Bauer,

1975;

Lestienne,

Soeching,

&

Berthoz,

1977).

In

addition, many reports

have

indicated

that

the

peripheral

visual

field

is

more effective

for

vection

induction

than

the

central visual

field

(Brandt

et al.,

1973;

Held

etal.,

1975;

Johansson,

1977;

Dichgans

&

Brandt,

1978).

Brandt

etal.

(1973)

reported

that

stimuli

presented

to

the

central

30

deg

of

the

visual

field

could not

induce

vection,

However,

stimuli

presented

in

the

peripheral

120

of

the

visual

field

were able

to

induce

strong vection.

In

contrast, seme re-searchers

have

proposed

that

the

important

factor

is

the

area of

presentation,

not

the

position

of

the

stimulus

in

the

yisual

field,

and

that

there

is

no

difference

in

the

ability

to

induce

vection

between

the

peripheral

and central visual

field

(e.g.

Post,

1988).

Post

(1988)

reported

that

no

part

of

visual

field

was more

effective

for

vection

induction

than

others.

Naka-mura

(2006)

suggests

that

the

discrepancy

between

peripheral

and central

visual

fields

reported

in

earlier studies can

be

ex-plained

by

the

perceived

depth

effbct.

That

is,

stimuli

in

the

peripheral

visual

field

may

be

perceived

as

further

away

than

those

in

the

central visual

field,

and vection

is

more efficiently

induced

by

stimuli

that

are

further

awaM

Perceived

depth

is

an

important

factor

for

vection, as

described

in

the

next

sectien.

Stimulus

depth

and

vection

Stimulus

depth

is

one of

the

most

important

factors

in-velved

in

vection.

As

described

above, a number of studies

have

reported

that

stimuli

further

away

induce

stronger

vec-tien

(Delmore

&

Martin,

1986;

Ohmi

&

Howard,

I988;

Howard

&

Heckman,

1989;

Ito

&

Shibata,

2005),

Ito

and

Shi-bata

(2005)

presented

stimuli

that

simultaneously

involved

contraction and expansion, superimposed so

that

one

direc-tion

of movement appeared closeg while

the

other appeared

further

away

Under

these

conditions,

the

further

plane

was

found

to

dominate

the

directien

of vection

induced;

Le.

if

the

expansion appeared

further

away

than

the contraction,

vec-tion

was

induced

in

the

forward

direction,

However,

Naka-mura

and

colleagues reported an exception

to

this

rule

(Naka-mura

&

Shimojo,

2000,

2003;

Nakamura,

2004),

reporting

inyerted

vection

that

was

dominated

by

the

foreground

stimu-lus.

When

foreground

rnotien

was slow and orthogonal

to

the

farther

motion,

it

was

found

to

induce

vection

in

the

same

di-rection as

the

foreground

metion.

Nevertheless,

apart

from

this

exception, vectien

is

censistently reported

to

be

deter-mined

by

the

direction

of

the

farthest

motion

in

avisual

stim-ulus.

The

propesed

plausibility

framework

is

also

able

to

ex-plain

this

feature

of

vectien, since

the

most

plausible

frame

of reference

for

interpreting

the

world

is

the

furthest

away.

Color

and

vection

Bonato

and

Bubka

(2006)

reported

that

a

grating

[onsisting of six

different

colors

is

mere effective

for

vection

induction

than

a

black

and white

grating,

In

addition,

Bubka

and

Bonato

(2elO)

reported

that

a natural scene with color was more effective

for

inducing

vection

than

a natural scene without color,

indicating

that

the

addition of color can

facilitate

vec-tion,

Visual

scenes

in

the

real world are

generally

fi11ed

with color.

Thus,

a colorfu1

stimulus

is

likely

to

be

interpreted

as a more

plausible

representation of

the

world,

and

thus

induce

strongervection,

Seno,

Sunaga

and

Ito

(2010)

compared

the

effectiveness of

red and

green

optic

flows.

The

results revealed

that

red was a relatively

ineffective

color

for

inducing

vection,

while

green

was aseffective

for

inducing

vection asa

grey

stimulus.

(3)

Naka-The Japanese Psychonomic Society

NII-Electronic Library Service

TheJapanesePsychonomic Society

SENo

:

Vection

strength

is

determined

by

the

plausibility

ofa stimulus asarepresentation ofthe werld

63

mura,

Seno,

Ito,

&

Suanga

(2010)

examined

the

effect of stimuli

with

dynamic

color changes on

the

induction

of

vec-tion,

We

u$ed an optic

fiow

with

dots

whose color was changed

between

red and

grey

coherently at

1

Hz

and used an optic

flow

with

dots

whose colors were changed

between

red and

grey

randomlM

The

vection magnitude was

larger

in

the

random condition

than

in

the

ceherent condition.

Dynamic

changes of color are

thought

to

represent color changes of

ob-jects

themselves.

However,

the

coherent color change was

per-ceived as changes

in

illumination

of

the

world,

which may

drastical!y

decrease

the

perception

of

the

stabilityofthe repre-sentation

of

the

world.

The

dynamic

color change

drastically

reduced

the

stability and

the

plausibility

of

the

static not moving world,

Therefore,

dynamic

color changes appear

to

in-hibitvection,

The

object and

background

hypothesis

of

vection

Overall,

the

evidence

discussed

above

indicates

that

vection

is

efficiently

induced

by

astimulus component that

is

inter-preted

as

the

background,

gnd

not

by

stimulus components

that

are

interpreted

as objects

(Sato,

Seno,

Kanaya,

&

Fuka-zawa,

2007).

This

distinction

between

object and

background

appears

to

be

the

critical stimulus

property

determining

the

effecttveness of avection

induction

stirnulus.

The

properties

reported

to

be

associated with

background

are

further

dis-tance,

peripheral

position,

lower

spatial

frequencF

larger

size,

and

green

color,

Closer

distance,

central

position,

higher

spa-tial

frequencM

smaller size

and

red

coler

are

properties

associ-ated with components of astimulus

interpreted

as objects,

I

propose

that

the

perception

of vection

i$

driven

by

representa-tions

of the world.

If

arepresentation of

the

world

has

rnore

plausibi!ity

as

a

frame

of

reference,

it

would

be

expected

to

in-duce

stronger vection.

Plausibility

is

influenced

by

the

proper-ties

of

the

background,

This

hypothesis

was

directly

investi-gated

and

prooyed

in

a

previous

study

(Seno,

Ito

and

Sunaga,

2e09).

Applying

this

hypothesis

allows many aspects of

vec-tion

to

be

understood

in

an

intuitive

manner.

A

novel

perspective

of vection

stimulus

attributes

The

present

article summarized vectien studies

that

have

elucidated

the

stimulus attributes

that

determine

the effective-ness of vection

induction

stimuli,

Overall,

the

findings

dis-cussed suggest

that

the

critical attributes can

be

explained

by

the

object and

background

hypothesis

and

the world

plausi-bility

hypothesis.

That

is,

vection appears

to

be

strengthened

when a

visual

frame

ofreference makes us

infer

a more

plausi-ble

representation efthe $taticworld.

Visual

representations ef

the

world are more

plausible

when

they

appear

to

be

bigger,

further

awaF

peripherally

positioned

and colored.

Vectien

ts

induced

by

attempts

to

make sense of amoving world,

In

this

process,

interpretation$

of visual stimuli change

from

repre-sentatiens of a moving world to representations of a static werld and amoving self

I

propose

that

this

framework

allows vection

to

be

more easily understeod.

Acknowledgements

This

work

is

supported

by

Program

to

Disseminate

Tlenure

Tracking

Systems,

MEXT;

Iapan.

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