日本語母語 EFL学習者のリスニングにおける音声速度の影響

全文

(1)§¨© ª WX«¬. ®¯°. ±²²³´µ¶.

(2) . . .

(3)

(4) . !"#$%&'(#)*

(5) +,-./0. ,

(6) 12

(7) 3456#789:;<=>?>@AB BCD

(8) EFGH1#,

(9)

(10)

(11) 34I6#78JKLMN

(12) J<

(13) OP0K#

(14) ?1QRS'?0K 0TMU=D79VWX91YZ34J[\34]^_`>$abc\d"#78 JeD(f(

(15) 34gh"#78

(16) ijklm>$=D

(17) nFYZ34I6#8 B

(18) op

(19) qr1st>$M\34I6, B

(20)

(21) )OP10'0?K$=7

(22) 78?' B

(23) 1YZ?'\u>v$wxy

(24) z{MEF/|#}~M 5($=. YZ34\34wxy. !"# $ #"%&$&" ' (& ) * ) ' ") "+,-$. / "' ) " 01' . & ¡ ¢£ ¤ ¥ . 2 34. #' ¦ . . ¢ £

(25) ·. .

(26) ÚÛÜ¸ÝÞ. ß à.

(27) !"#$%&' ( )*+,-./012345 67789:;! <=.>?)*@A BC C D 2E 3F C GH%I&JK LMN"OP J'!;QR>?)*+,-Q LM*N";ROP(S T; @UVWC E A 4VX YA Z C 2 [ \4C 2] C E6 7^^ _E Z ` ` Z F 2A677a bc 6778IdG0. e. fC E gZ Vh5 677i9:;!jk lmmn?n?on?p% LM*qr H}I. stu>?)*+,svw@xmyz{. |)*(. vwGLM* ~ l (+sOPJ'Id>?)* u. rIOP T;@f32]67^6_E Z ` ` Z F 2A6 77i 67ÎdG0 . . ¤. >?)*@A BC C D 2âA BC 3ãZ Vh E 3F C G. |)*@3E F Z D ] 3F Z 4VâBE 4VVD Z 3F Z 4VE 3F C G. rÀ. xmy äÂs>?¯° )*. xmyä"I;åæJ'!;çè é )*. êë. g4E WABC EìZ VF C @íè/s >SG. I. g4E WABC EìZ VF C @íè/s >SG. S |. s. !( 3D 4AC F3] . 5 67^^9 ] 35 677i9/03D 4A&(|)*xmy ¡ ¢£¤;s|¥stu|)*¡;!(¦§¨©&'I;xmy ¡;!(ª«(u/OP. !;0"s ] 3(xmy¬. ?)*+,s¢£®¤;s|Q¯°. s¢£>. !(xmy±². s . ³M´µ N;!®>?)*±² s ¶./;Rtu·s0 "seI¸¹ /!(xmy&±²J'I;ºLM*N;» º¸¹ ¼;!()* ½; º;OP. !;0. -'". ¾¥.(Q!¤;&'!;¢£¿"s()* rÀ "Á"Á./sÂtuÃÄ-(ÅÆ./0- ÇÈ"%É.( >?)*|)*ÊËÌÍ. s¢£¤;¢£ )*ÎÉn ÏÐÑ.

(28) Ò%ÓÔÕ|0 . . . . >?)*|)*ÌÍ. s¢£¤;s

(29) ~ l¤;! )*. ÎÉn¸

(30) d QRÓÔÖ× eØÙ0 á.

(31) .Ë kåvwxyzG 456789i m.

(32)

(33) !" #$%&'' . . ()*)+) ,. -. ./0123456789:; <=" >?@!45ABC893 DE FGHIJ KL,-MN:OP>QR2STUVWI%>X Y. !JZ[DE \]^2_N$=$`3" a='Lbc. defgh@!ijklj+mKn.@!ijklj(mo/pqrsNct

(34) u

(35) vwxyz{|}~yz. ! def'. i kj ( defB]m:%%. !. \+ M>$. >DaE`JL=P&K`" E ` 'a> & ¦. !T¡]^\'&¢£D¤¥ M£. !D" i§¨©tm ()*)() ¨. 4. ª«,-T¬R4®B]g2¯°±2²³´'µ¶·¸ :¹ºi45»¼KnE`½«¾¿Àgh>?iÁÂ Ã Ã Ä Å+Æmm> ÐÑÄ Ò ÓÔÅ ÕÖ×mØªÙ&a' a:ÇÈvÉÊËÌiÍÎ*Ï lÚÑÓ ÛÜÝÞßàá|âÞ|ãäyiåæ çè*m ÚÑéÓÚ ÛÜêëyìí ì lk(:îïÂ ðñÔÒòóôõyö÷øiùúîÛÜ û (*mªD¨4>4 ü ý +Õþ f +Â D"P> »¼Yª6 ?= ?t 67DØªÙ&aP>a:¨4> ()*)*) 45»¼

(36) 467:u i ò ðÔÅ Ã ò Ã ÔÒm=·¸I:u gh <= K`Ì673im KLÆ @!:>i tm$ª«t ¨4I%>ÌL676':wöÇßÞ :p'&45³Í3%'767:ªÙ><%:

(37) 467a' O

(38) i Â Å ò Â ÕÂ (+lÂÄ Ã ý(ÏmG def=p'%>w@! def: !:MN> defG: >?DJ" 7defNI%>D = © \zf : 12wD" >?+ @!D

(39) D" =¥> c2ÇÈvÉ©:Ë= ÌD4D" . .

(40) ~©ª«¬®¯°±². ³´¢.

(41) !"#$%&' ()*+,-#$./012 3454 67 ./0! 89 : ; <=8 9 >? ; <=89 @ ; < ABC$%D EF ./0GH 8 9 > ? ; < I AJK ./0H 89 : ; < I ./0H 89 @ ; < I AJK 89 >? I L MHN+AOPEA!QR$%STKQRU V!WX% YQRU VZ [G\[./0G ] G\[./0G ] ^_`9 : ; < a b_ ; < c. a 89 > ? ; < dbèfc a ^^@ ; < c a 89 : ; < dbèfc .

(42). . [µ¶ ·. ¸./0G [./0G · ·. . [µ¶ ·. . ! " ! " ! ". b_ b_ b_. 89 :8 89 >? 89 @8. ^b9 : >_9 : `@9 :. #! " #%! & #(! #. ^^:9 : ^_`9 : ^`89 :. $ ' ). . *! # *! # *! #. ^^@ ^^@ ^^@. 89 :8 89 >? 89 @8. ^b9 : >_9 : `@9 :. #%! & #(! # #(!. ^_`9 : ^`89 : ^p>9 :. ' ) +. . #(! #(! #(! . ^>^ ^>^ ^>^. 89 :8 89 >? 89 @8. ^b9 : >_9 : `@9 :. #(! # #(! ##! %. ^`89 : ^p>9 : :8p9 :. ) + ,. . ¹ a º¹; » ¼ ; cK½¶($ LM¾%. . . ghijklmnl^ olmnl: IA^ p qrstu4 o v AwxPyz{|} ghiH~OPEA 3454 AwJ qrs!J$% sK A1J z s /e*) WAtu4$%&' sghijk ^8Ht u4 F oH4$%XJ K ¡ T¢!£ ¤¥¦§¨$%. ¿À KÁ Âxz EO Ã*²Á!wÄ$I KO Å «Æ ÇÈ! ÉPI (P$, D ÊË!ÌÍ$%. . ?`.

(43) ¤¥¦§¦ /¨©ª« ~M*e¬]^ <=-V2.

(44) !"#$ %&'()*

(45) +,-./0.12 3456 789(%:; <=">%?&+,*!@ABC ) 5DEFGH69IJK%- L6 M

(46) ENK6@ABC 89(6$%%?2:O%&+,* !1P ACAQRAST ) L!)UVW4XY9(%?&GH695JK%: >Z! DEFL![\]^-_à2bcde]^f-g hi j &klm nho &i o lp2 qZ%) rs*tuvw: [\]^ p³n de]^. _ ´ 1´µ ¶ g hi j. ° 1 ¯®µ · g hi j klm nho. »¼½7 ¾. ¸µ º¯ ´µ P¸ ´¯. ®µ ¹º 1µ ¶1 ´ ¯. ®µ 1P 1µ ®¸ · 1. . g hi j. ± 1¸¹µ 1 klm nho. i o lp. ®µ ¯¹ 1µ ¯¸ · ¶. ºµ Pº 1µ ¯º ¸ ¶. ®µ ¯¶ 1µ ¶¶ · º.

(47) . ² 1´¹µ º klm nho i o lp ®µ ®º ´µ ·1 · ´. ®µ 1 P 1µ ¯ ¸ · ¹. a 1 1¸µ ¯ i o lp. . ºµ PP ´µ P¶ · ´. ®µ ®º 1µ ¶¶ ·¸. . Ox&[\]^ A6934"GH>: yzT&{|} ~M 34<="YcXY9( &+ GH5

(48) +, " cK%GGH-kho i ilglhm hk 2"%-r2:u5 $!9(%[\]^bc -<="+ ¡I%2"M¢£K%) w:. ®¯.

(49) ijklmnopqrD . % \. stu.

(50) . xyz. {|. x}xy. ~?. Z[. . w w v. . vw . wv. v. . **P =.005 **P =.004 *P=.045. Z[\+

(51) . .

(52) . . . . . >. . x} \ . vw . v vv vw. v w . v w . v .

(53) ! "#$%&'()*+. , -./01. )23 45 678(9-:;<=>?@A!B( CDE,FGH(I:

(54) JKLM! GHNO(I:

(55) 6 PQRSTP U:

(56) JK V WXY)Z[\ ] M"5?),6^_. 5-NO ` ,a-:bcdefgh!. . % \.

(57) . xyz. {|. x}xy. ~?. Z[. . w v. . . . v. . vw.

(58) £>¤¥¤ ¦§¨$%&'()*+Ca 0D©ª«¬®. .

(59) . .

(60) . /0. ° ±² ³. ´µ¶ ±·. ² · µ. ¸¹ ½¾¿À Â. ¯ º Á Á . ¯ ¯ Á . ¯ »¼ Á Á¼.

(61) !. "#

(62) $%&'()*+,-.. 1"23,.

(63) /0. 435#

(64) 4 ,/06789. ":;<= 3 5>?@ABC

(65) 0D-EFG H I-3JKLMN M

(66) O89 GPQRS=GTU35U

(67) VWXYZY$%& :PQRS=[\] . '(. )*+^_à bcKId-eG< 3 5 GG

(68) >fg/hijk$lmnopq$%&MN#

(69) /0!r st,uvwx] ;M35$%Xyz{C

(70) s|&. $%. &iG/0!rs}~Lr<#

(71) Ga<#]

(72) @-1 ,G MN#

(73) 1,

(74) :# ] "#

(75) 0D-3J.

(76) 03z{à3 MN 5GG

(77) 1. z{Gz{

(78) *=<0D^_z{B 3 5 z{C

(79) VWe=<"2

(80) PQR":0D^HI - ¡¢]. $%&à3#2 5. ¯.

(81) ýþa(>?«e. . . .

(82) . . !"#$$ %&'()*+,-. /012 3!1#4567* !89:;<=>?()*@8 ;<=()*,A$. BCDE,F1.1GHIJK$,LM!1# 01NOPQR STU VWWXYZ[,\@]^,()*;<=_!P\ `"\,!GHIa1,@#()bc,]".def. ghijkf. lm,no3#OPpq? r,stu!1v(*,A$. hwxyfz,. . g{Jf GH. I|O $}*@P 8BCD~$8f,] hi:O".()!1#]^! O()* ;<=,]`1f\,`1O !. gif4@#!. g . C¡@"¢£!BCD¤¥¦§,¨1. ©ª«,¬# . . ®¯°,@8±E²C³´µ¶·¸$.:"a¹º»¼½a(¾¿ÀÁÂ ÃÄÅa(ÆÇÈÂÃ,É]8ÊËÌÍ$1#. . . . ÎÏÐÑ Ò Ó ÔÏÕ ÖÓ × Ñ ØÙÚÛSÏÐÜÔÑ ØR Ñ Ò ÙÜÛU VWÝÝY ÛÞØÑÑ ß ß Ñ à á ÓÔßß ÔÒ Ñ × âÏSà à Ñ ÏáSÏÐÓ ãÑ Sä× Ïâ Ò Sá ÑÔÏÏSá × åÑÓ ãÑ SäÑ Òà ÔæãÒ Ñ ØÑ ÏÓ × ÔÏÛ ÙçÝÙèéVÕ éVçÛ QR STÙ%ÛÜÛU VWWXY ÛÞØÑÑ ß ß Ñ à áÔßÓ êÏá SëÙÓ ãÑ Ñ ÐÙSÏÐãSTÓ Ñ ÓÔÏR × Ó á Ñ Ï× Ïâà ÔæãÒ Ñ ØÑ ÏÓ × ÔÏÛ Þ%ìí' .

(83). ÙîïÙðïéÕ ðèçÛ ñSØR ÙñÛÎÛU VWÝVY ÛÞØÑÒ ÔR ÑÔßÑ ëãÑ Ò × Ñ Ïà Ñß ÔÒÓ ãÑ Ñ à ØæÔÐ× ß × à Sá × ÔÏÓß ÔÒÓ Ñ à ÔÏÐR SÏâTSâÑ R Ñ SÒ ÏÑ Ò Ó Û .

(84) ÙðÙðÝÕ WçÛ òÒ × ß ß × á ØÓ ÙóÛU VWWXY ÛìãÑ Ñ à ØÒ Sá ÑSÏÐôôìà ÔæãÒ Ñ ØÑ ÏÓ × ÔÏõÎãÒ Ñ R × æ× ÏSÒ êÓ á TÐê× Ïá × æÑ Õ öÑ ÏÑ ß × áSÏSR êÓ × Ó Û ÙïXU çY ÙçVVÕ ççéÛ òÒ × ß ß × á ØÓ ÙóÛU VWWîY ÛìãÑ Ñ à ØÒ Sá ÑSÏÐR × Ó á Ñ Ï× Ïâà ÔæãÒ Ñ ØÑ ÏÓ × ÔÏõ&TÒ á ØÑ ÒÑ å× ÐÑ Ïà ÑÔßá ØÑ Ò Ñ R Sá × ÔÏÓ Ø× ãÛ .

(85). ÙîéÙçÝèÕ çWVÛ ÷ × æTÒ SÙÖÛSÏÐ÷ Ó Ø× ø Sä× ÙÞÛU îXXVY ÛÞØÑÑ ß ß Ñ à áÔßãSTÓ ÑÔÏR × Ó á Ñ Ï× Ïâà ÔæãÒ Ñ ØÑ ÏÓ × ÔÏõ Ò Ñ ãÑ á × á × ÔÏåÓ ÛãSTÓ Ñ Ó Û . ÙîîÙVVðÕ VîçÛ ÚSà ÔöÓ ÙòÛ Ù÷ á ÔâSÙQÛÜÛ ÙìSäSÙìÛ ÙùØSTúSTR Ñ Ñ ÙûÛ ÙSÏÐüÑ Ñ ØSÏÙÜÛÎÛU VWÝÝY Û . éX.

(86) KFF 45DLMmrPcd=?. . .

(87)

(88)

(89) .

(90)

(91) ! " # $ %& . . '( ( . . .

(92)

(93) )

(94) * + ,. / 0 122+! " ( ( ( . ( 3 45

(95)

(96). . 66

(97) +* 126 7 0

(98) +! " ( ( . ( . ( * . 5 .

(99) 6 * 89:;<=>?=122?@ABCDEFGHDIJKFLMNOPJQR 3S4" 222E TFU@VWXYZ[\@ ]^_`=

(100) +? @ Babcde 5 . S fgO Aheiejklmno pqrUstuX 2*@VWXvwx@ yz{|

(101) ! @B}o~abcde 5 . OA5 . / . &g U=yz{|9^ >?X12* )1@WX[\@.

(102).

(103) . . .

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

(105)

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

(107) . .

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`. 98 I?QEO?U@P >;D @F7@C A = O? 8. 98 I?<7@SKCEF? JP 7EC 8. 8 I?D EF7@C A = O?J= C KU@P >;8. 8 I?J? FCC 7K= AA P K77M 8. B8 I?<7@SKCU@P >;END ? A ? FC 8. B8 I?QEO?O= FF? DH 7DK= AH EQ= M ;8. 8 I?C 77>U@P >;C 7EA P K77M 8. 8 I?K? M N? OK= AQ7C K? DECK7Q? 8. 678V. 6789a. 98 C E;ECW7KF AK7@A ? 8. 98 K? ;<7C KM = >?H = A K= FS8. 8 IET?ENED C ;H 7DW7KF8. 8 K? ;<7C KNM E;EQ@A = P EM= FA C D @Q? FC 8. B 8 XE>?N= R R EECA P K77M 8. B8 K? ;<7C KNM E;A N7D C A 8. 8 YE= CECA P K77M 8. 8 K? ;<7C KM = >?Q7T= ? A 8. bcd%e4fghijklmd. .

(109)