Hokusei Jo Gakko-related Records in the Annual Reports of the Woman’s Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest

Hokusei Jo Gakko-related Records in the Annual Reports of

the Woman’s Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest

Contents I. Abstract II. Introduction II. Historical Context IV. Format of Reports V. Overview of Contents VI. Analysis and Discussion VII. Conclusion VIII. References IX. Notes  ［Abstract］ 　 The American Presbyterian missionaries who led the founding and  development of Hokusei Jo Gakko belonged both to their denomination  as a whole and specifically to its Board of Foreign Missions. Within this  overarching  structure,  the  Woman’s  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian Church led the way in supporting missionaries on the na- tional level. Moreover, regional groups, such as the Woman’s Presbyteri- an Board of Missions of the Northwest, supplied direct support to mis-sionaries. Mary B. Sherman, Isabelle M. Ward, Alice M. Monk, Elizabeth  M. Evans, and Carrie H. McCrory all belonged to this regional organiza-tion and stayed in constant contact with it while serving at Hokusei Jo  Gakko during the first two decades of the 1900s. This article presents the  annual reports published by this board from 1901 to 1920. It provides a  level of detailed information not existing elsewhere about the interactions  between some of the people who built the present-day Hokusei Gakuen  school system and their backers, along with an analysis and discussion of  the content of the annual reports. In this way, the following contributes to  a comprehensive understanding of the roots from which the institution  has grown. Key words：HokuseiGakuen,HokuseiJoGakko,PresbyterianChurchintheUnitedStatesof America,Woman’sBoardofForeignMissionsofthePresbyterianChurch,Woman’s PresbyterianBoardofMissionsoftheNorthwest

Hokusei Jo Gakko-related Records in the Annual Reports of the

Woman’s Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest

JamesE.ALLISON

Introduction

　 Ofthemanystudents,Japanesecounterpartteachers,andothersatHokuseiJoGakko(北星女 学校、HokuseiGirls’School)whoknewthemissionariesleadingintheestablishingoftheschool, fewhadanoccasiontomeetanyoneinthenetworkofsupporterswhosent,supplied,andencour-agedtheseAmericanPresbyteriansfromyeartoyearastheycontinuedtheirwork.However,itwas thefairlyextensivesystemofbackersthatmadepossibleinmanyrespectstheservicethemission-arieswereabletoprovide.Thefollowingintroductionoftheannualreportsofthewomen’soverseas missionorganizationswithinthePresbyterianChurchintheUnitedStatesofAmerica(PCUSA)in theMidwestregionoftheU.S.enablesthereadertogainaclearerviewofthepeoplewhoshared themissionaries’visionandcooperatedintheirwork.

　 Thereportsthemselvesalsofromtimetotimeshineaclearerlightontheoccurrencesandevents atHokuseithanthosewhichappearinotherrecords.Althoughtheyareneitherdetailednorexten-sive,theydoallowforamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofhowtheHokuseiGakuensystem developedinitsearlieryears.Theyrevealtosomedegreethepatternsestablishedandinstitutional characterformedintheseyears,whichhavecontinuedtoinfluencethedevelopmentoftheorgani-zationinsignificantways.

Historical Context

　 TobringintofocustheannualdescriptionsofsignificanthappeningsatHokuseiJoGakko,itwill behelpfultofirstnoteafewthingsregardingthehistoricalbackground.OntheU.S.side,asthe populationcontinuedtoincreaseandtheeconomydevelop,thecultureingeneralmaintaineda fairlyclearlyChristianidentity.ThisfactoredintotheabilityofsupportsystemssuchastheWom-an’sPresbyterianBoardofMissionsoftheNorthwest(orBoardoftheNorthwest,asitwasoften called)toexpandtheirwork.Theworldwideevangelicalmovementwhichhademergedinthepast centurycontinuedintheearly1900s,withtheestablishmentanddevelopmentofmanyeducational, medical,andotherorganizationsworldwide,inadditiontochurches,ascharacteristicresults. 　 OntheJapaneseside,asthepopulationandeconomycontinuedtogrowfollowingtheopening ofthenationandbeginningoftheMeijiPeriod,missionworkatplacessuchasHokuseiJoGakko wasallowedtoadvance.Despiteperiodsofturbulenceandvariouslevelsofopposition,observable progressinareassuchasmembershipofchurchesandstudentpopulationofChristianschoolswas made.Thephaseofpioneermissionworkwaspassing,andaJapaneseleadershipwiththecapac-itytoleadthenation’sChristianinstitutionswasdeveloping. 　 CulturalContext.Inthisenvironment,therelationshipbetweenmissionariesandleadersof JapaneseChristianorganizationswasundergoingsignificantchanges.Stressesandpointsoffriction werecommonlynoted,asthesystemunderwhichWesternmissionariesmadethedecisionson everythingfrompolicytofundingseemedincreasinglyill-suitedtotheneedsandopportunitiesof thenewcentury.Somecametoseeanindependentarrangementaspreferable,withworkerson eachsideoftheculturaldivideoperatingseparatelytoagreatdegree.Otherssawamorecoopera-tivearrangementasimperative.AnnualreportsfromJapanmentiontheseissuesfromtimetotime (1907,pp.40-41;1909,p.125),forinstanceindecisionsaboutwherenewmissionarieswouldbe locatedandthespecificworktheywoulddo(1914,p.33). 　 Insidethemissionaryculture,anotablefeatureofthetimewastheexpectationthatamissionary suchasthosesenttoserveinthePCUSAJapanMissionwouldcontinueuntiltheendofhisorher career.Forinstance,the1904reportincludestheannouncementthatAliceMonkhadbeenassigned toher“expectedlifework”intheEasternJapanMission(p.15).

　 ThegeneralculturalconditionsinJapanatthistimeappearedfavorablefromthemissionaries’ pointofview.The1908reportdescribesSapporoinparticularasapromisingmissionfield.Asan example, missionaries and local pastors have recently cooperated in tent evangelism during the HokkaidoExposition,withfoursermonspreachedperdayandover6,000peoplehearingtheGospel ofChrist(pp.42-43). 　 Tobesure,therearedauntingchallengestoface,suchasthemultipledisastersofearthquake, fire,andfamineinthenorthofJapan,alongwithpoliticalunrest.Thesehavemadethesituation generallydifficultyetnotimpactedtheMission’sworkdirectly,the1914reportindicates(p.33). 　 Afinalnotablefeatureofthecultureofthistimeisthegrowingrecognitionoftheneedforrobust institutionsofhighereducation.The1914reportnotesthedesirebeingfeltforaChristiancollege forwomenanduniversityformen(p.33).WhentheopeningofWoman’sChristianCollegewas reportedin1919,itrepresentedagreatstepofprogressinwomen’seducationinJapan(pp.28-29). TheBoardoftheNorthwesttookpartialfinancialresponsibilityfortheenterprise,whichgavegirls’ schoolssuchasHokuseiacleargoaltowardwhichtheirgraduatescouldworkiftheywishedto pursueauniversitydegree. 　 InstitutionalContext.TheWoman’sPresbyterianBoardofMissionsoftheNorthwestwasorga-nizedin1868,thenreorganizedin1870underitscurrent(early1900s)name.TheBoard,basedin Chicago,Illinois,becameoneofsixregionalPCUSAwomen’smissiongroupsactivelysupporting thedenomination’soverseasmissioneffort.TheotherswerebasedinNewYork,Philadelphia,St. Louis,Portland(Oregon),andSanFrancisco. 　 TheBoardoftheNorthwestprovidedsupportforwomenmissionariesbytakingactivepartin recruiting, commissioning, and sending them, as well as corresponding with them by mail, and meetingthemforstudyandsocialandspiritualsupportwhenthemissionarywasintheU.S.for furlough(onceeachseveralyears,thoughthefrequencyvariedaccordingtoindividualcircumstan-ces).Missionarieswereexpectedtowriteatleastonceperyear.Onereportauthorurgedreaders likewise,“Writeoftentoyourmissionary,tellingherthatyouloveherandareprayingforher.... Youwillreceivegrateful,lovinglettersinreturn”(1908,p.85). 　 ThenumberofmissionariessponsoredbytheBoardoftheNorthwestrosefrom95in1901to 130asof1905.By1910ithadfallento121butroseagainto211(1915),then251(1920).Some ofthegrowthoftheorganizationwasduetothemergingofthePCUSAwiththeCumberlandPres-byteriandenomination(primarilyfromthesouthernU.S.)in1906.TheBoardwasrepresentedin Japan,forinstanceasof1915,by17missionaries.Ofthese,6servedinchurchworkand11in education(p.34).  　 Asnotedabove,theBoardoftheNorthwestwaspartofthelargerPCUSABoardofForeign

Missions(BFM).Thedenominationasawholeemployedaforceofapproximately843full-time missionariesin1914.Asanillustrationofthescopeofitswork,forexampleinthefieldofChristian education,thatyeartheBFMhadatotalof60,902pupilsin1,721schools,with5,285national workersat162stationsand945outstationsinitsworldwideactivities(p.76).InJapantherewere 78BFMmissionaries,servingin20places.Ofthese,theBoardoftheNorthwestsponsored15 womenin9locations(unpaginatedmissionaryroster).  　 AsanexampleofmoreexactlywhosponsoredBoardoftheNorthwestworkers,ofthe211mis-sionariesbelongingtotheorganizationin1915,187weresupportedbyindividuals,churches,or localchurchwomen’smissionsocieties,22byChristianEndeavoryouthvolunteergroupsorYoung People’sSocietiesofChristianEndeavor,and7inpartbytheWestminsterGuild(children’s)chap-ters(pp.74-75). 　 Morespecifically,duringtheyearsunderconsiderationhere,therewasagrowingtrendformis-sionariestobematchedwithparticularindividualsorgroupswhowouldcommittosupportingthem (financially,inprayer,andsoon).TheBoardencouragedthereaders(1906,p.16),“Maythese newlyformedrelationshipsbeamutualhelpandblessing!” 　 AnothermeansofpromotingpersonalconnectionswasdesignatingBoardrepresentativeswho wouldhandlecommunicationsthroughthemail.Forinstance,in1916,theBoard’sCorresponding SecretaryformissionariesfromJapanwasMrs.GeorgeL.Robinson,ofChicago(p.7).Likewise, ondistrictlevels,women’smissiongroupsfromasizablenumberofchurches,calledaSynod,would haveadesignatedCorrespondingSecretary.InthecaseoftheNorthDakotaSynodicalSociety,to whichAliceMonkwasassigned,itwasMrs.A.J.Goodall,ofBathgate,NorthDakota.Withineach SynodwasanumberofPresbyteries,orgroupsoflocalchurches(typicallyseveralPresbyteriesbut insomecasesmoreorless),eachwithawomen’smissionorganizationcalledaPresbyterialSociety. TheCorrespondingSecretaryfortheBismarckPresbyterialSociety,forexample,wasMrs.Arthur Knudtson,ofBismarck,NorthDakota.Throughtheseparticularcommunicationroutes,AliceMonk wasabletomaintainherconnectionswithherhomebase,goingtobackersforsupportassheand HokuseiJoGakkoneededit,anddemonstratingtothemthatshewasplayingtheroletheyhadsent hertoplayasGod’s,butalsotheir,representative. 　 WithinthePresbyterialSocietiesjustnoted,thereexistedvarioussmallergroupstowhichan ordinary church member might belong.  They included Women’s Societies, Westminster Guild Chapters,WestminsterCircles,YoungWomen’sSocieties,YoungPeople’sSocietiesforChristian Endeavor,andMissionBands(1913,pp.122-124).

　 AliceMonk’sNorthDakotaSynodicalSocietyconsistedofthefollowingPresbyterialSocieties: Bismarck,Fargo,Minnewaukon,Minot,MouseRiver,Oakes,andPembina.ThatSynodicalSociety included116Societies,Bands,andothergroups,totaling1,325members(1913,pp.117-121).These

wereamongthepeoplewhomMonkwouldvisitwhenpossibleonherfurloughsintheU.S.tomain-tainconnectionsandbuildsupport. 　 ElizabethEvanswasmatchedwiththeSouthDakotaSynodicalSociety.Itconsistedofthese PresbyterialSocieties:Aberdeen,BlackHills,CentralDakota,Reserve,andSiouxFalls.ThisSyn-odicalSocietyincludedatotalof92Societies,Bands,andothergroups,totaling1,551members, withwhomEvansworkedtomaintaincontact(1913,pp.122-124).

Format of Reports

　 TheannualreportsoftheBoardoftheNorthwestrangefromroughly150to250pageseachin length.TheJapansectionfillsfrom3to12pages.InsidetheseareshortersummariesofHokusei missionaries’activitiesinSapporo,under1pagetoamaximumof2pageslong.From1916through 1920,asinglepageofmaterialonministryinJapanasawholeispresented,littleornoneofitmen-tioningSapporospecifically. 　 InadditiontothesectionsparticularlyrelevanttoHokuseiJoGakkoanditsmissionaries,the generalformatoftheannualreports,despitesomevariationincontentandorder,includesthefol-lowing: (a) title page (noting the location of the annual meeting, varying year to year, and the month—AprilorJune)andfrontmatter,(b)reportsofthepastyear’sactivitiesfromtheHome[U.S. domestic]Department,ForeignDepartment,andchurchesfromeachU.S.state,(c)informationon YoungPeople’sSocietiesforChristianEndeavor,(d)asectiononMissionariesandTheirSupport (namesoftheparticularmorelocalizedorganizationsinsidetheBoardstructuretowhichindividual missionariesareattached),(e)introductionsofcandidatesforappointmentasmissionaries,(f)up-datesoftheBoardoftheNorthwest’sworkineachcountry,(g)listsofthemissionariesunderthe sponsorshipofthisBoard(withdateofappointmentasmissionary,name,stationwhereserving, nameofsponsor(s),andhomeinU.S.attimeofleaving),includingthosesponsoredbyChristian EndeavorSocieties,(h)amountsofmoneygivenbyvariousgroupswithinlocalchurches(children’s, youngpeople’s,andwomen’smissionandservicegroups)forspecificpurposes,(i)educationalma-terialsonsale,and(j)acontentslist.

Overview of Contents

　 Thefollowingisnotanexhaustivedescriptionofeachreportbutincludesparticularlysignificant eventsforeachrelevantyear.InformationonallthemissionariesworkingundertheBoardofthe Northwest’ssponsorshipatHokuseiJoGakkoappearsinsomeaccountsbutnotothers. 　 1901.MissIsabelle1_{M.WardhasbeenappointedasamissionaryandsenttoTokyo.} 　 1902.MissMaryB.ShermanhasbeensenttoJapanandstationedinTokyo.

　 1903.MissShermanarrivedinJapanandbeganherworkinTokyo.Shehasnowbeenrelocat-edtoSapporo,“whichwassadlyinneedofreinforcements”(p.42). 　 1904.MissWardhasbeentransferredtoHokuseiJoGakkofromtheWesternJapanMission. SheisbeingsponsoredpartlybyMrs.A.J.WhiteofWilmington,Illinois(p.14). 　 MissShermanwassupportedthroughtheBoardoftheNorthwest’sGeneralFund,butnowshe hasbeen“adopted”(hersponsorshipundertaken)bytheChristianEndeavorSocietiesoftheChica-goPresbyterialSociety(p.14).WhenshearrivedatHokusei,Shermanfoundadepletedstaffand run-down,almostunwholesomefacilities(p.46).Shebelievedthesaying“Yougetwhatyoupray for”andsoprayedformoneyandaco-worker.Shereceivedboth—fundsforherministryfromthe NewYorkBoardandMissWardtoco-laborinSapporo.Nowsheisprayingforunsavedstudents, asthereareafewamongtheboardersandnineamongthedaypupils(p.46). 　 MissesWardandSherman,alongwithMrs.WestonT.Johnson,arelistedastheBoardofthe NorthwestmissionariesinSapporocurrently.Mrs.JohnsonissponsoredthroughthisBoard’sGen-eralFund(pp.102-103).HermaidennamewasSarahY.Macleod.2_{MissAliceM.Monkhasalso} beensenttoserveintheEastJapanMission(p.15). 　 1905.FiveladymissionariesunderthesponsorshipoftheBoardoftheNorthwestsailedfrom SanFranciscoonAugust18,1904.Amongthem,AliceMonkandMrs.ArthurP.Vaughn(thefor-merEdnaRosebrough)werecommissionedtotheEastJapanMission,twootherstoSiam,andone toLaos(p.15).3_ 　 MissesHalseyandMonk,newmissionariesatJoshiGakuininTokyo,havetakenchargeof teachingmusicthereanddonemanythingstomakethelifeinthedormitorieshappyandprofitable. Theyhavealsoaidedinworkforsoldiers—singingandtellingthroughaninterpreteraboutthesongs theysingtothemembersofthemilitarynowinthehospitals.TheyareteachingEnglishBible classes,aswell.MonkwritesaboutthepromisingseniorclassatJoshiGakuin—allnineofthese-niorclassarenowChristians.ShesaysitiscertainlygoodtobeinJapanandatthisschool(p.50). 　 InSapporo,theRusso-JapaneseWarislikewiseimpactinglifeatHokuseiJoGakko.Thegov-ernmentsendsanoticetotheschoolofsoldiers’departureorarrival,andthechildrengotothe stationtoseethemofforwelcometheirreturn.Whole-schoolprayermeetingsarebeingheldat Hokusei,andstudentsaremakingbandagesforthesoldiers.Theschool’sactionsseemtobewin-ningthesupportofthelocalcommunity(p.51). 　 Hokuseienrollmenthasrisenfrom140to170,followingthebuildingofnewfacilities(p.50). ReportstothisBoardwillcontinuetoreflectasimilarstudentpopulation.

　 1906.IthasbeendecidedthatMissMonkwillbelongtotheNorthDakotaSynodicalSocietyas herprimarysupportinggroup.TheChristianAssociationofAlmaCollegeinAlma,Michigan,gives US$38fortheworkofSapporoStation(p.128).Thisgroupwillcontinuetodonatethesame amounteachyearthroughatleast1909. 　 AboutherworkinTokyoMonkreports“interestinthedailyBiblehour,thequestionsaskedin classorprivately,showingearnestthoughtand,notseldom,spiritualinsight”(p.50).However,at theAnnualMeetingoftheJapanMissionin1905,itisdecidedthatshewillbetransferredtoSap-poro“...asthatstationwastoloseavaluedteacherandwasinneedofreinforcement.Itisoneof thegreattrialsofourmissionariesthataftergrowingtoloveaspecialworktheyaresooftencalled toleaveit,but,likesoldiers,theyaremovedfromonevantagegroundtoanotheronthebattlefield” (p.50).Thereportnotes,“SheleftTokyoladenwithcharacteristicJapanesegiftsandfollowedby thetearsofherlovinggirls”(p.51). 　 Mrs.Johnson,MissWard,andMissMonkaretheBoardoftheNorthwest’smissionariesin Sapporoasofspring1906.MissShermanhasbeentransferred“forreasonsofhealthtoYamaguchi.” TheJohnsons’secondsonwasborninlatesummer1905(p.50). 　 AliceMonkcommentsabouttravelingtoSapporofromTokyowiththeJohnsonsandtheirtwo smallsons,callingit“alongjourneybylandandwater”(p.51).Amongherearlyimpressionsofthe cityshewillmakehernewhome,shewritesofthedifferenceinthewidestreets,“makingthebuild-ingsseemlowerandsmaller”(p.51). 　 Thisyear’sreportdescribeslifeatHokuseiJoGakkoasMonkencountersit.Dormboardershave dailyBibleclassesandinstructiononSundaybyMr.Shimizu,“theablepastorofthechurch.”Four oftheoldergirlshelpintheschoolinToyohira,“thepoordistrictacrosstheToyohiraRiver....” Hokuseicanreporttoitssupportersthat4studentswerebaptizedlastApril,and11arepreparing forbaptism(pp.51-52).Ofthe25girlsintheHelping-HandSocietyinthedorm,10werebaptized andalmostalltookactivepartinactivities(p.52).MissWardmentionsgoingtomorningprayers with160ormorepupils,aswellasleadingstudentsinsingingandgymnastics(p.51). 　 Inthepastyearthegatheringofstudentstoshowsupportforsoldiershascontinued.Thereport depictsthewelcometothereturningsoldiers,thestudentsstandingfromdaylightuntilthechill drivesthemhometogetreadyforalatertrain.“Littlevoicescheereduntiltheycouldonlywhisper, andflagswerewaveduntileventhetattersfell”(pp.50-51). 　 MissSmith,theschoolprincipal,addsanote(p.51).She“...isparticularlyinterestedina Templeboy,--thatis,apriestapprentice,--abrightandsomewhattroublesomelyactiveboy,whoat-tendsoftenandrecitesthecommandmentswiththeothers.”

　 1907.Mrs.Johnson,MissMonk,andMissWardaretheBoardoftheNorthwestmissionariesin Sapporoagainthisyear.MissWardisbeingsupportedinpartbyawomen’smissionsocietyin Wilmington,Illinois(p.121). 　 TheHokuseiJoGakkoupdatenotesthat17studentsgraduatedthepastyear.Manypupilsteach inSunday(orSabbath)School.ThereisaChristianEndeavorandaJuniorEndeavorSociety,as well(p.44).OnEasterfourpupilswerebaptized,andothersarewaitingfortheirparents’permis-siontodoso.AllthegraduatingclassnowareChristians. 　 Oftheseseniors,eightarecomingbacknextyearforahighercourseofstudy.Twostudents, nowfinishedwiththeirworkinthisprogram,havejustlefttobegintrainingatJoshiGakuin,with planstoreturntoHokuseiintwoyearstoteach.Twootherswhoarestudyingthereforthesame purposearereturningtoHokuseisoon(p.45). 　 Duringtherecentwar,Hokuseigirlshelpedsendtosoldiersover100cholerabands,50pairsof socks,and500filledcomfortbags.Highpricesafterthewararemakingitimpossibleformany parentstopaythetuitionfortheirdaughters.Theschoolhassixscholarshipsandmanyboarders. Somestudentsworkinahouseortheschooltopaytheirway(p.44). 　 1908.AgainthisyearMrs.Johnson,MissWard,andMissMonkaretheBoardoftheNorthwest missionariesinSapporo.Ward,however,hasbeenintheU.S.(ColoradoSprings,Colorado)for healthreasonssincelastsummer.Shesayssheisrecoveringquickly(p.40).Mrs.Johnsonisalso returningtotheU.S.onearlyfurloughbecauseofMr.Johnson’shealthtrouble(p.43). 　 MonkisleadingHokuseiJoGakkowhileMissSmithisawayonfurlough.Althoughenrollment issomewhatlowthisyear(140students),theChristianEndeavorandJuniorEndeavorSocietiesare flourishing.Thetwogroupshavegivenover20yentochurchandcharitywork.Therecentfire burnedthefinestpartofthecity,includingachurch.Foratime,thegroupmetina“godown” [warehouse].Monkcallsthedaysofmeetingsheldindedicatinganewfacilitybuiltinplaceofthe onelost“aspiritualfeast”(p.43).  　 AsaresultofevangelisticmeetingsheldbyMr.Kimura,anotedevangelist,andothers,over80 HokuseistudentsdecidedtobecomeChristians.SevenbecamechurchmembersatChristmas,and othersbeganwaitingforpermissionfromtheirparentsortojointogetherwithotherstudents(p.43). 　 1909.MissWardhasnotbeenabletoreturntoSapporobuthasbeentransferredtoTokyo(p. 125).Sheexpresses“...herdisappointmentinnotgoingbacktoherworkinSapporo...”(p.126). ThishasputMissMonkinadifficultposition,havingtodealwithanunderstaffingproblemwhile coveringforMissSmithduringherfurlough.

　 SmithhasbeencommunicatingwiththeBoardoftheNorthwestaboutthis.Theauthorofthis year’sreportremarks(p.127): 　 WewhoheardMissSmithspeakat“48”[thenumberoftheBoard’sofficeinChicago]one morning,whenshebeggedustopraythatstrengthandaidmightbegiventoMissMonk,shall notsoonforgethertributeofloveandadmirationpaidtheoneleftbehindaloneatherpost. 　 MonkwritesthatshehashiredMrs.Morgan,thewifeofalocaluniversityEnglishprofessor, whomshehopestokeepforanotheracademicterm.Theschoolhasalsolosttwofaithful,well-trainedteachers(familyobligations),andanotherinstructorisleavingherworkinthedorm.These mustbereplacedwithrecentgraduates,whichmayworkahardshipontheminlightofthelonglist ofdailydutiesrequiredofadormmanager,includinghelpingstudentswithdoctor’svisits,oversee-ingtheirmail,andmanymore(pp.127-128). 　 MissMoorehasbeentransferredtemporarilyfromanotherpartoftheJapanMission.Monkcalls heracongenialcoworker(p.127).Despiteherdifficultsituation,shewrites,“HappilyMissMoore andIkeepwellandallwillsomehowworkoutGod’swillforusall”(p.128). 　 AliceMonkshowssomethingofthelifesheleadsduringthistimebydescribingoneevening’s activities.Shenotesthatshedoesnothaveanythingtodomanynights,butonacertainonegave alessoninhymnsingingtoY.M.C.A.middleschoolboys,thenlaterintheeveningaBiblestudy fortheHokuseiteachers(p.127). 　 1910.MissMonkandMrs.JohnsonaretheBoardoftheNorthwestmissionariesinSapporonow, withtheJohnsonsbackfromtheirtimeinU.S.forrecoveringMr.Johnson’shealth.SarahSmithis backfromfurlough,aswell. 　 Monkwritesthat,inanacademicyearrecentlyended,theeconomicsituationwasquitetrying, astheMinisterofEducationhadbeenfavoringoccupationalratherthanculturaltrainingforgirls beyondtheprimarygrades.Thoughthedormwasfull,therewasashortageofstudentsintheday school.Therewere22graduates,4ofthemfromtheEnglishcourseandothersthetwo-yearprepa-ratorycourse.SeveralhadgonetoTokyoforfurtherstudy,andatleast4wereexpectedtoreturnto Hokuseitoteach.MissMonkhasorganizedseveralSundayschoolsinscatteredlocations,which shevisitsandmaintainsregularly.Sheadvisesandhelpsleadinsingingwhenshecannotteach. Oneschoolisheldinafishingvillagewhereapupillives.Thereport’sauthorconcludeswitha complimentonMonk’sproficiencyintheJapaneselanguage(p.36). 　 1911.AliceMonkandSarahJohnsonaretheBoardoftheNorthwestmissionariesinSapporo. Johnson’ssupporthasbeenpledgedinpartbytheMunciePresbyterialSociety(seemissionary roster).TheseriousillnessofWarren,her7-year-oldson,hascurtailedherwork,however.

　 WithMonkandSmithastheonlymissionariesatHokuseinow,Monk’smotherhasagreedto joinintheirworkwhilevisiting.Theauthorstates,“MissMonkwaslookinglonginglytousfora newladymissionary.”ThreegraduatesofHokuseiandmenteachershavefilledinforthepresent. Enrollmentstandsat130pupilsnow,lessthanlastyear,when20studentsweregraduated.Allbut 2ofthemwereprofessedChristians.TheChristianEndeavorSocietyhasraised10yenandsentit topeoplesufferingduetoarecentflood.Agifthasbeenreceivedforanadditiontotheschool building.Thisyear’sreportincludesadescriptionoftheroomsforclassesandsewing,aswellasan unfinishedroomreadytobecompletedwhenfundsareprovided.Oneroomisthebeginningsofa laboratory(pp.34-35). 　 1912.TheBoardoftheNorthwestmissionariesinSapporouptothisyearhavebeenAliceMonk andSarahJohnson.Theauthorreports,“MissMonkhaswrittenusforalongtimeofthegreatneed ofanewteacherintheschool”(pp.33-34).TheBoardhasnowmetthatneedbysendingMiss ElizabethM.EvanstoteachatHokuseiJoGakko.EvanswaslivinginHuron,SouthDakota,when appointed.ThefinancialsupportforherworkwillcomefromtheBoard’sGeneralFund.Miss CarrieMcCroryofIowahasalsobeenappointedtoserveinJapan(p.65).4_{Sinceherreturnfrom} furlough,MissSmithhassufferedgreatlyfromneuritisandisnowinTokyoreceivingmedicaltreat-ment.  　 Intheyearreported,19pupilsmadeconfessionsoffaithandjoinedchurches.Othersareseri-ouslyinterested,soteachersareprayingforthem.Monkindicatesthattheinterestbeingexpressed infaithistheresultofmeetingsafterschoolandintwoweeksofdailyprayercircles. 　 Inothernotes,attheChristmascelebrationlastyear,theschoolsomehowmanagedtofit99 peopleinaroom12by15feetinsize.TheJohnsons’thirdson,HerbertHoadley,wasbornthepast November(p.35). 　 1913.ElizabethEvans,recentlysenttoteachatHokuseiJoGakko,istoreceivehersupport throughtheSouthDakotaSynodicalSociety,asnotedabove.CarrieH.McCrorymadeherhomein IowaCity,Iowa,whenshelefttheU.S.SheistobesponsoredbySunday(orSabbath)schoolstu-dentsinIowaCity,Iowa(seemissionaryroster). 　 1914.Officially,Evans,Johnson,McCrory,andMonkaretheBoardoftheNorthwestmission-ariesassignedtoSapporonow.However,despiteHokusei’slongwaittoacquireher,theJapan MissiondecidedatMissionMeetingtoloanEvanstotheBFM-affiliatedgirls’schoolinKanazawa forayear(pp.41-42).ShetransferredthereafterMonkreturnedlastSeptemberfromfurlough. 　 MissEthelN.ToddjoinstheJapanMissionandbeginsherworkinTokyo,withplansforherto besentnexttoOsaka(p.36).MissTodd,whowaslivinginLaGro,Indiana,whensenttoJapan, isnowsupportedbytheBoard’sGeneralFund(seemissionaryroster).Thoughshewillserveat

Hokusei,hernameneverappearsinthelistingofmissionariesinSapporo,nodoubtbecauseofher shortstayinthecity.5 　 AtHokuseiJoGakko,MissMcCroryisprovingcapableandefficient(p.36).TheJuniorand SeniorChristianEndeavorSocietiesunderEvansandher“havehadaveryapparentinfluence”(p. 37). 　 Anewdormitoryhasbeenbuilt,whichiscomfortableandhasplentyofsunshine.Itandthe gymnasiumgivenbyalumaeontheanniversaryoftheschool’sfoundinglastyearaddagreatdeal tothecampus.Nevertheless,thereisstillavisibleneedforsuitablebuildings.Someofthecurrent onesareindangerofcollapse.TheBoardoftheNorthwesthopestohelpwiththisnextyear(p. 36). 　 Mr.JohnsonhasofferedMissMcCroryuseofhischapelforherSundayschool.“ThefirstSun-dayaftervacationtherewere80childrenouttogreetMissMcCroryandherfourhelpers.The followingSunday180streamedintothenewbuilding”(p.37).Likewise,MissMonk’sSunday schoolatZenibakoiscontinuing,inhercasedespiteoppositionfrompriestsandtheindifferenceof people.BeforeChristmas80wereenrolled,and50or60continuedduringthecoldmonths(p.37). 　 TherecontinuestobeastronginterestinfaithinsideHokusei,aswell.Atthispointthereare 35baptizedChristiansintheschooloutof103students(p.36). 　 InheryearinKanazawa,MissEvanshasbeenactiveintheEnglish,music,church,andSunday schoolprograms(p.36).  　 Shewritesthatsheisenjoyingherwork,thatthereare75girlsintheschoolsandover100chil-dreninthenear-bykindergarten.Ourmissionariesfindthechangefromoneschooltoanother ratherhardontheheartstrings.MissEvansisalreadyfondofthegirlsthereandsimplywild overthelittle“kindergartentots”[p.42]. 　 1915.Evans,Johnson,McCrory,andMonkmakeupthelistoftheBoardoftheNorthwestmis-sionariesinSapporo.MissMonklovesthenewdormitoryat“TheNorthernStarSchool”(p.35). Manyofthealumnaehavesaidtheywishedtheycouldcomebackandliveinit.MissMcCroryis enjoyingusingtherecently-completedchapel(see1914summary)forherSundayschool. 　 1916.BoardoftheNorthwestmissionariesinSapporonowincludeEvans(onfurlough),McCro-ry,andMonk(p.32).6_{Mrs.KatherineWhitener(maidennameKatherineE.Graham,whowas} livinginAurora,Illinois,whenshelefttheU.S.),hasbeensenttoserveinJapan.7 Sheisnowserv-inginYamaguchi,supportedbytheOttowaPresbyterialSociety(seemissionaryroster).

　 SarahJohnsonhasdied(p.48).Nodetailsareprovidedinthisreport. 　 1917.InSapporoMissesEvans,McCrory,andMonkaretheBoardoftheNorthwest’srepresen-tatives.ThereisanewMrs.WestonT.Johnson,thisonewiththemaidennameofLucyFreese, whomarriedMr.JohnsonafterthedeathofSarahJohnson.ThefamilyhasrelocatedinTokyo ratherthanremaininginHokkaido(p.33).Mrs.LeoC.Lake(theformerRuthManning,livingin ColoradoSprings,Colorado,whensenttoJapan),isnowinTokyo,hersalarypaidoutoftheBoard’s GeneralFund(seemissionaryroster).8 　 1918.MissesEvansandMonk,alongwithMrs.LeoC.Lake,aretheBoardoftheNorthwest missionariesinSapporonow.RuthLakeisnowbeingsponsoredbytheWomen’sMissionarySoci-etyofSixthChurchinChicago(seemissionaryroster). 　 1919.Evans,Lake,andMonkaretheBoardoftheNorthwestmissionariesinSapporothisyear. Lake’ssponsorshiphasshiftedbacktotheGeneralFund.KatherineWhitenerandherhusbandare servinginAsahigawa,nowpartoftheHokkaidoStationwiththeHokuseimissionaries.AlmaG. Eaton,ofCarlinville,Illinois,hasbeensenttoJapanandisbeginningherworkinTokyo,herwork underwrittenbytheBoardoftheNorthwest’sGeneralFund(seemissionaryroster).9 　 1920.MissesEvansandMonkaretheonlymissionariestheBoardoftheNorthwesthasin Hokkaidonow,withMrs.WhitenerandMrs.LakeinU.S.onfurlough(p.30).AlmaEaton’ssponsor haschangedtotheFreeportPresbyterialSociety(p.17).

Analysis and Discussion

　 ThecontentsoftheannualreportsoftheWoman’sPresbyterianBoardofMissionsoftheNorth-westbringtolightsomenotablechangesoccuringatHokuseiJoGakko.Forinstance,whereasthe firstmissionarypioneersincludingSarahSmith,ClaraRose,andLillianWellshadfamilyrootsand supportsystemsbasedmainlyintheU.S.Northeast,thegenerationsucceedingtheminthefirsttwo decadesofthe1900swereMidwesternersbyandlarge.However,onthewhole,thissetofdocu-mentsoverlapstoalargedegreewiththeotherrecordscontaininginformationontheearlieryears of Hokusei Gakuen’s history.  The events described, goals set forth, obstacles encountered, and othercomponentsofthenarrativepresentedintheseaccountsmeshquitenaturallywiththefacts presentedelsewhere. 　 Atthesametime,theyaredistinctiveinthespecificsanddetailstheybringtolight.Individual missionariesattempttodescribetotheirsupportersbackintheU.S.theroutines,trials,joys,and otherelementsthatmakeuptheiroverseaslives.Astheydo,theypresenttheirexperiences,feel-ingsaboutthem,andreflectionsontheminwayswhichbringouttheiruniquepersonalitiesand perspectivesinexploringlifeastheyarediscoveringitinJapan.SarahSmith’sdescriptionofthe

littletempleapprenticesheknew,alongwithIsabelleWard’saccountofthestudentswaitinginthe coldbesidethetraintrackstowelcomeandsendoffsoldiers,areexamplesofthepersonaltouch theyputontheirreporting. 　 TheBoardoftheNorthwestreports,thoughremarkablyextensive,differfromminutesofbusi-nessmeetingproceedingsanddonotcontainsuchcontent,asthesematterswerehandledatthe BoardofForeignMissionsnationallevel.Thefactthatthisregionalorganizationwasnotgiventhe authoritytomakefinaldecisionsovermanyaffairscloselylinkedtoitsworkmaybeviewedasa reflectionofitsrelativelylowstatus.Howeverthesereportsseemtomakeitapparentthatthisor-ganizationalstructuredidfacilitatetheBoardoftheNorthwest’skeepingitsatmospheregenerally congenialanditseffortsfocusedonthepositivegoalsofrecruiting,equipping,commissioning,and encouragingmissionaries. 　 Inreportingontheseactivities,whilewritersfrequentlygobacktothefamiliarvaluesandbeliefs thatmembersshareaspeopleofChristianfaith,theyalsoareattemptingtobringtheirreadersinto theunknownenoughtoraisetheirsights,expandtheirview,andhopefullyinspirethemtogreater faithandservice.Inthesevariousways,theyoffersomethingwhichthedocumentsdealingmore withthefactsandfiguresofbusinessmeetingsdonot.Intheauthors’individualexpressionthere areopportunitiesforafuller,richerunderstandingofHokuseiGakuen’spast.

Conclusion

　 Aftertheyearscoveredinthereportsconsideredherehadpassed,culturalchangessuchasthose broughtbywomen’sgainingtherighttovoteandgraduallyincreasingopportunitiestoenterthe worldofemploymentoutsidethehome,contributedtoanincreasingdifficultyinproducingthere-markablevolumeofrecordswhichtheBoardoftheNorthwestgeneratedyearlyingivingaccountof itsactivities.Whilemuchwasgainedintheseadvances,perhapssomeopportunitieswerelost,as well.Theamountoftimeanddetailedworktheauthorsofthesereportsputintotheirwritingmade possibleaviewbackintothehistoryofinstitutionssuchasHokuseiJoGakkowhichmightbediffi-culttoduplicateinothergenerations. 　 Inanycase,thissetofdocumentsmakespossibleamorecompletecomprehensionoftheexpe- riences,personalities,andcircumstanceswhichhavehelpedshapeHokuseiGakuenintotheinstitu-tionitcurrentlyis.Hopefullytheamountofhistoricaldocumentationofitspastgivenattentionin academicpublicationswillcontinuetoincrease.

PresbyterianChurchintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.(1914).Minutes of the General Assembly of the Pres︲ byterian Church in the United States of America.Philadelphia:OfficeoftheGeneralAssembly.Presby-terianHistoricalSociety.Philadelphia.

　 1_{Thoughhernameoftenappearsas“Isabella,”itlaterislistedas“Isabelle,”thespellingsheusedwhen} writingbyhand. 　 2_{Althoughherassignmentischurch-andhome-focused,she,herhusband,andherchildrenwillplay} activesupportingrolesinthelifeoftheHokuseicommunity. 　 3_{Mrs.VaughnwilllaterworkasateammemberintheHokkaidoStationwithHokuseimissionariesfora} brieftime. 　 4_{ShewillsoonbeginateachingassignmentatHokuseiJoGakko.} 　 5_{Accordingtothe1916HokkaidoStationreporttotheJapanMission,shewilllaterteachatHokuseifor} abrieftimeinthatyear. 　 6

SarahSmithhaspassedtheleadershipoftheschooltoMissMonkthoughcontinuingtoserveatHoku-sei(Japan Mission Reports,1916,pp.17-18).

　 7_{SheandherhusbandwillworkinHokkaidoStationinthefuture.ShewillserveontheHokuseiJo} GakkoBoardofDirectors,andherhusband,H.C.Whitener,willworkonthecommitteetaskedwithassist-inginthesaleofHokuseiland. 　 8_{HerfamilywilllocateinSapporointhefutureandbecomefamiliarfiguresatHokuseiJoGakko.} 　 9_{ShewilllaterserveontheHokuseiJoGakkoBoardofDirectors.} 〔Notes〕 PresbyterianChurchintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.BoardofForeignMissions.JapanMissionPublica-tionsCommittee.(1916).Japan Mission reports.Karuizawa,Shinshu:PresbyterianHistoricalSociety. Philadelphia.

Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. Woman’s Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest.(1901-1920).Annual report of Woman’s Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest (Vols. 30-49).Chicago,Illinois:TheBoard.PresbyterianHistoricalSociety.Philadelphia.