インドネシアにおける「創られた伝統」の萌芽と制度化の端緒 ―― 日本占領期ジャワにおけるゴトン・ロヨン(相互扶助) をめぐって―― [The Origin and Beginning of Institutionalized “Invention of Tradition” in Indonesia: The Case of Gotong Royong in Java under the Japanese Occupation]
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(2) ῍῍ !"# $%&'( )*+,-. /0123 ῍῍. 4. 5. 6. 7ῌ. The Origin and Beginning of Institutionalized “Invention of Tradition” in Indonesia: The Case of Gotong Royong in Java under the Japanese Occupation KD76N6H=> Kazuo*. In ῍ῐ῎, the Japanese military administration in Java established “The Committee for the Study of Former Customs and Political Systems” )Kyukan Seido Chosa Iinkai. as a consultative body of the administration. Through the participation of Indonesian nationalists, the Committee learned about and came to recognize gotong royong as a Javanese “tradition.” This “tradition” functioned as a social safety net in rural society to support people who encountered difficulties like unemployment. At the same time, the military administration focused attention on autonomy and community cooperativeness at the level of the Javanese village, or desa, and tried to leverage them for the administration’s benefit. Consequently, the desa was recognized as a place where gotong royong was practiced. One gotong royong practice in particular, the night watch system, or ronda, was institutionalized through reorganization into a function of the defense group Keibodan, newly established by the administration as a subsidiary organ to the police. Ronda became a symbol of autonomy and community cooperativeness, even as it was transformed into a subtle mechanism of support for the military administration. Keywords: tradition, gotong royong )mutual aid.8 ronda )night watch.8 Java, Indonesia, Japanese Occupation ῑῌΐῌῒ῏8 $%&'( )*+,-.8 '9 ):;.8 !"#8 8 . I ῏ ῍ ῐ ῎ <=>?8 @ABCDE FG
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(465) ῎ . ῎ ῍ ῑ ῌ Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. ῍ῒ῍. Some Aspects of Indonesian Politics under the Japanese Occupation: 1944῍1945. Ithaca: Cornell University. ῌῌῌῌ. ῍ΐ῎. Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944῍1946. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. Anwar, Rosihan. ῍ῐῐ. Pamankoe. !"# ῍ῐῐ ῒ $ ῍ῑ ῎ ῎῍῏῍% Bowen, John. ῍ῒ. On the Political Construction of Tradition: Gotong Royong in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Studies ῐῑ&῏': ῑῐῑ῍ῑῒ῍. Cribb, Robert; and Kahin, Audrey. ῎ῌῌῐ. Rukun Tetangga. In Historical Dictionary of Indonesia, edited by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin. Second Edition. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. Dahm, Bernhard. ῍ῒ. Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ( ) *% ῍ῐ῍%
(466) + , -./0 12#% Geertz, Clifford. ῍ῑῒ. Religious Belief and Economic Behavior in a Central Javanese Town: Some Preliminary Considerations. Economic Development and Cultural Change ῐ: ῍῏ῐ῍῍ῑ. ῌῌῌῌ. ῍ῒ῏. Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley, Los Angels, and London: University of California Press. 345% ῎ῌῌ῍% -67 89":0 89": ῌῌ ;<=>?@ -AB0 # 345 C D ῌE &' ῌ῍῍ῌ FG HI%
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