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TRU Mathematics 22・・2 〔1986)

ON PR(〕U II CTIVE KILL工NG P−FORMS 工N U)CA1』LY PRODUCT

       RI㎜IAN MANIFOIDS Jae−Bdk JUN (Received October 6, 1986〕 §0. 工n七rOduction.      The concep七()f a projee七ive Mlling p−fom in a Riema㎜nian manifold was defined by S. Tachibana [8] and he proved 曲e foUowings:      Theorem A・∫n a co叩act or呈e就abヱe Rie囮annゴan切8nエfbld・aρroゴectゴve κi11エngρ一f・r田is aκi11エng。ne if the ass。cゴated fbmエs cl・sed・      Theorem B.  1h a comρact orientable Riemannian manifold’ a coclosed ρroゴective Kiヱ1ingρ一formエs aκilling one・      The pLrr「p◎se of 七his peper is 七◎ discuss the non−existence of a projec七ive

KMng p−fom(p≧2)whi(辻1 is no七Kl−i㎎in a loc証Lly produc七Riema㎜ian

manifold and s加dy a proper七y of a cer七ain(pl)−fom血ch is cons七ructed fr。m a proj ec七ive K皿ing p−form.![he foコユ。wing七heorem is weコユー㎞own[6].      Theorem C. In a co叩act orien亡abヱeヱocallyρr。duc亡Rエemannエan manifold 〃,aρroゴecti・veκエ11ing vector field is necessarilyκiヱ1ing・      We wiコユgeneralize七his七heorem t◎七he case◎f degree p(p≧2)under a c◎ndi七ion. Nameユy, we wi−pr◎ve七he fonown9 :      The。rem 1. ln a co叩ac亡orientable loca1ヱyρrodロc亡Riemannian囮nifoヱd

〃,adeco叩。sableρr・jectiveκ口五n8ρ一form(ρ≧2)エsκiヱling・

Recentユ.y, the f・ll・砿㎎the。rem was PS。ved in[1]・

37

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38 J。−B.JUN      Theorem D. 1h an n−dゴ田ensゴoηaヱR立e囮annエaη田an工fbld〃, fbr anyρrojec亡工ve

Killingρ一fbmロfρ≧2♪8nd i ts essociated formθ・w呈s a closed conformal

kiヱ1エng(P−1ノーfbr田曲・se ass・cieted f・rq is一δθ・where’ we力ave put w= δu + (n一ρ+2)e.      βyconcemi㎎The。rem D and a result()f S. Sa七〇[4], we wコユ1 prove曲e following:      Theorem 2・ Let〃be an n−dゴ田eηsゴoηaヱcomρact or工en亡θbヱe Rieωann工an 肥nエfbヱd which is 1。caヱヱyρroduc亡of an見一d加eηsエ・ηaヱィ兄≦n/2)Riemannian mani・fold 8nd anでn−2♪−dimensional one. Le亡ロbe aρroゴec亡i veκエ11ゴn8ρ一fbr田 (ρ≧2)andθbe並きass・cゴa亡ed fbr囮. lhen亡力eでρ一1)−fbr加wゴs Paralleヱ ρroγ工ded 亡hat 3(ρ一2) < 2免, wカere we haye ρロt w = δロ + 〈n一ρ+2)θ◆      We will devo七e §1 七〇 no七a七ions and defini七ions◆ Some opera七〇rs wi七h respec七 七〇 p−forms in a localユy product Riemannian mani eold will be introduced in §2. [[lhe proofs of lheorem l and Theorem 2π1ユユ be given in §3 and §4 respectiveユy・      The au七hor expresses his sコ且cere

and N・Abe曲o gsLve h㎞mary valuable

prepara七ion of tllis paper・

蜘ks七〇Professors S・Yamaguchi

suggestions in 七he course of the §1. Conformaユ and projec七ive Mlling pforms.      Throughout七his paper, all manifoユds are assumed七〇be connec七ed and of        co class C . Let Pl be an n−dimen日ionaユ Riemannian ma刀ifold. Deno七e respectiveユy

by・gbe・』e鋤㌔一R。』a伽峻i・・the一七ur…nd・th・Ricci・te・・。・・

。f a Rie㎜迦鵬ni e。ra in t・ms。f l・・Ul c・。rdi・ates〔xa},where la七in indices run over 七he range {1,2,...,n}.     We repr6sent 七ensors by七heir componen七s wi七h respec七 七〇 the na七ural basis and use七he sum皿ation conven七ion. For.adifferen七ia1 P−for囮

ap

∧  oo  ● ∧

.血

 ap

 ⋮

 1

ua

−声

U

典』卿e七「’cc°eff’c’en七s

@ua1…ap・the c°eff’c’en七s°f’七s differential du arxl七he ex七erior cOdifferen七ia1δu are giv㎝by exヒerior

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ON「PROJECTIVE KILLI八「G P−FORMS 39        (du)・1…ap.1=Σ呈・1(−1)’+1▽a、ua1・・:、一・p.1・        .   (δu)        = 一 ▽「u         ,

   ・    ’  a2…ap

       「a2°”ap where▽「・9「s▽,・・。 d…tes・h・・pera・・r・f…ari・n・dif・・r・n七i・七i−・:、 ・・aS・i加b・d・1・七・d・We・alLl・pf・rm u t。 be・ヱ・・ed(re・p・・。cl・・ed)if  du=0 (resp. δu=O).       ・       ・       Ap−f・rm u(P≧1)is said七・b・Killi・g if i七・a七isfies       ▽bual…・p+▽・1”ha、…・pニ゜’  Any Killing p卜form is coclosed, and i七is easy七〇 see 七ha七 七he equa七ion for a  p−foエm u七〇 be Kilユing is equivaユent 七〇 (1’1)

@− (du)da1…・p=(P+1)▽bua1…・p・   .

’Ap−f・rm u(P≧1)is said七・be・・nf・r頑κゴ・ユi・g・if th・r・ ・Xi・七・  a (P−「)−form ρ called七he ∂ssocib亡e(7 form such 七ha七

..

@  ▽bU・1…・p+▽・1Uba、…・p   . ・・

      ロ      =2ρ・2…・p・b・1一Σ鍵・2(−1)’(・ha、・・a、…p9・1・i+P・1・・:、・・ap・ha、)・ especia1ユy u is Killing ifρ・vanis4es iden七icaユユーy. Moreover, a p−foym u (P≧1) is caユ1edρrojectlveκゴ11ゴηg if七here exis七s a (P−1)−formθ called七he associa七ed form such七ha七 (1・2)

@2▽・▽bU・1…・p   ’   』』

      +Σ呈一1R・b・ieu・1・・・…pT(Rb・1 ce+R・albe)…、…・p       一Σ‡一・(R・・i・ieu・a2・・・…;+R・al・ieub・2−e・・ap)              ・2Σ呈一1(−1)’−1(gcai▽bθ・1・・:、…p+gb・i▽…1・・:、…p)・

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40

J.−B.JU[N       §2. Lo(?ally produc七 Riemannian manifold and some opera七〇rs.       Le七 us consider an n−di皿ensional loca1ユy produCt Riemannian manifoユd M. th・n, by・d・fi・i七i。・,“tih・r…Xt・七…y・七・・ゴb・a・・。・・血七es呼(・λ,瑚 .・u・)h七h・七in e・・h UA七h・1i・e el・m・nt ,i・gi・㎝㎏the f°血     』

(・・1) ・・2−9a、・Xad.b  、

       .  ・・{,、.1、9、。(xv)・・λd・μ・Σ:,,=、.19。,(xY)d・・αdx6 −     ’     ・      (2 > 2, In> 2, £+m=n),

・鋤蝿(UB・he…rd血・加』f・Cmati・・(・λ・x°「)一→(yV・f)・・gi・・n

.㎏伽eq。a七i。n。出一出(・λ)and ’

?E「諏xα). H…㎝d垣伽se早・1,・・agree

七〇use 七he ranges of indices su(カaS 1≦λ,μ,v≦∫↓ (〈n); 」1・+1≦・,β・Y≦£+m(=n);1≦・・b・・…,≦n・Sq・h l・cal・。。・dina七es sy・t・m. (xλ,x°「)is Call・d・・eρ・・atゴ・9…rdi・…sy・t・・.      工fwe define      ・ (2.2) (Fba)= λ

0 一δβソ

in・a・h UA・th・・U・ey d・fin・a七・n…field。f七ype

produc七 Riemannian manifold M and sa七isfy (1,1)・ver a l・ca1]−y

(・・3)  Fa「F。b・・。b・・。,・a「Fbs・9。b・・bFac・…

エfw・PSt・9。rF。「・F。6 ・nd ga「Frc一爵c

ユ・⊇・yぴs押・t…and・i七h・・d・

・ha七Fr「一・−m・Th・fi・・t・qu・七i・n・f(2・3)・h㎝・七』Wa assi四一記・・s七

produc七 s七ruc七ure 七〇 七he manifold.      .       ・      The follo血g iden七i七ies are・㎞own:   .. (2.4) (2.5) ・。b,「dd・R。b。d・。「,・ab。d−R。b。,F。「Fds, Ra「・。d ・ ・b”R。b。d・ ・

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ON PROJECTIVE KILI、ING P−FORMS      工hroughou七 七his paper,]−e七Mbe arl n−dimensional locaユly produc七 Riemannian manifold.     Ac°寧’an七te”s°「f’eld ual・…p’s. ca”ed pu「e ”ゴth「espect t°亡力e i・di・es ・k・・d・h[5]・]f i七・a七i・fi・・

      u    F「=u    F「.

       a1”ah”「”ap ak a1”「”ak”ap ah

Furtherm°「e ual…・p’s ca”ed pu「e ’f’七’s呼砒「espec七七゜a’1 the

indices・Th・ ・q・a七i・n・f(2・3)2・・an・th・七th・ me七・i・七・…ri・p岨・・Th・ ・q・a七i・n(2・4)2i・pli・・枷・七’tih・ ・urv・七ur・七・…r R。b。d i・P・r・with・re・pec七 七〇 七he indices c and d. The pαri七y of 七ensors is invarian七under raising (…p・…eri・・)・・岨・indices by・ab(・esp・・。b)・・・・…rfi・・d w・−・・ called decomposable if it and i七s covarian七 deriva七ive are bo七h pure. 工n pa「七i・u1・rs gab i・d…mp。sabl・・      Ihe opera七〇rsΦ, r and D for any p−form u are respec七iveユy defined by        (Φu)・i…ap=Σ呈・1F・i’ual ・・…ap・       コ        (fU)・。…・p=Σ‡⇒(−1)エF・i「▽・ua。・・a、…p・        (th)  =FS▽u  .       a2…ap  「sa2…ap      Now, we wi]ユprove 七he following・ Le㎜a 2.1. For aηyρ一form u, we have (Φd −dΦ)u= ru. Proof. For a p−form u, from 七he definitions of opera七〇rs, we have        お      (d’m)・。…・p=Σ呈司(−1)ユ▽・i(’m)・。・・a、…p               ・Σ2⇒F・i「(du)・。・・・…p一Σ呈⇒(−1)zF・、「▽・ua。・・a、…p        =(edu)・。…・p (fU)・。・…p・ ’

41

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42

J.−B.JUN which means 七ha七1e㎜a 2.1 holds. §3. Proof of Theorem 1.     工n 七his sec七ion, we consider a decomposab:Le projec七ive Killing p−fom u (p≧2) in an n−dimensional localユーy produc七Riemann ian manifold M.     工n七he firs七place, we will prove七he foユユowing.     Lemma 3.1. ln aヱocallyρroduct Riemannian mani・foヱd M, the associa亡ed form θ of a decomposabヱe proゴec亡ive Ki1ヱゴn8 P−form ロ (ρ > 2)  satisfies the follow工ηg equa亡工ohξ        .       Φdθ =prθ÷     ・・・…T・・n・vec七in・(1・・)・・th・。㌔,al ・n・螂…use・・(・・3),(・・4) and 七he purity of covarian七 deriva七ive of u, we find (・・1)2▽・▽・u・a2…・p−2R・・ceu・a2…・p+Σ呈・・F・七F・dR+2・・・…p          一Σ呈⊇R・・aieu・a2・・・…p一Σ呈一・F・七F・dR・d・ieu・・、・・…ap          ・牢sc▽七θ・、…・p−2Σ呈一・(−1)’F・%七9・a、Vbθt・、・・:、…p          +29r・▽・e・2…・p−2哩⊇(−1)’・・七・rai▽・eta、..£、..・p・ f・。m・whi・h, by・。ntracting Fc「tO七hi・, we can 9・七 (…)・c「▽・▽・u・・2…・p・R・「u二・2…・P−9・‡魂・・「R・、・ceu・a2..・.◆ap       =2F「(dθ)      . .      .       s     ra       2’”ap  ㌔ご。il:㍑,(       ゆ2・5)・砲er…P・t ・Tra_。・Frsu,a_。・ibran。vecting,・b七。(1.;)㎝ぎ㎏輌i usep。,(、.4) and (2.5), we can ob七ain

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       ’     ON PRCVECTrVE KILLING P−FORMS        ・Cb・・▽bU・1…・p・R・1㌔㌔a2…・p一亮・2・・1rR・irceu。a、..。..。p        =2(「θ)・1…ap・ from which 七〇ge七her wit力 (3.2), i七 foコユows tha七 (3・3)

@ ㌧1「(呉…・p三(「θ)・i…・p・

取 in七erchanging aコユ 七he indices in (3.3) a1七erna七iveユy, we have our Lemma 3.1.   .      Nex七, we will show the following・  『      Lemma 3・2・エn∂ヱocally produtt Riemannian m∂nifoユd M, the associated form θ of a decomρosabヱe ρroゴective 燈ヱヱing P−form u 〈ρ > 2) is closed.      P・。。fL A七fi・・七・if・・七・an・vec七FasFba2七・(3・1)and七ak・・a・6・㎜七・f (2.3) and七he purity of u,七hen we have       ・・▽ruab・3…・p−・2FasFbdRrsce・・d・,…・p  ・       +FbdF・七R・七deua・a3…・p+も・bdF・tR・七・ieuad・,・・・…p       −・・『・bdR・・deucea,…・P−.Σξヲ・as隅dR・・aieu・d・3..・..・p 』       一蛭R・adeu・・a,…ap一も・bd・・七R・aaie・七d・3.・・..・p       −29a・FbdF・t▽七・da,・一.一・p.−2F晶・aa,…・p       −2も(−1)’Fbd・・七9・ai▽七・ad・3・・a、…p+2F・・Fbd▽・θd・,…・p       −29・…e・a,…・p−2も(−1)’・bd・rai▽・ead・3・・:、・・ap, fr。m・whi・h, ty・・n七ra・t血9評七・七hi・, ve can。btain

43

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44

      J.−B.JUN . ▽・va2…・pニ(・−P+2)F・2「▽・era,…・p+F・、・(δθ)・,・…p        −・呈夷「9ca、(δθ)・,∴・…p・ where wl∋ have put v=Du. FUr七herlnore, 七his is rewri七七en qs       .(P’1)・・va2・・:・p=(P“pt2)・・(・・)・2…・p+Σ≒(−1)エF・、・(δθ)・2・・:、…p       .

『   +・鍵⊇(一’)’9a、・(Φδθ)・2・・9、…p .

by・in七9・・h・pging indices a2・a3・…・ap alterna七ively・M°「e°ve「・if we「 in七e「change i”dices c・a2・・∴・a

]七eコmatively in七he ab°ve equati°n・七hen

七his is refor ned as        .  (p−1)dv = (n−p+2)dΦθ.

This equati°n七゜ge七he「with Lemma 2・1・and Le「nma 3・1 yields七haV  、「

(3.4)  ’       dv = (n−p+2)11θ, because of p≧2・    .

     Q…he・ther b・nd・ by …n・ve・tin・Fha1七・(1・・)…is』加see岨

      .       ・・va、…・P=F・「・…、・’・.・p−・呈⇒(−1)ユgca、(D・)・、・・£、…p        +(2−m)▽・θ・2…・p−▽・(Φθ)・、…・p’  . This can be wri七七en as   −     ’『         ’      、        dv = (2−m)dθ 一 (1}−2)Fθ      ‘        ・ by・in七・r・h・ngi・g・i・dices c・a2・…・ap a1七e「na七ively and using Lerrma.2・1 and Lemma 3.1. Thus, from 七he above equa七ion and (3.4), i七 follows 七ha七        (£−m)dθ =nre.       ’

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ON PRCV圧iC7TIVE KILLING P−FORMS 45 This equa七ion 七〇ge七her wi仇 (3.3) means tha七 (3.5) (£−m)(dθ)         a1’”ap if・・tr・n・vect Fbal t・ =nF 「(dθ)      .       「a2’”ap     al (3.5), 七hen we ge七 (2”m)Fb「(dθ)ra、…・P=n(dθ)ha、…・p・ This equa七i㎝七〇ge七her wi七h(3.5) Lemna 3.2 ho]−ds. and.by。i・七u・・。f。2≠(£−m)2 i・plies七hat     Le七M bO c・mpac七and・rien七able. making use of Theorem A and Le皿na 3.2. Then, we can conclude。ur The。re皿1by §4.Proof()f Theorem 2.     エnthis sec七ion, we assume tha七Mis the ndimensiona1 Rie皿a皿1an

manifold which is described in§2.1七is㎞own七ha七Mis localU isometric七〇

七he direc七 product of an 見一dimensional (£≦n/2) Riemannian manifold and an (n一し)−dimensional one. No七e 七ha七 m=n−∫↓.      工n[4],S. Sa七〇studied whether a conformal K辺ing p−fom exis七s or no七 in a:Loea!ユy produc七Riemannian manifoユd M. She proved七he following:      Theorem E. Le亡 M be an n−dimensionaユ compac亡 orien亡abヱe Riemannian m∂nifoヱd which is locaヱヱyρroduct of an ∫↓−dimensionaヱ (「兄≦n/2♪ Riemannian manifold and aη(n−2)−dimensionaヱone. Then M can no亡ad囮並aconformal Ki1ヱingρ一form sa亡isfying 3(ρ一1) < 2∫↓which is no亡 Ki1ヱing・      As in Theorem 2, le七ube a pr’ojec七ive Killing p−form (p≧2) and θbe i七s associa七ed form. 西om Theorem D, we see 七ha七wis a conforlnaユKiコユing (p−1)−foエrn. By vir七ue of Theoreln E, w is Kiユling under七he condi七ion 3(p−2) 〈 2£. Then, 七he e(lua七ion (1.. 1) for w is      . dw=P▽w・ M)reover, Theorem D asser七s 七ha七w is cユosed. pr()ves Theorem 2・ lhus w is paraユユeユ, whi(血

(10)

46’ J.−B.JUN      Remark. 工n [2], a p−form u is said 七〇 be ρrojectiVe Kiヱヱing of fi−rst (resp. second)kind if w in Theorem 2 does no七vanish (resp. vanishes) iden七ica]ユy. S㎝e resu1七s fbr such a p−fom U were respectiveユーy obtained血 Sasakian manifold [2]. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]        REE囲RENCES J.B. Jun.and S. Yamagu(hi‡.On proj ec七ive Killng p−forms in Riemanm tan   mani folds, 七〇 appear in Tensor, N. S.. J.B. Jun and S. Ya田aguchi: On proj ee七ive Kiユユing P−forms in Sasakian   manifolds, to apPear in Tens.or.s 亙・S・・       、 ・        . T. Kiishiwada : On conformal KiUing tensor, Na七. Sci. Rep◆ Ochano血itU   univ., 19(1968), 67−74. S. Sa七〇: On七he influence of a conformeユ Killing 七ensor on 七he   reducibili『ヒァ of compac七Riemannian.spaces, Kodai Ma七h. Sem. Rep.,』   22(1970)., 436−442.     ・       一        ^. S・P;7識r差。8瓢’c tens°「鋤’七s gene「a’ttza七’°n・T°h°㎞.“Eath’ 1” S. Tachibana‡ So皿e theore皿s on loca1ユy produc七Riemannian spaces, Tdho㎞   Math.」.,12(1960),281−292.      ^ S. Tachibama‡ Qn conformal Killing 七ensor in a Riemannian space, TohokU   Ma七h.・Jotm., 21(1969), 56−64.      ’ S.Tachibana: On projec七ive Killing七ensor, M七. Sci. Rep. Ochanomizu   univ., 21(1970), 67−80・ S. Yamaguchi: On some七ransforma七ions in locally pr◎duc七Riemannian   spaces, Tensor, N.S., vo1. 18(1967),227−238. K. Yano: Differen七iaユgeome七ry On complex and aユm6s七 complex spaces,   Pergamσn Press, New York, (1965)・

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