TRU Mathematics 22・・2 〔1986)
ON PR(〕U II CTIVE KILL工NG P−FORMS 工N U)CA1』LY PRODUCT
RI㎜IAN MANIFOIDS Jae−Bdk JUN (Received October 6, 1986〕 §0. 工n七rOduction. The concep七()f a projee七ive Mlling p−fom in a Riema㎜nian manifold was defined by S. Tachibana [8] and he proved 曲e foUowings: Theorem A・∫n a co叩act or呈e就abヱe Rie囮annゴan切8nエfbld・aρroゴectゴve κi11エngρ一f・r田is aκi11エng。ne if the ass。cゴated fbmエs cl・sed・ Theorem B. 1h a comρact orientable Riemannian manifold’ a coclosed ρroゴective Kiヱ1ingρ一formエs aκilling one・ The pLrr「p◎se of 七his peper is 七◎ discuss the non−existence of a projec七iveKMng p−fom(p≧2)whi(辻1 is no七Kl−i㎎in a loc証Lly produc七Riema㎜ian
manifold and s加dy a proper七y of a cer七ain(pl)−fom血ch is cons七ructed fr。m a proj ec七ive K皿ing p−form.![he foコユ。wing七heorem is weコユー㎞own[6]. Theorem C. In a co叩act orien亡abヱeヱocallyρr。duc亡Rエemannエan manifold 〃,aρroゴecti・veκエ11ing vector field is necessarilyκiヱ1ing・ We wiコユgeneralize七his七heorem t◎七he case◎f degree p(p≧2)under a c◎ndi七ion. Nameユy, we wi−pr◎ve七he fonown9 : The。rem 1. ln a co叩ac亡orientable loca1ヱyρrodロc亡Riemannian囮nifoヱd〃,adeco叩。sableρr・jectiveκ口五n8ρ一form(ρ≧2)エsκiヱling・
Recentユ.y, the f・ll・砿㎎the。rem was PS。ved in[1]・37
38 J。−B.JUN Theorem D. 1h an n−dゴ田ensゴoηaヱR立e囮annエaη田an工fbld〃, fbr anyρrojec亡工ve
Killingρ一fbmロfρ≧2♪8nd i ts essociated formθ・w呈s a closed conformal
kiヱ1エng(P−1ノーfbr田曲・se ass・cieted f・rq is一δθ・where’ we力ave put w= δu + (n一ρ+2)e. βyconcemi㎎The。rem D and a result()f S. Sa七〇[4], we wコユ1 prove曲e following: Theorem 2・ Let〃be an n−dゴ田eηsゴoηaヱcomρact or工en亡θbヱe Rieωann工an 肥nエfbヱd which is 1。caヱヱyρroduc亡of an見一d加eηsエ・ηaヱィ兄≦n/2)Riemannian mani・fold 8nd anでn−2♪−dimensional one. Le亡ロbe aρroゴec亡i veκエ11ゴn8ρ一fbr田 (ρ≧2)andθbe並きass・cゴa亡ed fbr囮. lhen亡力eでρ一1)−fbr加wゴs Paralleヱ ρroγ工ded 亡hat 3(ρ一2) < 2免, wカere we haye ρロt w = δロ + 〈n一ρ+2)θ◆ We will devo七e §1 七〇 no七a七ions and defini七ions◆ Some opera七〇rs wi七h respec七 七〇 p−forms in a localユy product Riemannian mani eold will be introduced in §2. [[lhe proofs of lheorem l and Theorem 2π1ユユ be given in §3 and §4 respectiveユy・ The au七hor expresses his sコ且cereand N・Abe曲o gsLve h㎞mary valuable
prepara七ion of tllis paper・蜘ks七〇Professors S・Yamaguchi
suggestions in 七he course of the §1. Conformaユ and projec七ive Mlling pforms. Throughout七his paper, all manifoユds are assumed七〇be connec七ed and of co class C . Let Pl be an n−dimen日ionaユ Riemannian ma刀ifold. Deno七e respectiveユyby・gbe・』e鋤㌔一R。』a伽峻i・・the一七ur…nd・th・Ricci・te・・。・・
。f a Rie㎜迦鵬ni e。ra in t・ms。f l・・Ul c・。rdi・ates〔xa},where la七in indices run over 七he range {1,2,...,n}. We repr6sent 七ensors by七heir componen七s wi七h respec七 七〇 the na七ural basis and use七he sum皿ation conven七ion. For.adifferen七ia1 P−for囮ap
改
∧ oo ● ∧当
.血ap
⋮1
ua
−声
=U
典』卿e七「’cc°eff’c’en七s
@ua1…ap・the c°eff’c’en七s°f’七s differential du arxl七he ex七erior cOdifferen七ia1δu are giv㎝by exヒeriorON「PROJECTIVE KILLI八「G P−FORMS 39 (du)・1…ap.1=Σ呈・1(−1)’+1▽a、ua1・・:、一・p.1・ . (δu) = 一 ▽「u ,
・ ’ a2…ap
「a2°”ap where▽「・9「s▽,・・。 d…tes・h・・pera・・r・f…ari・n・dif・・r・n七i・七i−・:、 ・・aS・i加b・d・1・七・d・We・alLl・pf・rm u t。 be・ヱ・・ed(re・p・・。cl・・ed)if du=0 (resp. δu=O). ・ ・ Ap−f・rm u(P≧1)is said七・b・Killi・g if i七・a七isfies ▽bual…・p+▽・1”ha、…・pニ゜’ Any Killing p卜form is coclosed, and i七is easy七〇 see 七ha七 七he equa七ion for a p−foエm u七〇 be Kilユing is equivaユent 七〇 (1’1)@− (du)da1…・p=(P+1)▽bua1…・p・ .
’Ap−f・rm u(P≧1)is said七・be・・nf・r頑κゴ・ユi・g・if th・r・ ・Xi・七・ a (P−「)−form ρ called七he ∂ssocib亡e(7 form such 七ha七..
@ ▽bU・1…・p+▽・1Uba、…・p . ・・
ロ =2ρ・2…・p・b・1一Σ鍵・2(−1)’(・ha、・・a、…p9・1・i+P・1・・:、・・ap・ha、)・ especia1ユy u is Killing ifρ・vanis4es iden七icaユユーy. Moreover, a p−foym u (P≧1) is caユ1edρrojectlveκゴ11ゴηg if七here exis七s a (P−1)−formθ called七he associa七ed form such七ha七 (1・2)@2▽・▽bU・1…・p ’ 』』
+Σ呈一1R・b・ieu・1・・・…pT(Rb・1 ce+R・albe)…、…・p 一Σ‡一・(R・・i・ieu・a2・・・…;+R・al・ieub・2−e・・ap) ・2Σ呈一1(−1)’−1(gcai▽bθ・1・・:、…p+gb・i▽…1・・:、…p)・40
J.−B.JU[N §2. Lo(?ally produc七 Riemannian manifold and some opera七〇rs. Le七 us consider an n−di皿ensional loca1ユy produCt Riemannian manifoユd M. th・n, by・d・fi・i七i。・,“tih・r…Xt・七…y・七・・ゴb・a・・。・・血七es呼(・λ,瑚 .・u・)h七h・七in e・・h UA七h・1i・e el・m・nt ,i・gi・㎝㎏the f°血 』(・・1) ・・2−9a、・Xad.b 、
. ・・{,、.1、9、。(xv)・・λd・μ・Σ:,,=、.19。,(xY)d・・αdx6 − ’ ・ (2 > 2, In> 2, £+m=n),・鋤蝿(UB・he…rd血・加』f・Cmati・・(・λ・x°「)一→(yV・f)・・gi・・n
.㎏伽eq。a七i。n。出一出(・λ)and ’?E「諏xα). H…㎝d垣伽se早・1,・・agree
七〇use 七he ranges of indices su(カaS 1≦λ,μ,v≦∫↓ (〈n); 」1・+1≦・,β・Y≦£+m(=n);1≦・・b・・…,≦n・Sq・h l・cal・。。・dina七es sy・t・m. (xλ,x°「)is Call・d・・eρ・・atゴ・9…rdi・…sy・t・・. 工fwe define ・ (2.2) (Fba)= λ\
0 一δβソin・a・h UA・th・・U・ey d・fin・a七・n…field。f七ype
produc七 Riemannian manifold M and sa七isfy (1,1)・ver a l・ca1]−y(・・3) Fa「F。b・・。b・・。,・a「Fbs・9。b・・bFac・…
エfw・PSt・9。rF。「・F。6 ・nd ga「Frc一爵cユ・⊇・yぴs押・t…and・i七h・・d・
・ha七Fr「一・−m・Th・fi・・t・qu・七i・n・f(2・3)・h㎝・七』Wa assi四一記・・s七
produc七 s七ruc七ure 七〇 七he manifold. . ・ The follo血g iden七i七ies are・㎞own: .. (2.4) (2.5) ・。b,「dd・R。b。d・。「,・ab。d−R。b。,F。「Fds, Ra「・。d ・ ・b”R。b。d・ ・ON PROJECTIVE KILI、ING P−FORMS 工hroughou七 七his paper,]−e七Mbe arl n−dimensional locaユly produc七 Riemannian manifold. Ac°寧’an七te”s°「f’eld ual・…p’s. ca”ed pu「e ”ゴth「espect t°亡力e i・di・es ・k・・d・h[5]・]f i七・a七i・fi・・
u F「=u F「.
a1”ah”「”ap ak a1”「”ak”ap ahFurtherm°「e ual…・p’s ca”ed pu「e ’f’七’s呼砒「espec七七゜a’1 the
indices・Th・ ・q・a七i・n・f(2・3)2・・an・th・七th・ me七・i・七・…ri・p岨・・Th・ ・q・a七i・n(2・4)2i・pli・・枷・七’tih・ ・urv・七ur・七・…r R。b。d i・P・r・with・re・pec七 七〇 七he indices c and d. The pαri七y of 七ensors is invarian七under raising (…p・…eri・・)・・岨・indices by・ab(・esp・・。b)・・・・…rfi・・d w・−・・ called decomposable if it and i七s covarian七 deriva七ive are bo七h pure. 工n pa「七i・u1・rs gab i・d…mp。sabl・・ Ihe opera七〇rsΦ, r and D for any p−form u are respec七iveユy defined by (Φu)・i…ap=Σ呈・1F・i’ual ・・…ap・ コ (fU)・。…・p=Σ‡⇒(−1)エF・i「▽・ua。・・a、…p・ (th) =FS▽u . a2…ap 「sa2…ap Now, we wi]ユprove 七he following・ Le㎜a 2.1. For aηyρ一form u, we have (Φd −dΦ)u= ru. Proof. For a p−form u, from 七he definitions of opera七〇rs, we have お (d’m)・。…・p=Σ呈司(−1)ユ▽・i(’m)・。・・a、…p ・Σ2⇒F・i「(du)・。・・・…p一Σ呈⇒(−1)zF・、「▽・ua。・・a、…p =(edu)・。…・p (fU)・。・…p・ ’41
42
J.−B.JUN which means 七ha七1e㎜a 2.1 holds. §3. Proof of Theorem 1. 工n 七his sec七ion, we consider a decomposab:Le projec七ive Killing p−fom u (p≧2) in an n−dimensional localユーy produc七Riemann ian manifold M. 工n七he firs七place, we will prove七he foユユowing. Lemma 3.1. ln aヱocallyρroduct Riemannian mani・foヱd M, the associa亡ed form θ of a decomposabヱe proゴec亡ive Ki1ヱゴn8 P−form ロ (ρ > 2) satisfies the follow工ηg equa亡工ohξ . Φdθ =prθ÷ ・・・…T・・n・vec七in・(1・・)・・th・。㌔,al ・n・螂…use・・(・・3),(・・4) and 七he purity of covarian七 deriva七ive of u, we find (・・1)2▽・▽・u・a2…・p−2R・・ceu・a2…・p+Σ呈・・F・七F・dR+2・・・…p 一Σ呈⊇R・・aieu・a2・・・…p一Σ呈一・F・七F・dR・d・ieu・・、・・…ap ・牢sc▽七θ・、…・p−2Σ呈一・(−1)’F・%七9・a、Vbθt・、・・:、…p +29r・▽・e・2…・p−2哩⊇(−1)’・・七・rai▽・eta、..£、..・p・ f・。m・whi・h, by・。ntracting Fc「tO七hi・, we can 9・七 (…)・c「▽・▽・u・・2…・p・R・「u二・2…・P−9・‡魂・・「R・、・ceu・a2..・.◆ap =2F「(dθ) . . . s ra 2’”ap ㌔ご。il:㍑,( ゆ2・5)・砲er…P・t ・Tra_。・Frsu,a_。・ibran。vecting,・b七。(1.;)㎝ぎ㎏輌i usep。,(、.4) and (2.5), we can ob七ain’ ON PRCVECTrVE KILLING P−FORMS ・Cb・・▽bU・1…・p・R・1㌔㌔a2…・p一亮・2・・1rR・irceu。a、..。..。p =2(「θ)・1…ap・ from which 七〇ge七her wit力 (3.2), i七 foコユows tha七 (3・3)
@ ㌧1「(呉…・p三(「θ)・i…・p・
取 in七erchanging aコユ 七he indices in (3.3) a1七erna七iveユy, we have our Lemma 3.1. . Nex七, we will show the following・ 『 Lemma 3・2・エn∂ヱocally produtt Riemannian m∂nifoユd M, the associated form θ of a decomρosabヱe ρroゴective 燈ヱヱing P−form u 〈ρ > 2) is closed. P・。。fL A七fi・・七・if・・七・an・vec七FasFba2七・(3・1)and七ak・・a・6・㎜七・f (2.3) and七he purity of u,七hen we have ・・▽ruab・3…・p−・2FasFbdRrsce・・d・,…・p ・ +FbdF・七R・七deua・a3…・p+も・bdF・tR・七・ieuad・,・・・…p −・・『・bdR・・deucea,…・P−.Σξヲ・as隅dR・・aieu・d・3..・..・p 』 一蛭R・adeu・・a,…ap一も・bd・・七R・aaie・七d・3.・・..・p −29a・FbdF・t▽七・da,・一.一・p.−2F晶・aa,…・p −2も(−1)’Fbd・・七9・ai▽七・ad・3・・a、…p+2F・・Fbd▽・θd・,…・p −29・…e・a,…・p−2も(−1)’・bd・rai▽・ead・3・・:、・・ap, fr。m・whi・h, ty・・n七ra・t血9評七・七hi・, ve can。btain43
44
J.−B.JUN . ▽・va2…・pニ(・−P+2)F・2「▽・era,…・p+F・、・(δθ)・,・…p −・呈夷「9ca、(δθ)・,∴・…p・ where wl∋ have put v=Du. FUr七herlnore, 七his is rewri七七en qs .(P’1)・・va2・・:・p=(P“pt2)・・(・・)・2…・p+Σ≒(−1)エF・、・(δθ)・2・・:、…p .『 +・鍵⊇(一’)’9a、・(Φδθ)・2・・9、…p .
by・in七9・・h・pging indices a2・a3・…・ap alterna七ively・M°「e°ve「・if we「 in七e「change i”dices c・a2・・∴・a]七eコmatively in七he ab°ve equati°n・七hen
七his is refor ned as . (p−1)dv = (n−p+2)dΦθ.This equati°n七゜ge七he「with Lemma 2・1・and Le「nma 3・1 yields七haV 、「
(3.4) ’ dv = (n−p+2)11θ, because of p≧2・ .Q…he・ther b・nd・ by …n・ve・tin・Fha1七・(1・・)…is』加see岨
. ・・va、…・P=F・「・…、・’・.・p−・呈⇒(−1)ユgca、(D・)・、・・£、…p +(2−m)▽・θ・2…・p−▽・(Φθ)・、…・p’ . This can be wri七七en as − ’『 ’ 、 dv = (2−m)dθ 一 (1}−2)Fθ ‘ ・ by・in七・r・h・ngi・g・i・dices c・a2・…・ap a1七e「na七ively and using Lerrma.2・1 and Lemma 3.1. Thus, from 七he above equa七ion and (3.4), i七 follows 七ha七 (£−m)dθ =nre. ’ON PRCV圧iC7TIVE KILLING P−FORMS 45 This equa七ion 七〇ge七her wi仇 (3.3) means tha七 (3.5) (£−m)(dθ) a1’”ap if・・tr・n・vect Fbal t・ =nF 「(dθ) . 「a2’”ap al (3.5), 七hen we ge七 (2”m)Fb「(dθ)ra、…・P=n(dθ)ha、…・p・ This equa七i㎝七〇ge七her wi七h(3.5) Lemna 3.2 ho]−ds. and.by。i・七u・・。f。2≠(£−m)2 i・plies七hat Le七M bO c・mpac七and・rien七able. making use of Theorem A and Le皿na 3.2. Then, we can conclude。ur The。re皿1by §4.Proof()f Theorem 2. エnthis sec七ion, we assume tha七Mis the ndimensiona1 Rie皿a皿1an
manifold which is described in§2.1七is㎞own七ha七Mis localU isometric七〇
七he direc七 product of an 見一dimensional (£≦n/2) Riemannian manifold and an (n一し)−dimensional one. No七e 七ha七 m=n−∫↓. 工n[4],S. Sa七〇studied whether a conformal K辺ing p−fom exis七s or no七 in a:Loea!ユy produc七Riemannian manifoユd M. She proved七he following: Theorem E. Le亡 M be an n−dimensionaユ compac亡 orien亡abヱe Riemannian m∂nifoヱd which is locaヱヱyρroduct of an ∫↓−dimensionaヱ (「兄≦n/2♪ Riemannian manifold and aη(n−2)−dimensionaヱone. Then M can no亡ad囮並aconformal Ki1ヱingρ一form sa亡isfying 3(ρ一1) < 2∫↓which is no亡 Ki1ヱing・ As in Theorem 2, le七ube a pr’ojec七ive Killing p−form (p≧2) and θbe i七s associa七ed form. 西om Theorem D, we see 七ha七wis a conforlnaユKiコユing (p−1)−foエrn. By vir七ue of Theoreln E, w is Kiユling under七he condi七ion 3(p−2) 〈 2£. Then, 七he e(lua七ion (1.. 1) for w is . dw=P▽w・ M)reover, Theorem D asser七s 七ha七w is cユosed. pr()ves Theorem 2・ lhus w is paraユユeユ, whi(血46’ J.−B.JUN Remark. 工n [2], a p−form u is said 七〇 be ρrojectiVe Kiヱヱing of fi−rst (resp. second)kind if w in Theorem 2 does no七vanish (resp. vanishes) iden七ica]ユy. S㎝e resu1七s fbr such a p−fom U were respectiveユーy obtained血 Sasakian manifold [2]. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] REE囲RENCES J.B. Jun.and S. Yamagu(hi‡.On proj ec七ive Killng p−forms in Riemanm tan mani folds, 七〇 appear in Tensor, N. S.. J.B. Jun and S. Ya田aguchi: On proj ee七ive Kiユユing P−forms in Sasakian manifolds, to apPear in Tens.or.s 亙・S・・ 、 ・ . T. Kiishiwada : On conformal KiUing tensor, Na七. Sci. Rep◆ Ochano血itU univ., 19(1968), 67−74. S. Sa七〇: On七he influence of a conformeユ Killing 七ensor on 七he reducibili『ヒァ of compac七Riemannian.spaces, Kodai Ma七h. Sem. Rep.,』 22(1970)., 436−442. ・ 一 ^. S・P;7識r差。8瓢’c tens°「鋤’七s gene「a’ttza七’°n・T°h°㎞.“Eath’ 1” S. Tachibana‡ So皿e theore皿s on loca1ユy produc七Riemannian spaces, Tdho㎞ Math.」.,12(1960),281−292. ^ S. Tachibama‡ Qn conformal Killing 七ensor in a Riemannian space, TohokU Ma七h.・Jotm., 21(1969), 56−64. ’ S.Tachibana: On projec七ive Killing七ensor, M七. Sci. Rep. Ochanomizu univ., 21(1970), 67−80・ S. Yamaguchi: On some七ransforma七ions in locally pr◎duc七Riemannian spaces, Tensor, N.S., vo1. 18(1967),227−238. K. Yano: Differen七iaユgeome七ry On complex and aユm6s七 complex spaces, Pergamσn Press, New York, (1965)・