A GRAMMAR OF THE WESSEX DIALECT IN THE WORKS OF THOMAS HARDY

Ａ GRAMMAR

OF

THE

WESSEX

DIALECT

  IN THE

WORKS

OF

THOMAS

HARDY

     By

Eiichi Sawamura

       Ｉ       PREFACE

 The object of my present studies is to discuss the grammar of theグWessex dialect” in the works of Thomas Hardy.

 “Wessex”is originally the name of ａ kingdom established in the latter half of the fifth century by one of the Saxon tribes called West Seaxe ( = theべA'est Saxons), which flourished later in the ninth century under the reign of King Alfred the Great, who made valuable contributions in making the Wessex dialect the nearest approach to ａ standard literary language in the Old English period. In the preface to the new edition of Ｆａｒ fｒｏｍ ｔｈｅＭａｄｄ祐7g- Ｃｒｏｘｖｄ, Hardy tells us when, where, and why he adopted

this ancient name for the scene of his novels :

   In reprinting this story for ａ new edition ｌ am reminded that it WclS in the chapters･of “Far from   the Madding Crowd”， as they appeared month by month in a popular magazine, that l first ventured   to adopt the word“へ/Vessex”frｏ° the pages of early English history･ ３「idgi゛e it ３ fictitious signifi°   cance as the existing name of the district once included in that extinct kingdom. The series of novels   l projected being mainly of the kind called local, they seemed to require ａ territorial definition of   some sort to lend unity to their scene. Finding that the area of ａ single county did not afford ａ   canvas large enough for this purpose, and that there were objections to an invented name, I   disinterred the old one. ― Macmillan's Pocket Hardy Vol. II (Reprinted 1919), p. V.

 Hardy's Wessex is divided into six counties, i.e. North, Mid, Upper, Outer, Ｌｏｗｅｒ･ and South Wessex, corresponding respectively to Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Somerset, Devon, and Dorset, and the dialects spoken in this area almost correspond to what Wright calls the “south-western dialects.”It is of little value, however, to try to define exact linguistic and geographical boundaries within his Wessex, for ａ novel is not ａ phonograph any more than it is ａ photograph. For our present purposes, his

Wessex may be considered as equivalent to the County of Dorset, where he was born, and where he has rarely left throughout fifteen books.

 In the following chapters l have collected the morphological and syntactical data

peculiar to the dialect and tried, as far as ｌ am able, to trace their origin back to the 01d or Middle English period.

28 高知大学学術研究報告  第10号  人文科学  第４号       TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Ｉ PAGE 31 31 31 31 32 32 37 37 38 38 39 39 4 0 41 43 43

44

44

45

48

48

Ｉ Indefinite Article ･･･■･■･･･¶･･■･ n. Definite Article Nouns Ｐｒｏｎｏｕｎｓ‥‥‥‥   I . Personal

Adjectives

Numerals Adverbs

Prepositions

CHAPTER ｎ CHAPTER Ⅲ n. Reflexive Pronouns Ⅲ. Demonstrative Pronouns Ⅳ. Indefinite Pron ，Ｖ. Interrogative Verbs･●●●●●●●･●●･●･●●●  I . Verbal End

VI. Re】ative Pron

Conjunctions "‘¨‘‥゜"‥“ CHAPTER Ｒ７ CHAPTER Ｖ CHAPTER VI CHAPTER Ⅶ CHAPTER vin

CHAPTER IX

n.

Conjugation

of Verbs

Ⅲ. Participles

Ｄ Ｄ Ｆ Ｆ Ｇ Ｃ ． ‥ ・ c o n ] 29,･ C. M. Ｒ． Ｃ． Ｍ． Ｎ． ＥＯ一Ｌ  一 一 Ｉ ＩＨＴＪＬＬ R.N T. D T-M. VV-B. W. P W. T

げな諧

- Ｄ ． ． Ｇ ． - Ｍ ． - Ｒ ． - Ｗ ． Ｃ Ｃ Ｄ Ｉ Ｒ Ｈ Ｉ Ａ Ｓ Ｍ。 D. I ＲＶ  Ｉ ＳＦＳ

LIST

OF

TEXTS

IN

ALPHABETICAL

ORDER

………ＡＣｈ。iｇｅｄ Ｍａｎ Tfie L:)ｄ ･ｓ Ｒｅａかかｅａｒ印ｔｅｅ． Ｔｌｉｅ Ｇ･ｒａｖｅ り。tlie Ｈ。ｉｄｂｏｓt /1･Ａをｒどかteriitde。 ………Ｔｈｅ Ｒｏｍａｎtｉｃ Ａｄｖｅｎtｕｒｅｓｏｆ ａ ＭｉＵこｍｉａｉｄ. ………Ｔｈｅ Ｗａｉ￡inｓ Ｓ･'ゆｐｅ･ｒ. Tｌｉｅ Ｄｙｎａｓtｓ. ￡)ｅｓｐｅｒａtｅ Ｒ。ivｅｃｉｉｅｓ. Ａ Ｆｅｕｕ Ｃ ｒｕｓtｅｄ Ｃｈａｒａｃtｅｒｓ． ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ｆａｒ ｆｒｏtii･匯ｅ Ｍａｄｄｉｎｇ Ｃｒｏｘｖｄ、 ………Ａ Ｇｒｏ呻可Ｎｏｂｉｅ Ｄａｍｅｓ. ………Ｄａｍｅ the Fi･ｒｓt. ………Ｔｈｅ Ｈａｎｄｏｆ Ｅthelbeｒtａ、 Jｕ必読ｅ Ｏｂｓｃｕｒｅ.･ Ａ Ｌ.ｉｉｏｄｉｃｅａ?1. Ｌｉｆｅ'ｓ Ｌ･i￡￡ｕ Iｒｏｎｉｅｓ. Ｔｈｅ Ｆｉｄｄｌｅｒ可決ｅ Ｒｅｅｌｓ. ＴＫｅ Ｓｏぶｓ Ｖｅtｏ、 Ａ Ｔｒａｄｉ￡tｏｎ ｏｆ Ｅｉｇｈtｅｅｎ Ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄ ａｎｄ Ｆｏｕｒ. A Ｔｒａｇｅｄｙ ｏｆ ＴＩりｏ Ａｍｂｉtｉｏｎｓ. Ｔ!i.ｅ Ｍａｙｏ･ｒ ｏｆ Ｃａｓtｅｒbｒｉｄｇｅ. Ａ Ｐａｉｒ ｏｆ Ｂtiｔｅ Ｅｙｅｓ. Tｆｉｅ Ｒｅか11･ｒｎ ｏｆ t･ｈｅ Ｎａ￡･沁ｃ. Ｔｅｓｓ ｏｆ tｈｅ Ｄ'Ｕ･ｒbeｒｖillcｓ. Ｔｌｉｅ Ｔ ｒｉｉｍｐｅt-Ｍａｊ ｏ「． Tｈｅ Ｗ ｏｏｄｌａｎｄｅ･ｒｓ、 Ｔｈｅ xＶｅふＢｅｌｏｖｅｄ. Wessex Po四Ｍ． Ｔｈｅ Ｆｉｒｅａ￡･ＴｒａｎtｅｒＳｘｖｅａｌｌｅｙ' ｓ･ WesバX Taiどｊ. Ｔｈｅ Ｄｉｓけａｃtｅｄ Pj･ｅａｃＫｅ･ｒ、 Felloz幻Tozvnsmen、 IntｅｒｌｏｐｅＩｒｓａt 匯ｅ Ｋｎａｐ･ Ｔ'he Vhｒｅｅ Ｓtｒａｎｇｅｒｓ. Ｔｈｅぺ.Vitlieｒｅｄ Ａｒ川、.

        (Macmillan's Pocket Editions. )

English. …･･ generally, genitive. m ne. indicative. literary. mid. masculine. Middle English. ・mid-east. north. north-east. -P. H. W. -T. T. A. M. C.……… p. B. E.…･ p. p. p.-… T. T.……… U. G. T……… χＶ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ F. T. S ＲＴ＆Ｓ瓦  一 一 一 ｅ 一ＤＦＩＴＷ ace. ･■･‥･‥‘j･・‥･・‥‥‥‥ａｃｃｕsａtiｖｅ. adj………adjective. adｖ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥adｖｅｒb. Ｂrks.‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ｂｅrkshirｅ. century conjunction｡ Cornwall. county･ dative. demonstrative. Devon｡ Dorset. ………Ｔｏ Ｐｌｅａｓｅ Ｈｉｓ Ｗ …………Ｐｏｅｍｓ of μｒｅ Ｐａ５￡ａ･ｎｄ tｈｅ Ｐｒｅｓｅｎt. ………Ｔ１りｏ ＯＨ ａ 'Ｆｏｖｏｅｒ. ………Ｕｎｄｅｒ tｈｅ ＧｒｅｅｎｉｓｊｏｏｄＴ ｒｅｅ ABBREVIATIONS         ＥＤｇ･ Midl‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Midland Mod………Modern ｎ 。 ‘ ‥ ‥

５０  neut.  nom. nw. obi. OE. orlg･ pers. p1.・ 高知大学学術研究報告  第10号  人文科学  第４号 neuter. nominative. north-west. objective. 0 1d English. originally. person, personal. plural. p･ p. ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥past participle. pres. pret. ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥pｒｅＳｅｎt. ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥prｅtｅrltｅ.

ぎン昌尹こ

PRINCIPAL

WORKS

CONSULTED

    (With Abbreviations)

pronoun. relative. south. Scotland. Standard English. singular. Somerset。 south-west. west. χ.Vessex. Yorkshire.

Hirooka, H.「方言に現われた人称代名詞の弱い形式」Ｔｈｅ Ｒ･iｓijig -Ｇｅｎｅｒａtｉｏｎ，Vol. 100, No. 7.研究  社（ｲ戈名詞）

Hosoe, I. . Ｓtｕｄｉｅｓin  tｈｅ ＭｉｄｌａｎｄＤｉａｌｅｃtｔiｓｅｄｉｎ tｈｅ Ｗｏｒkｓ ｏｆ ＧｅｏｒｇｅＥｌｉｏt.Tokyo : Taibundo,  1936. (Ｍｉｄｌａｎｄ ｎｉａｌｅ.ｃt，）

「英国地方語の研究」篠崎書林．（地方語) 1956.

lchikawa, S. Stt,｡ｄ･icｓ･HI ＥｎｇtiｓｌｉＧｒａｍｍａ.ｒ. Tokyo : Kenkyusha, 1948.

Jespersen, O. A Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ ＥｎｃｆｌtｓiiGｒａｍｖｕiｒ ｏｎ Ｈｉｓtｏ･ｒｉｃａｌPriｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ. Pt. I. London : George  Allen & Unwin Ltd. , 1954. Pt. VI. Copenhagen : 耳inar Munksgaard, 1942. (M.E.G. ) Johnson, L.Ｔｈｅ Ａｒt of ｒｉｉｏｍａｓＨａｒｄｙ.London : The BocUey Head Ltd. , 1923.

Morris, R. His￡ｏｒical Ｏt｡llineｓ ｏｆ Ｅ･ngliｓh,Ａｒｒｉｄｅ.ｎｃｅ.｡ (Revised by Kellner. )・London : Macmillan  & Co., 1916. (H.O. E. A. )

MurraV) Ａ. Ｈ.（ed.）Ａ ＮｃｔむＥｎがiｓh Ｌ）ictio･･laりl o・I HiｓtｏｒｉｃａｌＰｒincipleｓ. Oxford, 1888 ff. Nakajima, F.「英語発達史」岩波書店｡1952.

Osawa, M.Ｓtｕｄｉｅｓ ｏｆ Ｔｈｏ･，ｎａｓＨａｒｄｙ ｓLitｅｒａtｕｒｅ. Tokyo : Kenkyusha, 1956.

Poutsma, H. Ａ Ｇｒａ羽１‘ｍａｒ ｏｆ ＬａtｅＭｏｄｅｒｎ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓh,Ｐt.!1. Sec. IB. Gromngen : Noordhoff, 1916.  Pt. II. Sec. 11, 1926. (L. M. E.)

Skeat, W.Ｗ. ＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＤｉａｌｅｃtｓfｒｏｍ 哨ｃ ＥｉｇｈtｌｉＣｅｎtｕりtｏ tｈｅ Ｐｒｅｓｅｎt Ｄａｙ. Cambridge:  The University Press, 1912.      ・

Storm, J.Ｅｎ ａ臨山ｅ I-）hilologie.Vol. 11. Leipzig : Reisknd, 1892, 1896.

Sweet, H. A ＮＣ'ＴＵＥｎsjiiｓfi Ｇｒａｍｍａ「｡ 2 Vols. Oxford : The Clarendon Press, 1892-98. CN. E. G. ") Wright。T11 The Enがむみ￡）ｉａｌｅｃt Ｇｒａ.ｍｍａｒ.Oxford : The ｕni。ersity Press, 1905. (E. D.G. )

Tｈｅ Ｅ?ｌがiｓh ￡）ｉ､ａｌｅｃtＬ）ictio･、laｒｙ、Oxford、1896-1905. (E. D. D. )

Wright, J. & E. Ａｎ Ｅｌｅｍ・1はｒｙＭｉｄｄｌｅＥ･ｎｇｌ･ＵｈＧ･ｒａｍ･。la?･｡０χford: The University Press,  1949. CE. M. E. G. )

Ａ７１Ｖ.Lp.ｎｗ.ｎ.tａｒｙＯはEjlがiｓli Ｇｒ・iiiTiaｒ. Oxford,:Clarendon Press, 1952. (E. O. E. G. )

。Ａ Ｈｉｓtｏｒｙｏｆ Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ ＣｏＵｏｑ ｢ｄＥｎがiｓli､｡Oxford: Blackwell、 1956. (M.C. E.) Wyld, H. C. ＴＨｅ ＧｒｏＴｕtli ｏｆＥ１１がiｓh.London : John Murray, 1929

ろ 1

Ｉ

CHAPTER Ｉ

 ARTICLES

Indefinite Article

  § 1. (a oΓa before vowel) Against the usage of standard English a (also written α）is used before ａ vowel sound instead of an. This practice is also found in other

dia】ects and low colloquialism.

  Ａ good time for one ---ぷexcellent time, F. M. C. ,χχχIll, 255.   Hearingぶillegal noise l went down the street, M. C.,χχVIII, 240.   Hullo, that'sぶugly blow for we, U.G. T., I-V, 38.

  Mis'ess is a old lady, and blind, T. D. ,!χ, 70.

      n. Definite Article

 §2. (.t in￡'ｏ￡heｒ)Ｔｈｅending of the OE. neuter form of the definite article survives in￡ ｎｔhp.ｒ(= the other, OE. ￨)aet ofier). In ME. the final z of the t)at was often regarded

      一一一一     -as the beginning of the next word, and the a was weakened to e so as /to make the curtai】ed l3at into the definite article ＼>e,･ t)atot)er being written ｌ)ｅtol)ｅｒ.ｌｎearly Mod.     -     一一-   一一

Ｅ.the tｎtheｒ and ｔｈｅ.ｏtｈｅｒwere blended into t'ｏtheｒ.(Sweet: N.E.G., 1125.)  Faith, 1 don't zee much difference: be you one. or be you t'ｏtheｒ,L:,!-iV, 42.  She firstwent to live in a garrison-town t'other side of χＶｅｓsｅχ，F. M. C. ,χLI, 325.

 Acoording to E. D. G. 312, the definite article has had the same development as in the lit. Eng. , viz. /Si/ or /Sg/, in the sw. Cy. , though it has become /t/ and /d/ in several other counties. It

may, therefore, not be right to regard the /t/ in question as the elision of Z＆.

  g 3. (Omission of the definite article) The definite article is often suppressed after the prepos山りｎ.

  I was just going out ￡。ｇαなtohark for ye, U. G. T., I-II, 11.   1 think l hear the 'bus coming･in fｒｏｍｓtａtio，１，＼’＾.T.-F.T. , 1χ, 161.   Come ｉｎtｏｈｏ･ｕｓｅ，ｗ.Ｔ.-べA^.A. , VIII, 98.

  べ/Veil,as to the winds, there iciden much danger in them at this time 0 yeat･, W-B. , II-v, 133.

       CHAPTER II        NOUNS

  § 4. (Classification of. nouns) According to Ｂａｒｎｅs（1），ｎｏｕｎsｆａＨunder the following       ♂

two heads in the Dorsetshire dialect : …

  1. Personal Class (Formed individual things. ) Man, tool, tree, &c.

  2. Impersona】Class (Unformed quantities of things.）Ｈａｉr，ｗａtｅｒ，ｗ9od，＆ｃ（2）.

 ｈ Ａ Ｇｒai几刀ｌａｒ ａ・ｉｄＧｌｏｓｓａｒｙｏｆ tｌｉｃＤｏｒｓｅtＤｉａｌｅｃt ｑｕotedby Wright. Cf. E. D. D.、sv. THIK.  2. This classification explains the peculiar use of the demonstrative pronouns thife、 伍必ｓ、&c. of

the Dorset dialect. For more detailed eχplanadons see Chap. III. III.

ろ2 _{高知大学学術研究報告  第10号  人文科学  第４号}

number when immediate】y preceded by ａ cardinal number gen. remain unchanged in the plural. (E. D.G. 382.)

  She's been dead these five･and-twenty yeaΓ at least, Ｆ. Ｃ. Ｃ･ p. 274.      ｀   ぺA'ell, here we be seven miたfrom home, w.,｡χLVIII, 455.

  I'll take ａ thousand ｐｏｕmd, T. D. , VI!, 59.

  Ｔｈｅ‘re'sthe door, fo･rtyｆｏｏt abov･e ground, M. C.,χχχVm, 329.   We've five tO7l of timber on these wheels. χＶ.，χIll, 119.

 In OE. a group, ･of neuter nouns of one Ｓｙl】able which has ･either ａ long vowel･Ｏ「 two consonants at the end took no suffix in the nom. and ace. pi. These invariables

sur-vived to some extent in ME., and ｗhi】ｅ many passed into the common -es pi. type. there were some additions. some of which were collective nouns, and others expressive of measure, or number, &c. (Wyld : S. H.E. 320.)‘｀

  §6. (Tautological ｃｏｍｐｏｕnds)Ｔｈｅ redundant use of ｆｅｌｌｏｒｖ．知床 ｍａｎ， ｉｉｏｏｉｎａｎ．

&c. as the second component of ａ compound noun seems to enjoy ･a general currency among the ws people.

  That huntsma。■fellow little thought how wrong he was about her, Ｗ.，χχII, 196.   C1｡ｐａｒｓｏｎ-ｆｅｌｌｅｒ，L. L. I.-T. Ｔ. Ａ。 II, 64.

  There be no men-f<。Ik at‘home, J. O., I-viii, 59.   Being ａ ｂａｃｈｅｌｏ）･-ｉｎａｎＶ＼ｅ'ｖｅonly ･lodgings, W. , VI, 57.

  Cf. surveyoi‘7zzの･, H. E. , Sequel, 474 ； tｒ･,ｉｍｐｅt-ｖtａｊｏｒ ｍａｎ，T-M.,χχχVI, 337 ； veteran ｍａｎ,   F. C. C., p. 238.

  Just as you ｗａｓａ ｘｖｉｄｏｘｖ-ｘｖｏｍの■I,I ｗａｓａ ｘｖｉｄｏｘｕ･ｍａｎ｡C.M. -M. I. , VII, 303.   Cf. MンC., V, 40,χLlII, 374.1ｚｖｉｄｏｉｕ一川ａｎ)

  Also compare ‘a big 。lansi。ﾌﾄ戸lace,' H. E.,χIV, 117.

  CHAPTER Ill    PRONOUNS

I . Personal Pronouns   1. First Person

  § 7. Ca, a weak form of sing. nom. ) 'a is used mostly in unstressed positions in a stock phrase ’a b'lie，Ｃ.       ゛

  Well, his family is no better than my own,  'ａ b'lieで･e,P. B. E., II, 6.

  Well, I suppose ！ must say pretty fair. But she'll be worse before she's better, ’a b'lieでe, U. G. T. ,   I-II, 12.

  Cf. p. B. E., II, 8, IV, 31,χχin, 265; F. M. C., VI, 53, &c.

 Note that the phrase has no force of the original meaning of the words. Compare it with 7 suppose in the latter example from Ｕ.Ｇ.Ｔ. (Hirooka :「代名詞」）      ・

  § 8. {'ch。‘ａdescendant of ic, OE. sing. nom. ) The forms for the first pers. sing･ nom., ich, ｕ￡ｃｈ, ｕtch'■y from OE. ic xｖ･ere formerly used in Wexford, Dor., Som., and Dev. These forms, along with the contracted form ch as /tjam/ （＝ｌ am), are still used by old people in a small district of Sotn. close to Yeovil on the boarders of Dorset. (E. D. G. 403.) Hardy puts the contracted form 'ch in the mouth of Grammer Oliver in ＴｉｉｆｉＷ ｏｎｄｌａｎｄｅｒｓ．

ろろ

  ’C4willnot have him ！ w. ，・χVII,

151.

  'Ch have been going to ask him again to 】etme off,ibid.

 OE.

ic split up into the two forms ｉｃｈ

and i. In S.E.

the latter…which

was

ori-ginally the weak form--- gradually

supplanted

the fuller form. In ME.,

however,

we

石nd the former

agglutinated to ａ verb asi

 Ichille = Ich十wille (I will);

 Ichabbe = Ich十habbe

(I have)i &c.

(Sweet:

N.E.G.

1065; Morris:

H.O.E.A･，

p･

177.) Later these forms were･shortened into 'chill, ＆c.through aphesis. Cf. the

follow-ing passages from

Shakespeare.

1

  で/

｢Ｚ

not let go, Ｌｅａｒ,

IV, vi, 239.

  An 'ｃｈttｄ（l

would) ha' bin zwaggered out of my life,幼心., IV, vi, 243.

  §9. (.me and ｍｅｅ，

unstressed

forms, of sing. gen. ) We

now and

then

meet

with

ｍｐ.and ･ｍｅｅ,

the unstressed forms of sing･ gen. Vly･

  Hullo！

7,ｇclear…what'sthe matter？ w. ，χLV, 424.

  lhope ye be well, mee clear？C. M. -M.!., IV, 284.

       2. Second Person

  § 10. (Sing, forms) In present-day standard English, the 2nd pers. sing. forms 伍Ｏｕ。thee, and thりare never used except in addressing the Deity, whereas in nearly all the dialects of England they are still in use to express familiarity or contempt,

and also in times of strong emotion. See the following passage from Ｕｎｄｅｒ tｈｅＧ ｒｅｅｊｉＴＡｉｏｏｄ Ｔｒｅｅ, V-II, 267.

  Fancy･‥had stricth' charged her father and the tranter to carefully avoid savinａ ’tｈｅｃ' and 'ihoii   in their conversation, on the plea tｈａtthoｓｅ ａｎｃｉｅｎtｗｏｒｄｓ ｓｏｕｎｄｅｄ５ｏ ･ｖｅｒｙhｕmiliatiｒtｅ ｔｏ Ｐｅｒｓｏｎｓ   ｏｆ ｎｅｚｖｅｒ￡ａｓtｅ ;(italics not in the original)…

According to E. D. G. 404, these forms are only used to children or in recriminatory language in e. Dor.

 Below are given some examples of these forms from the ws novels. (Also cf. the instances given in the following section. )

  l said thnｕ■. wast one ｏ’ the devil's brood, D.R. Sequel, 470.

  I've lived with th.ｅｅａ couple of years, and had nothing but temper ！ Ｍ. C., I, 13.   But th' haｓt thｖwork cut out, ｌ can tell thee. T-M,χχχIχ, 361.

  § 11. (Unstressed form of sing. nom., th') tJi is preferred to thou in most cases.   Ah, til'ｓt think th' beest everybody, dostn't, becausｅ  th'beest first favourite with He just now ！   T. D. ,χ, 83.

  Cf. R. N., I-III, 20; T-M.,χχ, 179, &c.

 It is possible that th'･is ａ weak form for ￡&。e,since nominative and objective are often used indiscriminately in the dialects. (See ，§ 17.) Also in Quaker English the form thee is used for

the nom. as well as obi. (Sweet: N. E. G. 1087.)

§ 12. (ye。you, and 'ee) Thｅ. ＷＳ dialect does not discriminate between ｙｏｕ andye. Now, will jy。uhelp me in this, and draw up an explanation to her of allI've told ye, breaking it as ･gently as you can ？Ｍ. Ｃ.，χII, 95.

 34      高知大学学術研究報告  第10号  人文科学  第４号

  l see things be bad with'ee, and ye wer kind-like to my mother if ye were rough to me, and l   would fain be kind to you, M. C.

1χLV, 403.

  Well, sir, good night i'ye, and ve, sir, and you, miss, I'm sure, p. B. E., Iχ, 91.

 The confusion between these two forms did not exist in OE. ye is historically the ｎｏｍ･, and ｙθａ the dat. or ace.; jy・u as ａ nom. usurped the place of ye. As to the cause of the usurpation, Sweet asserts that the phonetic similarity between tｈｅｅ and ye led to the frequent use of ye as an objective, especially in the weak form /jiムwhich

was used indi仔erently as an objective or ａ nominative, being often further weakened by dropping the consonant, as in haｒk＼ｅ, ｈａＫｋｅｅ,ｉｏｏｋｅｅ,tｈａｎｋｅｅ.(N.E. G. 1074.) Morris, however, in hiｓ Hiｓtoj･ic ｢Ｏｌt￡lineｓ ｏｆ Ｅ，1がiｓh.Ａｃｃｉｄｅｎｃｅ(p. 179), says that he is inclined to look upon 出ｅ origin of ye for you in the rapid and careless pronun-ciation of the latter word, and that ye or ｙＯむu may have been changed into ee. It is noticeable that ye and 'ａ in the ws novels always occur in the stressless positions ; hence Mr. Hirooka is of opinion that these two forms may not be the survivors of the archaic ye but be the weakened forms of タou (Hirooka, o戸･ cit., p. 386.).

      3. Third Person

  §13. Cfl, a weak form of nom. sing. ) 'a is used for sing. nom. regardless of gender.

 (1) Masculine. In literary English this form scarcely survives at present except in archaic ｑｕｏtha【Ｗy】d: M. C. E. p. 330.), whereas it is still in general use in the sw. Cy.

  ７かis the very man, ma'amバ‘Ay, that ’a isバF. M.C., VII, 55.

  And as for he ---well･, there…'tis said 'a was a poor parish 'prentice. M. C. ,χm, 100.   That 'a did, didn't he, John ？ p. B. E.,χ, 104.

According to Wright (E. M. E.G. 373.), this form is ａ descendant of ME. unaccented form aくha.く/zaくOE.  ｈ-ｐ..

 (2) Feminine. Wright explains this form as ａ survivor of ME. weak form 如く屁 <OE. heo (E.M. E.G. 375.). In Middle English OE. ｎ！asculine he and feminine hlo （ｏＴ Iieo) had regularly fallen together in 庇in the South Midland and southern dialectSi

especially the south-western, and later at the middle ･of the fifteenth century the form was gradually supplanted by ざぷ.a in literary records.

  'A was always ａ lonely maid, W. ,χLVIII, 458.

  My wife…went with the rest of the maidens, for ｌ was ａ good runner afoｒｅ ｓhe ｇ,ot so heavy,   R. N., I-V, 56 f.

  ’ﾉ1looked very bad, poor lady, p. B. E.,χχVI, 294.

 (3) Neuter, 'a is often used of inanimate objects, when it represents he applied to things as well as persons. (See § 14 below. ) This practice is chiefly in the sw. Cy. (E. D. D. s.v. A)

  John put his hand upon the top ｏ' the pile to give ei11a pull, and see if 'a were firm in the ground,   p. B. E., Iχ, 91.

  We've killed the ｐｉｇ Ihismorning for ｙｅ,…And 'a won't be cut up tilltｏ･nightパbid..χχIll, 266.   ゛I suppose the刀zθり7z was terrible full when you were born ?’ 'Well, 'a was not new,' R. N. , I-III,   30.

｀ 1

55

 ε,･inthe following examples and 'a mentioned above seem to have been employed by Hardy to represent the one ａｎｄ･same sound h/.

  “Where's the tranter ?”said men and boys :“where can er be?” χN.P. -F.T. S.

  “Yours is such a fine brain, Grammer,”er said,“that science couldn't afford to lose you," Ｗ.，   χVII, 151.      ¨

  Had it anything to do with father's making such ａ mommet of himself in thik carriage this   afternoon ？ Why did ’Ｅｒ？T. D., 1!I, 22.

  § 14. (/i<?. neut. sing. nom. ) In Dorsetshire things are taken as of two classes : (1) the personal class and (2) the impersonal class. (See Chap. II.§ 4. ) he is the

personal pronoun for the former, and it for the latter. (E. D. D. S. V. HE.)

  Ｈｅｒ mind can ｎｏ‘more be heaved from that one place where j￡do bide than ａ ｓtｏｏｄｅｄｗ昭ｇｏｎ   from the holeみ♂ｓ in, T. D. ,χLVII, 422.

Tiｒe fｒｏｎt ｄｏｏｒχｓgot stuck ｗi’the wet, as he will do sometimes p. B. E., II, 9 f.

ｌｙ and the Turk can't open en,

  …, andμz。ｄ。ｄ striking as ゐ'.e'dnever been heard to strik. F. C. C.,･p. 262.

The distinction between he and it, however, is not necessarily maintained by Hardy：---  Th．ａtjil･ｅ"ｉｓnot much less than ａ mile and ａ half off, for all that ’ａseems so near, R. N., I-III, 33.   ‘Nuｒｎｂｅｒ ｓｅｖｅｎtｙ-eight（ahｙｍｎ） was always ａ teaser…always. I can mind him ever since…’   ‘But he is ａ good tune, ‥｡' U. G. T., Mil, 20.

  § 15. (.'en, u?i, 'n, weak forms of masc. & neut. sing. dat. & ace. ) 'en･un and their shortened form ｎ.which are said to be the survivors of OE. masc. sing. ａｃｃ･

hine, are also used of impersonal objects･

  Poor Ｍｒ. Ｂｏｌｄｔｕｏｏｄ, itwill be hard upon en, F. M. C. , LIU, 438.

  “ylｙ/’l said, …，“that's the lad, for l knowｐ.nby his grandfather's walk, p. B. E. ,χχIll, 271.   Well, if you don't mind, we'll haｖｅ tｈｅｂｅａｋｅｒ, ａnd pass ｅ１１てound, R. N. , I-V, 54.

  A hop-frog have jumperl into the pond. Yes, I heard ’ａ！ ぷd., I-VI, 70.   Ｎｏヽｖwhatever you do, don't stick Iμz（a pig) too deep, J.O., I･X, 75.

  Aか.Ｈｅｎｃｈａｒｄ has never cussed me unfairly ever since I've worked ／町'n, M. C. , V, 41.   It (i. e. the fire) was lighted before ours was, and yet every one in the country round is out   afore 71, R. N. , I-V, 58.

 Wyld, in hIS Shoｒt Hiｓ￡ｏｒｙ ｏｆＥｎがiｓh'. (p. 230). remarks…:

  Seeing how common the modern descendant of hine /gn/ is in the rural dialect chiefly of the South   and S. -West (cf. Wright,￡）ial.  Ｇｒ.，S 405 b), it is surprising that it is not to be found oftener   in M. E. literature, where it survives only tillthe early fourteenth century (Shoreham), and only in   scattered ｅχamples. The form /an/ is always unstressed and used chiefly of inanimate objects, so far   as my experience goes （ｉｎOxfordshire and Berks. ), and though sometimes applied to men, it is never   used of women.

 Even in Ａｎｃｒｅｎｅ Ｒｉｉｏｌｅ(c. 1210), which is said to have been written in pure Dorset Dialect, the frequency of hine is 31, while that of him amounts t0 131. showing that the former was already dying out. (Hirooka, op. cit｡, p. 387.) Hence, it will be seen that there is ａ considerable doubt regarding the origin of these unstressed forms. Mr. Hirooka in his treatise cited above ascribes them to modern him.

  § 16. ('em, a weak form of pi. obj. )゜ｅｍ,  ａ descendant of ME. hem from OE. ｈｅｏｎｉ(dat. ), lost its initial /l due to the unstressed position. Down to and during the

18th centurVi this, form was ａ recognized form even in serious, if somewhat colloquial writing. In good colloquial Spoken English /。ｍ/ is frequent, though perhaps becoming obsolesce叫ａ“lo昭ｓｏ°ｅ classes of society. CWyld ： Ｓ．Ｈ．Ｅ． 307. ）    ｙ

36 高知大学学術研究報告  第10号 ．人文科学  第４号

l tａ】kto several toppermost carriage people…without saying ma'am or sir to ｊｅ。I,p. B. E.,χ, 103. 1 don't see why men who have got wives, and don't ｗ如（四I, shouldn't get rid of 'em, M. C. , I, 8.

      4. Substitution of Cases

  § 17. (Objective for nominative) The substitution･ of the objective form for the nominative is common in the dialects as in colloquial and vulgar English. It, however, is not so noticeable in the ws dialect except for case (1) given below.

 Such substitution occurs :       ’「

 (1) When ａ pronoun (especially 2nd pers. sing, or 3r‘d pers. pi. ) is used as the subject of an interrogative sentence.

  へAdhereｂｅｅｓt tliee.Joe, under or top ？ M. G.,χχχVI, 310.   What can ’,y。zdo otherwise ？ J. O., I-ix, 60.

  Lord, why can't 'em turn their plates bottom upward for pudding, Ｗ.，χ，90 f.

 The following is the only instance where ’四z isused for nom. in the assertive sen-tence.

  'Em lives on ａ lofty level； there's no gainsaying it. J. O., I-iii,24.

It is possible that μ1’used for nom. is ａ weak form of μlE。as well as that of tho。｡'See § 11

  (2) When ａ･pronoun is separated from ａ noun･by a conjunction ‘ａｎｄ｡'   She wishes the baby and ＆ｒ too were in the churchyard, T. D. ,χIV, 116.

 (3)へA'hen the first pers. pi. is preceded by auxiliary verbs (especially by 活 ｢Z).   Let's look into Warren's, shall us, neighbours ？ Ｆ. M. C., LlII, 438.

Instances of the case-shifting in this construction are found in literary English since the 15th century onward, but they appear only in ｖt!･lgar speech and dialects after the 18th century.

  § 18. (Nominative for objective) The substitution of the nominative form for the objective is more noticeab】ｅ than the reverse case.χA^e may summarize it under the

following heads :

 (1) It occurs when ａ pronoun is the object of ａ. preposition.   'Tis nothing to 7， T-M., VI, 48.

  And you was here afore 7， M. C.,χχχIχ, 340.   He don't seem one ｏ' zue, W-B. , T-iii, 24.

  'Tis she that's ａ stooping to ｈｅ. M. C. ,χLin, 374. １   You can try your hand upon she, T. D. ,χVII, 142.

 It seems that some emphasis is laid on these pronouns･.l shall cite the following two examples where Hardy uses the capital letter as the device of showing the emphasis.   Ah, th'st think th' beest everybodvi dostn't, because th゛ beest first favourite with Ｈｅ iustｎｏｗ！   T. D.,χ, 83.

  Still, I don't deny I'am afeard some things don't go well with Ｈｅ ａt＼dhis, w.,χ, 96.  (2)lt occurs when ａ pronoun is fol】owed by the noun in apposition.       '

  The new style of pa'sons wear moustache･･･, and make ｔむe fokes in the congregation feel all over   like the children of Israel, F. M. C. ,χχχIll, 261.    ‘

57

(3) It occurs when ａ pronoun is used as the sense-subject･ ，.

 Says l， please God I'lllose ａ quarter to zee heshuTned, D. , Pt. Ill, V, vi, 449. (4) It occurs when ａ pronoun takes an emphatic front･order.

Ｓｈｅwe used to call Toadskin, because her face were so yaller and freckled, do ye mind ？ Ｍ.Ｃ.， xm, 101.

       n. Refleχive Pronouns      ●

  § 19j ･【hisse】f and theirselves)へA'hen the personal pronouns were used reflexively in OE. the word seびdecl訥柚g strong ゛d ｀゛eak was often added to emphasize them, as ic self beside ic seび a. ace. ｍｅｃ ｓｅｌｆｎｅ.ｇｅｎよ・iｖin ｓｅｌｆｅｚ．dat. ｍｅ ｓｅげ抑１６ or with the dative of the personal pronoun prefixed to the nominative ｓｅぴ， ａｓｉｃ ｍｅ ｓｅぴ-, pi. ｕﾉａ Ｉｔｓｓelfe，'ａnd similarly in early ME. From the early part of the 13th century new forms

began to appear. In the 1st and 2nd persons singular the form ｇぴcame to be regarded as ａ noun and then the, possessive pronoun was substituted for the dative of the pers. pron･, as ｍ７ ２邨 I)i self beside older me ｓｅ仏 t)e self, and then in the early part of

the 14th century this new formation was extended to the pi. also. And then toward the end of the 15th century the present -s plurals ｏｕｒｓelｖｅｓ，ｙｏｕｒｓelｖｅｓｃａme into existence and eventually became the standard forms. This change in the formation of the reflexive pronouns did not take place in the 3rd pers. so early as the 1st and 2nd persons, his

      -selve(n), beir(e) se】ve(n), [)air(e) selve(n) did not begin to appear until the first

一一 --half of the 14th century. All these new formations of the 3rd person disappeared in the standard language about the end of the 15th century, but have remained in the dia】ects down to the present day (Wright: E. M.E. G. 377.).

 They go,決心･ｒｓelｖｅｓ.D.R. , V, 71.

 The sheep have blasted theiｒｓelｖｅｓ.F.M. C. ,χχI, 157.  ，  He drove his ikkipage hiｓｓｅげ，Ｌ･，!.Ｖ，54･

 He's stooped to make ｈｉｓｓｅｌｆusefullike any common man, W., Vi; 57.

 §21. (Simple reflexive pronouns) As is stated above, OE. ｓｅびdid not make ａ pronoun reflexive, but simply emphasized one that was already so. Hence such a phrase as hre ｏｆｓtｉｃｏｄｅhine meant either ‘he stabbed him' (someone else), or‘he stabbed him-self.' (Sweet: N.E. G.･1105.)Ｔｈｅ archaic use of the pers, pronouns as reflexive pronouns sporadically occurs in the ws dialect.

 1'n get me home-along, and rest for ａ few hours･ Ｃ.M.-W. S･ ﾀp. 190.

      Ⅲ.Demonstrative Pronouns

  §21. (tｈｅａｓand th以) According to Barnes (Cf. E. D. D. S. V. ＴＨＩＫ），tｈｅdem. pronouns for the nouns of the personal class (See Chap.･II，§ 4.) aてｅ tｈｐ.'ａｓand thik, and those for the impersonal class 油石andtｈａt， This rule is observed in the instances given below, but it is not always carried through by Hardy.

  Had it anything to do with father's making such ａ mornmet of himself in 法浸carriage this after-  noon, T. D. , III, 22.

  Supposing･･■thik gr't stone is father sittingin the easy-chair, U.G. T., II-V, 116.   Cf.ぺN.P. , Ｖａｌｅｎｃｉｅｎｎｅｓ,p.47, F. T. S., &c.

 58         高知大学学術研究=報告  第10号  人文科学  第４号

 The following lines from Ｔｈｅ Ｒｕｉｎｐ.ｄＭａｉｄ shovvs that these are thought typical 0f the Dorset dialect.

  At home in the barton you said ‘thee' and ‘thou,' And ‘tflifeoon,' and にtｉｉｅ'dｓoon,' and ‘t'other';   p. p. p. , ＴｈｅＲｕｉｎｅｄＭａｉｄ,p. 423.

 thik is the descendant of ME. l3ilke, the contracted form of l）e ilke, l)at ilke (the        一      一一一一

same) from OE. seふ:a, baet ilce, ＆ｃ，tｈｅｃｉｓseems to have descended from ME. I）ｅs       一一       一

（￨）is，Ｄｅｏs）frｏｍ OE. ties, ＼>es (p＼s, t)eos) (this). 一一  一一一一

 §22. (this hp.ｒｐ.and thａｔ theｒｅ）Ｔｈｅ adverbs ｈｅｒｅ.and tｈｅｒｐ.ａｒe iｒｅquently appended to ￡Jiiｓ and that respectively for the sake of emphasis, but there is no appreciable

distinction in use or in sense between the simple pronoun and the forms combined with them. These forms are also in common use in vulgar speech.

  'Tis 6ｖｅ･and-twenty years since ｌ had my settlemen t in 必八here town, M. C.,χin, 100.   Ａ slice oi thiｓ he.ＴＰ.ham, U.G. T. I-VIII, ｎ.

  She's fond of 訪.ａt thp.ｒｐ.child, T. D. ,χV, 116.   1’n up and ｓｅｅ thatthｅ.ｒｅ.ｗｅdden,χA^-B. , I-iii, 24.

PluＴａ＼ tｈｐ.ｓｐ. ｈｐ.ｒｅ.occurs in the following instance.

  l should be afeard o’ my life to tine my eyes among theｓｅｈｅｒｅ ｋ＼mberlinesat night-times,χN-B.,   II-v, 133.

  § 23. ithはt, used to avoid repetition)tｈａt IS used emphatically to avoid the repe･ tition of ａ foregoing clause or sentence.

  ‘Is Mr. Swancourt at home ?’‘7祐討’a is, ｓirバp. B. E., II, 9.   l will tell you all to-morrow, an that I will! べＶ.Ｂ.にIl-xii, 203.

  1 was quite strook to hear you'd agreed to it, ma'am,  thatl was, R. N., I-IV, 41.

 § 24. (￡ｈｅｙ and 漬ｅｍ for dem. pron. ) The dem. pron. thoｓe is replaced by 漬Ｃｙ and the?in.

  And there's ａ sprinkling of Z＆ｙ that grow clown by the orchard-rails, U. G. T. , I-!I, 11.   1 have been looking at theｖ pigeons, and didn't see you, ＼’>?.χIχ, 180.

  Do you see they three elms ？ Ｈ. Ｅ.，χII, 98.   Thｅｒｅ^ｓ the.ｍthat would do that, M. C., I, 8.

  Who may th.ｅ.ｍtwo maids be ？ Ｌ. L. I. -P. H. W. ,!, 127.

  In the･m. clays Commandments were mostly clone in gilt letters on ａ black ground. J. O. , V-vi, 379.

      IV. Indefinite Pronouns

  § 25. (≪μn'at for ｓｏｉｎｅt/xｉｎｇ)ｓ(μn'at, also writtｅｎ ｓｏｍｅ ａ￡, ｓｏｎｖｍａt, ｓｏｍｍｉ￡, and Ｓt￡ｍｎｉａ￡(= ｓｏｍｅｖりh.ａハ，χs used in the place of something･

  Move the fore hoss aside, Bobby ； here's ｊ。m'at coming, J. O. , liii, 23 f.   There is ｓｏｍｉｎｉtwrong in my make, your worshipful ！ Ｍ. Ｃ.，χV, 117.

  Everybody used to wｅａt ｓjtiｒｔｍｏtwhite at Whitsuntide in them days, U. G. T. , V-i, 261.

      V. Interrogative Pronouns

  § 26. Czuho for zvhom^ A special objective form (S.E.･ｗｈｏｉｎ）ｄｏｅＳnot exist in the ws dialect, xvho being used both in the nom. and obi. case･

  Who did you try ？Ｆ.M. C. ,χIll, 108.

  Now, rむｈｏmid ye think I've heard news ｏ’this morning ？Ｔ.Ｄ.，χχIχ, 232.   ＼Vho are you making them for ？ W., II, 10.

ろ9

１１

       VI. Relative Pronouns

  § 27. (Omission of relatives) The relatives are often omitted not only in the ob-jective case as in S.E., but ａ】so in the nominative, as :

  There was ａ man dropped down dead yesterday. M. C. ,χIll, 102.

  There was the spruce young bookseller would play the same tricks, p. B. E. ,χχχVI, 409.   Ah, here's ａ note was brought this morning for you by ａ bo■ｙ, ibid｡χχHI, 276.

 It will be observed from these instances that such ａ suppression of the relatives occurs when the adnominal clause ｃｏ ｢es after ａ more or less superfluous or meaningless in-troductory phrase such ａｓ‘theｒｅびor ‘heｒｅ iｓンThis tendency is more marked in the ‘た｡‥･that ■■･construction, where the connective 話αz･is more struck out than otherwise.

  What is it makes you cry so ？Ｆ. M. C. ,χLlII, 343.

  It was fear made my few poor hairs so thin！ Ｍ. Ｃ.，χχχI, 266.   'Tisl have sent them ！ Ｌ.L. I. -P. HパN., Ill, 143.

CHAPTER IV

ADJECTIVES

 ・§ 28.【Adjectiva】suffixes. ^  一一

 (1) -en In the dialects the practice of forming adjectives denoting material from the noun by means of the suffix -en is carried out to ａ much greater ｅχtent than in the lit. language・ａｓ.￡･ｉｎｎｅ･。ｐｏtｓ･ ｇｉａｓ.ｓｅ･ｎ bottleｓ.This is especial】y the case in the s. and SW. dialects. .(E. D. G. 394.)

 ’Afirsttook to carving soldiers out ｏ’bit ｏ’stwone from the soft-bed of his father's quarries  and then ’ａmade ａ set ｏ≒stzvoneiichess-men,べA^-B. , 1-iii,24.

（2）-iｓh'. The suffix一八h is added to adjectives as ａ downtoner.  Itis ｇθりdishmead, W. T.-T. S., p. 46.

 This made Pa'son Billy･ratheｒ ｓｆｔitiｓh,F. C. C. , p. 257.  ‘And how is yerself ?’‘Ｆ ｢元sh,'T-M. , VI, 52.

  Cf.ｇａｉｉｎtiｓh, W. T. -T. S. , p. 59 ； ｓtａｉｄiｓii，ｗ. T.-F. T. , Iχ, 166; weakish, T-M., VI, 48 ；   ｉｖiｒ.hp.ｄｔ･sh,F. C. C. , p. 2n, ＆ｃ.

  (3) -like Ｌ怯ｅ 心 used as suffix to modify the force of nouns or adjectives, being placed after them. In some cases it implies the sense ｏｆ‘as it were,'‘so ’tｏspeaki'  １ｎａ ｗａｙﾀ ＆ｃ･

  She's shy-l以e and nervous about it, F.M.C. , LVn, 471.   You see he was ki?id-like, tｏmother, M. C.,χLV, 403.

  Your face is white and wet, and your head "＼ｓｈａｎｅｈｉＫ-ｄｏ。IJl-l･ike．R.N., IV-VI, 356.   Ci. ａｘりifｔil-Ufee，Ｈ.Ｅ･ ， XII, 98 ; ｌａｄｙ-Ｈｉｅ,Ｒ.Ｎ･ ，l-lll, 25 ； odd-like, F. Ｍ. Ｃ･ ， LI. 418･  Adjectives (and adverbs) in ･-like are originally ｃ‘ompounds with like, adj. (or adv. '), as second component. The oldest forms quoted by N. E. D. date from the 15th century.

Gradually -like came to be felt as an independent suffix which may now be added to any noun and is frequently added to adjectives. This like ＼S very much used in colloquial and ｖｕ】gar language. (Sweet: N.E.G. 23. li & 23. h)

  § 29. (Tautological use of the adjectives. ) In the ws dialect, as in many other dia】ects, two adjectives of kindred meaning are often combined to express intensity, as:

40  高知大学学術研究報告  第10号 ゛人文科学  第４号

-   -Nobody･･･shall･■ know her living in such a littl。 4。tail hut, H. E. ,χIV, 117. ’Ｔ■ｗｅｒｅ.ａ ｏｌｄ ａｎｃｉｅｎt ｔａcethat had all but perished o仔the earth, T. D. ,χVII, 141. Though he belonged to the ｏｌｄｅｓt.･ａｎｃｉｅｎtｅｓt tatnilyin the coufi ty_>W., VI, 57.

A】so cf. the following instance, where the word αΓ佃i。is used as the intensifying adverb. (See

Chap. VI.)      ，｡

'Ｔ＼ｓｃｅｒtａｉｎｓｕｒｅthat Mr. Shiner's rale love for music of ａ particular kind isn't his reason, U.G.･T. , II-TV, 108.･

 §30. (Comparison)

 (1) The comparative suffix -er and the superlative･ -どかare added to practically all adjectives, polysyllabic as well as monosyllabic. The periphrastic comparison with ｍｏｒｅ ａｎｄ・’肌ｏｓt.which appeared in Early ME., are as ａ rule only used to supplement or

intensify the inflectional comparison.

  A littlexveaker in his knees, a littleｒｒａ。kederm his back, F. C. C. p. 293.

  ｖｅｎｅ･ｒ岫leｓt,R. N., I-lII, 39, &c.

  l was always first in the ｍｏｓtｇａはｉａｎtｅｓt ｓcrapesin my younger days ！ Ｒ. N., IV-VII, 368.   Mr. Clare is one of the ??ioｓt j･ebelle以rozums you ever knowed, T.D.,χIχ, 165.  (2) little, irregular in S. E., is compared l･egularly.

  The littleｒ the maid, the bigger the riddle, to my mind, U. G. T. , II-V, 118.   He will not love me the. littleｓtbit ever any more, Ｔ.Ｄ.，ＬＶ!, 495.

These forms are in general use in the dialects of England and n. and n. e. Scotland. (E. D.G. 398.)

 (3) Intｏｐｐｅｒｍｏｓt. the OE. double superlatぶｅ ending -ｍＥかい7z十一か), which has become -most by analogy, is added to the regular comparative, the force of the sｕ伍ｘ being no longer felt. Cf. Ｓ．Ｅ. ｆｕｒ￡heｒｍｏｓt，ｉｎｎｅｒ・"Ｈｏｓｔ， ｕｔｔｅｒｍｏｓｔ，ｏｕ￡ｅｒｍｏｓt， ＆ｃ.

  And l talk to several Z。/)戸りり7zＱμcarriage people…without saying ma'am or sir to 'em, p. B. E.,   X, 103.

  Ay, the tｏｐｐｅｒｍｏｓtclass noへwadays have left off the use of wheels, H. E. I, 4.

 (4) In the following instances, the superlative is used in comparing two persons. This solecism is also found in vulgar speech and occasionally in some standard authors.   Ｈｅ'ｓ tｈｅｍｏｓtunderstanding man 'o them tivo by long chalks, M. C., 1χ, 82.

  Whichever of us (.viz.Ｆｅ.ｓtｕ,ｓ ａｎｄＬｏｖｅｄａｙ)shelikes ＆μ, he shall take her home, T-M. , Iχ, 82.  (5) The superlative absolute is expressed by means of similes.

  You used to bide aｓ latｅ ａｓ μ1e latｅｓt, F. M. C. , VIII, 75.

  He and １ｗｅてｅａｓ bittｅｒｅｎｅｍｉｅｓonceasどz。ｙむOμ.Id be.p. B. E･｡７ XXVI, 296.

      CHAPTER Ｖ       NUMERALS

  § 31. (one-and-twenty, &c. ). In the dialects ｏ卜the w. and sw. Cy. it is usual to place the lower digit before the higher, as ｏｎｅａｎｄ tｉｖｅｎり. (Cf. OE. ａｎ ａｎｄ tｖｏｅｎtig，

41

ｌｙ

Germａｔ＼ ｅｉｎｕｎｄ ｚｘｖａｎｚig)Modern standard forms twenty-one, twenty-two, &c. are said to owe their origin to French 恒昭￡ｅ￡ｍｌ，乱河t一心ｕエ, &c.

  They'd see how ｃ】ever they were at five｡α?id-lwe。り！W., VI, 58.

  I've stood ill this fair ground, maid, wife, and widow, theseれｉｎｅ-ａｎｄ-thiｒtｙyear, M. C. , III, 25.   My father used that joke regular at pig-killings for more than ｆｖｖｅａｎｄｆｏｒりｙｅａｔs, p. B. E.,   XXm, 273.

  C1｡thｒｅｅ-ａｎｄ-tｉｊｕｅれ￡V,M. C｡ XLIV, 386; four-ａｎｄ-tｘｖｅｎtｙ，ibid･，Ｖ･， 40； p. B. E｡XXIX,

  341; Ｗ･， XLVIII, 456 ; five-ai ｢-tw卵り，Ｆ. Ｍ. Ｃ･ ，Ｘ， 90 ； Ｗ･ ， XLVIII, 456 ■,eight-ａｎｄ-ｆｗｅｎtｙ．   F. M. C. , V. 41: p. B. E. ,χχVI, 294,χχVIII, 325 ; one and thirty, P. B. E. ,χχVI, 294 ； たなｏ   ａｎｄthiｒtｙ．Ｐ; Ｂ･Ｅ･_’XXIX, 346 ； Ｍ. Ｃ･ ･Ｖ･ 37･ ＆ｃ.

  Also ｃ{｡ thiｒり-ｏｎｅ.R. N. , I-IIl, 29 ■,ｆｉｆtｙ-ｎｉｎｅ,F.M. C. ,χχI, 156 ；ｊＥﾌjenty-one, R. N., VI-IV,   498, &c.  I       ●

 Sweet says, μ■･･we Sti】I say five-and-twenty as well as twenty-five, but only with the lower ty-numerals ； thus we hardly ever Ｓａ･ｙJie iｓｆｉｖｅａｎｄ･jfり.”(N.E. G. 1165.)

  § 32. (Omission of the description of price, weight, and quantityう According to E. D.G. 399, the description of price, weight, and quantity is gen. omitted after numerals in ｗ. Som. In F.M. C., III (p. 20.), Hardy illustrates the practice as follows :

  ‘A large farm ?’ she inquired, ■･‘No ； not large. About ａ ｈｕｎｄｒＲｄブ（lnspeaking of farms the   word ‘acres' is omitted by the natives, by analogy to such old expressions as ゛ａstag･of tｅｎバ）

CHAPTER VI

 ADVERBS

  § 33.(Adverbial･ａ伍xes)

 （1） α- Adverbial

prefix･ａ- in the adverbs

given below is representative

of OE.

pre-positionｏｎ.which

is shortened to a being closely associated with the following ｗｏｒd.（1）

  For thathe's allafiΓewi' love for her any eye can see, T. D. , VII, 62.

  They be coming, sir…･lotsof 'em ---a-foot and a-driving,F.M. C. , LIT, 432.

  The bullseed William, and took after him, horns ａｇｒｏｕｎｄ,

T. D.,χVII, 144.

  'Tisleft opｅｎ

ａ-ｐtiTかｏｓｅ,p.

B. E. ,χχVII, 308.

Ｃ1，ａｒight, T. D. , VII, 62 ； ａ･hoｒｓｅｂａｃｋ，ibid., LI, 462; ａ-ｓｃｒａｍ，ｖ^.Ｔ.-Ｗ.A., VIII, 99 a-tｉｏｉｓt.p.B. E. , IV, 31, &c.

  【2】･ ｢。ng Adverbial suffix -ａｌｏｎｇ．which has the force ｏ１ -■ｗａｒｄｓ, iｓ one of the common as well as most expressive of the w. Cy. suffixes. (E. D. D. S. V. ＡＬＯＮＧ.）   But they started back-ａｌｏｎｓａｓ well as they could, F. C. C. , p. 263.

  l say that we all move d。ｌt。1-al。,7gstraight as ａ line to pa'son Mayble's, U. G. T. , II-III, 97.   Don't ye think we'd better ｇｅtみ｡。me-along。neighbours？R. N. , I-m, 34.

  Also,  ｏｎ-ａｌｏｎｇ・H. E. ,χLVII, 470 ; ;ゆ-ａｌｏｎｇ,U.G. T. , I-II, 11.

 （3）-like.‘JAke'  ＼s suffixed to the adjectives instead ｏｆ‘-Zｙ（2）tｏ form the adverb. It often has such implications as mentioned ｕnd‘er § 28 (3).

  But he laughed cｒｕｅt-Ufee, "Ｗ.，χVII, 151.

  You should take it ｃαΓＥＺｅμ-like,F. M. C. , VIII, 73.       ゛

  She is off to foreign lands again at last…hev made up her mind qu＼ｔｅSI｡ｄｄｅｎ-Ｕｋｅ, Ｗ.,χχχIV,   311.      ’

  Cf･ｆｏｏtiｓli.だ紅 T-M, XII, 109 ； 戻戒心■like, ibid･ ， xxm, 20^ --ｗild,like，Ｆ, Ｍ. Ｃ。 LII, 429,   ＆Ｃ.

42      高知大学学術研究=報告  第10号  人文科学  第４号

This

archaic idiom is often found in other dialects and low

colloquialism

 1. Prepositions加and of were also thus shortened t6 αin rapid speech.

 2. OE. adverbial ending -ｌｉｃｅ(=like)had become -Ｖｉｃｈｅ(Southern)and -Like (Midland) in ME. The latter was levelled by degrees under the adjective-ending -//= Southern -Lich、and -li then became ａ regular adverb･ending. In late ME. it was introduced into the Standard dialect、where it supplanted

the Early Southern ■I'lclie、asin ｄｅｐｌｙ、haｒｄり、ｏ抑 ｢ｙ、(Sweet:N. E. G. 1505. )

  § 34. ^Adjectives for adverbs) In all the dialeとts, it is common to use the adjec-tival form for the adverb.

  She was inoculated for the small-poχ and had it わね ｢ぴidfine, W. , IV, 31.   'Tis so なｒ,一語lefar to get there, R. N. , I-lIl, 23.    ’

  l took to going there ｒｅｇ ｢ａｒ， ａnd found it a great comfort, J. O., V-vii, 394.

 1t was very common in OE. and equally in ME. to suffix -Ｅ to adjectives to form the adverb. The adverbs in -e, however, became indistinguishable from adjectives with the disappearance of unstressed -e in the 15th century. (Wyld : S. H. E. 332.)し

  § 35. (Genitive adverbs) Some of the old adverbs in genitive case ending are still in common use in the dialects. CCf. S. E.  ｎｅｅｄｓ，ｎｏｗ-ａ-ｄａｙｓ,alｗａｙｓ，＆ｃ.）

  l do want to walk a little-ｒｖａｙｓｗi’Sissy, T. D. , VII, 59. Cf. W. T. -D. P. ,!V. 253.   He d rove ｈｅｒａｇｏｏｄ-ｗり,jtowards the station, T. D.｡χLIIl, 376.

  Cf･go a hit of XVりj， Ｒ.Ｎ･ ， 1-VI!1･ 91･

  What's right tveek days is right Ｓｕｎｄａｙｓ,F.M. C. ,χI!], 108.   AlｓｏＳ。 ｢りｍｏｒｎｉｎｇｓ，J. O. , I-xi, 81.

alzvay, the 01d form without -s, is used by the side oI alｚｖａｙｓ.(See the note below.)   ｌcan mind her mother. /1八むαｙａ teuny, delicate piece. χ,V., IV, 31.

 ･es in OE. was ｅχtended to fern, nouns as an adverb-ending: ｄｓｅｇｅｓｔ↓11d nlhtｅｓ ’ｂｙ day and by night,' j>･ｕＴＪｉｅｒｅｓ ａｎｄｌｕint･ｒａ（ｔむi?itｒａmasc. gen. ),  ｎｉｅｃｌｅｓofnecessityバIn ME. and Mod. E. this ending was dropped in some words as in Late ME.ｄａｙ ａｎｄ ，ｒight･，but it was more often extended, especially to adverbs which in OE. ended in ａ vowel or ≪, in order to make them more distinct, as in alzひav5 = Early Mod. Ｅ.  alｗai,０Ｅ.  ｅａｌｎｅｖｘｇ.(Sweet： N. E. G. 1504.)

  § 36. (Adverbial use ｏ１ that.）Ｔｈｅ dem. pron. that is used as an adverb in the sense ｏｆ‘sｏ/‘to such ａ degree,' ｏｒ‘veryバ 活討 in this sense was in S. E. until late in the 19th century, since then it has been considered colloquial and dialectal. In the

WS novels it always appears in‘Lha￡‥ヽthat--･(= 50…漬ａ￡…ｙ construction.

  You walked that straight, and held yourse】f that steady, that one would have thought you were   going ‘prentice to ａ judge, J. O. , Vl-vii, 484.

  Sue pricked her that deep that the maid fainted away, R. N. , III-II, 217.

  1 ani that leery that I can feel my stomach rubbing against my backbone, F. C. C. p. 266.   § 37. (howsotnever = however) hりzv has ａ compound with ＳＯ‘ｉｎｅｖｅｒin the dialects. ■soin- owes its origin to Ｓｅ刀II,Scandinavian conj. , rel. pron･ ， and adv. (Cf. ｌｃｅねndic ｓｅｗ, Danish, Swedish ｓｏin.) (Hosoe ■ＭｉｄｌａｎｄＤｉａｌｅｃt,p.235.)

  ＨＯｔりＳＯ刀leiタ'er, ゛twasl put her up to it！ J. O. , [-X, 78.

  Ｈｏｉｊｕｓｏｍｅｖｅ･ｒ, there'snot much risk of it, べN.r.-W.A., VIII, 99.

According to Poutsma (L. M.E., Pt. II, Sec. I.B. p. 1215.), this form may be traced to Middle English.

4ろ

 ｡§ 38. (Double negative) Double negative, which is not tolerated in S. E., is still alive in the dia】ects.

  But she ｃ。 ｢dn'tfind him 。。rvhereat all, T. D.,χχI, 174.

  He scorns all tempting liquors ； ，zＥむertouchｅｓｎｏthing，M. C. , V, 40.

  Ｄｒｍ'tye talk o't ?!Ｏmore, R. N. , I-III, 36.       ｡. The ０１ｄpleonastic negatives are still kept also in vulgar speech.

      CHAPTER VII        CONJUNCTIONS

  §39. (のz’ ｏＴ ａｎ＝ぴ）

  We'll give 'em ａ song,のz’ it please the Lord, R. N., I-III, 31.   Cf. a7i it please yｅ, ibid. ･lll-VII, 274.

  Well, let her bonfire burn ４。’twill, 話几i., 1-111,33.

There are some views concerning the origin of this conj･, but none of them is generally accepted.

  § 40. The following idiom expressive of the unit of time, space, measure,ぺｖeight。       ・

&c. is in common use in the ws dialect.       ・

  He was mounted on ａ good strong handsome animal, worth fifty guinｅａｓ if ｗｏｒtｈａ ｃｒｏＴｕｎ，   F. C. C. , P. 286.

  'She was a. little child thenバ‘She was twelve ぴa day,' J. O., Il-.vi, 135.   l have said fifty timｅｓ．if l fia-ｕｅｓａｉｄ ｏｎｃＣ）T.D.,χχI, 172.

  We've five ton of timber on these wheels if zve "ue an・z・ce, W. ,χIll, 119.

  §41. (ぴ＝ｅｖｅｎ if)

  You'll have to go ぴit breaks all the horses' legs in the county, D.R. ,χIll, 283.

  1…l should like some victuals, 'twould gie me cou rage びit is only ａ crust ｏ’bread and ａ’onion,   F. C. C.. 266.

  This afternoon we'll have something in our insides to make us warm,ぴit cost a king's ransomﾀ

  活八i., 271.      ，

  §42. (.if so ｂｅ＝ザj

  ぴ5・be 'tis like that ｌ can't look her in face, F. M. C. , VI, 48.

  ’Ａ must soon be in the naighbourhood, tｏｏしげso ｂｅhe's a-coming, P. B. E. ,χχm, 265.   Certainly, mis'ess,ぴ5・be you please, T-M. ,χχχIV, 315.

      CHAPTER VIII       PREPOSITIONS

  §43. (り7z for of) The prepositions θ,z and of have been confused in use owing to the dropping of 石nal consonants.

  You be ticketed Churchyard, my noble lady. although you don't dream ｏｎt,p. B. E.,χχVI, 294.   You ought to have had her, Giles, and there's an end ｏｎ't, w.,χχχI, 286.

  ‘〇…your name is not Jude, then ?’‘Never heerd。。it, J.O. , V-iv, 351.

  Cf.lotｓ 011 ’ｅｍ｡L. L.!｡-S. V., 11, 16 ･，ｔｒｕtｈｏｎ't, M. C. ,χχχVI, 314; p. B. E. , II, 6; T-M,   XVIII, 160, &cこ｡ ■,ｍｅａｎｔ?･ｉｇｏｎ t，T-M. ,χVI, 151 ； some on 'em, J. O. > I-iiij 24 ； ゐ昭i。ni7ig ont,   D., Pt. Ill, V, vi, 449 ； ＆ｃ.

 44  ∴       高知大学学術研究報告  第10号  人文科学  第４号

  § 44. (Omission of Z7zヽin the compounds.) In dialects the preposition is sometimes om itted in formations like ｓｏｎ･行i-ｌａｉｏ,＆Ｃ.

  It was begun by my father and his, who ｗｅｖebｒolheｒ-laｔｖｓ, Ｗ.T.-D. p. , V, 261.   1 shouldn't say that to you ａｓａ ｃｉａtigfitｅ･ｒ-laiｘ）.M.C. ,χχχI, 266.

  Cf. ･/･ｎｏthcｒ-laｘｔ).T.D. ,χχI, 174;石μａ･一心2tt;>ibid.,LVIII, 512,心己．

       CHAPTER Ｉχ        VERBS

       I . Verbal Endings

  § 45. (The 3rd pers. sing. pres. indie. -しextended to other persons and number. ) The verbs of the 1st and 2ncl pers. sing, and the 3rd pers. pi. are now and then inflected        lwith -ｊ after the pattern of the 3rcl pers. sing.

  ｌｆｅｅｌｓshe ought to gie in for yours, C. M. -R. A. M. ,χII，･378.   1 ｔｕａｎtｓto be alonej H. E. ,χχVIII, 243.

  C1｡１ ｇｅtｓ,H. E. ,χVIII, 152 ; 7んゆ恥 T. D. ,χII, 103-, Ｉ ｏｐｅｎｓ．H.E.,χV, 123 ； 7 says,   F. M. C.,χLIχ, 390; p. B. E.,χII, 140,χχVI, 294; 7 sorΓθtむs, F. M. C. ,χV, 119; 7￡ｒた５，   F. M. C. ,χχIll, 177, &c.

  Well then, Mr. Mayble, since death's to be, we'll die like men any clay ｙｏｕ ｎａｍｅｓ,U.G. T. ,        ●

  IT-IV, 109.

  Ｔｈｅｙbｕｓtｓout quarrelling like this, H. E. ,χVIII, 151.

  l think ZみＥｙｊ。心it to save the expense of ａ Christian burial for ther children, L. , 1-!V, 42.   C1，theｖ ｄ０１りｎｓ. C.M. -R. A. M. ,!， 311; thり戸･Hs, P. B. E｡ XXVI， 1％-,決りlookｓ, U. G. T.・   II-IV, 102 ; thりｓａｙｉ．T-M. , VI, 53, &c.

  § 46. (Ending of the 2nd pers. sing., -st. ) Anomalous verbs of the 2nd per?, sing. are inflected with -,ばboth in the past and the present.

  Ah, th'st think thｈｐ.ｅ.'iteverybody, ｄｏｓtぶt, T. D. ,χ, 83.   Ｄｏｓtｎ￡wish th’7ひむZ three sixes again, R. N. , I-III, 20.

  ￡')idst ever learn geography ？ Ｄ. , Pt. I, 11, V, 49.      ｀   Cf. C. M.-D. R. , p. 258; Ｍ.Ｃ。χIll, 10, R. N., l-lll, 20 ； T. D. , I, 7, &c. (ゐμ）   Cf. J. O. , I-ii, 14 ； Ｒ. N. , l-III, 27, &c. (ｄｉｄｓt'｡〉

  But th'haｓt thy work cut out, T-M. ,χχχIχ, 361.       ゜   Cf. G. N. D.-D.I., p. 17 ； Ｔ. Ｄ.，χII, 105; T-M.,χχVI, 231, &c.       ｀   l thought thリ1aゐ￡more sensej T-M,χχ, 179.

  ＭりI'st kiss me if 'canst catch me, Ｔｉｍ！χＶ.，χχ, 187.

  Cf, D., Pt., I, 11, V, 50 ； J. O., Il-vii, 148; M. C.,χIll, 101; R. N. , VI-IV, 499, &c.   But how ｒｏｕ/.ｄｓ￡ {orgetso, T-M. ,χV, 131.

  Cf. R. N. , I-III, 26, &c.

  How ｄａｒｅ.Ｒt th’laugh at me, T. D. ,χ, 83.

  I'll find a way of arranging it…, if thoｕ'a promise to stay, T-M,χχ, 181.   Thｗｏｕldｓt?ｌ’ｔgo doing hard work for play, Ｈ.Ｅ｡, I, 5.

  Cf. F. M. C. ,χχIll, ｍ.

 As to the disappearance of μl’following a verb ending in -st, Pouts ma says,“The once common practice of throwing out the entire pronoun in qｕをstion is now met with only archaically or dia-lectally (L. M. E. , Pt. II, Sec. I. B. p. 708. ).”Jespersen explains the phenomenon as follows :

 The frequent absence of thou after ａ verb is clearly a consequence of the purely phonetic develop- ment: OE. eart t)u>ME.ａｒt tＫ＞α吋（αΓt mad ？ thus also ■ｗiltｇｏ？ &c. )…(M.E. G. Pt.       一一

 I. 6.36.)

45 -th ending is sporadically found in the ws novels.

  liddy ｓａｔth.she've ａ new one, F. M. C. ,χV, 120.

  Nobody ＲＰ-Ｃtぶthto know what 'a did it for, C. M.-G. H., 133.

 １ｎME. the Southern dialects have universally -ef) and -ゆ. The Ｅ. Midland has almost

      -  -exclusively the -＼>,一読ending, except, very occasionally, -es,一昿 and then chiefly in

        -rhymes. W. Midland has the -ｓending far more frequently. In the fifteenth century the -μz forms （･ｙth， -itｈ．-eth) very largely ho】d their own in the South, the Ｅ.･Midlands, and in the London dialect, with occasional outcrops of sporadic -ｓforms. (Wyld: Ｍ. Ｃ.Ｅ･ , p. 332.)

 §48. (ｓａｙｓＩ、ｓａｙｓ he、 &c. ) along with、ｓａｉｄ I、ｓａｉｄ he、＆Ｃ. quotations.

sａｙｓＩ， ｓａｙｓhe． ＆ｃ. are used in the place of, o「 in appended and parenthetic sentences accompanying

“Ａｙ,”says 7，“l feel it as if 'twas my own shay, ･‥”p. B.E., VII, 60.

“Joseph,”I said, says 7，“depend upon it, if so be you have them tooting clar'nets you'll spoil the whole set-out,”U. G. T. , I-IV, 31.

‘!Reub, SりＳ ｈｅ…“Reub," he ｓａｉｄ，ｓａｙｓhe, U. G.T. ,1-11, 13.

C1｡thinkｓ I, U. G. T, V-I, 253 ; F. M. C. ,χχIχ, 221 ； R. N. , III-II, 217 ; T. T. , II, 21, &c. l thoｕght, 沃iれfeｓ/, U. G. T. , II-VI, 128.

ｊａｙ∫you, P. B.E. , IV, 31.

says sh。, M. C. , XXVIII, 241, R. N., I-V, 法りｓａｉｄ, ｓａｙｓtheｖｉM. C. ,χV, 120. ｓａｔtJi I,p.B. E., XXVI, 296.

57, &c.

       Ｈ● Conjugation

of Verbs

  §49. Some

of the

conjugations of verbs in the ws

dialect, which

deviate

from

those of standard English,

are here set forth （Ｔｈｅforms, of which

no mention

is made

in E. D. G.,

are marked

withり:

   Present       Preterite       Past

Participle

    bend       bended       bended

      (Remained

weak in the pret. and p.p.)

    blow      blowed      blowed

      (Orig.

strong. Acquired weak pret. and p.p.)

   ‘break      broked*      brｏｋｅ＊＊

      (*

w. Som. &

w. Cor.

** Often used as a p.p. in the 17th & 18th c.)

    build      builded      builded

      (Orig.

weak. Remained weak in the pret. and p.p.）

    bust(burst)     busted         busted

bust (burst)      busted

 (Orig. strong. Acquired weak pret. and p.p.) catch      catched

 (Orig. weak. Remained weak. )

come _{corned, cam}

< pret. and p.p. crope, croped

catched

corned

 the old strong ｐr（ croped; creeped

(Orig. strong. Acquired weak pret. and p. p. , while preserving the old strong pret. )

(Pret. cr。<ped, Som. & Cor. p. p. cr・戸ed, W. Som. Orig. strong. Preserved the strong pret. , while acquiring weak ending to the strong form of the pret. and p. p. The weak ｐ.ｐ｡ ｃｒｅｅｐｅｄ iｓ ＼ｎuse not in the SW. Cy. , but in Sc.・and ｗ. Yks. , though it appears in Υε∫恥 IV, 35.)

teached

tooked, took

？

？

(Orig. strong. The weak ending is added to the strong form in the pret. Acquired weak ｐ,p･ ， while preserving the archaic form without 一四.）

think'       th inked*

 .(* Brks. Orig. weak. Remained weak in the pret. and p.p.) throw        ..  throwed

  (Orig. strong. Acquired weak pret. and p.p.)

though ted th rowed‘･ .･

46･、

  draw

高知大学学術研究報告  第10号  人文科学  第４号 drawecl

(Orig. strong. Acquired weak pret. and P-P-)

drown drownded (?）

drawed

drownded

(?）

(Though the double p. p. dr。7ひ。＆ｄoccurs several times in the ws novels, no mention is made of it in E. D. G. )。

eat       eat*

  (* w. Som. Orig. strong. Preserved strong pret. and p. p.)

feel       fee led

 ’（〇丿g. weak. Remained weak in the pret. and p.p.)

forget         forgot (?）

  (Orig. strong. Remained strong. ) gie (=give)         gied

  (Orig. strong. Acquired weak pret. and p. p.)

grow      g rowed

  (Orig. strong. Acquired weak pret. and p.p.)   ， hurt       hurted

  (Orig. weak. Remained weak in the pret. and p.p.)

know

(Orig. strong. Acquired weak pret, and p. p.)

run

  (Orig. strong. Acquired weak pret. and p. p.)

slink       si inked

  （〇rig. strong. Acquired weak pret. and p. p.)

sit, zit       sot, zot       .，

  (Orig. strong. Preserved the strong pret. and p.p.) speak, spake         speaked, spoked

  (Pret・ｓｐｅａｋｅｄ,Som.; spoked, w. Som. Orig. strong. ) steal       stealed*

  (* Brks. , Dev･. , Cor. ** Dev. , Cor. Orig. strong. )

stand      stooded (?）

  (Orig. strong. Acquired weak p.p.) strik' ( = strike)       Stｒｏｏｋｅｄ＊ see, zee knowed c pretｱand runned ．ｓadded to ｔ seed, zeed sung, zung sunk, zunk teached

eat

feeled

forgot

gied

growed

hurted

knowed

runned

seed, zeed slinked sot, zot spoke ， stealed** stood ed strooked** strook (Orig. strong. Weak ending is added to the strong form -in the pret. Acquired weak p.p.)

teach   COrig. take sing, zing   (Orig. strong. ) sink, zink   （〇rig. strong. )

（＊＆ ** w. Som. Orig. strong. Weak ending is added to the strong form in the pret. Remained strong in p. p. , while acquiring the weak form. )

   ﾀ･ 1      ･−k･-Sa−し weak. Remained weak in the pret. and p. p.)       tooked

143.

47

   write       ？

    (Orig. strong. Remained strong.'■);:  ，づ．．･ノ

See the following instances from the vvs ･hovels. ･■   パ9，.ご＼．．．．ｊ……：．二･・

ぺA'hen, !o and behold; clown went

wrotei writ' '.･.り‘ ･t｀

When l'ｍ gone, and my last breath's Uoiむeel,look iりthe. top drawer ･o' the chest, M. e.。χVIII,

. ･ ゝ

    −

  Cf. Ibid. , IV, 35 ; F. M.C. , Vm, 60, &c.       ン ････..   ･･.･   Sheep haｖe bｒｏだｅ ｉｅnee,F. M. C. ,χχI, 156.

  Cf. J. O. , I-viii, 53 ； T-M. , VI, 47 ； Ｒ.:Ｎ。 I-IV･, 41.;χA'., II, 12, &c.   'Ａ was born before our Great Ｍ

■ cf.‘阿･JC｡， I， 4； Ｔ･ ｐりχχχ1V，へ280,ト＆ｃ･ 万 ．‥      い・ ．･･．･． ・．･ ・． ･．｀･  ヽ'   Ｉと･atched sight of his voot, U. G. T., I-!II, 24.      ．，   Cf. J. O., 1-vi, 46, I-viii, 64 ； Ｐ. B. E. ,χχI!I, 271, &c.       “'   It was Mrs. Newberry who corned in to you j臨t by now,･ぺA^.T.-D. p., I, 223. ・ ･,.   l don't know how ever l･U7。ぶinto such ,a family, Ｕ.Ｇ｡T. , I-VII･, 57.ご． ぺ

  Cf. Ibid. , m, 21, IV, 31, Vm, 69,!I-II, .89, &c.

  When they were over the brow, ｗｅ･じ,･ope out, L. L. I.-T:1804,.p. 215.   Well, father wouldn't haveでcoughed and creepec

  As evening ｄｒａｘりｅｄon they, sent foｒヽsome more themselves, J. O.･, V.-vi, 379.・   Perhaps he's ｄｒｏｉｕi･ｉｄｅｄ ＼U. G. T., I-V, 41.

 ・Cf｡CM.-M. L, V, 292 ； J. O. , ni-iiii 175 ; w.,χχIχ, 269, &c.  .1  1 Φ 11 1 1 1  Either the moss and mildew have ｐ.ａt ａwaythe words, へ/V.T. -I.K. ,･p. 179.･ ...j

 Cf. p. B. E. ,χχIll, 270.

 '!ｆｅｅｌ'ｄ iorall the work丿ike some bold soldier after ｌ had some once, R. N., I-V, 54.   Cf. Ibid., 56; H. E. , I, 6 ; T. D. ,χVm, 157, &c.   ｀ l‘･ ゛／

  I'm sure when ｌ heard they'd been forbid l. felt as glad as ･if anybody had gied me Ｓｉχpence,   R. N. , I-III, 24.

  Bless my Soｕ】,I'd quite forg。Z ！ w. , VII!, 76.     ，   ダ       ｀   C1｡Ibid. ,VI, 50, V!I, 66; T. D. , 1, 8.

1       F       r      l  l   'A gie'd 'ｅｍａ house t0 live in, p. B. E. ,χχVI, 298.

  Cf. R. NパI-III, 24, 36 ;,F. M. C. , VIII, 61 ； J. O. , VI-v,・460, &c.   'Tis that groTuec

  Ci. Ibid.. IV, 34;,F. M. C. , Vlll, 71;P. B. E. ,χχIll, 270, &c.ブ   !s he htにtｅｄ very bad ？ べＶ.，χχχV, 325.   ‘ '

  Thought l かz。xved the man's face as l seed him on the rick ！ Ｆ. M. C. , VIII,｣60.   ｀. ・   Cf. J. O. , IV-ii, 261 ; M, C. , I!I. 25, V｡4p ； Ｐ.Ｂ. Ｅ･ ， XXIII。271 &c･       ，・   This is a' 01d cask, and the wood's ｒｏttｅｄ ａway about the tap-hole, U. G｡T. , I-II, 13. "   William ｒｕ･lined his best。T. D. ,χVII, 144.

  xＲｐ.ｐ.ｄher, poor soul, p. B. E. ,χχＶ!, 294.       ..   Cf.Ibid. ,IV, 31; F. M. C., VI, 53, M. CパχLV, 403, &c.

  Ah, ah ； I. 之εどｊyｅ！‥･l shouldn't have zeed ye, T-M. , vm, 62.   Cf. J. O. , 1-viii, 61 ; M. C. ,χχVII, 230; R. N. , lll-VlI, 278, &c.   Depend upon it they haｖｅ ｓit ｢こｅｄ６Ｋ 'cause they be shy, T-M. ,χV, 129.   And down father zot, U. G. T. , II-V, 117.      ．   !tmay be I've spoke roughly to you, M. C. ,χχI, 173.

  Cf. F. M. C. , LII, 427; R. N. , I-lII, 22, &c. Also o;公砂ｏｋｅ.F. M. C. , LII, 432. .  ，   They should beS￡０１ｅaway by Boney or Festus, T-M.; XIV, 123.

  Cf. F. M. C. ,χχIll, 181, χχχII, 250, &c.       ・

  Her mind can no more be heaved from that one place ･where it do bide than ａ 'itｎｎｄｅ.ｄwaggon   from the hole he's in, T. D.,χLVII, 422.       ..

  The bells ha＼ｎ'tｓけook out yet, T. D. ,χLIV, 387.

  Cf. M. C., 11, 19 ； Ｒ. N. , I-IV, 41, &c. Also pｏｖｅｒり･ｓtｒic',U. G.T., II-VIII, 143.   John's wife sung songs at the Pure Drop till past eleven o'clock, Ｔ.･Ｄ.，χχχVIII, 329.   Ｔｈｏｕ･‥looked so frightened when the chair-bottom ｚz。7k in, U. G. T. ,･II-V, 117.   Her uncle ｗａｓtookbad, F.M. C. , VIII, 67.

  Ci. Ibid.，χV, 125 ； J. O. , I-ii, 8, 9･; M. C. ,･χIll, ,101, &c. Alsoｏｖｅｒtｏｏｋ,M. C., V, 40 ；

･l‘･’･.･’･●.‘   ・ ‘・ ・ ，  ・，ｒ･ ’   . ’ the bull on his bended･kn･ees,. T. D.ヽ, XVJI,. -HS. h's U。ｍ ｢, look in the.top drawer ･ｏ’the chest,