太田川放水路における河床の変化特性と

水工学論文集

,

第

54

巻

,2010

年

2

月

太田川放水路における河床の変化特性と 干潟の安定機構に関する考察

CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND CONSIDERATION ON THE MECHANISM OF STABILIZATION OF TAIDAL FLATS IN OTAGAWA

DISCHARGE CHANNEL

大沼克弘 ¹ ・藤田光一 ² ・望月貴文 ³ ・天野邦彦 ⁴ ・佐藤泰夫 ⁵ ・阿部徹 ⁶

Katsuhiro ONUMA, Kou-ichi FUJITA, Takafumi MOCHIZUKI,Kunihiko AMANO, Yasuo SATOU and Toru ABE

1

正会員 工修 国土交通省国土技術政策総合研究所環境研究部河川環境研究室主任研究官

（〒

305-0804

茨城県つくば市旭１）

2

正会員 工博 国土交通省国土技術政策総合研究所河川研究部流域管理研究官（同上）

3

正会員 工修 国土交通省国土技術政策総合研究所環境研究部河川環境研究室研究官（同上）

4

正会員 工博 国土交通省国土技術政策総合研究所環境研究部河川環境研究室室長（同上）

5

正会員 農修 元 国土交通省国土技術政策総合研究所環境研究部河川環境研究室

（現いであ株式会社沖縄支店 〒

900-0003

沖縄県那覇市安謝

2-6-19

）

6

正会員 工修 国土交通省中国地方整備局太田川河川事務所所長

（〒

730-0013

広島県広島市八丁堀

3-20

）

We organized the characteristics on the geomorphological features and historical change of the Otagawa Discharge Channel based on the cross-section surveying after the construction and showed the geographical features of tidal flats are stable and less changeable than those of low water channel. And based on the physical characteristics, we classify the tidal flats in the Otagawa Discharge Channel and the Kyuotagawa River that is one of the branch of the Otagawa Discharge Channel.

Based on the above-mentioned result and the result of the test of strength against erosion etc., we consider the mechanism of stability of tidal flats in every type in Otagawa Discharge Channel.

Key Words : mechanism of stability of tidal flats, historical change of discharge channel, classification of tidal flats

１．

はじめに

近年異常多雨の出現頻度が高まるとともに，長期的に は地球温暖化により懸念される海面上昇により，河口部 の河道改修の必要性が高まることが予想される．しかし ながら，河口部において河道改修を行った場合，干潟の 消失等環境への影響が懸念される．治水と環境の調和の とれた河道管理を行っていくためには，このようなイン パクトレスポンスについて予測の精度を高めていく必要 がある．とりわけ，環境面で重要な役割を果たしている 干潟について，その形成機構についての研究の進展が期 待される．

干潟は，前浜干潟，河口干潟，入江干潟，潟湖干潟の

４つのタイプに分類できる

^１）

．本研究ではこれらのうち，

河口部や河川干潮域に形成される河口干潟を対象として いるが，河口干潟を対象とした形成機構に関する研究は 少ない．横山ら

^２）

は，筑後川の感潮河道を対象として地 形・底質の季節的な変動特性を調べ，洪水によって河床 に堆積している軟泥が洪水によりフラッシュされ，河床 に古い時代の底質が出現し，平水期には高濁度水塊によ り下流域から浮泥が輸送され，約１ヶ月という短期でも 河床面が

50

～

100

％復元していることを観測しているが，

ここで変動しているのは主に干潮位以下であり，所謂干 潟では大きな変動は確認されていない．末次ら

^３）

は，多 摩川の人為要因による浚渫及びそれによる河床変動と，

洪水や平水時の高濁度水塊の移動による土砂動態との関 連について考察を行っている．

水工学論文集,第54巻,2010年2月

これらの研究は，河床の変動特性を整理し，その要因 として主に土砂動態に着目して考察を行っているが，一 連区間について干潟を類型化し，類型ごとの形成機構の 違いに着目して調査・考察を行った例は見られない．

本研究では，干潟の安定機構解明に向けて，佐藤ら

^４）

が示した予備的検討を踏まえてこれをさらに発展させる べく，干潟地形が低水路部等の地形の影響を受ける可能 性を鑑み，

0.2km

ピッチで行われている横断測量成果を 用いて放水路全体の地形の特徴を整理するとともに，そ の横断形状の変遷を人為的インパクトや自然インパクト と関連づけながら整理した．次に，干潟の標高，横断形 状，主要構成材料等の特徴から干潟を類型化し，前段の 整理を踏まえてその類型ごとに干潟の安定機構について 考察した．これらのうち，形成機構が不明な一類型の干 潟に着目し，安定機構の仮説を検証すべく，流速等の連 続観測等の現地調査や干潟材料の粘着力調査等を行い，

これらを踏まえた考察を行った．

なお，本研究では，朔望平均干潮位（約T.P.-1.8m）と 朔望平均満潮位（約

T.P.2.0m

）の間にある一定のまとま りを持った砂あるいは泥からなる河床場を干潟と定義し た．本論でいう低水路とは，所謂低水路部からこの干潟 の部分を除いた部分を言うものとする．

２．太田川放水路の地形の特徴と変化特性

本章では，干潟の安定機構解明の前段として，干潟だ けでなく干潟地形に影響を及ぼす可能性がある低水路と 対比させながら，地形の現況とその変化の特徴を整理し，

変化の原因について考察する．

太田川放水路は1967年に完成した．分派地点の直下流 では，太田川放水路には祇園水門が，旧太田川には大芝 水門が設置されている（図-1）．平常時には，祇園水門 は３門のうち１門のみ30cm開けて流し，大芝水門は全 開して流している．洪水時は，上流から

400

ｍ

^３ /s

以上流 れてきた時に両水門とも全開し，計画高水流量が入って きた時には自然分派により放水路に4,000ｍ

^３ /s，旧太田

川に

3,500

ｍ

^３ /s

流れる設計になっている．

(1) 太田川放水路の地形の特徴

図-1は，太田川とその派川である旧太田川の干潟の分

布を示している（この図にある干潟のタイプについては 次章で述べる）．太田川放水路は，

2.2

ｋ付近より上流 では蛇行し，その湾曲の内岸側に干潟が分布している．

2.2ｋ付近より下流は直線状となっており，干潟は概ね

両岸に分布している．干潟の横断形状の特徴については ３章で述べる．

図-2は， 2006

年の横断測量成果をもとに現況の放水路 の標高分布について，横断距離０（左岸堤防の法肩）を 縦方向にそろえて，上を上流にして順次並べたものであ

る（そのため左側が右岸となっている）．先述の干潟の 定義から，この図では，概ね茶色から薄い水色の範囲が 干潟に相当する．放水路の蛇行区間は蛇行に沿って湾曲 外岸側が赤丸のように深く掘れている様子が見てとれ，

さらに直線区間に入ってもなお，蛇行区間よりは緩やか であるが桃色の丸に示すように左右岸交互に掘れている 傾向が見てとれる．

(2) 太田川放水路への人為的インパクト及び自然インパ クトと横断形状の変遷の全体像

太田川放水路完成（

1967

年）以降の河道変化の全体像 を，既往の横断測量成果を用いて整理した．図

-3

に太田 川放水路及び旧太田川の代表横断面の経年変化を示す．

なお，使用した横断図の年は，

1972

年，

1986

年，

1994

年，

2002

年，

2005

年，

2006

年である．全体の傾向として低水 路の変化が大きいのは，

1972

年～

1986

年である．この期 間は，人為的インパクトとしては，

-1.4

ｋ付近までしか なかった右岸側の埋め立て（西部開発）が，現在の河口 まで延伸されたことが挙げられる．これにより，例えば

図-3の -2.2

ｋや

-2.0

ｋのように，以前は海であった部分が 放水路となり，出水等における掃流力が大きくなり，低 水路が掘れて河積が大きくなったと推測できる．低水路 に比べ干潟は安定している．さらに，

0.2

ｋ付近から

2.2

ｋ付近の間では干潟の上に緊急河川敷道路が左岸は

1994

年測量と

2002

年測量の間に，右岸は

2002

年測量と

2005

年

図-1 干潟の分布と類型化

-3 7

0 100

構造物

-5 5

-20 250

-5 5

-20 80

横断距離（m）

標高（

T Pm

）

潮間帯

-5 5

0 300

◆放水路の洪水（旧太田川）

・平均年最大流量Q

_ap =1490m ³ /s （910m ³ /s）

・計画流量Q

_d =4000m ³ /s （3500m ³ /s）

・400m

³ /sで水門のゲート全開

・自然分派

直線２

直線３

中州 下流

急拡

湾曲外岸 湾曲内岸

測量の間に造成されていること，中でも右岸は

0.8

ｋ付 近から

1.2

ｋ付近の間のふれあいの水辺が整備されてい ることが，人為的インパクトとして挙げられる．自然イ ンパクトとしては，分流前の流量が

4,000m ³ /s

を越える比 較的大きな洪水がこの

2006

年までの間に４回発生してい るが，中でも

2005

年

9

月洪水は既往最大で

7,000

ｍ

^３ /s

を越 えていた．緊急河川敷道路の整備後の

2005

年洪水の後に 行われた2006年の測量結果とその前の

2005年とを比較す

ると一部でかなり大きく河床が動いたところがあるので，

以下に詳述する．

(3) 2005年洪水による地形変化

図-4は放水路を対象に， 2005

年と

2006

年の横断測量成 果の差分を測線ごとに算出して，侵食を寒色系，堆積を 暖色系に着色し，それらを横断距離０（左岸堤防の法 肩）を縦方向にそろえて上を上流にして，順次貼り付け たものである．土砂の仮置き等人為的改変と見られる不 自然な変化も一部に見られるが，洪水前後の河床高の変 化を俯瞰することができる．この図で背景が，①やや黒 ずんでいる部分と，②白い部分，があるが後者は干潟の 部分に相当する．そのため，左右両岸に干潟がある断面 では，②の部分の間にある①の部分が低水路，その他の 図-2 太田川放水路の2006年の標高分布

図-3 太田川放水路の横断形状の変遷例

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500

標高[m]

横断距離[m]

-2k_放水路

2006 2005 2002 1994 1986 1972

干潟 干潟

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

-100 0 100 200 300 400

標高[m]

横断距離

[m]

1.8k_放水路

2006 2005 2002 1994 1986 1972

干潟 干潟

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400

標高[m]

横断距離

[m]

1k_放水路

2006 2005 2002 1994 1986 1972

干潟 干潟

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

標高[m]

横断距離[m]

-2.2k_放水路

2006 2005 2002 1994 1986 1972

干潟 干潟

← -3.0k

← -2.0k

← -1.0k

← 0.0k

← 1.0k

← 2.0k

← 3.0k

← 4.0k

← 5.0k

0m 100m

200m 300m

400m

蛇行区間直線区間

洗掘箇所 緩やかな洗掘箇所

2mより上

0.5m＜標高≦1.0m 0.0m＜標高≦0.5m -0.5m＜標高≦0.0m

-3.0m＜標高≦-2.5m -1.0m＜標高≦-0.5m -1.5m＜標高≦-1.0m

-2.5m＜標高≦-2.0m 1.5m＜標高≦2.0m 1.0m＜標高≦1.5m

-4.0m＜標高≦-3.5m -3.5m＜標高≦-3.0m -2.0m＜標高≦-1.5m

-4.0m以下

両側の①の部分は堤防・高水敷・護岸等に相当する．

まず全体的な傾向としては，色の濃い部分，すなわち 変化が大きい部分は低水路部に多いことがわかる．干潟 は全体的に変化が小さいが，上流側の干潟（後述する湾 曲内岸タイプ）はやや変化が大きく，下流側の干潟（後 述する直線２タイプ）は変化が特に小さい傾向が見られ る．また，

0.0

ｋより下流の区間は干潟のみならず，低 水路部も比較的動きが小さいことがわかる．

変化が最も目立つのは

1.0

ｋ付近の青の楕円の部分で ある．図には

2004

年に右岸側に整備されたふれあい水辺 の区間を示している．図-3からもわかるように，この整 備により河積が小さくなったことにより洪水時の掃流力 が増大し，低水路部の侵食が起きたと推測できる．低水 路以外で侵食がほとんど見られないのは，このふれあい 水辺の整備箇所と低水路の両岸が人工構造物になってい るためである．その下流の

0.4

ｋ付近は特に低水路右岸 側で堆積が目立っているが，上流で侵食した土砂がここ に堆積した可能性がある．

このように，人為的インパクトや洪水のインパクトが 放水路の地形に影響を及ぼしていると考えられるが，干 潟は低水路に比べ安定している傾向が見られる．

３．太田川放水路及び旧太田川の干潟の類型化と その特性

著者らは，デルタ河道の中で，特徴が異なる干潟が分 布していることに着目し，河道の管理に役立てるために も，その安定機構を解明する最初のステップとして干潟

の類型化を試みた

^４）

．

太田川放水路とその比較対照としての旧太田川につい て，各干潟の平面的な分布の特徴や，標高，横断形状，

主要構成材料等の物理的な類似性に着目して，干潟を大 局的に類型化した．

既に示した図-1は，上記において類型化した干潟の平 面分布を示したものである．太田川放水路については，

まず直線的に分布する干潟を主にその地盤の高さに着目 して，最も低いものから順に，直線１タイプ（

-3k

付近 に存在するが，干潮時でも水没しているため，以降扱わ ないこととする），直線２タイプ（

-2.8

ｋ～

0.0

ｋに左右 岸に直線的に分布），直線３タイプ（

0.2

ｋ～

2.2

ｋに敷 石護岸と堤防に挟まれたエリアに分布）とした．

その他については，平面的分布の特徴に主に着目し，

湾曲部の内岸側に形成され，放水路，旧太田川に見られ る「湾曲内岸タイプ」，湾曲部の外岸側に形成される

「湾曲外岸タイプ」，旧太田川

5k

～

6k

付近の中州後流域 に形成する「中州下流タイプ」，旧太田川河口付近の川 幅急拡部に形成する「急拡タイプ」である．

放水路及び旧太田川の河床高（平均，最深）と各干潟 タイプの平均標高の関係を図-5に示す．特徴を整理する と以下のとおりである．

・直線２タイプの干潟は，その標高が低水路の平均河床 とは関係なく

T.P.-1m

を中心に形成されている．横断 形状は２章で述べた左右岸交互に出現する深掘れに 近い側は水際の勾配が大きく，その対岸は勾配が小 さい傾向がある．また，図-3 の

-2.2

ｋや

-2.0

ｋのよう に水際部に比べ堤防側は勾配が緩やかなところが多 い．干潟の材料は，粗砂から中砂が中心であるが場 所によりばらつきがある．

図

-4

太田川放水路の2006年の2005年に対する地形変化

0.000.000.00 0.000.000.00

-0.18-0.01

0.00-0.02-0.22-0.01-0.08-0.010.00-0.02-0.21-0.01-0.86-0.010.00-0.02-0.08-0.01-1.11-0.01-0.01

-0.01-0.02-0.02-0.01-0.19-0.01-0.010.00-0.02-0.02-0.010.00-0.31-0.01-0.010.02-0.010.000.00-0.01-0.02-0.010.000.16-0.140.00-0.01-0.010.020.00-0.01-0.010.000.000.00-0.02-0.010.000.250.440.00-0.01-0.010.00-0.02-0.01-0.01-0.03-0.04

0.000.000.090.00-0.020.000.000.240.380.00-0.01-0.01-0.010.00-0.04-0.01-0.01-0.030.00-0.010.000.00-0.010.00-0.02-0.010.000.010.020.00-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.02-0.06-0.01-0.01-0.03-0.030.00-0.010.000.00-0.010.00-0.02-0.010.000.010.020.00-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.07-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.03-0.03-0.21-0.01-0.01

0.000.00-0.010.00-0.02-0.010.000.010.020.00-0.02-0.010.01-0.01-0.01-0.09-0.01-0.01-0.010.00-0.03-0.03-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.010.000.00-0.010.000.12-0.010.000.010.020.00-0.02-0.010.01-0.01-0.01-0.11-0.01-0.01-0.010.00-0.041.13-0.03-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.070.00-0.010.00-0.01-0.010.000.01-0.670.000.030.080.01-0.01-0.01-0.13-0.01-0.01-0.010.00-0.041.24-0.03-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01

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0.00-0.010.15-0.020.12-0.51-0.01-0.010.010.00-0.010.01-0.01-0.40-0.03-0.22-0.01-0.010.07-0.180.02-0.340.17-0.100.00-0.010.07-0.020.12-0.570.00-0.010.010.00-0.010.01-0.01-0.40-0.03-0.200.09-0.030.09-0.150.04-0.300.17-0.080.00-0.01-0.01-0.020.12-0.580.010.00-0.010.01-0.01-0.40-0.01-0.040.09-0.03-0.120.02-0.290.17-0.05

0.00-0.01-0.08-0.020.130.110.010.00-0.010.01-0.01-0.40-0.01-0.020.10-0.01-0.66-0.11-0.01-0.300.17-0.020.00-0.01-0.01-0.020.13-0.020.010.00-0.01-0.11-0.01-0.06-0.01-0.020.08-0.01-0.14-0.09-0.04-0.300.170.010.00-0.30-0.01-0.060.13-0.020.01-0.01-0.010.05-0.01-0.06-0.01-0.010.05-0.03-0.04-0.08-0.08-0.300.180.04

0.000.10-0.013.160.13-0.030.01-0.01-0.010.05-0.01-0.13-0.01-0.010.17-0.04-0.41-0.06-0.11-0.300.170.060.000.10-0.010.040.130.000.01-0.01-0.010.02-0.01-0.34-0.01-0.01-0.04-0.04-0.32-0.12-0.310.170.090.000.10-0.010.040.130.000.01-0.01-0.010.02-0.01-0.34-0.010.00-0.04-0.10-0.03-0.11-0.320.170.11

0.00-0.23-0.010.020.130.000.01-0.01-0.010.02-0.01-0.24-0.010.21-0.04-0.16-0.42-0.09-0.340.180.130.000.000.130.000.01-0.01-0.010.02-0.01-0.20-0.010.21-0.04-0.03-0.43-1.10-0.07-0.350.180.160.000.000.000.010.04-0.010.21-0.04-0.04-0.42-0.30-0.05-0.370.180.170.000.000.00-0.010.21-0.04-0.04-0.42-0.04-0.04-0.390.180.14

0.000.000.00-0.010.02-0.12-0.04-0.43-0.610.01-0.410.180.110.000.02-0.03-0.010.02-0.13-0.04-0.62-0.580.07-0.430.180.080.000.02-0.03-0.010.02-0.12-0.04-0.02-0.050.12-0.450.180.05

0.000.020.04-0.010.18-0.12-0.04-0.02-0.580.17-0.460.170.010.000.020.00-0.010.18-0.11-0.01-0.02-0.690.20-0.480.15-0.050.000.00-0.010.18-0.02-0.01-0.02-0.680.22-0.490.14-0.10

0.000.00-0.010.18-0.02-0.01-0.02-0.680.24-0.500.12-0.160.020.00-0.010.52-0.08-0.01-0.02-0.680.26-0.510.11-0.210.000.00-0.01-0.01-0.08-0.010.25-0.750.28-0.530.08-0.26

-0.140.00-0.01-0.01-0.08-0.010.34-0.010.000.30-0.540.09-0.300.00-0.01-0.01-0.08-0.010.34-0.01-0.110.32-0.550.10-0.34-0.01-0.01-0.05-0.05-0.010.34-0.01-0.010.35-0.570.11-0.39-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.010.05-0.01-0.030.36-0.580.12-0.43

-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.010.050.00-0.050.35-0.590.12-0.48-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.010.050.00-0.080.30-0.600.11-0.56-0.01-0.010.49-0.010.050.00-0.100.21-0.610.11-0.62

-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.010.050.00-0.120.14-0.610.10-0.59-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.010.390.00-0.140.07-0.620.09-0.56-0.01-0.010.020.590.00-0.160.600.00-0.630.09-0.53

-2.01-0.010.060.72-0.07-0.230.03-0.05-0.630.04-0.51-0.01-0.01-0.010.330.400.570.22-0.06-0.610.00-0.48-0.01-0.01-0.010.590.560.000.23-0.06-0.60-0.05-0.45

-0.01-0.010.000.560.000.24-0.07-0.59-0.10-0.42-0.010.000.560.220.24-0.09-0.58-0.15-0.40-0.010.000.400.000.25-0.09-0.59-0.16-0.41

-0.010.000.740.000.26-0.09-0.59-0.16-0.41-0.010.000.140.000.26-0.08-0.59-0.17-0.42-0.010.000.020.000.27-0.05-0.59-0.17-0.43-0.010.020.001.04-0.01-0.55-0.17-0.43

0.020.00-0.40-0.020.06-0.40-0.15-0.420.02-0.01-0.02-0.010.09-0.22-0.13-0.420.02-0.01-0.020.000.12-0.21-0.11-0.41

-0.05-0.01-0.260.010.14-0.23-0.09-0.41-0.01-0.020.000.18-0.25-0.06-0.41-0.01-0.02-0.03-0.410.20-0.23-0.03-0.42

-0.01-0.020.01-0.40-0.220.00-0.43-0.01-0.020.02-0.39-0.200.02-0.44-0.01-0.020.02-0.38-0.190.05-0.45

-0.01-0.020.02-0.35-0.170.02-0.45-0.22-0.020.13-0.04-0.16-0.16-0.46-1.03-0.46-0.13-0.04-0.15-0.28-0.480.00-0.07-0.01-0.05-0.15-0.26-0.49

-0.07-0.01-0.05-0.14-0.25-0.50-0.07-0.27-0.06-0.14-0.23-0.50-0.07-0.01-0.35-0.15-0.21-0.47

-0.07-0.01-0.19-0.16-0.19-0.44-0.07-0.01-0.370.01-0.17-0.17-0.41-0.07-0.01-0.390.02-0.17-0.15-0.39

-0.01-0.01-0.410.03-0.15-0.37-2.20-0.01-1.150.04-0.14-0.38-0.81-0.010.490.00-0.13-0.38

-0.76-0.110.02-0.01-0.13-0.38-0.02-0.010.02-0.01-0.12-0.37-0.02-0.010.230.00-0.11-0.35-0.010.020.00-0.12-0.33

-0.010.020.00-0.12-0.30-0.010.020.04-0.11-0.27-0.010.020.080.04-0.09-0.24

-0.010.02-0.010.04-0.08-0.210.000.02-0.010.03-0.06-0.21-0.010.02-0.010.03-0.06-0.20

-0.010.55-0.010.03-0.05-0.19-0.010.13-0.01-0.01-0.03-0.18-0.010.00-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.17

0.00-0.010.00-0.160.00-0.010.01-0.140.00-0.010.01-0.120.00-0.010.08-0.11

0.000.000.24-0.10-0.220.00-0.020.14-0.10-0.02-0.01-0.010.14-0.09

-0.01-0.01-0.010.15-0.080.16-0.01-0.010.15-0.070.24-0.01-0.010.15-0.05

0.05-0.01-0.010.10-0.05-0.04-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.02-0.08-0.03-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.11-0.04

-0.01-0.01-0.010.00-0.13-0.04-0.01-0.01-0.010.30-0.11-0.05-0.01-0.010.190.01-0.04-0.01-0.010.820.10-0.05

-0.01-0.01-0.010.17-0.05-0.01-0.01-0.010.06-0.06-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.05-0.07

-0.01-0.01-0.34-0.09-0.07-0.01-0.01-0.33-0.08-0.01-0.01-0.32-0.07

-0.01-0.01-0.30-0.05-0.01-0.010.00-0.04-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.03

-0.01-0.01-0.07-0.02-0.01-0.13-0.31-2.75-0.01-0.13-0.33-2.74-0.01-0.13-1.56-2.66

-0.010.04-2.66-0.01-0.04-0.30-0.01-0.03-0.39

-0.010.16-0.38-0.010.03-0.38-0.010.06-0.37

1.560.09-0.230.010.12-0.09-0.010.16-0.08

-0.010.19-0.27-0.010.21-0.40-0.010.43-0.41

0.050.56-0.42-0.210.000.61-0.43-0.210.000.67-0.44-0.200.73-1.14-0.20

0.790.94-0.180.852.57-0.010.912.60-0.01

0.572.55-0.030.652.31-0.170.022.28-0.14

0.022.24-0.25-0.070.022.200.02-0.082.180.02-0.08

2.160.02-0.082.110.01-0.08-0.040.01-0.08-0.390.01-0.03

-0.350.01-0.02-0.320.01-0.02-0.780.01-0.02

-1.480.01-0.02-2.140.01-0.01-2.400.01-0.01

-2.650.010.00-3.280.010.00-3.410.010.00

-3.380.010.00-3.360.010.000.010.000.020.00

0.020.000.020.000.020.02

0.020.090.020.090.020.00

0.020.000.020.000.020.00

0.020.000.020.000.02-0.310.02-0.60

0.02-0.010.02-0.010.02-0.01

0.020.020.02 0.020.020.02 0.020.020.020.02

0.02

← -3.0k

← -2.0k

← -1.0k

← 0.0k

← 1.0k

← 2.0k

← 3.0k

← 4.0k

← 5.0k

ふれあいの水辺整備

（2004年完）区間

2mより上 1.5m

＜変化量≦

2.0m 1.0m＜変化量≦1.5m 0.5m＜変化量≦1.0m 0.2m

＜変化量≦

0.5m

-0.5m≦変化量＜-0.2m -1.0m

≦変化量＜

-0.5m -1.5m≦変化量＜-1.0m -2.0m≦変化量＜-1.5m

-2mより下 -0.2m≦変化量≦0.2m

2mより上 1.5m

＜変化量≦

2.0m 1.0m＜変化量≦1.5m 0.5m＜変化量≦1.0m 0.2m

＜変化量≦

0.5m

-0.5m≦変化量＜-0.2m -1.0m

≦変化量＜

-0.5m -1.5m≦変化量＜-1.0m -2.0m≦変化量＜-1.5m

-2mより下 -0.2m≦変化量≦0.2m

2mより上 1.5m

＜変化量≦

2.0m 1.0m＜変化量≦1.5m 0.5m＜変化量≦1.0m 0.2m

＜変化量≦

0.5m

-0.5m≦変化量＜-0.2m -1.0m

≦変化量＜

-0.5m -1.5m≦変化量＜-1.0m -2.0m≦変化量＜-1.5m

-2mより下 -0.2m≦変化量≦0.2m

2mより上 1.5m

＜変化量≦

2.0m 1.0m＜変化量≦1.5m 0.5m＜変化量≦1.0m 0.2m

＜変化量≦

0.5m

-0.5m≦変化量＜-0.2m -1.0m

≦変化量＜

-0.5m -1.5m≦変化量＜-1.0m -2.0m≦変化量＜-1.5m

-2mより下 -0.2m≦変化量≦0.2m

0m 100m

200m 300m

400m

-0.010.000.01

0.00-0.030.01

0.020.020.02

0.13-0.13-0.01

-0.01

干潟

干潟

以外

・図-5

からわかるように，直線３タイプの干潟は，敷 石護岸の高さに沿った高さになっている．図-3の

1.0

ｋのように，水際は勾配が急であるが，これは低水 路の敷石護岸によるものである．横断形状を見ると，

1972

年以降，敷石護岸から緊急河川敷道路の法尻に かけて干潟は安定しているが，図-3の

1.8ｋのように，

植生が繁茂していない横断距離

40

～

50

ｍ付近では侵 食が起きている．植生繁茂しているのは放水路では このタイプだけである．干潟の材料は粗砂から中砂 が中心だが，地被状況等に応じてばらつきがある．

・湾曲内岸タイプは低水路平均河床高より

50cm

から

1m

程度の高さになっている．横断形状を見ると低水 路部分の勾配の延長が干潟の部分の勾配となってい る．干潟の材料は

1mm

程度の粗砂が中心でシルト以 下はほとんどない．材料の地点によるばらつきは小 さい．

なお，

1.6

ｋ付近左岸は，低水路の敷石護岸を境に２ つのタイプが並存しており，高さや粒度組成が異なって いることが特徴となっている．

４．太田川放水路における考えられる干潟安定機 構

以上を踏まえて，太田川放水路の干潟の安定機構につ いて，類型ごとに考察する．

(1) 直線２タイプ

放水路建設時の掘削形状が複断面で高水敷に相当する

箇所が潮間帯に位置していたため干潟化したと考えられ る．直線３タイプに見られるような低水路護岸はないに も関わらず，

2005

年のような既往最大の出水後でも，あ まり変化は見られない．図-3の

-2.0

ｋは中でも比較的変 化が大きかった断面であるが，それでも最大

34cm

の侵 食に止まっている．

著者ら

^４）

が示したように，耐侵食力を付与する粘着性 の存在がないとすると，平均年最大流量（

1,490

ｍ

^３ /s

程 度）の洪水でも干潟を構成する材料は優位に移動してし まうことを勘案すると，耐侵食力や土砂動態のバランス が干潟の安定性に寄与していることが考えられる．そこ で，干潟形状の安定的に維持されている要因として，耐 侵食力を付与する粘着性の存在（静的安定），洪水時の フラッシュと浮遊土砂の供給（動的安定１），平常時の 引き潮時の侵食と上げ潮時の堆積等潮汐による細粒土砂 の堆積と侵食の均衡（動的安定２），参考文献２）の筑 後川の事例のような，洪水時のフラッシュとその後の平 常時の潮汐による細粒土砂の堆積（動的安定３）が考え られた．２・３章で述べたような地形的特徴から推察す ると，放水路が直線になっている当該干潟区間において も上流の蛇行による偏流の名残が見られ，洪水時の土砂 の動態が干潟地形に影響している可能性がある．綿谷ら

５）

は，太田川放水路右岸の

-2.1

ｋ付近で砂面変動計を用 いて

2006

年

6

月

14

日～

10

月

7

日の間の砂面変動の経日変化 を測定し，この間の３回の増水の前後で8～10cm砂面が 低下したが，その後元の水準まで回復したことを観測し ている．また，川西ら

^６）

は，太田川放水路を対象に超音 波ドップラーによる３ヶ月間浮遊砂泥の観測等を行い，

潮の干満による浮遊土砂の正味移動量は上流に向いてい ることを示した．

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

- 4 - 3 .8 - 3 .6 - 3 .4 - 3 .2 - 3 - 2 .8 - 2 .6 - 2 .4 - 2 .2 - 2 - 1 .8 - 1 .6 - 1 .4 - 1 .2 - 1 - 0 .8 - 0 .6 - 0 .4 - 0 .2 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 2 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3 3 .2 3 .4 3 .6 3 .8 4 4 .2 4 .4 4 .6 4 .8 5 5 .2 5 .4 5 .6 5 .8 6

標高〔

T .P .m

〕

距離標〔k〕

直線2標高 直線3標高 湾曲内岸標高 構造物平均標高

0%水位 5%水位

10%水位 50%水位 99.5%水位

低水路平均河床高 最深河床高

植生が繁茂している干潟

×

× ×

× ××× ×

×

×

×

直線３タイプ

直線２タイプ

湾曲内岸タイプ

×

図

-5

太田川放水路の干潟等の河床高