Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
Translated Paper
The Abstracts of Annual Report of Technical Progress
Chapter 1 Makoto
SAKAI
(Toshiba Lighting & Technology Corporation)Chapter 2 Masafumi
JINNO
(Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University)Chapter 3 Hirokazu
HIRAI
(Panasonic Corporation)Chapter 4 Koji
WATABE
(Kajima Corporation)Chapter 5 Kazuaki
OHKUBO
(Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.)Chapter 6 Hideki
YAMAGUCHI
(National Institute for Land and Infrastructure)Chapter 7 Tetsuo
YAMAYA
(Nihon University)Chapter 8 Koji
MATSUSHIMA
(Panasonic Corporation)Chapter 9
Ken YASUDA
(Iwasaki Electric Co., Ltd.)Chapter 10 Kohtaro
KOHMOTO
(Teknologue Co., Ltd.)Chapter 11 Kiyoaki
UCHIHASHI
(Japan Lighting Manufacturers Association)Chapter 12 Minoru
MYOJO
(Panasonic Corporation)Paper originally published in Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan, Vol. 100, No. 8, 2016 Chapter 1: Light source and lighting circuits
Market trends of LED elements used for illumina-tion show falling prices in both general lighting and backlight fields and the scale of the market in 2015 has shrunk by 2% in terms of value (USD 15.1 billion). The general lighting market has slightly slowed down in growth but is still expected to continue to grow signifi-cantly. The Machinery Statistics of the Yearbook of Cur-rent Production Statistics of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry shows that the production quantity of LED lamps in 2015 was 3,012,000 (108.2% YOY), sales quantity 28,687,000 (99.7% YOY) and sales value JPY 49,363 million (92.7% YOY). The sales quantity is about the same as that of the previous year, showing that LED lamps are becoming popular, but the sales value is on a downward trend and the prices are falling. The pro-duction quantity of incandescent lamps was 585 million (94.4% YOY), sales quantity 857 million (90.9% YOY) and sales value JPY 32.3 billion (91.5% YOY). As compared with the previous year, all items of incandescent lamps showed a significant decrease in production quantity, sales quantity and sales value. The production quantity of fluorescent lamps was 153 million (96.8% YOY), sales quantity 184 million (87.6% YOY) and sales value JPY 114.0 billion (86.6% YOY), which are continuing to fall as with incandescent lamps. The production quantity of HID lamps was 6,078,000 (87.4% YOY), sales quantity 7,616,000 (83.0% YOY) and sales value JPY 34,801 mil-lion (89.8% YOY), showing a decrease from the previous year in terms of quantities as well as value. The reason for this is considered to be that, for saving energy, LED products equivalent to HID lamps are increasing and replacement with LEDs is progressing. As major trade shows, in Japan, the 12th Lighting Fair 2015 was held
in March and, outside Japan, LIGHTFAIR International 2015 was held in New York in May, the Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibition in June in Guangzhou, China and Lighting Vietnam 2015 in July in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. While the situation remains the same in that replacement of existing lamps is the main demand driver, development of luminaires exclusively for LEDs and application to exterior illumination requiring large luminous flux is in progress and products are increas-ing that feature added value of the capability to offer optimum light according to the purpose and time such as color rendering property, appearance, dimming and toning, in addition to power and energy saving. On an academic note, in August, the 48th Annual Conference of IEIJ was held at the University of Fukui and the 8th Lighting Conference of China, Japan and Korea at Kyoto Women s University. At the Annual Conference of IEIJ, research presentations centering on software were generally prevalent but some were related to element development such as an optical system adapt-ing a high-power LED for use as a point light source, YAG-based single-crystal phosphor with excellent tem-perature characteristics and photometric standard for UVLEDs. In the Division of Solid State Light Sources, a symposium on the application of laser to the field of illumination was held, which attracted attention. In September 2015 and March 2016, JSAP (Japan Society of Applied Physics) Meetings were held, in which many reports were made in the field of fundamental research.
Regarding other discharge lamps and radiation sources, there were reports on studies relating to electrodeless lamps and mercury-free lamps for ve-hicle headlamps as well as dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and J-STAGE Advanced published date: December 27, 2016, doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ16A000001
light-emitting transistors (LETs). In addition, reports made included those relating to carbon nanotubes and quantum dots: multilayer carbon nanotubes and carbon quantum dots respectively.
Many studies presented on LED lighting circuits, which include those on improvement of circuit efficien-cy, multiple outputs by dividing the output portion for lighting multiple LEDs, circuit functionality enhance-ment and a circuit for life extension of luminaires.
Chapter 2: Light-related materials and devices
The market for display elements is still in harsh conditions with the domestic volume of shipments of flat-screen TVs in 2015 at 5,120,000 units, a 7% decrease YOY, and that of tablet devices, which had shown a strong growth in the previous fiscal year, only increased by 3% to 842,000 units. In such situations, de-velopment of technologies for high added values made progress in 2015 such as increased number of pixels and higher definition, higher frame rate, wider color gamut and higher dynamic range.
Among the trends of technologies related to laser light sources, with green semiconductor laser, which was the last to evolve of the three primary colors, achievement of output of 1 W continuous light with a wavelength of 532 nm using InGaN has been reported. Application to displays is also in progress as exempli-fied by a laser display that uses laser diodes (LDs) for the three primary colors of RGB to make the display color gamut wider. Examples of application to illumina-tion include automotive laser headlamps that have been in practical use in Europe (BMW and Audi) and devel-opment is accelerated in Japan as well.
Concerning metal materials, a JIS on thoriated tung-sten, which is important as a light source material of discharge lamps (JIS H 1405 Methods for chemical analysis of thoriated tungsten materials ) was revised.
Regarding phosphors, their major applications are displays and illumination and the trends for the last few years have remained mostly the same. Among new ones, BaLa2Si2S8:Eu2+ phosphor (645 nm) has been reported as a UV LED-excited phosphor for illumina-tion. With Ba3P5N10Br:Eu2+ having a zeolite structure, a phosphor showing emission of white light with two wavelength peaks (480 nm and 580 nm) has also been reported.
The main illumination light sources have changed from discharge light sources to solid state light sources. Along with the paradigm shift, research and develop-ment for ceramics have shifted from the conventional applications such as luminous tubes of metal halide lamps to LED packaging. For that reason, we have de-cided not to mention the category of ceramics this year. Glass is drawing attention as a material with higher stability against heat and light than silicone resin
be-cause of the growing concern that resin may be aged by heat and light from excited blue LEDs along with output increase of white LED illuminations. For LD and high-output LED applications, phosphor-containing glass with the phosphor dispersed in the glass matrix has been developed for some time, which is raising ex-pectations for inorganic materials.
New reports for other light source materials have been made relating to photocatalysts, LED output in-crease and OLED. As photocatalyst materials, La- or Rh-doped SrTiO3 and Mo-doped BiVO4 have been
re-ported. As a measure for increasing the output of LEDs, YAG-based single-crystal phosphor has been reported. It hardly causes temperature quenching even at 300°C and features high heat dissipation of the monocrystal-line structure and how it can be utilized in the future is attracting attention. Achievement is made in OLED light sources, which reports luminous efficiency of 139 lm/W with a white commercial panel for illumina-tion and efficiency improvement is progressing. At the same time, expectations are raised for improvement in terms of the issue of life extension.
Chapter 3: Luminaires and lighting equipment
The Japanese economy in 2015 was expected to con-tinue to show gradual recovery for reasons including the postponement of the increase of the consumption tax rate to 10% scheduled in October 2015 to April 2017. However, many incidents occurred that cast a shadow such as the complete revocation of the official emblem of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics as well as the construction project of the New National Stadium and data falsification relating to seismic isolation rubber and pile installation in large condominium projects and business activities failed to reach a state that can be regarded as recovery. Still, the number of inbound foreign tourists visiting Japan exceeded 19 million, a significant growth to approximately 150% YOY, and the vigorous consumption by Chinese tourists called explosive buying, in particular, caused slight recovery mainly in retail business. Against this background, LED illumination became more widespread mainly in the form of renovation due to broadening of the range of LED illumination in various fields and applications and the support with introduction of LED illumination by government subsidies.
The Voluntary Statistics of the Japan Lighting Manu-facturers Association shows that the volume of ship-ments of general luminaires (for homes, facilities, stores, exterior and emergency) from January to December 2015 is 66,360,000 units (101.6% YOY), of which units with conventional light sources are 10,927,000 units (61.6% YOY) and LED units 55,433,000 units (116.5% YOY). The percentage of LED units out of the entire volume of shipments has significantly increased from
72.9% in 2014 to 83.5%. However, the marked slowdown of the growth of LED units from 135.8% YOY in 2014 has led to the significant reduction of the growth of the entire general luminaires from 106.8% YOY in 2014, resulting in only a minor increase from the previous year. These are because that further broadening of the range for different applications and high value-added application have made LEDs commonplace in all fields.
As high value-added application to luminaires for homes, a HEMS-compatible illumination controller was released, which allows management of energy of consumer electronics in an entire home, making it possible to connect various LED units. A ceiling lamp with a new airy design employing a transparent light guiding plate was also released. A revision is made in luminaires for facilities. The Japan Lighting Manufac-turers Association standard JIL5004 Luminaires for Public Building Lighting was revised to replace all major units with LED units. For wireless illumination control systems not requiring wiring of dimming signal lines, products with different features were released by various companies, which has facilitated renovation for energy saving by introduction of dimming. Regarding luminaires for stores, wireless-controlled LED units suited for renovation were released one after another from various companies. For units for outdoor use, lu-minous flux of LED floodlights further increased and high color rendering Ra90 types in view of TV images were also released for broadening of the range of units for large stadiums. Concerning LED streetlamps, some local governments started to consider introduction of units capable of ensuring lights for evacuation by using backup storage batteries even if power failure occurs due to disasters or other causes.
LEDs, which have been brought up to a level suf-ficient for prevalence in terms of both efficiency and pricing by the remarkable technology advance, have entered the maturation phase. Various technological developments have been pursued such as the design-ability not possible with conventional light sources and improved comfort by light variation including dimming and toning. In the future, creation of new values by linking with other devices and utilization of IoT is an-ticipated.
Chapter 4: Wiring and control systems
In November 2015, the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy released the FY 2014 Energy Supply and Demand Report (Preliminary Report). The total energy consumption decreased by 2.7% YOY and has been de-creasing for four consecutive years because of progress in energy saving or other approaches. Energy-oriented carbon dioxide emissions decreased for the first time in five years by 3.6% YOY and the increasing trend since the Great East Japan Earthquake is ending.
The awareness of power and energy saving is steadily increasing and various products and systems are developed as smartization, which are making our lives even more affluent and comfortable while keeping energy consumption low.
Among the wiring and control systems mainly relating to illumination equipment mentioned in this chapter, development of high-functionality systems and devices that support smartization is further progress-ing and devices and systems equipped with functions for meeting the needs of society in addition to ensuring security and safety are increasing steadily. At the same time, regulations and standards for promoting energy saving and energy creation are being established.
Changes and revisions for wiring devices and ma-terials have been made. Development of products for keeping up with the rapid spread of smartphones is in progress and products in consideration of ease of use are being developed and standards are being put in place to meet the needs of society. In addition, new types of wall outlets to serve the reform needs and dimmers for bringing LED illumination, which features high energy-saving effect, into life scenes more comfort-ably are being developed.
Control systems draw attention in the fields of wire-less systems with the focus on laborsaving, sensors for accurately detecting movements of people, and dimming and toning control, and sophistication and functional enhancement of control systems is making steady progress.
In relation to wiring design and construction, reform relating to power systems has been implemented and complete liberalization of entry into the power retail market is scheduled in April 2016. We are now in the age where a variety of choices are becoming available to users as well as suppliers. Systems and rules relating to promotion of use of renewable energy are also being established and a foundation for promoting use of vari-ous types of energy in society as a whole is being put in place. Meanwhile, performance evaluation and concept of seismic circuit breakers have been published for improvement of safety in earthquakes, which are ap-plied to design and construction.
Chapter 5: Measurement of optical radiation
In the field of photometry and radiometry, the Con-sultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) and regional metrology organizations set up in respective regions conduct key comparisons and supplementary comparisons to build a technical basis for mutual recognition of equivalence of national metrol-ogy standards of the respective countries and economic blocs. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Division 2 held Division 2 and TC meetings along with the 28th CIE Session held in Manchester, U.K.,
where many reports were made in relation to photom-etry. Meanwhile, various initiatives are internation-ally taken for improving reliability including solid-state lighting (SSL) product certification and a CIE Standard that provides the basis (CIE S025), an international standard prescribing test methods relating to photom-etry and radiomphotom-etry, was formulated. Regarding LED-related measurement, active studies are conducted on UV-LEDs, light distribution measurement technology and luminance distribution measurement, for which even more reliability and validity of measured values are required. In the field of general optical measure-ment, reports were made on measurement making use of luminance distribution measurement and, as photom-etry leading to texture, 2D measurement of directivity evaluation for coated surfaces of automobiles, and the like. In relation to photo detectors, research has been reported on the characteristics in the ultraviolet region of photo detectors for UV-LED evaluation. In the field of optical applied measurement, reports in many applica-tion fields were made including study of performance of UV radiation illuminometers, measurement of radi-ant flux of infrared radiators such as ceramic heaters, separation of cellulose fiber by FTIR, application of in-frared spectroscopy in the field of food processing, near-ultraviolet spectroscopy imaging in the field of forensic medicine and analysis of conservation conditions of cul-tural assets using reflection spectra. For optical charac-teristics of materials, the surface textures of industrial products and materials provide selection factors for customers in wide-ranging industries and measurement technology for accurately evaluating the appearance is called for. In this field, active development is conducted of equipment for high-accuracy measurement of the color and reflectance of object surfaces and methods of determination based on the measured data such as bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) and bidirectional scattering-surface reflectance distribu-tion funcdistribu-tion (BSSRDF).
Chapter 6: Visual perception
As energy-saving measures for buildings are becom-ing an increasbecom-ingly important issue with the Act on Improvement of Energy Consumption Performance of Buildings newly issued in July 2015, the efficiency im-provement of LED luminaires over the last few years in the field of illumination can be said to have made significant contributions to energy-saving measures. However, the awareness of the limit of LED efficiency improvement is being gradually formed in the present conditions and energy-saving measures by illumination environment design and control of luminaires are con-sidered to become more important than ever. For these studies, pursuit of illumination environment suited
for users is important and effective utilization of the knowledge of human visual characteristics is expected to facilitate efficient technology development. Natu-rally, requirements for illumination environment range widely to include workability, comfort and healthiness in addition to energy saving capability and, utilization of fundamental knowledge from vision research is re-garded to lead to development of new technologies and creation of new values in these fields as well.
In Chapter 6 Vision, fields of research relating to human visual characteristics are organized from the perspective of visual physiology, visual psychology, chromatics and visual information processing and re-search trends in these fields are reported mainly includ-ing studies conducted in 2015.
In visual physiology, introduction to melanopsin retinal ganglion cells, which are the third photoreceptor recently attracting attention, is given by showing the research trends after their discovery. Details will be described later and the contents include an outline of the research developments relating to spectral sensitiv-ity characteristics of melanopsin retinal ganglion cells, research trends relating to the information processing path after photoreception and research trends concern-ing the relationship between these fundamental knowl-edge and existing photometry.
In visual psychology, there were many reports on studies relating to evaluation of spatial impressions such as the sense of brightness and sense of security in indoor space and on outdoor streets and discomfort glare evaluation of light sources with non-uniform brightness. In addition to these, research reports ap-pear to be increasing on illumination techniques for further enhancing textures such as improvement of the aesthetics of objects.
Concerning chromatics, many reports were made on studies relating to verification of compatibility in vari-ous color spaces, color reproducibility between different devices, color emotions with nonvisual effects such as cultural background taken into account and color per-ception in complicated visual environment. There were many reports also on application of these to design and proposals of interiors and illumination techniques and studies relating to application to product design and textiles are on an increasing trend.
In the field of visual information processing, wide-ranging studies have been reported on vision and perception such as visual attention, contrast sensitivity, facial recognition and eyeball movement. In a special-ized journal Vision Research, in particular, many feature stories are put together on texture perception, vision and movement, statistical nature of luminance histogram, and others and visual perception. In this way, research for contributing to industrial application in real environment based on the knowledge of
fun-damental visual information processing is apparently becoming active.
Chapter 7: Design and evaluation of lighting environ-ments
In 2015, a little before noon on Wednesday, January 7 soon after the start of a new year, a terrorist shooting incident occurred where a French newspaper (satirical weekly magazine) company headquartered in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, France (located slightly north from the Place de la Bastille) was attacked by an armed international terrorist group, the news of which got around the world. On the night of Friday, November 13, when Christmas holidays of the year were only about one month away, Paris attacks by an Islamic extrem-ist group that targeted a stadium, theater, restaurants, or other gathering sites in various parts of Paris, France again in series occurred and many citizens fell victims, a painful incident that shook the world near the end of the year. The French government declared a state of emergency and the threat of recurrence of terrorist attacks still remains.
Regarding Japan, year 2015 saw a hostage and mur-der incident of Japanese by an Islamic extremist group occurring overseas and, domestically, reports on blun-ders came out one after another such as those relating to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games including the complete revocation of the construction project of the New National Stadium (July), which will be the main venue, and revocation of the official em-blem (September).
Turning our eyes to technology, science and design in the field of illumination, LED illumination, which is the star of illumination of the 21st century, has been making remarkable progress and the penetration of LED illumination in Japan was estimated to exceed roughly 70% in 2015. Based on the breakdown of the global sales of luminaires by region, LED illumination can be assumed to account for a large portion in North America, Europe and China in terms of the total ship-ment value and, from their marketability, year 2015 can be seen as a year of striking progress.
In the field of Lighting Design and Evaluation of Visual Environment, the issue of the inability of LED illumination to maintain the consistency of light quality if used for a long time in architectural lighting (troffer lighting), a steep rise in the installation cost due to the use environment of high ceiling lighting and various other issues relating to maintenance and management costs make a factor to hamper adoption.
However, LED illumination has substantial benefits in terms of light source characteristics (quality), dura-bility (life) and energy efficiency (energy saving capa-bility), in addition to the effect of various regulations relating to illumination. It provides an attractive choice
for local governments, urban communities and public facilities desiring to reduce electricity bills and saving of various costs of maintenance and management and it is being increasingly employed in the fields of traffic illumination, exterior illumination and urban environ-ment illumination. In the field of Lighting Design and Evaluation of Visual Environment, in particular, LED illumination featuring high light quality is estimated to penetrate the market even more due to the decrease of the average sales prices.
This chapter outlines the trends of these studies for FY 2015 in the field of Lighting Design and Evaluation of Visual Environment.
Chapter 8: Indoor lighting facilities
The Construction Starts Report for 2015 announced by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism on January 29, 2016 shows that the con-struction starts in terms of floor area for 2015 was 129,620,000 m2, or a 3.3% decrease YOY, a reduction for
the second consecutive year.
Adoption of LED luminaires in new construction and energy-saving renovation increased and, for meeting further energy saving needs, improvement of efficiency of LED luminaires was pursued. In 2015, specific energy consumption efficiency of long integrated LED lumi-naires assuming use in offices and business facilities achieved the 180 lm/W class with energy saving types and 150 lm/W class with popular types. In addition, cases are increasing in which further energy saving is attempted by utilization of daylight and achievement of both comfort and energy saving by scene control utiliz-ing a wireless dimmutiliz-ing system.
At the NIFREL, an aquarium making attempts that transcend the borders of conventional aquarium dis-play, the conventional aquarium illumination technique for the purpose of ensuring brightness has been revised to experiment with a new aquarium illumination tech-nique that makes the most of the characteristics of LED light sources based on the concept of , a phrase meaning touching the sensitivity and provid-ing the etymology of the name of the facility.
Schools are educational facilities, and so importance of illumination environment is recognized. For that reason, a more cautious approach has been taken up to now to replacement with LEDs than in other fields. Among LED luminaires from various manufacturers, an increasing number of products are capable of meeting these expectations, which has led to a recent increase in replacement of conventional light sources with LED illumination at the time of equipment renovation to be in line with the elimination and consolidation of schools because of the falling birthrate, to provide earthquake protection, to deal with aging of equipment, and to achieve energy saving capability.
Improvements of theaters and halls include renewal of dimmer consoles, replacement and repair of dimmer panels due to aging and introduction of LEDs for cyclo-rama lights, ground row lights and border lights, which indicates acceleration in labor-saving approaches.
For illumination plans for tenants of large illumination facilities, stores are beginning to increase that use ap-pliances capable of arbitrary color temperature control and dimming using tablet devices and light control-lers. Development of appliances that can change the color temperature of light according to the event and merchandise as well as the time axis, unlike usage in environment, has made it possible to create a space that exhibits store-specific characteristics.
In the setting space of Hair Salon UTRILLO, antique-coated LED pendants have been employed to obtain 1,200 lx max. and dimming of 1 to 100% is possible. For the wiring duct at the back, LED luminaires with Ra95 that make a flesh color look beautiful are used.
Apartment House A-1 is provided with a gallery walk along the passage to the entrance. LEDs are used as the light sources for the showcase with a high line of sight, the high color temperature lights up the back-ground to render the feel of the material of the blue glass art and the rhythmical light at the feet and the cornice lighting onto the walls ensure the bright look.
Chapter 9: Outdoor, transportation and sports light-ing facilities
The spread of LEDs in the field of illumination is remarkable and LEDs are becoming the mainstream of light sources for illumination while most of the con-ventional light sources are on the decreasing trend. As LEDs become popular, the time is ending where LEDs are employed only for reasons such as energy saving and longer life and interest is shifting to development of products and illumination techniques that enhance the quality of illumination such as safety, comfort and rendering property by making use of the characteris-tics of LEDs.
Among traffic facilities, a facility with the visibility of the preceding vehicle improved by employing the pro-beam lighting system for tunnel lighting is presented. For station buildings and squares, LED illumination is implemented that has been improved in terms of com-fort as well as safety in consideration of the color tem-perature and rendering property of the light source. In addition, road facilities are presented that have been designed in line with the LED road and tunnel light-ing installation guidelines (draft), which shows that the guidelines have led to improved road and tunnel illumination environment in addition to clearer selection criteria for LED illumination.
Regarding sports facilities, LED illumination, owing to enhancement of its output, is beginning to spread
among large sports facilities for baseball, soccer, and so on. LED illumination, which allows easy lighting control such as turning on/off and dimming, are suited for vary-ing illumination patterns accordvary-ing to the level of game. Other benefits include capability of production lighting for events and quick recovery from power failure.
In relation to street and park/square facilities, cases are presented in which dimming and toning of streetlamps and their adaptability to event illumina-tion by power outlets integrated in poles are used for achieving liveliness during the night and visitor attract-ing effect in addition to power savattract-ing.
For introducing LED illumination, existing luminaires and poles are generally used and only lamps are re-placed with LED lamps.
In Tokushima Prefecture, large-scale events such as Awa Dance Festival generate tremendous power demand and a case is reported in which lighting of a theater has been replaced with LED lamps as an ap-proach to power saving.
For illumination of outdoor venues, dimming and ton-ing by makton-ing use of the features of LED illumination is implemented for lighting with higher rendering prop-erty. A case is reported in which optimum illumination design for an objet d art with a complicated 3D shape has been realized by studying based on 3D simulation.
Electric signs are a field where possibility of new expressions has been generated by evolution of pro-duction techniques for character expressions in signs from box and channel letters to resin letters. In addi-tion, consideration for regionality and environment is required of future outdoor signs and the necessity for improved technology and new techniques of signs has been reported.
Chapter 10: Applications of optical radiation
Specified nonprofit corporation Japan LED Asso-ciation (incorporated nonprofit organization JLEDS) implemented revision of its white LED roadmap (lumi-nous efficiency) in 2015 in commemoration of the 10th anniversary of its foundation and announced the result as the Revised LED Roadmap 2015̶Prediction of the Trend of Luminous Efficiency of White LED Pack-ages1). The Revised Roadmap of the JLEDS predicts
that the luminous efficiency of common daylight white LEDs will reach 200 lm·W−1 in 2016.
Before commercialization of LED light sources which are solid-state light sources, vacuum system light sourc-es were the mainstream of light sourcsourc-es for general lighting. Table 1 shows a comparison between approxi-mate values of luminous efficiency of vacuum system and solid-state light sources.
With fluorescent and HID lamps, which use vacuum system light sources, technology development has saturated with breakthroughs mostly exhausted and
significant improvement of luminous efficiency more than now can be hardly expected, making it difficult to achieve 200 lm·W−1. Meanwhile, solid-state light
sources still have room for development and there are ample possibilities of further improvement of luminous efficiency. It has been announced that 200 lm·W−1 is
already achieved with a prototype and the realization of 200 lm·W−1, which was a dream with vacuum system
light sources, is becoming more of a real possibility2)‒6).
This trend is expected to accelerate replacement with solid-state devices (LED light sources) for light sources for general lighting and in turn further advance quality improvement and energy saving of illumination.
References
1) Japan LED Association (JLEDS): Revised LED Roadmap 2015̶Prediction of the Trend of Lumi-nous Efficiency of White LED Packages̶ (2015) (in Japanese).
2) Philips, E. N. V.: Lighting world first: Philips breaks 200 lumens per watt barrier (2015).
3) US DOE Solid-State Lighting Technology Fact Sheet: Energy Efficiency of LEDs (2015).
4) Iris Ohyama Inc. Press Release, 200 lm/W Straight Tube LED to Be Released in June (March 3, 2015) (in Japanese).
5) Maury, W.: Cree launches 200-lm/W, 1226-lm dis-crete LED for directional SSL, LEDs Magazine and Illumination in Focus, pp. 1‒3 (2015).
6) Wouter, S. et al.: The Road to 250 lm/W, Philips/ Lumileds Technical Bulletin (2015).
Chapter 11: Lighting related laws and statistics
There were 11 Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) re-lating to illumination established or revised in 2015. As international standards, 25 were established or revised and issued as IEC standards relating to illumination. In relation to the Electrical Appliances and Materials Safety Act, the Interpretation of Ministerial Ordinance Specifying Technical Standards for Electrical Appli-ances and Materials was partially amended including the adaptation of the interpretation of technical stan-dards concerning intensity of noise to international standards, measures against overheat of metal inter-faces such as wall sockets and expansion of the scope of application of flame-proofing measures for printed circuit boards.
Regarding standards of other organizations, the Japanese National Committee of CIE presented two standards as CIE standards including the Test Method for LED Lamps, LED Luminaires and LED Modules. In addition, as the Japan Lighting Manufacturers Associa-tion (JLMA) standards, six AssociaAssocia-tion standards and three guidelines were established or revised.
In relation to demand statistics, the domestic produc-tion of light bulbs based on the Machinery Statistics of the Yearbook of Current Production Statistics of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is still showing an ongoing downward trend at 787,920,000 units in quantity (93.3% YOY) and JPY 131.8 billion in value (96.1% YOY). Meanwhile, production of the entire luminaires based on the Machinery Statistics of the METI exceeded that of the previous year at 216,700,000 units in quantity, which is 102.5% YOY, and JPY 876,001 million in value, or 109.9% YOY, because of the growth in LED luminaires. The ratios of the quantity and value of LED luminaires out of general luminaires excepting those for automobiles turned out to be 78.1% and 82.2% respectively.
Electrical lighting and energy demand for FY 2015 was 97.7% YOY because the temperature trend from June to the beginning of July last year was generally lower than that of the previous year to cause decreased air-conditioning demand and the trend from December to the beginning of January generally higher than the previous year to cause decreased heating demand.
Chapter 12: Activities of the Illuminating Engineer-ing Institute of Japan and Japanese National Committee of CIE
This chapter presents the activities of the Illumi-nating Engineering Institute of Japan (IEIJ) and the Japanese National Committee of CIE (JCIE) in FY 2015. IEIJ set forth the project for FY 2015 as follows:
In response to the major paradigm shift in light source technology in the field of illumination, we will accurately capture the recent trends including the
Table 1 Luminous efficiency comparison between vacuum system and solid-state light sources for general light-ing (as of 2015).
Classification of light source Luminous efficiency [lm·W−1] Vacuum system light source Incandescent light bulb General incandescent lamp 5 to 13 Halogen light bulb 10 to 20 Fluorescent lamp Compact fluorescent
lamp 45 to 80
Straight tube fluorescent
lamp 80 to 105
HID lamp Metal halide lamp 70 to 120 High pressure sodium
lamp 70 to 150 Solid-state device LED lamp BGR 80 to 180 Fluorescent material hybrid 80 to 200
demands for new technical proposals, lighting meth-ods and evaluation methmeth-ods for light sources and luminaires and actively work on the research on en-ergy saving, physiological and psychological comfort of illumination, safety and security of society and industrial application. Through further invigoration of such research activities (lectures, paper presentations, etc.) and activities of divisions and branches, we will improve the value of presence of the IEIJ for members and society. We will work to stabilize the financial basis for that purpose and, based on the review on the his-tory of the IEIJ commemorating the 100th anniversary this year and future outlook, generate and pursue the opportunities of encouraging development and growth of the members and ideal of illumination science.
Following the projects above, IEIJ addressed the four priority issues̶development of new illumination sci-ence, improvement of membership benefits plus human resource development, information provision to society and members plus standardization, and enhancement of
the foundation of operation of the IEIJ.
As the FY 2015 topics of the JCIE: Activities relat-ing to the 28th CIE Session held in Manchester (U.K.) in June 2015, the CIE Symposium held in Melbourne (Australia) in March 2016, ISO/CIE standards and ISO/ TC274 were carried out and recommendation was made for a CIE headquarters officer from Japan. Within Japan, domestic committee meetings of divisions cor-responding to individual divisions were held, where the statuses of TC activities were summarized, drafts were studied and opinions in Japan were drawn together. As international activities, efforts were made to reflect the opinions from Japan through the participation in the division and TC meetings at the 28th CIE Session. For some TCs, Special Technical Committees were orga-nized for promoting activities led by Japan. In addition, as domestic dissemination and awareness-raising activi-ties, the 31st JCIE Conference and the 33rd, 34th and 35th JCIE seminars were held.
