අਬȆ૩̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές
ჼБ̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȿʳගകకፑɹ᧦ɭᄩޅѳԃкըɹଁጓ
ࡾǵೣǵΨǵᩁ*
Formation of the Framework for Environmental Conservation
in Modern Bhutan
Miyamoto Mari*
Until the 1980’s, the Royal Government of Bhutan developed natural and human resources for the purposes of economic development, while attempting to make a national culture by emphasizing cultural differences from other countries, in language, dress etc. However, in the late 1980’s, the government tried to control the speed of development and proclaimed environmental conservation as the main national objective of Bhutan. It has considered that the thinking of Mahayana Buddhism, the national religion, enconpassed environmental ethics of global envi-ronmentalism. This means that Royal Government of Bhutan adopted global value, environmental conservation, as a strength of national identity or national culture. Then their “Traditional Buddhist Culture” changed from what represented Bhutanese uniqueness and cultural differences to what it had similarity with “Global Culture.”
In this paper, I will focus on the historical change of government policy concern-ing forest management and conservation in Bhutan and clarify the turnconcern-ing point in the change from forest development to environmental conservation. Forest develop-ment policy emphasizes forestry developdevelop-ment and plantation projects. On the other hand, environmental conservation appreciates intrinsic value of the forest and nature itself and tries to conserve it. I consider that the commitment made to environmental conservation since the 1990’s by the Royal Government of Bhutan means that they changed the principle on which national culture was to be built as well as forest policy itself. My interest in this paper is to show the moment and process of these changes in modern Bhutan.
* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵ̯͇͓͞ᔭɹആጩɴеᒞɐʳ̸ͻ̊Ͳტܕɻ⏋ధɹໜाɭᔭȵភᮊɴԂʱᏼ˃ɞܩ ০ɭ⏋ᨆᲞܩय़ȴʰᨆε᭙ܩय़ɴȴȿɩɹᲞेɴʭɤɩɲᅊᄩޅȵɦȼʱՏɇ ʶɩȲʱ⏋ᢌȴɲ֪ඨ႒ሂɴਜ਼ʚʶɩȦʳ⏏1) ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɹᐏɴʭʶɽ⏋ගകᯆዩɻܕܤ ᯆዩ (48,394 sq.km) ɹ 72.5⎾ˁװʠ⏋γᅠధɹᲞɇˁ᠔ʳ⏏కঌɻ 1993 ॷГᭇ⏋ܕܤɹ 26.23⎾ (10,513 sq.km) ˁᕶးѳᡸךɴ୭ࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏୭ࡴɇʶɛᕶးѳᡸךɴɻ⏋ᐓྙઉ ዛɴ୭ࡴɇʶʳ֪ඨ႒ɹᅊਖ਼ܩȵȦȼɦʢࡔܧɌɩȲʱ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɻγᅠɹᅊ႒ਸ̜́̒ ˽̜̒ͅ2) ɹ 1 ɦɴ୭ࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲᅊᄩޅɹʢɭɫ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ⏋ȋΫܕɻΥᖔɴᐁཕʦЦክኔɴӦӴ еˁȲȼʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɻᣎ౩ɲܕტɹά⏋୫ᐚέخᔨɲᣂ྇գᅎɴʭɤɩተѳɇʶ ʳᬖᇍˏ̺ͦͻ̍ȴʰɻᤂᮐˁȲȦɩȷɛȍ[Department of Forestry Services 2003] ɭɌɩȲ ʱ⏋ʚɛܕܤɹ 60⎾ˁࢰഀɴʼɛʱගകɭɌɩᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭˁܕࢃᇿฌɴɐʳɲɰ⏋ᄩޅѳ ԃˁܕ౸ɭɌ⏋ઝܒᇕɴᬖᇍˁଵըɌɩȷɛဣˁᠭɌɩȦʳ⏏కঌɻࡸ᭬ɴɇʚɊʚɲᄩޅ ѳԃకፑɹፑࡴʦҺˁɤɩȷɩȲʱ⏋ᕶးѳᡸךɹୟ߂ʢɗɹ 1 ɦɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌȵᕶးᄩޅςᒶᇕɲࠒֳˁմᯆɴՏɐɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲድʦɗɹЈɇ ʚɊʚɲݭᯆɫ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɹϺǾȵȋᕶးˁࡪʱᔒɩʳȍయˁʢɦɭȦȩɄɭȵᕶ౩ɹմர ɹʭȩɴʰʶɩȷɛ⏏3) ɌȴɌ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȿʳᄩޅςᒶɹرਸˁᓒȭʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ɗ ʶȵȋ̸ͻ̊ͲϺȍܔɹయɫȡʳɭೣᣒςᒶᇕɴჿៗɐʳɄɭɻɻɛɌɩɌȦɹɫȡʸ ȩȴ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᕶးᄩޅςᒶɻܕࢃςࢷɹගകకፑʦᄩޅకፑɹμɫ০ଁɇʶɩȷɛүᯆȵ ᯃ।ɴ߂ȷȦ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ȋᕶးᄩޅςᒶɻ̸ͻ̊ͲɹЅఠਲ਼ʦШᐏᇕીᓃɴɧȦɩʢɭʢ ɭȡɤɛɹɞȍɭɐʳៜᠦʢ⏋ȋ̮ͦໆᡴȍɲɰˁɭȲɌɩకঌɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇʶɩȷɛɭȦ ȭʳ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛᄩޅςᒶɹᇍࣙɹȡʱɻ⏋֪॑ʦ NGO ɴʭʳܕࢃᬖᇍకፑଫՠɭɌɩՏɩ ȷɛȋάȴʰɹᄩޅςᒶȍɭɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᄩޅςᒶɻ⏋๘Ꭶɫɹᄩޅςᒶɹ ᭠ᇵɹᔘಕɴȡʳʭȩɴ⏋ᄩޅቑޙʦԇࢀɲɰˁᐁᱻɌɛϺǾɹᗑɌʛɹμȴʰᅊʚʶɛʢɹ ɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ೣዣɴȲȦɩɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᄩޅςᒶȵ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌʦტࡻɴʭɤɩࢷȴʶɛ ȋΫȴʰɹᄩޅςᒶȍɫȡʳɭᓒȭ⏋ɗɹᅊଁɹዐˁ⏋కঌɹᄩޅకፑɹ᧦ȴʰ౩ʰȴɴ 1) ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɴʭʶɽჼܧ 5,500 ዛɹඨ႒ɭ 165 ዛɹړϖᰖɭ 770 ዛɹᴚᰖȵȦʳɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 2) ӦӴᇕɴѳᡸɐʏȷܩݖˁ႕ࡴɐʳɛʠɹɭɌɩ⏋˓˧͠˽ɹᅊ႒ᓔ̨ͻ͇Ͳ͇˓͓ͻ̀ (Norman Myers) ɴʭɤɩரڟɇʶɛෙਥ⏏֪ඨ႒ɹܔਸɭ⏋ลᇕႥɹዐɹ 2 ᇿˁݜྈɭɌɩໆࡴɇ ʶ⏋ჼܧγᅠɹ 25 ܩݖȵ႕ࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̸ͻ̊ͲɻȋμܕᨆɭμᨆɹࣰܩݖȍɹμɴيʚʶɩȦʳ (http://www.conservation.or.jp/Strategies/Hotspot.htm). 3) ɛɭȭɽ Thinley [1994] ʦᅒ1994ɹ៨ᦚˁؒ၇⏏ɌɩȦȷɛȦ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ȋᕶးˁࡪʱᔒɩʳȍɭȦȩయȵ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɴʭɤɩȦȴɴȋܕ యȍɇʶɩȷɛɹȴ⏋ɗɹዐˁயȷՏɌɩȦȷɛȦ⏏ ǵჼБ̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȿʳܕయɹ০ଁɴᬠɐʳድɫɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌȵ⏋ആ̸ͻ̊Ͳʦ ᨆܕޅܩय़ɴȲȿʳɲៜయႥˁ᠗ᡫɌɦɦʢ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹకᇕμਕܩݖɫȡʳី ̸ͻ̊ͲɹϺǾɹμɫ।ᇕɴьʼʶɩȦʳៜ⏃̈Ͳˡ⏆ʦીᓃʦខ⏃ᅖਸᅎɻ˳⏋ ߨਸᅎɻ˥͞⏆ˁᩂឹែɌȋܕయȍɌʭȩɭɐʳకፑɴɽȴʱᬠਕȵࢊɓʰʶɩȷɛ [Dhakal and Strawn 1994; Sinha 2001]⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ɗʶʰɹՕഓែ៓ɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌȵ ̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɹᬚᬠѥȡʳȦɻ᭰ܕ⏃˓Ͳ̝̦̮ͻ͡μܕ⏆ɭɹᬠѥɹμɫకፑˁໆ ࡴɌɩȷɛɭɹጓݭɴጓɦʢɹɫȡʱ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɴʭʳܕయ০ଁɹكਸɭઝᒶˁ⏋ ܕԒᬠѥʦϠܕᬚᬠѥȡʳȦɻΪܕᬚᬠѥˁᣳȭɛ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲయʦਲ਼࿈༑ȡʳȦɻᐁཕ ɭɹᬠѥਸɴȲȦɩՕഓɐʳែ៓ɻ๕߭ɌɩȦɛɭȦɤɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏏ɗɹɲȴɫኽɻ⏋̸ͻ ̊ͲɹϺǾȵȋᕶးˁࡪʱᔒɩʳȍయˁʢɦɭɐʳܕ᭬Цɹѝȵ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌᕶ᤹ɴ ʭʳᄩޅςᒶɹȋܕయȍɹଁഗɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɻᄩޅѳԃʍكȴȲȩɭɐʳ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲ యਲ਼࿈༑⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲஹ֖ɹ༑ʶɭέخՕɲ০ɫᅊɍɩȦʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏ ǵɗɹɛʠೣዣɫɻ⏋ਸ਼ᦵɴ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɐʳჼБɹЦႥɴᇿˁᨗʱɲȵʰ⏋1990 ॷБ ɹ̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȿʳᄩޅѳԃɹܕ౸ˁܕయ০ଁɹ᥊ழဣɭɌɩȭሁɌ⏋رᇕɲయᔭ ɴеᒞɧȿʳɄɭˁ᠅ʛʳ⏏1980 ॷБʚɫɹᬚ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻܕԒɹᕶးᣂ྇⏃ගകᣂ྇ ˁيʞ⏆ɭϺᇕᣂ྇ˁᬖᇍɐʳɄɭɫᐁཕᇍࣙˁᇿ୭Ɍ⏋ؾಁɴႶᕶɹៜʦខɴʭɤ ɩЈܕɭɹेᅵˁᠭɐʳȋܕయȍˁ০ଁɌʭȩɭɌɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ 1990 ॷБɴԂʳɭ⏋ ʞɌʸᬖᇍˁଵըɐʳكʍɭకፑ᥊ழˁȦ⏋ᕶးᄩޅɹѳԃˁܕ౸ɭɌɛ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌ ɻɄɹΥᦹɹకፑ᥊ழɹμɫܕఠɫȡʳ߂ώЅఠਲ਼ɹμɴᄩޅςᒶᇕឹᏬˁឿՏɌ⏋ᄩޅѳ ԃɭЅఠШᐏɭˁᐄʃɦȿʭȩɭ᠅ʛɩȷɛ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋90 ॷБɹ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻᄩޅςᒶɭ Ȧȩ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲѝғˁᕶैˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑɭɌɩᅎɌ⏋ɇʰɴɗʶˁਃഀȋܕయȍ ɭɌɩᠭɌɩȷɛЅఠШᐏʦીᓃɭᐄʃɦȿʳɄɭɫܕయɴ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲయɭɹԊ Ꮭਸˁʢɛɓʭȩɭ᠅ʛɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋కঌɴʭʳᄩޅѳԃకፑɹᦽɻ⏋ᄩޅஹ֖ˁي ʞܕ᭬ஹ֖Ȳʭʃܕ᭬ᇕɴȋؿ᠕ȡʳܩеȍˁ̸ͻ̊Ͳɴήȭʳᐄഗɭɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɫ⏋ ̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȦɩɻᄩޅకፑˁܕయ০ଁʦᐁཕᇕɲᣂ྇ɹተѳɴᬠʼʳԃкᇕɲܕࢃᅭ ɹΥᄩɭɌɩȭሁɐɭȦȩែဣȵਖឹɞɭᓒȭʳ⏏ ǵɄɄɫɻ႕ɴ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȦɩᬏʰȼᕶးᄩޅɹ፬ჿɭѳԃɴொʼʳڞΥɹลᬠɫȡɤɛ ගക࣌ɹకፑȵȦȴɲʳ᧦ˁᦊɤɩȷɛɹȴɴᇿɌ⏋ගകᬖᇍకፑȴʰᄩޅѳԃకፑʍɹ ᥊ழဣˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋കᇍࣙɭɗɹɛʠɹඨകˁᩂែɐʳගകᬖᇍకፑȴʰ⏋ග കˁᣂ྇ɭɌɩգᅎɐʳʭʱʢ⏋ගകɹࡔܧɗʶᕶкɴѝғˁឿՏɌѳԃɌʭȩɭɐʳకፑʍ ɭࢅɌɛಁೝɭዐˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛȦ⏏
ǵ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻჼܧ⏋ᅊ႒ਸ̜́̒˽̜̒ͅɭɌɩ᠗ʠʰʶɛᕶܕɹᅊᄩޅˁᢌȴ ɲʚʚᐣ୫ɐʳʏȼ⏋ዩෑᇕɲᄩޅѳԃ༎֪ˁࣙᬖɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶʰɹࠒֳɴࢪɌɩ⏋ܕ᭬ ЦʦܕకঌȴʰʢɇʚɊʚɲஹ֖ȵʼʶɩȷɛ⏏̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɹᄩޅకፑˁʛɩȦȼɭ ȷɴ⏋႕ፆɐʏȷɻ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲ࿈༑ʍɹచઢɇɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌȵᄩޅѳԃ ʍӃహɌɩȦɤɛዐˁ⏋ȋܩჽᄩޅکᰍȍʦȋᄩޅςᒶȍɹ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲ࿈༑ɴᅥઝɌɦɦ⏋ ςɲගകకፑʦᄩޅకፑɹԒࢅɭɗʶɴЫȩࡲӎɹៜᠦˁʢɭɴಁᏙ՞ᇕɴ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦȷ ɛȦ⏏ ǵɗɹɛʠගക࣌ɹకᣂషɴ֓ȭϤͶॷᬖᇍᅙʦ̸ͻ̊ͲܕЦᡴϟ᪼ˁؒ၇Ɍకፑɹر ᇕ᧦ˁᦊʳɭؾಁɴ⏋ɗʶʰɹయೆʦృᓬፈɴೆȴʶɛకঌʦტࡻɴʭʳ̸ͻ̊Ͳయɴɦ ȦɩɹʱɴᇿɌ⏋৳ʰȵȦȴɴɌɩᄩޅςᒶˁȋܕయȍɭɌɩʱᦉʢȩɭɌɩȷɛ ɹȴ⏋ɗɹዐˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦȼ⏏
1ȅٳอ൵වܢ̤̫ͥͅ૩ႅٳอȪ1960 ාయȫ
1.1ȁ૩ႅ͈࣭ခا ǵ̸ͻ̊ͲɴϤͶॷᬖᇍᅙȵࢷԂɇʶɛɹɻ 1961 ॷɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹয়ಁ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɻ ܕɹ 90⎾ГΫȵᦅᓚ႑ᅨɴਃϟɐʳᕶᐌᕶ݀ɹᦅЦɫȡʱ⏋ूేፈʢᇖံɫȡɤ ɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋՟ɹ 10 ॷᬚɻᣂᩆɭଯɹθᯆȴʰɹ˓Ͳ̝కঌɹԃɲఌஹɴʭɤɩ⏋ ᧑ᤉলɲɰɹ˓Ͳ̶͞Һȵᦽɇʶɛ⏏ ǵϤͶॷᬖᇍᅙȵࢷԂɇʶʳГմȴʰ⏋ගകᣂ྇ɻ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɹԂ྇ɭɌɩ߂ȷɲᢨ ˁɌɩȷɛ⏏̸ͻ̊ͲకঌᅙࠇڊЦ (Royal Government of Bhutan Planning Commission) ɴʭʶɽ⏋ᏼᑩᇕɲගകᬖᇍȵᬖࠃɇʶɛɹɻ 1956 ॷɹɄɭɫȡʳ [Planning Commission 1971: 3.5.2]⏏4)ɗʶɴЫȦ⏋ගകФˁᐙᐚɐʳɛʠɹࢪፑʢȼȴʰʼʶɩȲʱ⏋ፀ 1 ๖ ϤͶॷᅙ (1961-66) ɴʭʶɽ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳගക࣌ (The Forest Department of Bhutan) ɻɐɫ ɴගകᣂ྇ɹѳᡸɭകᅋ႒ɹգᅎɴᬠɌɩȼɹёˁࢷԂɌɩȦɛ [Planning Commission 1961]⏏
ǵ1969 ॷɴɻȋ1969 ॷ̸ͻ̊Ͳගക (the Bhutan Forests Act, 1969)ȍȵԇ॒ɇʶ⏋̸ͻ̊ Ͳకঌɻɐʏɩɹගകˁܕɐʳౚˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛ⏏Ʉɹගകɻ⏋ගകȵకঌɹѳᡸക ɫȡʳɄɭˁ॒ٚɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ው֪ᓚсʦೠೳɹьᅎณɹᡶཡˁៀըɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ 2002ɴʭʶɽ⏋ɄɹВȵేɇʶʳʚɫ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɹᘺᨆɴȲȿʳගക፬ჿɻ͠ͻ ˽̺̒ (Reesup) ɭʭɽʶʳගക፬ჿ৲ɴࠇɷʰʶɩȲʱ⏋Ʉɹըɹάɫɻ⏋ᘺɹϺǾɻ 4) য়՟ɻ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɫගകᬖᇍɹ៥ᑇˁ؝ȿɛϺೳˁተѳɫȷɲȴɤɛɛʠ⏋̾Ͳˤ͡िȴʰᦡᓷɌɛගക ࡲӎˁᮄᅎɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹϺ႒ɻ 1962 ॷʚɫගകᬖᇍɴਃϟɌɩȦɛ⏏
కঌɹ៰خˁʳɄɭɲɌɴ⏋ͤ̾͡ɹغઝɴݜɧȦɩФɗɹЈɹගകգᅎɭ፬ჿˁɤ ɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋1969 ॷගകɹేɴʭʱ⏋͠ͻ˽̺̒ըȵીᓃᇕɴஒவɌɩȦ ɛͤ̾͡ɹගക፬ჿɹณᭉɻకঌɴʭɤɩʱΫɁʰʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏5) 1.2ȁ૩ႅٳอ͈ڐఱȇήȜΗϋධ໐̥࣭ͣ͒ ǵࣰܕɫȡʳ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹμɫε᭙ɭॶᩃȵʢȼ˓Ͳ̝ܕޅɴᦏȦᨆܩݖɫɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ ʍɹೳೠɹெެȵປᥒᇕࢅ౫ɫȡɤɛɛʠɴ⏋႕ɴගകФȵᇵ˃ɫȡɤɛ⏏ගക࣌ʢ ̸ͻ̊Ͳᨆɴᮃμᇕɴගക፬ჿϟ֭ଘʦϺೳˁᨗᒞɌɩȲʱ⏋ᨆܩݖɫɻගകᬖᇍ༎֪ɻ ʓɭ˃ɰʼʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ᨆܩݖɫɹᮃμᇕɲගകᬖᇍȵᐚȦɛɄɭɴ ʭʱ⏋ፀ 2 ๖ϤͶॷᅙȵɻɍʚɤɛ 1966 ॷɴɻᨆɹගകܩय़ɴȲȿʳրФȵکᰍɭ ɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ፀ 2 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻ⏋ȋගകɹཝɌɛܩݖɫᦶകᅙˁᦽʠʳɭ ɭʢɴ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᬖᇍɹɛʠɹ᧟ՖɲៀհˁࡴʠʳȍɄɭȵගക࣌ɹςឹᇿฌɹ 1 ɦɭ ɇʶɛ [Planning Commission 1966]⏏6) ǵගകᬖᇍȵᨆɴҥɤɩȦʳႥɹμɫ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻፀ 2 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻɍʠɩ ᨆГɹܩݖɴʢᇿˁكȿʳਖឹˁઢɍɻɍʠɛ⏏కঌɻ̸ͻ̊ͲᨆɴȲȦɩʢ᧟Ֆɲගക ᬖᇍˁȩɄɭˁᇿฌɭɌ⏋᱔ᨊ̘ˑͲ̺ͻɴីᨆعላˁ፬ᥫɐʳ፬ჿᓔ (Conservator) ϟ ֭ଘˁɻɍʠɩᒞɌɛ⏏7) ʚɛ⏋᱔ᨊ̘ˑͲ̺ͻɫɹংᖇলɹɛʠɹলೳˁተѳɐʳɛʠ⏋ នೳଘɹলʢᅙɌɩȦɛ⏏8) ǵᬖᇍࢷԂೝɫȡʳ 1960 ॷБɹᬖᇍకፑˁʛɩȦȼɭ⏋ගകɻᬖᇍɹࢪᢒɭɌɩФɇʶ⏋ ʓɭ˃ɰɹݭغ˓Ͳ̝ɹ॑ݭˁࢪᢒɭɌɩೡ֓ूɹʚʚᥥՏɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ᨆܩݖɫɻրФ ȵᣱɄɤɩȦɛȵ⏋కঌɻᦶകˁᦽʠʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ගകᣂ྇ɹഞཔˁ܌᧫ɌʭȩɭɌɩ 5) 2002ɻ͠ͻ˽̺̒ըˁᘺɹȋШᐏᇕɲȍըɭɐʳȵ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ 1970ॷБГᭇɻɹ͠ͻ˽̒ ̺ɻᘺɹᕶጓᇕɲըɫɻɲȼ⏋కঌɴʭʳගക፬ჿకፑɹೢጩˁɤɩȦɛ⏏కঌɻϺɹμȴʰ᧟য়ɲ Ϻೳˁ͠ͻ˽̺̒ɭɌɩК٨Ɍ⏋ගക࣌ڊɹ֖ଝɭɌɩᮄᅎɌɛ⏏2004 ॷ 8 ჼܧ⏋عܩך (Gewog) ȴʰ 1 Ϻʚɛɻ 2 Ϻɹ͠ͻ˽̺̒ȵ᧧ɽʶ⏋έФɹᇺែʦФᅕᠱೆᰖɹ؝ЊፈˁɤɩȦʳ⏏ᐌᩆɻয়՟ᰎ 200 Nu ɫȡɤɛȵ⏋ɗɹ 1997 ॷ 7 ɴఒࡴɇʶჼܧɻ 1,000 Nu ɭɲɤɩȲʱ⏋ჼᩆؚԂˁʳɄɭȵᮑ ɌȦᦅܩݖɫɻປᥒᇕւɹʭȦЇϟɫȡʱॕᓔʢȦɭȦȩ⏃Nu⏮Nultum ̤̊͌͡ɻ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᦲᢪ еɫȡʳȵ⏋˓Ͳ̴̝͡ͻɭؾͤͻ̜ɫৄɇʶʳ⏏2004 ॷ 3 28 ჼܧ⏏1 ˓Ͳ̴̝͡ͻ⏃̤̊͌͡⏆⏮ Ꮭ 2.37 ԓ⏋1 ˓Ͳ̴̝͡ͻ⏮0.02 US ̝͡ɫȡʳ⏆⏏
6) ࡸ᭬ɴ⏋ፀ 2 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹᬚɴɻ 5,000 ˛ͻˡͻɹᦶക (Afforestation) ȵʼʶɛ [Planning Commission 1971].
7) ɗʶʚɫᨆɹ˵͌̍ (Samchi) ɭ˵̫͡Ͳ (Sarbhang) ɴɹʛϟ֭ଘȵȡɤɛȵ⏋ፀ 2 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻ᱔ᨊ ̘ˑͲ̺ͻɴʢϟ֭ଘȵᬖɇʶ⏋̩ (Ha)⏋̮ͦ (Paro)⏋̘ˑͲ̺ͻ (Thimphu)⏋ͩͲ̚ˑ̶˝̋Ͳ (Wangdi Phodrang)⏋̺̠ˡ (Punakha)⏋ˤ˵ (Gasa) ɴʢගക࣌ɹ፬ᥫณȵୟ߂ɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ [Planning Commission 1966]⏏
8) ਃഀɹాɲɰˁьɤɛձʱՏɌɴʭʳនೳɻ⏋1 ೣɹ߂ೠȴʰʭȩʦȼ 2⑯4 ഖɹȵɭʶʳɹʛɫ⏋ံᱢ ɲᨆՕȵȼᯃ֟რɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋ೠೳɹ֟რᇕɲգᅎɹɛʠɴʢនೳล۬ˁᒞȦɛនೳଘɹᒞȵਸ਼֭ɫȡɤ ɛ⏏
Ȧɛ⏏ፀ 2 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹμɫɻആ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹ̊˹ˤͲ (Trashigang) ɴȋᅊᔒܩݖ (Range)ȍ ˁᒞɌɛ⏏ɄɹܩݖɻέФɹᇺែʦගകတပɹᬿɭȦȩᇿᇕɹʓȴ⏋ȋᕶးɹԗᅊ (Natural Regeneration)ȍˁ៎࢘Ɍԗᅊˁ֖ȿʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɩᒞɇʶɩȦɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ కፑɻ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲకঌȵံᅙɲගകФˁᦽʠʳΥɫ⏋րФɴʭɤɩቑޙɇʶɛගക ˁ܌ԗᅊɌ⏋ᐙᐚᇕɴգᅎɌʭȩɭᓒȭɩȦɛɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ 1960 ॷБ⏋ ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɴɭɤɩගകɻ༥ᢹɹɛʠɹȋᣂ྇ȍɭɌɩᓒȭʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ϤͶॷᅙˁʛɩ ʢᅊᕶးʦගകɹࡔܧɗʶᕶкɹѝғɴɦȦɩៜؖɇʶʳɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏
2ȅ௮ႅ͂༗ࢌߊ͈ڐఱͥ͢ͅ૩ႅ࡙͈ږ༗͂ႅު͈ڐఱȪ1970 ාయȡȫ
ǵ1970 ॷБɴɲʳɭ⏋60 ॷБɹගകᬖᇍȵዀᇕɲᠭീʦ፬ჿɲɌɴʼʶɩȷɛؙህˁʈ ʚȭɩ⏋ගകకፑɴȲȦɩʢФᩄɹៀըȵ᠅ʛʰʶʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋Фᅙˁсଁɐʳɛʠ ɹගകᣂ྇ܤܩգᅎܤޚ༡ᰩɲɰɹᠭീɻፀ 3 ๖ϤͶॷᅙ (1971-76) ɹμɫʢӦӴɭ ɇʶɛ [Planning Commission 1971: 3.5.3]⏏ʚɛ⏋కঌɻගകᯆዩɹᐣ୫ˁᇿᇕɭɌɩ⏋ᐙᐚ ᇕɴඨകˁɤɩȦɛ⏏9) ǵ1974 ॷɴɲʳɭకঌɻ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢܕܤᯆዩɹ 60⎾ˁੈχᇕɴගകɭɌɩᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭȵ ܕࢃᇿฌɫȡʳɭɹࡺៜˁɤɛ.10) ؾॷɴɻ⏋ᕶးѳᡸךɴᬠɌɩʢఒȵȡʱ⏋కঌɻ͇ ̠˽ᴚვѳᡸך⏃1966 ॷጓ⏆ɹʓȴɴɇʰɴغ 8 ɦɹᴚვѳᡸך⏋ܕጓԇܟ⏋ႵჃךȲ ʭʃѳᡸകˁጓɌ⏋ԃܤɹ 2 ւГΫˁᕶးѳᡸךɭɌɛ 2002⏏ ǵɄʶʰɹకፑˁʛʳɭ⏋1970 ॷБɴɻ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌȲʭʃගക࣌ȵᅊᕶးʦᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹ ѳᡸˁӦӴɭɐʳʭȩɴకፑ᥊ழˁɤɛʭȩɴਲ਼ȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ ගകᣂ྇ȴʰʰʶʳԂˁވ֓ɇɓʳɭȦȩᇿฌˁᡀʠɛʼȿɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ፀ 3 ๖ϤͶ ॷᅙɫʢക᧑ˁҺɌɩ᧙᭧ܩȴʰɹФᩄˁވʦɗȩɭ᠅ʛɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛ̘ˑͲ̺ͻʦ ̮ͦʦ̊˹ˤͲɲɰɹᐁཕᇕɲμਕܩɫʢᲞᰎڃዛɹඨകˁᦽʠʳɲɰɹకፑˁʱɻɍʠɩ Ȧɛ⏏ᩃᅊᅊ႒ѳᡸךʦܕጓԇܟɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ᒞȵໆʠʰʶɛʢɹɹԍкᇕɲ፬ჿᅙȵጓ ɩʰʶʳɄɭɻɲȼ⏋ؿᇿᇕɲʢɹɴɭɰʚɤɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛගകᯆዩˁᐣ୫ɐʳᇿᇕɴɦȦɩ ʢ⏋ᅊകፈɹѳԃɭȦɤɛɄɭʭʱɻ⏋ܤޚ༡ᰩɹੲˁᬿȹ⏋ڧᅎФˁ୫ᐚɇɓʳɛʠ ɹගകᣂ྇ɹተѳɴςሗȵᒞȴʶɩȦɛ⏏ 9) ඨകɹៀฐɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ፀ 2 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹ 5,000 ˛ͻˡͻɴࢪɌɩ⏋ፀ 3 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻ 8,000 ˛ͻˡͻ ɴৄȷΫɁʰʶɛ⏏ඨകɹɛʠɹఌՏʢፀ 2 ๖ɹ 150 Ψ Nu⏃̤̊͌͡⏆ɴࢪɌ⏋ፀ 3 ๖ɻ 764 Ψ 3,000 Nu ȵ ȡɩʰʶɛ⏏Ʉɹ᭬⏋ೠೳɴࢪɐʳᮛឹɹވ֓ɴࢪਝɐʳɛʠගകɹᬖୖȵᦽʞμɫ⏋ФɌɛೳೠɹெՏɹ ɛʠɹക᧑ɹলȵਸ਼֭ɭɲʱ⏋ፀ 5 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɻȋ᧑ᤉলȍɭȋল႒ɹলȍɹɛʠɹϜ፤ȵވ߂Ɍ⏋ ᧑ᤉলɻ 1,707Ψ 6,000 Nu⏋ল႒ɹলɴɻ 4,947 Ψ 4,000 Nu ɹϜ፤ȵȡɩʰʶɩȦɛ⏏Јɫፀ 6 ๖ϤͶ ॷᅙɫɻɗʶəʶ 500 Ψ Nu ɭ 50 Ψ 5,000 Nu ɴᑘࢸɌɩȦʳ⏏ǵɄɹಁೝ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻගകᯆዩˁᐣ୫ɐʳΥɫ⏋ගകᣂ྇ɹ༎ᅎˁȦɤɗȩᦽɌɩ Ȳʱ⏋ගകɻೠೳʍɭࠒˁȭʳɄɭɫܕࢃԂˁވ֓ɇɓʳɛʠɹᣂ྇ɭɲɤɩȦɛ⏏Ɍȴ Ɍɲȵʰ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɴܕܤɹ 60⎾ɹගകᯆዩˁᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭȵܕ౸ɇʶᕶးѳᡸךɹᒞ ȵʼʶɛɄɭɫ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹගകɭᕶးˁܕࢃȵ፬ჿɐʳɭȦȩкըɹݜᇻȵ፷ȴʶ⏋90 ॷБГᭇɹঃ፴ɲᄩޅѳԃకፑɹࡸేˁࢅ౫ɴɌɛɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏ ǵගകɹܕȵໆʠʰʶɛ 1969 ॷɹගകГഀ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌȵᦽʠɩȷɛගകɹܕ ɭ፬ჿɻ⏋ගകɹФ֭ȵܕɇʶɛɄɭɫᐏغᇕɴɇʶɛ⏏1979 ॷɴ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹ ܕЦɻ⏋ᬚᓔɴʭʳڧФˁኧɌ⏋ڧФɭೠೳᥥՏɻɐʏɩගക࣌ɹȦɭɐʳ ɄɭˁໆᡴɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ᬚɹនೳଘɴࢪɌɩɻకঌȵπ߄ˁሁஞެɐʳըˁተጓɌ⏋ ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻԃܕɹගകᣂ྇ɹ፬ჿɭೠೳɹެˁΥଝɴৄȷ؝ȿʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ 2002⏏ ǵకঌɻڧФˁܕɌɛȩȭɫ⏋π߄ʦនೳɌɛɞȿɹೠೳɹᥥՏˁኧɌ⏋غʦ ࢃԍɲɰɹ֓ूڃɭɌɩЊ֓ѝғˁɦȿɩᥥՏɌɛȦɭᓒȭɩȦɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹకፑໆࡴɴ֓ȭ ɩ⏋1980 ॷɴɻܕᦹᰩᏒᦅลᬠ (FAO11)) ɭܕᦹूᬖᇍลᬠ (UNIDO12) ) ɭܕᦹᬖᇍᅙ (UNDP13)) ɹعБᝠɫ෯ଁɇʶɛБᝠȵ̸ͻ̊ͲˁکɌ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳᨆɹ˰̝˕ (Gedu) ɴᐏغᇕɲೠೳᅋ˱Ͳ̲̠ͻ̜ (Integrated Mechanical Wood-Based Industrial Complex, Gedu) ˁጓɐʳɄɭˁர൜Ɍɛ⏏Ʉʶˁ؝ȿɩ⏋ፀ 5 ๖ϤͶॷᅙ (1981-87) ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ ˰̝˕ɴ̢͓̾ʦغɹ֓ूूݭȵলɇʶ⏋ลඁɴʭʳගകᅋɹ֟რɭވᅋȵʰʶ ɛ⏏14) ǵ1979 ॷГᭇ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻڧФˁܕɌɩ⏋ᬚᓔɴʭʳගകգᅎˁᇺሞɫȷ ʳʭȩɴɐʳɭؾಁɴ⏋Υᖔɹᦅʦ႑ᅨɹගകգᅎɴɦȦɩʢ፬ჿˁᦽʠɩȦɤɛ⏏ፀ 5 ๖ɹϤͶॷᬖᇍᅙˁʛɩȦȼɭ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ⏋ගകᣂ྇ˁተѳɐʳɛʠɹፑɭɌ ɩ⏋ᦅɴಬʰɐϺǾɴࢪɌɩံӤɫᗈೠˁњᐌɌ⏋ኽܩʦԊܩɫȋЦക (Social Forestry)ȍˁȩɄɭˁߣ֜ɌɩȦʳ⏏15) కঌɻЦകɴ 2 ɦɹลᔨˁೝ৺ɌɩȦɛ⏏ፀ 1 ɴܩɴ࣎зɐʳγय़ɴࢪɌɩʢዀᇕගക፬ჿɹਖឹਸˁ᠗ᡫɇɓʳɭȦȩɄɭ⏋ፀ 2 ɴ ࢃԒɫգᅎɐʳၚషɭೳೠɹњᐌˁވʦɐɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ [Planning Commission 1981: 6.65]⏏
11) িؿዌɻ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 12) িؿዌɻ United Nation Industrial Development Organization 13) িؿዌɻ United Nations Development Programme
14) ፀ 3 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻගകᬖᇍɹɛʠɹହᣂᩆᰎȵ 120 Ψ Nu ɫȡɤɛɹɴࢪɌ⏋ፀ 5 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻ 1 Ӝ 8,500 Ψ Nu ȵହᣂɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
15) కঌɻɐʏɩɹγय़ȵᕶՕɹܤܩɴ 10 ೣɹᗈೠˁඨകɐʳʭȩߣ֜Ɍ⏋ᗈೠɹᢹᅎɻకঌȵᢦɐʳɄɭɭ Ɍ⏋ፀ 5 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹᬚɴ 40 Ψೣɹᗈೠˁ॒ᨗɐʳɭɌɛ [Planning Commission 1981: 6.65]⏏
ǵకঌɻЦകɭȦȩ০ɫϺɹኽܩɴࢪɌɩʢඨകˁᦽʠʳɄɭɫ⏋Ϻɹගകգᅎɹ Ⴅˁவɐʳɭؾಁɴ፬ჿɌ⏋ᅙᇕɲգᅎˁѦɗȩɭ᠅ʛɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌɄȩɌɛక ঌɴʭʳගകɹஒவɭзգᅎɴࢪɐʳៀըɹɴɻέྃʢՏɩȲʱ⏋కঌȵکᰍែɐʳ᧓ ɲФʢɲȴɲȴʚɲȴɤɛɭȦȩ 2002⏏ ǵ1980 ॷБɻගകᅋɹ߂ៀฐɲลඁɴʭʱ⏋കɹ୷ᖂɭᅊᅋᩄɹވ߂ȵʰʶʳΥ ɫ⏋ȋؑɹཉխɲගകཝࢹɹؙህɴጓɠȍ⏋ඨകɴʭʳගകᐣ୫ɹɛʠɹకፑɻɇʰɴᐙᐚɇ ʶɛ⏏16) Ʉɹ᭬⏋కঌȵගകཝࢹɹ܍ɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɌɩȦɛɹɻ⏋ᯃዀᇕФ (unscientific extraction) ɹʓȴ⏋ᕶးပࢀ⏋ܤޚ༡ᰩ⏋࡛ጓɌɛܩݖɫɹ࣎з⏋ው֪ᓚсɹᓃીɲɰɫȡʱ [Planning Commission 1981: 6.65]⏋ਖɑɌʢϺဤᇕɲᯃዀᇕФɞȿȵගകཝࢹˁৄȷᣱ ɄɌɩȦʳɭɻᓒȭɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏
3ȅ۪ޏ৽͈݅ယ̫͒࢜̀Ȫ1987ȡȫ
ȇΟͻȜίυΐȜ͈এேಲၠ͂ޗ͈୪ࣣ
ǵ1980 ॷБɹմץ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻඨകʦගകФˁيʞകɹܕˁᦽʠ⏋ᘺɴࢪɌ ɩʢЦകˁᦽɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɐʏɩɹගകᣂ྇ɴࢪɐʳμ߈ᮃณᇕɲ፬ჿˁᦽʠɩ ȷɛ⏏Јɫɻ⏋ลඁɴʭɤɩകˁ༎ਸɌ⏋ගകᬖᇍʢᩂဣᇕɴᦽʠɩȷɛ⏏ගകཝࢹ ɴࢪɐʳઉɻȡɤɛȵ⏋కঌɻඨകˁᩂែɌɩȲʱ⏋߉ʼʶɛගകɻඨകɴʭɤɩԗᅊخᔨ ɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋1987 ॷɴᬖࠃɇʶɛፀ 6 ๖ϤͶॷᅙ (1987-92) ˁޅɴ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻගകɭᩃᅊᅊ႒ˁيʞᕶးᄩޅɹѳԃˁਚكɐʳըɹҺʦลᬠɹ ጓˁɌᦽʠʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏17) ǵፀ 6 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹගകᨆᬐˁʛɩȦȼɭ⏋ɗɹইయɫȋගകᣂ྇ˁѳԃ (Conservation) ɌވʦɐɄɭɻ⏋ፀ 6 ๖ϤͶॷᅙμɹɄɹᨆᬐɹςឹɲᇿᇕɫȡʳ⏏ѵᰉɫȷʳගകᇿ᪼ ɴݜɧȦɩჼࡔɐʳගകɭᩃᅊᅊ႒ᣂ྇ˁ୫ᐚᇕɴ፬ჿɐʳɄɭɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɴɭɤɩೣᣒᇕ ɲឹᠱɫȡʳȍ[Planning Commission 1987] ɭɌ⏋ගകˁވʦɌѳԃɐʳɄɭɹᩂឹਸˁɄʶ ʚɫГΫɴ៲ȭʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏18) ǵకঌȵගകѳԃɴࢪɐʳ᠗ᡫˁཉʠɛΥ܍ɭɌɩɻ⏋1986 ॷȴʰ 87 ॷɴȴȿɩᣱɄɤɛ16) ගകˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɹԍкᇕɲፑɭɌɩɻ Ʀ ᦶക (Afforestation)⏋Ƨ Цക (Social Forestry)⏋ƨ ˹̲͡ ˡ͖̍͡͞͡ϟ (Silvicultural Operations)⏋Ʃ တပᬿ (Fire Prevention) ȵȡɁʰʶɛ⏏
17) ፀ 5 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫʢ 1980 ॷБɹගകᬖᇍɹԃкᇿฌ (General objectives) ɹ 1 ɦɭɌɩȋᅊ˹˽̘͌⏋႕ ɴɇʚɊʚɲᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹѳࡔ (Preservation)ȍȵȡɁʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࡸ᭬ɹࡸేᅙɭɌɩɻ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ ႒˵Ͳ˪͖̍ˏ͠ɴࢪɐʳҺହᣂȵȡɁʰʶɩȦʳГ⏋ԍкᇕɲԒࢅɴɦȦɩɻʓɭ˃ɰ౩ʰȴɴɇʶɩ Ȳʰɑ⏋ʚɛఌՏៀฐʢЈɹᇿɴປʏɩࢸᰎɭɲɤɩȲʱ⏃Wild Life ManagementɴࢪɐʳఌՏɻ 258 Ψ 7,000 Nu⏆⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒ѳᡸȵගക࣌ɹςឹᇿฌɫȡʳɭɻᓒȭʰʶɲȦႥɫȡɤɛ⏏
18) Јɫȋፀ 6 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɻዀᇕɲගകɹ፬ჿɭգᅎకፑɴȲȿʳകᅋ႒ɴࢪɐʳᮛឹɴਝȭ⏋കʍష ˁњᐌɌ⏋షʭʱʢ֓ूڃɹᥥՏˁᦽɐʳȍɭɌɩȲʱ⏋ගകᣂ྇ɴࢪɐʳೝ৺ȵʚɤɛʼȿɫɻਖɑ Ɍʢɲȼ⏋ೠೳˁΥ๖ᅋڃɫɻɲȼ֓ूɌɩЊ֓ѝғˁɦȿɛȩȭɫᥥՏɐʳɄɭȵೝ৺ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏
ࢀᛚɴʭʳ߂ៀฐɲගകࢀȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɲɕɲʰࢀᛚɹ߂ᩄᇍᅊɻέ᧟ՖɲගകФɴ ʭɤɩৄȷᣱɄɇʶɛخᔨਸȵᲞȦȴʰɫȡʳ [World Bank 1989]⏏ፀ 6 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹԍк ᇕɲගകకፑˁʛɩʢ⏋ࢀᛚɴʭɤɩாɲʼʶɛගകˁඨകɴʭɤɩԗᅊɐʳᅙɴࢪɌɩ ߂ៀฐɹହᣂȵʼʶɩȦɛ⏏19) ǵʚɛ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹѳᡸɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ȋᩃᅊᅊ႒ɻɄɹܕɹᢌȴɲ᧨ᅋɫȡʳȍɭɇʶ⏋֪႒ ሂȲʭʃඨ႒ሂɹᅊ႒ᇕɲਸɭᅊਖ਼ܩɹѳԃˁӦӴɌ⏋ჼࡔɹѳᡸךˁᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭȵȡ ɁʰʶɩȦʳȵ⏋20) ϤͶॷᅙɹμɫɻ႕ɴԍкᇕɲకፑȵጓɩʰʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋1987 ॷɴɻᕶးᄩޅѳԃɹɛʠɹ̸ͻ̊Ͳ՟ɹᯃకঌᏼᑩ (NGO) ȵ ጓɇʶʳ⏏ȋტጓᕶးѳᡸתЦ (Royal Society for Protection of Nature: RSPN)ȍɭؿɧȿʰ ʶɛɗɹᏼᑩɻტࢃɹፀΥᇗ߄ࡎˁឿϺɭɌ⏋ጓɻɇʚɊʚɲܕ᭬кȴʰሁஞᇕɴ ஹ֖ˁკɌɩȷɛ⏏Ʉʶʚɫςɴγᅠᕶးѳᡸݜᩆ (WWF) ɹ̸ͻ̊Ͳ̺ͦ˫͌͞ʦܩ ჽᄩޅ̶ˎ˹̘͠ˑ (GEF)21) ɹࢸៀฐஹ֖̺ͦ˫͌͞ɲɰȴʰஹ֖ˁკɌɩȦʳ⏏ტጓᕶ းѳᡸתЦɻ⏋ᄩޅѳԃ༎֪ˁᦽɐʳ̸ͻ̊ͲڞΥɹᄩޅ NGO ɫȡʱ⏋ჼܧʢȋᄩޅఠ ᔒ (Environment Education) ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȍ⏋ȋᐏغᇕɲѳԃᬖᇍ (Integrated Conservation and Development) ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȍɲɰɹᄩޅѳԃ̺ͦ˫͌͞ˁᦽɐʳςкɭɌɩ̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɫ ༎֪ɌɩȦʳ [Royal Society for Protection of Nature 2001: 8]⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋1989 ॷɴɻ⏋ܕტ˻˫͍́Ͳ˰ͩͲ͖̍̒˪ɹ֥Вɴʭʱ⏋ᅙህɹάɴܕࢃ ᄩޅࠇڊЦ (National Environment Commission) ȵጓɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏22) ɄɹࠇڊЦɻ 1992 ॷɴᅙህȴʰՖʱᮐɇʶɩႶጓɌɛลᬠɭɲʱ⏋ܕࢃᄩޅకፑɹݜೣᩍɹፑࡴˁ ȩʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ᦏॷɻህংดుᇕɴɐʏɩɹకঌลᬠɹ༎֪ˁᇺែɌᄩޅѳԃʍɹᨗૅˁິʠ ʳɭȦȩ߂ȷɲณᭉˁʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏
ǵፀ 6 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɴʛʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋1980 ॷБץ⏋కঌɻගകɹѳԃɭᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹѳᡸ
19) ගക࣌ɹఌՏ(غᰎ 4 Ӝ 1,820 Ψ 6,000 Nu⏆ɹμɹȋᬖᇍହᣂȍ⏃غᰎ 2 Ӝ 5,249 Ψ Nu⏆ɴȲȦɩ⏋Ʉɹ ɛʠɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ Forestry š⏃غᰎ 1,696 Ψ Nu⏆ɭ Forestry Ţ⏃غᰎ 1 Ӝ 1,271 Ψ Nu⏆ɴࢪɐʳହ ᣂᰎɹغɻ 1 Ӝ 2,967 Ψ Nu ɴ᧒Ɍɛ⏏Ʉɹᅙɻܕᦹᬖᇍᅙɭܕᦹᰩషᦅลᬠɹஹ֖ɹά⏋ȋගകɹ፬ ჿȲʭʃѳᡸᅙ (The Forest Management and Conservation Project: FMCP)ȍɹΥᄩɭɌɩʼʶɛ⏏
20) ፀ 6 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɴʭʶɽ⏋Ʉɹಁဣɫᕶးѳᡸךɻ 12 Ͷଘɴވ֓ɌɩȦʳȵ⏃ᯆዩɻჼܧʭʱʢࢸɇȦ⏆ [Planning Commision 1987]⏋ᏳɴɦȦɩ៨ɇʶɛᣂషɻʛʰʶɲȦ⏏
21) ܩჽᄩޅ̶ˎ˹̘͠ˑ (Global Environment Facility: GEF) ɻ⏋ܕᦹᬖᇍᅙ (UNDP)⏋ܕᦹᄩޅᅙ (UNEP)⏋ γᅠ᪃ˁࡸేลᬠɭɌ⏋ܩჽᄩޅѳԃɴᬠɐʳᬖᇍΫܕፈʍɹςឹɲᣂᩆ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɭɌɩ⏋ܕ᭬ᇕɲ תɭɗʶɴЫȩᣂᩆɹ༑ʶˁ༎ᇍɇɓʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɴጓɇʶɛ⏏1991 ॷȴʰࡸᱻᇕɴۊȵᬖࠃɇ ʶ⏋1992 ॷɴ͠ˠɫᬖҼɇʶɛܩჽ˵̜͊̒ˁᐁɩ⏋1994 ॷɴఒᏼɇʶɛ⏏ᅊ႒ਸᏝʦຩҌ֪ങ ᏼᏝɲɰɹᏝɴԸɐʳ᧟ൔɲ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ʦᬠᦹɹܩჽᄩޅکᰍɴࢪՃɐʳ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴᣂᩆњήˁ ɤɩȦʳ⏏ೣɻ 1998 ॷ 7 ⑯2002 ॷ 6 ɹ 4 ॷᬚ⏋ԃՏᰎɹԒ 20⎾⏋4.13 Ӝ̝͡ˁՏɌɩȦʳ (http://host-3.iges.or.jp/gef/index.htm).
ˁᦽɐʳਖឹਸˁ᠗ᡫɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ࡸ᭬ɹకፑɫɻࢀᛚࢀʦФɴʭɤɩቑޙɇʶɛගക ˁ܌ɐʳɛʠɹඨകȵᦽɇʶʳɹʛɫȡʱ⏋ᅊകʦᅊ႒ਸɹѳࡔɹɛʠɴԍкᇕɲ ᅙȵጓɩʰʶʳɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏Јɫ⏋ܕტɹςࢷɴʭɤɩ⏋ᄩޅࠇڊЦʦტጓᕶးѳᡸ תЦɲɰ⏋ගക࣌Гɴᕶးᄩޅѳԃɴᬠʼʳลᬠˁጓɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶʰɹ ลᬠʢ 80 ॷБɻᣂᩆʦϺೳɹέȴʰࡸᣒᇕɲ৯ᯱˁʢɠȭɑ⏋ؿᇿᇕɲࡔܧɴɭɰʚɤ ɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹಁೝ⏋ගകᣂ྇ɹ፬ჿˁ᭑Ȧɛᄩޅѳԃ༎֪ɻܕტȵڟࢷɐʳɹʛɫȡʱ⏋ʚɞ ܕࢃᇕɲᠩᰍɭɌɩᦽɇʶʳɴɻȦɛɤɩȦɲȴɤɛɭȦɤɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏏ ǵɄɹಁೝ⏋๘ᎦɴȲȦɩȋᄩޅɭᬖᇍɴᬠɐʳγᅠࠇڊЦȍɹᄩޅݬٚೆ “Our Common Future” ȵ 1987 ॷɴᇍᝠɇʶȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍȍɭȦȩෙਥȵɻɍʠɩரڟɇʶɛ⏏Јɫ ɻਸ਼ᦽᇕɲᄩޅਲ਼ɫȡɤɛȋ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻ (Deep Ecology)ȍɹਲ਼ȵᇵʱΫȵʱˁʛ ɓʳɲɰ⏋γᅠᇕɴᄩޅѳԃʦᄩޅςᒶɹ࿈༑ȵˁʢɠɻɍʠɛಁೝɫȡɤɛɭȦɤɩʭȦ ɞʸȩ⏏̸ͻ̊ͲకঌȲʭʃܕტȵᄩޅѳԃɹɛʠɹลᬠɹጓˁਸ਼ȦɞᔘಕɭɌɩ⏋Ʉʶʰ ɹγᅠᇕɲᄩޅςᒶɹ࿈༑ɻံែɫȷɲȦ⏏႕ɴ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹᄩޅਲ਼ɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ ̸ͻ̊ͲڞΥɹృᓬɫȡʳ˪˛Ͳ́͡ (Kuensel) ɴʢᥔɇʶɩȲʱ⏋৯ᯱȵȡɤɛɄɭˁȩ ȴȵʼɓʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ1988 ॷ 9 ɭ 10 ɴȴȿɩ⏋˪˛Ͳ́͡ɴɻȋЅఠɭ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻ (Buddhism and Deep Ecology)ȍɭᰍɐʳ႕ᮃ៨ϟȵᥔɇʶɛ⏏̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɻ⏋1972 ॷɴ̨͡ ˗˙ͻɹڒᓔˏ̦̦͡˽ɴʭɤɩரڟɇʶɛᄩޅਲ਼ɫȡʳ⏏̦˽ɻ⏋Ёʚɫɹᄩޅѳԃ ɹᓒȭɻູയʦᣂ྇ഞཔɴؙࢪɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ᏺᇕɴɻӴᦽܕɴзʞϺǾɹҫঔʦᑢെˁઝ ܒɌɩȦʳɞȿɹ˹͑ͦ˗⏃༓Ȧ⏆˛˱ͦ˻ͻɫȡʳɭɌɩக᭑Ɍ⏋ɗʶɴБʼʳʢɹɭɌɩ ̚ˑͻ̺⏃ཉȦ⏆˛˱ͦ˻ͻˁரڟɌɛ⏏̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹᕶး៎ɫɻ⏋ᕶးɭɻ⏋ᦏБ Ϻȵᓒȭɩȷɛʭȩɲȋ৶ɐʏȷࢪᢒȍɫɻɲȼ⏋ϺᬚɭᕶးɭɻɗʢɗʢΥкɫȡʳɭᓒ ȭʳ⏏̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹਲ਼ɻਃഀɹȋϺᬚμਕςᒶȍɹᔵˁȼѦɌ⏋ȋϺᬚᯃμਕ ςᒶ (non-anthropocentrism, biocentrism)ȍɹᕶး៎ˁߣɌɛ⏏23) ǵ̦˽ɹரڟɻ⏋ɗɹ 1980 ॷБɴȴȿɩɌɞȦɴԊઢɹᥢˁঃɁɩʪȷ⏋ɗɹങᏼʛɹ μɴ̢͖ͻ˛˓˻ਲ਼ʦӴзድɲɰɹ࿈༑ȵ༑ʶᦉ˃ɫᢌȴɲៜᠦᒴˁ০ଁɌɛගࣩ 1995⏏ɗɹμɫЅఠਲ਼ɴࢪɌɩ៊ᦏઢˁʢɦਲ਼࿈༑ʢᅊɍʳɄɭɭɲʳ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳɹ ృᓬ˪˛Ͳ́͡ (Sep. 3, 1988) ɴᥔɇʶɛ៨ϟɫɻ⏋Гάɹʭȩɲయᔭɫȋ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ ˻ͻȍɭȋЅఠȍɻஞغɇʶɛ⏏ ᅊᓔ (ecologist) ɻ⏋ଂǾȵᅊȷʳɛʠɴɻ⏋Ϻᬚɻɐʏɩɹᅊ႒ɹԊᅊᇕɲሂϣћࡔ 23) ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹෙឹɻᲿᰄ 1996a⏩ගࣩ 1995⏩1996ˁؒ၇⏏
ᬠѥˁࢴᩂɐʏȷɫȡʳɭᐄᠶɧȿɛ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴᅊɻࢹɲȼɭʢЅᭂɹఠȭɴዀᇕ ሎࡸȵȡʳɄɭˁ៷౩Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶʰˁՏᇍဣɭɌɩ⏋ᅊɹឿᡫˁᅎɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ ȋ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻȍɹჿᠶࢃɻ⏋Ѕఠʦ᧑ఠʦᕶးɹ̺ͦ́˽ɭᠭٮɐʳʭȩɴЦˁ ውʚɛɻԗ෯፷ɐʳɗɹЈɹШᐏᇕɲሾɹ྇ȴʰ⏋০ᓗΫᇕɲఌ୫ˁৄȷՏɌɩȦʳ [Head 1988]⏏ ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɻЅఠȵɫɻɲȦɹɭؾɴɫɻɲȦ⏏θɭʢᗑᮑɹ܍ ɻ⏋Ⴗᩄɴȭʰʶɛᕶଂɹ៎ਥ (a narrowly-conceived ego-identification) ɭȦȩᅊʚʶɦ ȷɹံሾɴࢪɐʳᅊʚʶɦȷɹံሾɴȡʳɭȦȩᓒȭˁԊɌɩȦʳɹɞ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋̚ˑͻ̺ ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹឿʦᓃીʦ༎֪ɻɐʏɩʚɇɴЅఠɭᠭٮɐʳ [Head 1988]⏏ ǵɄɄɫɻ⏋ЅఠȵȋᕶးɭɹԊᅊȍʦȋɐʏɩɹᅊȷ႒ɹࢴᩂȍɭȦȩਲ਼ɭࡸᤋˁيʞࡱ ఠɫȡʳɛʠ⏋̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹਲ਼ɭࡸᤋɭԊᏝਸˁʢɦɭɐʳᓒȭȵኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ Гάɫᦚʏʳʭȩɴ⏋1990 ॷɹ̮ͦ (Paro) ໆᡴɫɻЅఠਲ਼ɭɗɹШᐏȵᕶးᄩޅѳԃˁ֖ ȿࢷȼɭȦȩᓒȭȵኍɇʶʳȵ⏋1988 ॷɹಁဣɫɐɫɴᥥԂɇʶɩȦɛ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻ ɹਲ਼࿈༑ȵ̮ͦໆᡴɴؙɇʶɛɭȦȩخᔨਸɻ߂ȷȦɞʸȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻ ɹʭȩɲᄩޅςᒶɹਲ਼ȵʢɦᦏБయ౩ଫՠɹүᯆɻ⏋1990 ॷБɴܕტȵɇȴ˃ɴரڟɐʳ GNH⏃ܕᐵॺክᩄ⏆ɹਲ਼ɴʢԊᦲɌɩȦʳ⏏GNH ɭɻ Gross National Happiness⏃ܕᐵ ॺክᩄ⏆ˁઝ٢ɌɩȲʱ⏋GNP⏃ܕᐵᅊᅋᩄ⏆୭ฌȵਚكɐʳ႒ᣒᇕѝғɹᦠິɞȿɫɻɲ ȼ⏋ܕɹᏄኜᇕӱˁᩂែɐʏȷɭɐʳჿਥɫȡʱ⏋ȋ႒ᣒςᒶɭᏄኜςᒶɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ɭᠭ ٮȍˁॕິɐʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋GNH ɭȦȩᬖᇍჿਥɻ⏋Ʀ ᐁཕᬖᇍ⏋Ƨ ᄩޅѳԃ⏋ƨ యɹᦽ⏋ ƩʭȷᐏɭȦȩ 4 ɦɹᐧ᯿ˁɭȲɌɩᦠິɇʶʳɭɌɩȦʳ⏏
ȁ4ȅȶഥൡɁ۪ޏ༗ȷͼΟυΆȜ͈ࠁ଼Ȫ1990 ාȡȫ
4.1ȁ1990 ාΩυࠨ݈ ǵ1990 ॷ 5 ɴ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹ̮ͦላɴȲȦɩ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɭܕᦹᬖᇍᅙ (UNDP)⏋̚Ͳ ͇ͻ˪కঌɹԊҼɫȋᄩޅɭ୫ᐚخᔨɲᇍࣙɴᬠɐʳͩͻ˪˹͚̺̒ȍȵᬖҼɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹ ᭬⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻȋᬖᇍɭ୫ᐚخᔨɲᇍࣙȍʍكȿɛႶᕶɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁᝠ౩Ɍɛ⏏ȋ̮ͦໆ ᡴȍɭʭɽʶʳɄɹު౩ɫɻГάɹᓒȭȵኍɇʶɛ⏏ ଂǾȵѵɍʳ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍɭɻ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɹయᇕࡱఠᇕШᐏɭɹᠭٮɹμɴࡔܧɐ ʳෙਥɫȡʳ⏏ଂǾɹܕɻɐɫɴȦѳԃҙჿ (conservation ethic) ˁɌɩȲʱ⏋ࡸ᭬⏋ ᕶးᅠɴࢪɐʳࢴదɻЅఠɹμਕᇕఠᒶɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹѝғ៎ȵଂǾɹ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍɹᦽᤉˁ൜Ԓɐʳʪȭɴ⏋Шᐏᇕయˁȼᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭɻೣᣒᇕɫȡʳUNDP 1990: 4⏏24) ǵɄɹໆᡴయɴʭɤɩ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȿʳЅఠਲ਼ɭᄩޅѳԃҙჿȵɻɍʠɩ౩ተɴᐄʃɦȿ ʰʶ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɹయᇕࡱఠᇕШᐏˁѳᡸᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭȵᕶးᄩޅɹѳԃɴɦɲȵʳɭȦ ȩȋШᐏᐣ୫⏮ᄩޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻȵсʰʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ȋ̮ͦໆᡴȍɹᇍᝠɻ⏋90 ॷГ ᭇɹ̸ͻ̊ͲɹᬖᇍకፑȲʭʃᄩޅకፑɹᩍˁໆࡴɧȿʳ៨ਥብᇕɲɫȷɅɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ ǵЈɫɄɹಁೝɹЦᇕɲႥɭɌɩ⏋1990 ॷГᭇ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɴ࣎зɌɩȦɛ̦̮ͻ͡ Ꮩɹзȵܕʍ༑ՏɌɩᮑɐʳکᰍɹᇍᅊȵȡʳ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ 1980 ॷБץȴʰ ςɴី̸ͻ̊ͲɹϺǾɹయʦીᓃˁઝܒᇕɴȋܕయȍɐʳకፑˁࡸేɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹ ዐɫςɴ̸ͻ̊Ͳɴ࣎зɌɩȦɛ̦̮ͻ͡ᏙɹϺǾɻ⏋ᅵɲʳࡱఠШᐏ⏃̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏆ɭ ᅵɲʳៜ⏃̦̮ͻ͠ͻ⏆ˁʢɦ⏋ᅵɲʳయᇕеɭɌɩˡ̘˳͞˓̀ɇʶɩȦɤɛ⏏90 ॷБɹᮑکᰍɻ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲႥάɫ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌȵέࡴзᓔɴࢪɐʳܕᦡؑឹິɭ Ȧɤɛᇕɲଝຍɴ៲ȭɩ̦̮ͻ͡ᏙɹϺǾɹΥᨆˁȋέውȍɭɌ⏋ܕᦡؑɇɓɛɄɭ ɴጩˁᇍɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɹᲞࡲɫȡʳ Jigme Y. Thinley ɻ⏋ɄɹکᰍȵᇍᅊɌɛɴͦͲ̝ͲɫᬖҼɇ ʶɛܕ᭬Цᡴɹμɫ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɫɻϺǾɴʭʳకঌѳᡸകɹѢᰩȵɌɽɌɽکᰍɭɲɤɩȲ ʱ⏋ගകѳԃʦඨകˁᦽʠʳకፑȵʰʶɛʢᄩޅɹੲˁᬿȽɄɭȵɫȷɲȴɤɛɭɌɩ Ȳʱ [Thinley 1994: 52]⏋̦̮ͻ͡ᏙɹϺǾȵᨆɹගകˁέɴФɌɩȷɛɄɭˁ⏋ܕ ᦡؑឹິɴᕸɤɛᔘಕɹ 1 ɦɭɌɩኍڗɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̦̮ͻ͡ᏙɴʭʳέФɹԒ ࡸɻέ౩ɲʚʚɫȡʱ⏋ϟࡸɭɌɩ៷౩ɇʶʳɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌȵᄩޅςᒶʍɭ ӃహɌɩȦȼμ⏋̦̮ͻ͡Ꮩɹзɻගകቑޙɹ܍ɹ 1 ɦɭɌɩ⏋˽˭ͻ̺˳ͻ̜ɇʶ ɛүᯆȵȡʳ⏏ 4.2ȁ1991 ාȶήȜΗϋ۪ޏΠρΑΠέϋΡȷ୭ၛ ǵ̮ͦໆᡴˁᐁɛ 1991 ॷ 3 ɴɻ⏋ᡉܕʦܕ᭬ลᬠȴʰᣂᩆˁკɌ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹ୫ᐚᇕ ɲᄩޅѳԃ༎֪ɹɛʠɹᢧ྇ˁተѳɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɩȋ̸ͻ̊Ͳᄩޅ̜͞˽̶̜ˎͲ̝ȍ ȵጓɇʶɛ⏏ᠭিɻܕᦹ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌ।ᱦБᝠɹ˗˰Ͳ̓˙͠Ͳ (Ugen Tshering) ɭγ ᅠᕶးѳᡸݜᩆ (WWF) ɹᐵɭܕᦹᬖᇍᅙ (UNDP) ɹჿϟɹؒ֓ɹά⏋ͩ˹Ͳ̜Ͳ D.C. ɴȲȦɩʼʶɛ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳɹృᓬ˪˛Ͳ́͡ [Kuensel 1991 (March 16)] ɻ⏋ᄩޅ̜͞˽̜ ̶ˎͲ̝ɹጓɴʭɤɩȋ̸ͻ̊Ͳɻᕶး᧨ᅋɹѳԃɹɛʠɹ֗ɴȲȦɩ⏋։ᇕɲຍ᭥ˁᦎ
24) ̮ ͦ ໆ ᡴ ɻ⏋Planning Commission ȵ с ଁ Ɍ ɛ 7th Five Years Plan ɹ ፀ 4 ጟ “Environment and Sustainable Development” ɹፀ 4-2 ፲ɴʢᥔɇʶɩȦʳPlanning Commission 1992⏏
ȭɛȍɭШȭɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ˪˛Ͳ́͡ɴʭʶɽᠭিɴ᭬Ɍɩ⏋UNDP ჿϟɹ̝ͤ˓̮ͻ (Draper) ລɻ⏋ȋɄʶʚ ɫ 75 Ͷܕɹܕʍɤɛȵ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɻᄩޅѳԃɴȲȦɩγᅠɹ͠ͻ̋ͻɞȍɭᦚʏ⏋ʚɛ⏋ WWF ɹտᐵ̸͖͠ͻ̍˙̫Ͳ̘ˑͲ (Dr. Bruce Bunting) ަʢȋ̸ͻ̊Ͳɻ̯͇͓͞ܩ ݖɴȲȿʳ׃ୠᇕɲѳԃ༎֪ɹɛʠɹɫ߂ɹॕɫȡʳȍ25) ɭᦚʏɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹᇍៜɻ⏋ ˓Ͳ̝ɹܦ҉ᇕɲక26) ɭᐁཕɹάɫܕ᭬ЦɴȲȿʳᕶैᝠᢒɹลЦȵᭉʰʶɩȦɛ ̸ͻ̊ͲˁԃɴႶጓɌɛеɭʛɲɌ⏋ȴɦγᅠᇕɲᄩޅѳԃ༎֪ɹμɹᩂឹɲςкɭɌɩ еᒞɧȿɛဣɫ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌˁ֦ຩɧȿʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵЈ⏋ᠭিɴؒ֓Ɍɛ̸ͻ̊ͲɹܕጓᄩޅࠇڊЦɹࠇڊɻ⏋ȋ̜͞˽̶̜ˎͲ̝ɹጓɻ ტܕɹᢌȴɲయᕶးɹ᧨ᅋˁࡪʸȩɭɐʳܕტɹ᤹ɴʭɤɩخᔨɭɲɤɛȍ[Kuensel 1991 (March 16)] ɭ୭Ɍɩ⏋ܕტȵ UNDP ɴᦢɤɛɭɐʳГάɹଝᏨˁᠧʛΫɁɛ⏏ ధγᏛɴʼɛɤɩ̸ͻ̊ͲϺɻɗɹᕶးᄩޅˁ߂ϟɴɌ⏋ɐʏɩɹᅊȷ႒ɹ྇ɭʛɲɌɩȷ ɛ⏏ᕶးɴࢪɐʳɄɹШᐏᇕɲదઝɻ⏋ଂǾˁೡɞɴᢌȴɫଝɦȴɑɹᕶးȵʳ 20 γᏛ ʍɭ˃ɞ⏏ଂǾɻᕶးɭᠭٮɌɛᅊ༎ˁᐚȿ⏋Ʉɹᢌȴɲ᧨ᅋˁࢰഀɹγБɴৄȷᐙȽɄ ɭˁॕɌɩȦʳ⏏27) ǵ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻɄʶʚɫ⏋ᕶးᄩޅѳԃɹɛʠɹకፑɴȲȦɩ⏋ܕტɭტࡻɹᬠήˁմᯆɴ ȲɌɞɌɩȦʳ⏏ܕტɻᄩޅѳԃకፑɹςɲரڟᓔȴɦᦽᓔɭɌɩеᒞɧȿʰʶ⏋ᝠᢒɇʶ ɩȲʱ⏋႕ɴᄩޅѳԃɹਲ਼ɭࡸᤋˁ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹ߂ώЅఠɹਲ਼ɴᐄʃɦȿʳȋШᐏᐣ୫⏮ᄩ ޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻˁரڟɐʳςкɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ˪˛Ͳ́͡ɴʭʶɽ⏋ᠭিɴؾफ़Ɍɛܕᦹ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌ।ᱦБᝠɹ˗˰Ͳ̓˙͠Ͳລ ɻ⏋ȋ⏃̸ͻ̊Ͳ⏆కঌɹॕɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳȵᅊ႒ਸɹѳࡔɴמՕɴ˱̜͊̒ɐʳΥɫ⏋ ⏃ᄩޅ⏆ѳԃ֗ɴᬠʼʳᐁཕᇕᢦɹΥᨆˁܕ᭬ЦȵՕɐʳɄɭɴʭʱᢧకᇕɲըᏝȵ ӷɇʶʳɄɭɫȡʳȍ[Kuensel 1991 (March 16)] ɭᦚʏ⏋ᄩޅѳԃɴȴȴʳ˱˽̜ˁܕ᭬ ЦɴᢦɌɩʢʰȦɛȦɭɹॕˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦɛ⏏ ǵᄩޅ̜͞˽̶̜ˎͲ̝ɻɗɹ UNDP ȵ፬ჿɐʳ GEF ʦ WWF ɲɰɹܕ᭬ลᬠ⏋Ȳʭʃ ˽˓˽⏋ˠ͞Ͳ̋⏋̨͡˗˙˓⏋̶ˑͲ͞Ͳ̝ɲɰɹعܕకঌȴʰᣂᩆˁɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 8 ๖ 25) Ʉʶʰɹ 2 ᓔɹᇍៜɻ⏋Ϋᦚɹ៨ϟʭʱାᎭ⏏ 26) 1947 ॷɹ˓Ͳ̝Ⴖጓɴ᭬Ɍɩ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ˓Ͳ̝కঌɭ⏋ϯᯆɴᬠɌɩɻ˓Ͳ̝కঌɹ୭ኍɴਃȩɭɹԒ ࢅˁيʞ˓Ͳ̝⏎̸ͻ̊ͲᏝˁᐿᐄɌɩȲʱ⏋ჼܧʢɗɹɴɻೃȵ֓ȭʰʶɩɻȦɲȦ⏏ 27) ܕტɹɄɹᇍៜɻ⏋ᄩޅѳԃɹయᔭɫɌɽɌɽৄᅎɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ፀ 8 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹᅙೆ [Ministry of Planning 1996: 56] ɹμɴʢৄᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ϤͶॷᅙ (1997-2002) ɴʭʶɽ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳᄩޅ̜͞˽̶̜ˎͲ̝ɴࢪɐʳஹ֖ᐵᰎɻ 1,740 Ψ US ̝͡ɭɲɤɩȦʳ [Ministry of Planning 1996: 60]⏏̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻɄɹ̶ˎͲ̝ɹጓ ˁลɴ⏋ᕶးᄩޅѳԃˁᇿᇕɭɌɛஹ֖ˁعܕకঌʦܕ᭬ลᬠɴࢪɌɩዩෑᇕɴ٧ʃȴȿɻɍ ʠɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ 4.3ȁٸ࣭׳੩͈௩ح ǵࡸ᭬ɴ 1990 ॷГᭇ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᄩޅѳԃకፑɹˏ̴ͻ͡ɭஹ֖ɹ٧ʃȴȿɴ٧ਝɐʳ ʭȩɴ⏋ܕࢃԂɴȲȿʳܕஹ֖ᰎȵᰧᤲᇕɴୟ߂Ɍɛ⏏μ߈ᐏ࣌ [Central Statistical Organization 1994: 122] ɴʭʶɽ⏋1989/90 ॷɴ 1 Ӝ 9,830 Ψ Nu ɫȡɤɛஹ֖ᰎɻ⏋ 1990/91 ॷɴɻ 3 Ӝ 10 Ψ Nu⏋1991/92 ॷɴɻ 5 Ӝ 5,370 Ψ Nu⏋1992/93 ॷɴɻ 8 Ӝ 6,680 Ψ Nu ɭɲɤɩȲʱ⏋ॷǾᯃ।ɴᲞȦւغɫވ֓ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ႕ɴ˓Ͳ̝Гɹܕȴʰɹஹ֖ᰎɹވ֓ȵᰒᘿɫȡʱ⏋1992/93 ॷɹܕࢃԂɹԒ៱ˁё ɴɭʳɭ⏋ܕࢃԂɹغᰎ 28 Ӝ 8,090 Ψ Nu ɹȩɠ⏋ȋ˓Ͳ̝కঌɹஹ֖ᰎȍȵܕࢃԂ ɹ 12.6⎾⏃3 Ӝ 6,330 Ψ Nu⏆ˁװʠ⏋ȋɗɹЈɹஹ֖ᰎȍȵܕࢃԂɹ 30.1⎾⏃8 Ӝ 6,680 Ψ Nu⏆ˁװʠɩȦʳ [Central Statistics Organization 1996: 122]⏏ϤͶॷᅙɹϜ፤ɴװʠʳ ˓Ͳ̝కঌɹஹ֖ປȵᑘࢸɌɛΥɫ⏋ɗɹʓȴɹܕʦลᬠȴʰɹஹ֖ປɻވ֓ɌɩȦʳ⏏
5ȅȶఉအ͈༗ంȷ̫͒࢜̀ȇΈυȜΨσ̈́ث͈ಎ̧́ͥȪ1992ාȡȫ
ǵ1992 ॷ 6 ⏋γᅠᇕɲܩჽᄩޅѳԃʍɹลɹᲞʚʱɹμ⏋̸͞˻͡ɹ͠ˠ̚˻̦͑˓ͦ ɫγᅠ 178 Ͷܕȵؒ֓Ɍɩȋᄩޅɭᬖᇍɴᬠɐʳܕ᭬ᦹغЦᡴȍ⏃ᦲዌȋܩჽ˵̜͊̒ȍ⏆ȵ ᬖҼɇʶɛ⏏̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻɄɹЦᡴɴؒ֓Ɍ⏋غઝɇʶɛȋຩҌ֪ɴᬠɐʳܕ᭬ᦹغങ ᏼʛᏝȍɭȋᅊ႒ਸᏝȍɴᠭɌ⏋ᅊ႒ਸ̜́̒˽̜̒ͅɹ୭ࡴˁ؝ȿɛܕɭɌ ɩࡔܧઢˁˏ̴ͻ͡Ɍɛ⏏͠ˠɹܩჽ˵̜͊̒ɹ߂ɹ႕ਐɻȋˏ˻˙Ͳ̋ 21ȍɹغઝɫȡ ʳȵ⏋Ʉʶɴʭɤɩȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍȍෙਥȵܕᦹɹੈχᇕհɭɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ȋගകհȍ ȵିɇʶ⏋ගകɹѳԃɭ፬ჿɹΥᖔհȵተ᠗ɇʶɛ⏏ȋܩჽᄩޅکᰍȍɭɻ⏋Ʉɹܩჽ˵ ̜͊̒ɴʭɤɩໆࡴᇕɴ০ଁɇʶɛᡴᠶങᏼʛɫȡʱ⏋Ʉɹ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɹᬖᇍᩍɴʢ ܩჽ˵̜͊̒ɹᩍȵ߭ࡸɴؙɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦȼ⏏ ǵ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻؾॷɴᬖࠃɌɛፀ 7 ๖ϤͶॷᅙ (1992-97) ɹμɴȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍȍɹ యៜˁʱԂʶ⏋ᄩޅѳԃˁਥᰄɴᒞȦɛ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍˁᩂឹɲకፑᠩᰍɭɌɩеᒞɧȿ ɛ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɻȋᅊ႒ᇕɲਸˁʢȼʢɦܕɹ 1 ɦɫȡʱŔᕶးᣂ྇ɹ३ ঃȦݜᇻɹѳࡔɴȲȦɩ⏋ᬖᇍΫܕɹμɫʢॕࢹɲ⏋ȡʳȦɻڞΥံϠɹеᒞˁװʠʳȍ [Planning Commission 1992: 4-1] ࡔܧɭɌɩயȷՏɇʶ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ̸ͻ̊ͲɹϺǾȵ୫ ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍˁࡸჼɌᕶးᄩޅˁѳԃɐʳɄɭȵ⏋γᅠᇕɴॕࢹɲᅊ႒ᇕ᧨ᅋȲʭʃᅊ႒ ਸɹѳࡔɭȦȩܩჽៀฐɹь٨ɭѝғɹ᧒ଁɴɦɲȵʳɹɞɭɹ᠗ᡫˁኍɌɛ⏏1992 ॷГᭇ⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡ɴ༑ᦲɐʳȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᇍࣙȍɭȦȩᫍෙਥˁʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᄩޅ ѳԃకፑɭ⏋ɗɹਲ਼ᇕɲᔘಕɭɌɩɹȋШᐏᐣ୫⏮ᄩޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ⏃̮ͦໆᡴ⏆ɻ ࢪᇕɴʢয়ɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ ǵ1992 ॷɴɻ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᕶးѳᡸךˁ፬ჿɐʳɛʠɹลᬠɭɌɩᦅህගക࣌ɴᕶးѳԃᨆ ȵсʰʶɛ⏏28) ჼܧɄɹᏼᑩɻ᱔ᨊ̘ˑͲ̺ͻɴȡʳೣᨆɭ⏋9 ɦɹѳᡸךȲʭʃ˱̝͠ͻɹ ፬ჿˁয়ɐʳԇܟᨆȴʰ෯ଁɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ܩჽ˵̜͊̒ɹȋᅊ႒ਸᏝȍɴȡʳȋᅊ႒ ਸɹѳࡔȍˁᦽɌࡸᤋɐʳลᬠɭɌɩɹ৲ւˁʢɦ⏏ ǵʚɛؾॷɴɻ⏋1989 ॷɴጓɇʶɩȦɛܕࢃᄩޅࠇڊЦȵᅙህɹάȴʰՖʱᮐɇʶɩႶ ጓɌɛลᬠɭɲʱ⏋ᄩޅѳԃɴᬠʼʳɐʏɩɹ༎֪ˁᠭɌ⏋ᄩޅɴࢪɐʳᬖᇍɹ৯ᯱˁᠭീ ɐʳณᭉˁήȭʰʶɛ⏏ܕࢃᄩޅࠇڊЦɻɄɹ⏋ܕࢃᄩޅకፑɹݜೣᩍɹፑࡴˁȦ⏋ህ ংดుᇕɴɐʏɩɹకঌลᬠɴᄩޅѳԃʍɹᨗૅˁິʠ⏋ɗʶʰˁᇺែɐʳɭȦȩ߂ȷɲณᭉ ˁʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ 1992 ॷˁߕลɴ̸ͻ̊Ͳɫɻȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᇍࣙȍȲʭʃᄩޅ ѳԃˁμɭɌɛᬖᇍᅙȵጓɩʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗʶʰˁԍкᇕɴᦽɐʳɛʠɹᏼᑩʦลᬠɹ ጓȵሂ๖Ƚʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ ǵɗʶɻܕ᭬ลᬠNGO ɭɹϯ༑ˁѦᦽɐʳكʍʢӈȷ⏋ؾɍ 1992 ॷɴɻȋγᅠᕶးѳ ᡸݜᩆ (WWF)ȍȵ̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɴჼܩϟ֭ଘˁᬖɌɛ⏏WWF ɻ 1977 ॷȴʰ̸ͻ̊Ͳɫ ɹ༎֪ˁࡸేɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ςɲ̺ͦ˫͌͞ɻᦅᬖᇍʦගക፬ჿɴਃϟɐʳϺೳɹᔒଁɫȡ ʱ⏋༎֪Ԓࢅɻ̸ͻ̊Ͳܕȵܕɹ៥ᑇ̺ͦ˫͌͞ˁ؝ȿʳɛʠɹߣᩆɹњήɲɰɴᭉࡴ ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏29) ɌȴɌ⏋1992 ॷɴϟ֭ଘˁᬖɌɛɻ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɫɹϺೳᔒଁɹʓȴ ගക࣌ɭᦹொɌɩܕԒɹᄩޅఠᔒʦᕶးѳᡸךɹ፬ჿɲɰɴዩෑᇕɴொʼʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ǵᓂॷɹ 1993 ॷɴɻ̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɹᕶးѳᡸךɹ፴ܑɭȦɴᬠɌɩ߂३ɲఒ៝ȵ֓ȭʰ ʶ⏋ԃܕɴ 9 ɦɹܕጓԇܟᴚვѳᡸך؏ᕶးѳᡸךȵఒʠɩࡴɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ Ʉɹఒ៝ɴʭɤɩ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᕶးѳᡸךɻܕܤɹ 26.23⎾ˁװʠʳៀฐɭɲɤɛ⏏30) ǵɄɹʭȩɴ 1992 ॷɹܩჽ˵̜͊̒ʍɹؒ֓ˁߕลɴ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍȍ ɭȋᅊ႒ਸɹѳࡔȍˁܕࢃᇕɲᠩᰍɭеᒞɧȿɛ⏏కঌɻȋᅊ႒ਸɹѳࡔȍˁᦽɐ ʳըݜᇻɹҺɴ֗ʠ⏋ɴ̸ͻ̊ͲɹᄩޅకፑˁςࢷɐʳɄɭɭɲʳܕࢃᄩޅࠇڊЦɭග ക࣌ᕶးѳԃᨆˁጓɌɛ⏏1993 ॷɴɻܕԒɹᕶးѳᡸךˁୟ߂ԗࡴɌ⏋ܕܤɹ 26%Г Ϋˁᕶးѳᡸךɴ୭ࡴɌɛ⏏Гᭇ⏋ȋܕܤɹ 60⎾ˁගകɭɌɩᐣ୫ȍɌȋܕܤɹ 4 Օɹ 1 ˁ
28) 1992 ॷয়ಁɻගകᨆ (the Division of the Forestry Services: DoFS) ɴࣚɐʳ 4 ɦɹᠩɹ 1 ɦɭɌɩጓɇʶ⏋ 1999 ॷɴΫɹගകᨆȵගക࣌ɴൔΫɁɴɲʳɭؾಁɴᕶးѳԃᨆɴൔΫɁɇʶɛ⏏
29) WWF Bhutan. http://www.wwfbhutan.org.bt/wwfbhutanenved.htm ⏃2004 ॷ 3 29 )
30) ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻɗɹϟࡸˁܕɴٞሾɐʳɛʠ⏋కঌɻؾॷȋ1993 ॷఒɇʶɛѳᡸך˹˽̘͌ɹᦲሾɹឹᠱ (Application for notification of a revised protected area systems for Bhutan, 1993)ȍˁȩɲɰɌɩȦʳ⏏
ᕶးѳᡸךɴ୭ࡴȍɌɩȦʳɭȦȩဣˁ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲܕȵȋᄩޅˁࡪʱᔒɩʳϺǾȍɫȡʳɄ ɭɹɭɌɩ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻɌɽɌɽரኍɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ ǵܩჽ˵̜͊̒ɹჿਥˁ؝ȿɩጓɇʶɛГΫɹᏼᑩʦըɻ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ֟ˁʢɠɻɍʠʳɹ ɴధॷˁឹɌɛɴɓʭ⏋31) ȋᅊ႒ਸɹѳࡔȍɭȦȩܕ᭬ЦɹឹᠱɴࢪɌɩ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳక ঌɻᦍᦵɴࢪਝɐʳ⏋ɭȦȩઝਲ਼ᝠኍɭɌɩɻמՕɫȡɤɛ⏏1992 ॷɹ WWF ɹ̸ͻ̊Ͳϟ ֭ଘᬖʢ⏋ܕ᭬ஹ֖ɴʭʳᄩޅѳԃɭȦȩకঌɹ˽̊Ͳ˽ˁࡴመɇɓʳݜᇻɭɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ WWF ȵʢɦ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᄩޅѳԃ༎֪ˁܕ᭬Цɴكȿɩᇍѵ ɐʳɄɭˁخᔨɴɌɛ⏏ ǵГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋ܩჽ˵̜͊̒ˁߕลɴ⏋Ѕఠਲ਼ɭШᐏయɴគଠɠɇʶɛᄩޅҙჿȵᅊʛ ՏɌɛɭɇʶʳ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᄩޅςᒶɻ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲయᔭɫѝғɧȿɇʶ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹȋܕయ ȍɻᄩޅѳԃˁॕິɐʳܩჽЦɴɭɤɩಔᇕɲѝғˁʢɦʢɹɭɌɩᝠᢒɇʶʳʭȩɴ ɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏏
6ȅ۪ޏ༗ఘଷ͈ࢹಃȇၑැ̥ͣக͒Ȫ1995 ාȡȫ
ǵ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ 1995 ॷГᭇɇʰɴВʦըɹݜᇻˁӱࡸɇɓ⏋ԍкᇕɲᄩޅకፑɹ ࡸేɴʱȴȴʳ⏏కঌɻ 1995 ॷɴȋ1995 ॷගകɭᕶးɹѳԃɴᬠɐʳВ (Forest and Nature Conservation Act, 1995)ȍˁсଁɌ⏋ᕶးѳᡸךɹȦʦᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹѳᡸ⏋ܤɭອɴᬠ ɐʳکᰍɲɰɴɦȦɩɹៀհˁࡴʠɛ⏏ؾॷɴɻȋ1995 ॷ᩿Ȳʭʃ᩿ቄ፬ჿ (Mine and Minerals Management Act, 1995)ȍʢࡴʠʰʶ⏋ڧϟȴʰᄩޅˁѳᡸɐʳɛʠɹɇʚ Ɋʚɲៀࡴȵࡴʠʰʶɛ⏏Јɫ⏋1993 ॷɴԗࡴɇʶɛ 9 ɦɹᕶးѳᡸךɹȩɠ⏋4 ɦɹ ךݖɹ፬ჿᅙȵʭȩʦȼࡸɴውɇʶɛɹʢ 1995 ॷɫȡɤɛ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ፬ჿᅙˁ ࡸేɐʳɛʠɹᣂᩆɭϺೳˁተѳɫȷʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏏1996 ॷɴɻ⏋కঌɻ UNDP ɹ ஹ֖ɹάɫ՟ɹԍкᇕɲȋᅊ႒ਸˏ˪˹͚Ͳ̺͞ͲȍˁᇍᝠɌ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᅊ႒ਸɹ ჼႥȲʭʃѳࡔɹɛʠɹࢪፑɹႥɭɗɹՕഓˁݬٚɌɛ⏏1997 ॷɴԂʳɭፀ 8 ๖ϤͶॷ ᅙ (1997-2002) ȵᬖࠃɇʶʳȵ⏋ɄʶɴЫȦ⏋፬ჿᅙɹࡸేɇʶɩȦɲȦʱ 5 ɦɹᕶး ѳᡸךɹȩɠ 2 Ͷଘɹ፬ჿᅙȵᬖࠃɇʶɛ⏏ǵɦɧȼ 1998 ॷɴɻܕࢃᄩޅࠇڊЦɴʭɤɩȏȋμ᧑ (The Middle Pass)ȍܕࢃᄩޅᅭȑȵ сଁɇʶɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɻ 90 ॷБГᭇ⏋ܕტˁμਕɭɌɩ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌȵரڟɌɩȷɛȋШᐏᐣ ୫⏮ᄩޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻɴݜɧȼႶᕶɹȋGNHȍਲ਼ˁተ᠗Ɍɦɦ⏋21 γᏛʍكȿɛᬖ ᇍჿਥˁரڟɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ȋμ᧑ȍɭȦȩᅎɻ⏋ෑጩɴᣬʰɲȦμɹጓݭɭȦȩઝ
31) ϺೳʦᢧకΫɹըᏝʢȡʱ⏋ᕶးѳᡸךɹዀᇕ፬ჿȵࡸɴውɇʶɛɹɻܕ᭬ஹ֖ˁɩᣂᩆˁተѳɫȷʳ ʭȩɴɲɤɛ 1995 ॷГᭇɫȡʳ⏏
٢ˁʢɦȵ⏋Јɫ⏋ȋ2 ɦɹෑጩɐɲʼɠံ⏋ు।ɲɰɹࢪጓɌɛγᅠ៎ˁᣳᣴɌɛ ɌȦࡱఠᇕጓݭȍˁኍɐЅఠᅎɫʢȡʱ⏋Гάɹయጟɫʢ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻЅఠᇕɲઝ٢غ ȦˁيઝɌɩȦɛɭᓒȭɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏏
ᐁཕᇕɲᦽȵৄȷᣱɄɐ፬ჿέخᔨɲکᰍȵᝠʶʳɹɫ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ⏋ܕɹయᇕៀ ፴ɭرᇕ᧨ᅋɭࢰഀɹγБɹᅊ༎ɹᣒˁாɲȩɄɭɲȼჼܧɹϺؤɹᅊ༎ອྈˁΫɁʳɛ ʠ⏋୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍɹȋμ᧑ȍˁ᧧˃ɫȷɛ [National Environment Commission 1998: 14]⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋ȏȋμ᧑ȍܕࢃᄩޅᅭȑɫɻ⏋కঌȵᬖᇍˁ፬ჿɐʳ᭬ɴ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɴɻ 4 ɦɹ߂ ȷɲգဣȵȡʳɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹȩɠɹ 1 ɦɹգဣɭɌɩ⏋ȋ႒ᣒᇕɲᢌȴɇɴؙࢪɌᏄኜᇕ ɲʢɹˁᠭɐʳ⏋ܕ⏃̸ͻ̊Ͳ⏆ɹȦ߂ώЅఠయɹμɴȡʳʢɹȍˁȋɲ٢ȍɭ ɌɩȡɁɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹဣȴʰʢ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɹᄩޅςᒶʦᬖᇍଵըɭȦȩకፑˁ᧧ିɐʳᔘಕɭ Ɍɩȋ߂ώЅఠɹᏄኜਸȍȵஹᅎɇʶɩȦʳᨆՕˁʛɩɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ǵ1999 ॷɴɻ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒ȵ 9 ɦɹᕶးѳᡸךʦܕጓԇܟɹᬚˁᕶᅓɴ৵ഀɫȷʳʭȩ⏋ͩ˓ ̝͡͞˓̶˱̝͠ͻȵࡴɇʶɛ⏏˱̝͠ͻɹᐵᯆዩɻܕܤɹ 9⎾ɴؖʃ⏋ტ߮ˏ˹̝͡ ˻ͩͲ͐ͩͲ͖̍̒˪ (Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck) ɻ⏋˱̝͠ͻɹᒞɻȋ̸ͻ̊
1ȁ1993 ාոஜ͈ήȜΗϋ͈ুட༗ࢌ౷֖
ՏԎ⏧Department of Forestry Survices, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan 2003: 19 ɴݜɧȷсଁ⏏
ͲɹϺǾȴʰܩჽɴࢪɐʳᣝʱ႒ȍɫȡʳɭɤɛ⏏1993 ॷɴԗࡴɇʶɛᕶးѳᡸךɹᯆ ዩ⏃ܕܤɹ 26.23⎾⏆ɴృɛɴࡴɇʶɛͩ˓̝͡͞˓̶˱̝͠ͻɹᯆዩˁ⏃ܕܤɹ 9⎾⏆ غʼɓʳɭ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɹᕶးᄩޅѳԃɹɛʠɹךݖɻغɫܕܤɹ 35.23⎾ɴؖʉɄɭɭ ɲɤɛ⏃ܒ 1, ܒ 2 ˁؒ၇⏆⏏ ǵᕶးѳᡸךݖȵୟ߂ԗᑂଁɇʶ⏋ᬖᇍᅙԃкɴȲȦɩȋШᐏᐣ୫⏮ᄩޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ ˧ͻȵࡴመɐʳΥɫ⏋ፀ 8 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹஹ֖కፑɫɻГάɹʭȩɲ៨ᦚȵʛʰʶʳ⏏ ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᄩޅకፑɻ⏋ܕ᭬Цɹክኔɹɛʠɴʢ⏋ɹᇿฌ⏃୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍ⏆ˁ᧒ଁɐ ʳɛʠɴʢਖឹέخ๕ɫȡʳȵ⏋GDP ʦᐁ।գᇰȵ࿃ܧᇕɴཝࢹɐʳɭȦȩ႞႓˱˽̜ ȵȡʳ⏏ᄩޅకፑˁʰɲȿʶɽ⏋ʭʱ߂ៀฐɲගകФूᬖᇍ᩿៎ӵɲɰȵգ ᅎخᔨɫȡʳɹɞȴʰ [Ministry of Planning 1996]⏏32) 32) ୠ্Ԓɻፆᓔ⏏ 2ȁ࡛ह͈ήȜΗϋ͈ুட༗ࢌߊ͂χͼσΡρͼέȆςΡȜ
ՏԎ⏧Department of Forestry Survices, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan 2003: 19 ɴݜɧȷсଁ⏏
ƦRoyal Manas National Park ƧJigme Dorji National Park ƨJigme Singye Wangchuck National Park ƩBomdeling Wildlife Sanctuary ƪSakteng Wildlife Sanctuary ƫThrumsingla National Park ƬPhibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary ƭTorsa Strict Nature Reserve ƮKhaling Wildlife Sanctuary
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ៨ᦚɻ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɹϺǾˁȋᕶʰɹᐁཕᇍࣙˁ႞႓ɴɌɩܩჽᄩޅɹѳԃɴ֗ ʠʳߑЇᓔȍɭɌɩயȷՏɐʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹɻ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᕶးѳᡸךˁȋܩჽʍɹᣝ ʱ႒ȍɭɌɩᝠᢒɐʳტ߮ˏ˹̝͡˻ͩͲ͐ͩͲ͖̍̒˪ɹᇍៜȴʰʢؾɴ࢘ɫȷ ʳ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ⏋ȋܩჽЦɹɛʠɹᄩޅѳԃకፑȍɴʭɤɩ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᐁཕᇍࣙɻ႞႓ ɴɲɤɩȲʱ⏋ܕ᭬ЦɻɗɹБӤˁଡȩʏȷɞ⏋ɭɹᠶჿɴʭɤɩ⏋ஹ֖ˁ؝ȿᐚȿʳкը ˁয়Ɍɛɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵᄩޅѳԃкըɹ෯፷ɻ 2000 ॷГᭇʢᦽʠʰʶ⏋ܕࢃᄩޅࠇڊЦɻ 2000 ॷɴȋ2000 ॷᄩ ޅˏ́˽͍Ͳ̜ (Environment Assessment Act, 2000)ȍˁсଁɌɛ⏏ɄɹВɻ⏋కঌȲʭ ʃᬚɹᬖᇍဤɴȲȿʳᄩޅᨗૅ⏋ᄩޅ৯ᯱѝ⏋̢͐̊͠Ͳ˫ፈɴɦȦɩࡴʠɩȲʱ⏋ع ህংɻᄩޅɴᬠɐʳᨆᒠˁਖɑᒞɐʏȷɭɇʶɛ⏏ˏ́˽͍Ͳ̜ɹсଁɴʭɤɩ⏋ܕࢃ ᄩޅࠇڊЦɻܕࢃᄩޅకፑɹݜೣᩍፑࡴɭȦȩᩂឹɲ৲ւˁȩɭؾಁɴ⏋ህংดుᇕɴɐ ʏɩɹకঌลᬠɴᄩޅѳԃʍɹᨗૅˁິʠ⏋ɗʶʰˁᇺែɐʳɭȦȩ߂ȷɲณᭉˁʳʭȩɴ ɲɤɛ⏏2000 ॷɴɻʚɛ⏋ɐɫɴేɇʶɩȦʳȋ1995 ॷගകɭᕶးɹѳԃɴᬠɐʳВȍ ɹᧅˁࢅ౫ɴɐʳɛʠɴȋ2000 ॷගകȲʭʃᕶးɹѳԃɹɛʠɹៀհȲʭʃៀࡴ (Forest and Nature Conservation Rules and Regulations, 2000)ȍȵсଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɴȲȿʳᄩޅѳԃɹ֗ȵɇʚɊʚɲըʦВˁɭȲɌɩخែɇʶʳΥ ɫ⏋2002 ॷɴɻܩჽ˵̜͊̒ȴʰ 10 ॷˁᐁɩȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍɴᬠɐʳγᅠ᱔ᔶЦᡴ (WSSD)33) ȍ⏃ᦲዌ̩̦͜˽̸͡˪˵̜͊̒⏆ȵᬖҼɇʶɛ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ˵̜͊̒ሁմ⏋ ጓɩᐚȿɴᅊ႒ዛʦయ᧨ᅋɹѳࡔˁᇿᇕɭɌɛȦȼɦȴɹᏝȲʭʃᡴࡴೆʍɹᠭˁɤ ɛ⏏2001 ॷ 10 ɴɻȋγᅠ᧨ᅋᏝȍ⏋2002 ॷ 8 ɴɻȋᐓྙɴɐʳ֪ඨ႒ɹܕ᭬ৄ ɴᬠɐʳᏝ⏧CITIES34)ȍ⏋ȋຩҌ֪ɴᬠɐʳܕ᭬ᦹغങᏼʛᏝɹϴᨊᡴࡴೆȍ⏋ȋ̫ͻ̄͡ Ꮭȍ⏋ȋᅊ႒ɹਸɴᬠɐʳᏝɹ̫˓ˠ́ͻ̶̘ˑɴᬠɐʳˡ̼̠̊͡ᡴࡴೆȍɴɗʶə ʶᠭɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ؾɍȼ 2002 ॷɴɻ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɫȋᅊ႒ਸˏ˪˹͚Ͳ̺͞Ͳ (Biodiversity Action Plan)ȍȵᬖࠃɇʶɛ⏏
ǵ˵̜͊̒ሁմɴܕ᭬Ꮭʍጓɩᐚȿɴ֓ᇸᠭɌ⏋ᄩޅˏ́˽͍Ͳ̜ʦᅊ႒ਸˏ˪ ˹͚Ͳ̺͞ͲˁсଁɌɩ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻȴɲʱɹዐઝᡫᇕɴ̩̦͜˽̸͡˪˵̜͊̒ʍ كȿɛкըсʱˁᦽʠɛɭȦɤɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏏“Our Common Future” ȵᇍᝠɇʶɛ 1987 ॷ Гഀ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲȋܩჽᄩޅکᰍȍɹങᏼʛȵ০ଁɇʶʳዐɴᠭˁغʼ ɓʳʭȩɴ⏋ᄩޅѳԃɹɛʠɹкըˁȭɩȷɛ⏏ 33) ᦲዌȋ̩̦͜˽̸͡˪˵̜͊̒ȍ2002 ॷ 8 26 ȴʰ 9 4 ʚɫ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹ̩̦͜˽̸͡˪ɫᬖҼ ɇʶɛ⏏Цᡴɴɻ 190 ͶܕకঌɹБᝠȲʭʃ 104 Ϻɹ᱔ᔶɹʓȴᅋᅠʦᯃకঌᏼᑩ (NGO)⏋ܩᕶк ʦዀᓔɹБᝠɲɰ 6 ΨϺГΫȵؒ֓Ɍ⏋رΫ߂ៀฐɹЦᡴɴɲɤɛ⏏ 34) ᦲዌȋͩ˹Ͳ̜ͲᏝȍ⏏2002 ॷ 8 2 ᠭ⏋2003 ॷ 8 ଫԸ⏏
ǵ1990 ॷɹ̮ͦໆᡴГᭇɻ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɹᬖᇍకፑɹԃкɴȲȦɩ⏋Ѕఠਲ਼ɴݜɧȼႶᕶɹ Шᐏయɹᐣ୫ȵᄩޅѳԃɴᑦȵʳɭɹ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ⏃ȋШᐏᐣ୫⏮ᄩޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ⏆ ȵς༑ɭɲʱ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻᄩޅςᒶˁ̸ͻ̊ͲɹȋܕయȍɭɌɩᝠᢒɐʳʭȩɴɲ ʳ⏏ܩჽ˵̜͊̒ɴӴᱤȿʳɄɭ 2 ॷմɴ̮ͦໆᡴˁᇍᝠɌɛɄɭȴʰʢ࢘ɫȷʳʭȩɴ⏋ ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻɄʶʚɫɹᏝ 10 ॷᬚ⏋।ɴ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲᄩޅѳԃɹ࿈༑ɴచઢɫȡɤɛ⏏͜ ̩̦˽̸͡˪˵̜͊̒ɴ᭬Ɍɩʢёɫɻɲȼ⏋ᄩޅѳԃˁɁʳܕɫȡʳɄɭˁគɧȿʳ ըсʱ⏃ܕ᭬Ꮭʍɹᠭ⏋ᄩޅѳԃɹɛʠɹВʦը⏆ˁϟմɴȭɛȩȭɫЦᡴɴᕵ ˃ɫȦɛ⏏ᄩޅѳԃˁܕ౸ɭɐʳܕܕࢃɭɌɩɹᕶैᝠᢒɻ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹకঌɭܕɴஹ֖ɭ Ȧȩ০ɹᢧˁήȭ⏋ؾಁɴܕ᭬ЦɴȲȿʳؿ᠕ȡʳܩеɭɗʶɴЫȩ᠔ʱˁήȭɩȷɛɹɫ ȡʳ⏏
̤ȁͩȁͤȁͅ
ǵೣዣɫɻගകɭᕶးᄩޅɹ፬ჿɭѳԃɴȴȴʼʳᡉకፑˁಁᏙ՞ᇕɴჿɌ⏋عಁೝɹ႕ਐ ˁኍɐμɫ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȿʳᄩޅకፑɹرᇕ᧦ˁயȷՏɗȩɭ᠅ʛɛ⏏ɗɹɲȴɫʢ႕ ɴගകɹ፬ჿɭᬖᇍˁᇿᇕɭɌɛకፑȴʰᕶးᄩޅɹѳԃˁςሗɭɌɛకፑʍɭውɌɩȦɤ ɛಁೝȵȦɦɫȡʳɹȴɭȦȩဣɴᇿɌ⏋ɗʶʰɹకፑᇕɲ᥊ழဣˁ⏋ܩჽᄩޅѳԃʦᅊ႒ ਸɭȦɤɛ 90 ॷБГᭇɴܩჽៀฐɫ৯ᯱˁʢɠɻɍʠɛѝғ៎ʦ࿈༑ɭɹᬠѥɹμɫ ᓒ࢘Ɍɛ⏏ ǵ̸ͻ̊Ͳɻჼܧ⏋ᄩޅѳԃˁܕ౸ɭɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹకፑɻೣɫʢʭȼሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏̸ͻ ̊Ͳɫɻܕܤɹ 60⎾ГΫȵගകɴុʼʶ⏋ɇʰɴܕܤɹ 26⎾ȵᕶးѳᡸךɴ୭ࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ܕ 1 Ϻȡɛʱɹගകᯆዩˁᓒȭʳɭ⏋γᅠॶܯɹ 0.65 ha ɴࢪɌɩ̸ͻ̊Ͳɫɻ 4.82 ha ɫ ȡʱ⏋γᅠॶܯɹ 7.5 ҆ɭɲɤɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ʚɛؾɍ̯͇͓͞ܩݖɹ᭰ܕ̦̮ͻ͡ɴ Ȳȿʳܕ 1 Ϻȡɛʱɹගകᯆዩɻ 0.26 ha ɫȡʱ⏋ؾɍʭȩɲᅊᄩޅάɴȡʳܕɭປᥒɌ ɩʢ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹගകɻʭȼѳࡔɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ჼܧɹɄɹʭȩɲᢌȴɲගകȵʳᔘಕɭɌɩ⏋ ɌɽɌɽ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɹᄩޅѳԃకፑʦ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹܕఠɫȡʳ߂ώЅఠɹਲ਼ȵᄩޅѳԃҙჿ ˁيʞɭȦȩဣȵᠭɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɴȲȦɩᄩޅѳԃˁᇿᇕɭɌɛక ፑȵʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻɄɹ 10 ॷᬚɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶГմɻᦏБɹɹμɫয়ಁ ʓɭ˃ɰڞΥɹᢪკ྇ɫȡɤɛගകᣂ྇ɻФɇʶೡ֓ूɹΥ๖ᅋڃɭɌɩᇵ˃ɴᥥՏɇ ʶɩȦɛ⏏ ǵ̸ͻ̊Ͳɫᐁཕᬖᇍɹɛʠɹകȵᬖࠃɇʶɛɹɻ 1956 ॷɹɄɭɫȡʱ⏋႕ɴᨆܩݖˁ μਕɴගകФϟȵʼʶɛ⏏1961 ॷȴʰɻϤͶॷᅙɭɌɩᏼᑩᇕɲගകФɭெȵ ᬖࠃɇʶɩȲʱ⏋1966 ॷȴʰᬖࠃɇʶɛፀ 2 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻ⏋ᨆɴҥɤɩȦɛФϟ ȵᨆܩݖɴʢୟ߂ɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ̘ˑͲ̺ͻɭ˓Ͳ̝ܕޅˁɦɲȽᕶ֪᧑ȵҺɇʶ⏋ೠೳɹெᐁᤉȵተѳɇʶɛɄɭʦ⏋᱔ᨊ̘ˑͲ̺ͻɹলϟɴЫɤɩధɹೠ ೳȵਖឹɭɇʶɩȦɛɄɭɲɰȵᔘಕɭɌɩ߂ȷȦɞʸȩ⏏ɗȩɌɛɲȴɫ 1969 ॷɴɲʳɭ ̸ͻ̊Ͳ՟ɹගകȵԇ॒ɇʶ⏋ɗʶɴʭɤɩ̸ͻ̊ͲܕԒɹɐʏɩɹගകȵܕɇʶɛ⏏ ǵ1971 ॷȴʰɻɍʚʳፀ3๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻ⏋ക᧑ˁҺɌɩ᧙᭧ܩȴʰɹФᩄˁވʦɐ ɄɭˁᅙɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ፀ 3 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻඨകɴʭʳගകᯆዩɹᐣ୫ȵ᠅ ʛʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗɹᩍɻ 1974 ॷɴԇ॒ɇʶɛගകకፑɴጩᇕɴჼʶɩȲʱ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢܕ ܤᯆዩɹ60⎾ˁੈχᇕɴගകɭɌɩᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭȵܕࢃᇿฌɭɌɩࡴʠʰʶɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ܕܤ ɹ 2 ւГΫɹܩݖˁᴚვѳᡸךʦѳᡸകɴ୭ࡴɌɛȵ⏋႕ɴԍкᇕɲ፬ჿᅙȵጓɩʰʶʳ Ʉɭɻɲȼ⏋ؿᇿᇕɲʢɹɴᅥʚɤɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹಁೝ⏋కঌɻܤޚ༡ᰩˁᬿȹڧᅎФˁᐙᐚ ɐʳɛʠɴගകᣂ྇ˁѳԃɌɛȦɭᓒȭɩȦɛȵ⏋ɴᠭɇʶʳʭȩɲᅊകɹѳԃɭȦȩ ʭȩɲᓒȭɻʚɞᅊʚʶɩȦɲȴɤɛɭȦɤɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏏ ǵ1979 ॷɴɲʳɭ̸ͻ̊ͲɹܕЦɻᬚᓔɴʭʳගകФˁኧɍ⏋Фϟȵܕɇʶ ʳɭ⏋కঌɻೠೳᅋ˱Ͳ̲̠ͻ̜ˁলɌ⏋ೠೳˁغɲɰɴ֓ूɌɩЊ֓ѝғˁЊȿɩᥥ ՏɐʳɄɭˁ᠅ʛɻɍʠɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ᬚᓔɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ΥᖔɹᦅɹගകգᅎɴࢪɌɩ ʢЦകɹࢷԂˁɭȲɌɩ፬ჿˁᦽʠʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ 1980 ॷБ ˁɭȲɌɩകɹܕˁᦽʠ⏋ɐʏɩɹගകᣂ྇ɴࢪɐʳμ߈ᮃณᇕɲ፬ჿˁᦽʠɩȦȼ⏏ ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋1986 ॷȴʰ 1987 ॷɴȴȿɩȦȷɐȹɛέ᧟ՖɲගകФɴʭɤɩࢀᛚȵ߂ ᩄᇍᅊɌ⏋ɗʶɴʭɤɩ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹගകɻ߂ៀฐɲࢀˁ؝ȿɛ⏏ ǵɄɹϟˁ؝ȿʳʭȩɴ⏋1987 ॷȴʰɻɍʚɤɛፀ 6 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɫɻගകɭᩃᅊᅊ႒ᣂ ྇ˁ୫ᐚᇕɴ፬ჿɌѳԃɐʳɄɭɹᩂឹਸˁɄʶʚɫГΫɴᠭɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ؾɍ 1987 ॷɴɻᄩޅѳԃ̺ͦ˫͌͞ɹᦽςкɭɌɩტࢃɹஹ֖ɹάɴტጓᕶးѳᡸתЦȵጓ ɇʶ⏋1989ॷɴɻܕტɹ֥ВɴʭʱܕࢃᄩޅకፑɹݜೣᩍˁࡴʠʳܕࢃᄩޅࠇڊЦȵጓ ɇʶʳɲɰ⏋ፀ6๖ϤͶॷᅙೝˁߕลɴᄩޅѳԃɹɛʠɹըʦลᬠȵǾɴҺɇʶɻɍ ʠɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄʶʰɹకፑʦลᬠȵࡸᣒᇕɲ৯ᯱˁʢɦɛʠɴɻࢹɌಁᬚȵਖឹɫȡɤɛȵ⏋Ʉɹಁೝ ɴ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌȵᄩޅѳԃʍɭӃ҉ɌɻɍʠɛɭȦȩဣȵᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹᔘಕɭɌɩ৯ᯱȵ ȡɤɛɭਲ਼ȭʳకႥȲʭʃਲ਼࿈༑ˁȡɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ʚɑፀ 1 ɴᓒȭʰʶʳɹɻ 1987ॷɴᄩޅɭᬖᇍɴᬠɐʳγᅠࠇڊЦȵᇍᝠɌɛᄩޅݬٚೆŋOur Common FutureŌɹ৯ᯱ ɫȡʸȩ⏏ɄɹݬٚೆɻܩჽៀฐɹᄩޅቑޙɴఒʠɩᡰˁᴡʰɌ⏋ȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍȍɹෙ ਥˁɻɍʠɩரڟɌɛဣɫγᅠعܕɴᯃ।ɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻ ɭʭɽʶʳਸ਼ᦽᇕɲᄩޅਲ਼ȵᇵʱΫȵʱˁʛɓ⏋ȋϺᬚᯃμਕςᒶȍɹᕶး៎ˁߣɌɩȦ ɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹਲ਼࿈༑ɹ৯ᯱɻ 1988 ॷɴᇍɇʶɛ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹృᓬ៨ϟɹμɴʛʳɄɭȵɫ ȷʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻЅఠਲ਼ɹμɴȡʳȋᕶးɭɹԊᅊȍʦȋɐʏɩɹᅊȷ႒ɹࢴᩂȍɭȦȩᓒȭ
ȵ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹਲ਼ʦࡸᤋɭԊᦲɐʳɭɹᓒȭȵ౩ተɴኍɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ ǵЅఠਲ਼ɭɗɹШᐏȵᕶးᄩޅѳԃˁ֖ȿࢷȼɭȦȩᓒȭɻ 1990 ॷɴᇍᝠɇʶɛ̮ͦໆᡴ ɹμɫఒʠɩ౩ተɴኍɇʶʳɄɭɭɲʳ⏏̮ͦໆᡴɹᇍᝠɻ 90 ॷБГᭇɹ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᬖᇍక ፑȲʭʃᄩޅకፑɹᩍˁໆࡴɧȿʳ៨ਥብᇕɲɫȷɅɭɭɲʱ⏋Ʉɹ᭬ɴ০сʰʶɛȋШ ᐏᐣ୫⏮ᄩޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻɻ 90 ॷБˁɭȲɌɩ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɹకፑɹμɫɌɽɌɽ ᠭɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋80 ॷБץȴʰ 90 ॷБմץɴȴȿɩɻ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɹܕԒɫ ɻ̦̮ͻ͡Ꮩзɹܕ༑ՏɭᮑɭȦȩᯃ।ɴ߂ȷɲకکᰍˁୃȭɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹႥȵ ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹకፑໆࡴɴࢹɲȴʰɑ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȦɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ 80 ॷБɹץȴʰܕ̈Ͳˡɹьᅎʦ႕ࡴɹខɹመᅎˁᒶ֭Ɍ⏋ ϺǾɴȋШᐏᇕȍәсʦીᓃˁ᧤ࡪɇɓ⏋ɗʶʰˁȋܕయȍɭɌɩ᤹кɐʳʭȩɴ ິʠɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌɗɹకፑɻΥɫ̸ͻ̊Ͳɴధ࣎зɐʳ̦̮ͻ͡ᏙɹϺǾɹయʦીᓃ ɴغᕹɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ܕɹ؏ൔʢȡɤɩᐄഗᇕɴᮑ༑ՏˁৄȷᣱɄɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗ ɹɛʠ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɹకፑɻȋȍகЈᇕɲయѳᡸకፑɫȡʳɭɌɩܕ᭬Цȴʰᯃᮑˁ ༟ʃɦɦȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹμɫకঌɻ̮ͦໆᡴˁᇍᝠɌ⏋ȋЅఠਲ਼ɴݜɧȼᄩޅѳԃȍʦȋШᐏ ᐣ୫⏮ᄩޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻˁɭȲɌɩ⏋ɗʶʰɹయѳᡸకፑˁᄩޅѳԃɹɛʠɹ᠅ʛɭ ɌɩԗࡴеɌʭȩɭɌɩȦɛ⏏ ǵʚɛ̚ˑͻ̺˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲɰɹᄩޅςᒶɴʛʰʶʳᦏБయ౩ଫՠɹүᯆɻ⏋90 ॷБГᭇܕ ტȵᇵ˃ɴரڟɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛܕᐵॺክᩄ (GNH) ɭȦȩෙਥɴʢʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏Ʉ ʶɻܕᐵᅊᅋᩄ(GNP)ȵਚكɐʳ႒ᣒᇕѝғɹᦠິɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ܕɹᏄኜᇕӱˁᩂែ ɐʏȷɭɹჿਥɫȡʱ⏋ȋ႒ᣒςᒶɭᏄኜςᒶɭɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ɭᠭٮȍˁॕິɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻȋШᐏᐣ୫⏮ᄩޅѳԃȍ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻɹʢɭɴ 90 ॷБˁɭȲɌɩᄩޅѳ ԃʍɭӃ҉ɌɩȦȼȵ⏋ɗɹ᭬⏋ȋ̸ͻ̊Ͳɹᕶးᄩޅɭᅊ႒ਸȍɻܩჽɴɭɤɩᢵᩂ ɲ᧨ᅋɫȡʱɗɹѳࡔɹɛʠɹ˱˽̜ɻܩჽЦԃкȵᢦɐʳʏȷɭςɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ 1991ॷɹȋ̸ͻ̊Ͳᄩޅ̜͞˽̶̜ˎͲ̝ȍɹጓɻɄɹςˁគɧȿʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋Ʉɹ ̶ˎͲ̝ˁɭȲɌɩకঌɻᡉܕʦܕ᭬ลᬠȴʰᰎɹᄩޅஹ֖ˁკɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ǵɄɹಁೝɹγᅠᇕɲܩჽᄩޅѳԃʍɹลɹᲞʚʱɻ 1992 ॷɹܩჽ˵̜͊̒ɴʭɤɩΥਝ ɹզ᧒ဣˁʛɩȲʱ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲకঌʢɄɹЦᡴɴؒ֓Ɍɛ⏏ɄɄɫغઝɇʶɛȋˏ˻˙Ͳ̋ 21ȍɫɻȋ୫ᐚخᔨɲᬖᇍȍෙਥȵܕᦹɹੈχᇕհɭɇʶɛ⏏̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ 1992 ॷȴʰ ᬖࠃɇʶɛፀ 7 ๖ϤͶॷᅙɹμɫᦵɄɹෙਥˁʱԂʶ⏋ᄩޅѳԃˁਥᰄɴȲȦɛ୫ᐚ خᔨɲᬖᇍˁᩂឹɲకፑᠩᰍɭɌɩеᒞɧȿɛ⏏ ǵɄɹಁೝГᭇ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɹᄩޅѳԃకፑɻჿਥɞȿɫɻɲȼࡸᤋˁЫɤɩԍкɇʶ ʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ɲȴɫʢᦅህගക࣌ɴᕶးѳԃᨆȵጓɇʶɛɄɭɻᅙೝᇕɫȡʱ⏋ܩჽ ˵̜͊̒ɫᩂឹᠩᰍɹ 1 ɦɭɲɤɛȋᅊ႒ਸɹѳࡔȍɭȦȩܕ᭬ЦɹឹᠱɴࢪɌɩ⏋
1993 ॷɴɻɄɹลᬠɹάɫ 9 ɦɹܕጓԇܟᴚვѳᡸך؏ᕶးѳᡸךȵԗࡴɇʶ⏋ܕ ܤɹ 26⎾ГΫȵȦʼʪʳᕶးѳᡸךɭɌɩ୭ࡴɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹᕶးѳᡸךɻ Ʉɹɹɠ 2 ॷȴʰ 5 ॷɹᬚɴǾɴܕ᭬ᇕɲᣂᩆஹ֖ˁɩࡸᣒᇕɲѳᡸ༎֪ˁᬖࠃɐʳʭ ȩɴɲɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ᣂᩆȵʰʶɑೡɞɴлʰ༎֪ȵʼʶɩȦɲȦѳᡸךʢȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲ ȵʰ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲకঌɻɄɹಁೝГᭇ⏋ѳᡸךɹࡸ֟ਸɻɇɩȲȷ⏋ȋܕܤɹ 60⎾ГΫˁගകɭ Ɍɩᐣ୫ȍɌ⏋ȋܕܤɹ 4 Օɹ 1 ˁᕶးѳᡸךɴ୭ࡴɌɩȦʳȍɭȦȩဣˁ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳܕȵ ȋᕶးˁࡪʱᔒɩʳȍయˁʢɦϺǾɫȡʳɄɭɹɭɌɩɌɽɌɽᠭɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋Ʉʶʰɹࡸ᭬ɹᄩޅకፑɴ֓ȭ⏋ᏄኜᇕѝғˁᠭɌᐁཕᬖᇍʭʱᄩޅѳԃˁӦӴɐʳ ɭȦȩჿਥɴʭɤɩ⏋̸ͻ̊ͲɻܩჽᄩޅѳԃɴȲȦɩܕ᭬ᇕɴȋؿ᠕ȡʳܩеȍˁკɌɛ ɭȦȭʳ⏏ ǵ̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻμܕɭ˓Ͳ̝ɴ୳ʚʶɛܩకᇕɲႥɹμɫ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɭɹϠܕᬚᬠѥɹμ ɴɹʛᅊȷʳˁឿՏɇɊʳˁɲȴɤɛɗʶʚɫɹႥɴປɌɩ⏋႕ɴ 1990 ॷБГᭇ⏋ ႶᕶɹᬖᇍᤉᐻɭᄩޅకፑˁଠɠՏɐɄɭɫ⏋˓Ͳ̝ˁЂɇɲȦ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲ᯿ݖɫᕶैᝠᢒ ɹลЦˁკɌ⏋ஹ֖ˁკɐʳ᧑ፉˁɦȿʳɄɭɴଁ֒Ɍɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌɻ 1980 ॷБʚɫɹᬚ⏋ܕԒɹගകᣂ྇ʦϺᇕᣂ྇ˁᬖᇍɐʳɄɭɫᐁཕᇍࣙˁᇿ୭Ɍ⏋ៜʦ ខɴʭɤɩЈܕɭɹेᅵˁᠭɐʳܕయˁɦȼʱՏɗȩɭ᠅ʛɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ 1990 ॷБ Гᭇ⏋ʞɌʸᬖᇍଵըɹᩍˁʱ⏋ᕶးᄩޅɹѳԃˁܕ౸ɭɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ᄩޅςᒶɭȦȩ˫ ͦͻ̫͡ɲѝғˁܕయ⏋ᕶैˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑɭɌɩᅎɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ගകɹ፬ჿɭ ᬖᇍˁᇿᇕɭɌɛకፑȴʰᕶးᄩޅɹѳԃˁςሗɭɌɛకፑʍɭውʱʼɤɩȦȼ̸ͻ̊Ͳక ঌɹకፑɹ᧦ɻ⏋ेᅵˁᠭɐʳܕయȴʰ⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲѝғɭɹԊᦲਸˁᠭɐʳܕ యɹ০ଁʍɭᩍˁ᥊ழɌɩȦɤɛ⏋ܕయ০ଁɹ 1 ɦɹᩂឹɲүᯆˁயȷՏɌɩȦ ʳ⏏ ४ȁࣉȁȁࡃ Υ๖ᣂష⏧̸ͻ̊Ͳకঌ႒ݬٚೆృᓬɲɰ
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