TRD MEithemmatics 1 5 一 2 (1979)
ON A STRUCTURE OF GRAPHS WITH W−SETS
Jin AKIYAMA and Mroshi ERA 〔Received NOvemiber 16, 1979) AbstTact ln our−previous paper [1】,we investigated the propeτties on the cohesive− ness of a point. As a natural extension, we define the cohesiveness fbr a point subset. The co力e⑤エve孕ess c(且ノ of a po」tロt sロbset H of a graph G is dbfined by the differenceκ‘GノーK‘G一即. A point subset H of a graph is called a旬」se亡if it satisfies‘ユノσ‘日,<0, f2/c‘互り>a(H, for aロリ5ロbset 日゜⊂冴, and (3) σf冴っ ≧σ‘冴ノ fb’ang●ロbset H“⊃日. The mtion of a w−set is ageneralizati㎝of a cut−set of a graph. Our purpose of this paper is to detelnnine tbe structures of graphs with at least two ”−sets・ §1.1班…FINITIONS AND NO肛ATION. The connectivゴtg K=K‘G/of a graph G of oτdeτρ唾th point set v is the miniiiu皿.コ画〕er of POints whose removal results ヰn a disconnected or a trivial gra画・th・・。σa・。。垣ec・ゴ鞠・G‘w♪・f加・n。脳1j㏄㎝t p・int・・孤d・・f G is the minimm nu血ber of points 諭ose removal separates ロ and v. Ifロ and v are adj acent and H = G 一 ロv, then colmectivity Kσfロ,ワ, in G is defilled as KHr・・vノ… Clea・ly f・・飢y・。nt・ivi・1 9r・ph・G・we}Vave・K‘G,=曲{KG‘u’v):ロ’vεy’ufv}・th・・eighb。urh・w川且,。f・p°int subset
H⊂vis the set of all po加s w垣dl are adjac㎝t to at least one of points in H・L・t s−{・、’・2’…’・。}⊂γ鋤・εv−5・1識e・eare・P・廿「s bet“reen uand s which are paiτ顧se disjoint apart fr㎝・, we call the subgraph consisting of these paths a ロ ーsfan. All other definitions and terminology not presented here can be fbund in Harary 【4]. 輪will req唾re the foll.owi’ ng two le肋mas曲ich are derived readily 丘㎝ Menger・s lheoren[4, p.47]. The first was given in Dirac【2], a西1 they are stated without pro《》fs.㎜A. F◎ragraρhθ,K‘Gノ=n工faηdo且1リエfp≧⑰+1aηdfρエaロ9
subset s⊂Vof cardinaユity n and fbr a卯」poエロ亡ロεγ一S,亡he’e工s aロー5 加.蹴B・Th・ヱ。…。。nneati・ity・σf・’・ノ・σ・a1・仙・蹴畑㎝n輌゜f
u 一 ワρaths 臓h工⊂h haveηo co皿肋on po1ηts othεr セ九an u and v・43
44 J.AKIYAMA AND H. ERA §2. T団ECCHESIVENESS OF A POINT SUBSET AND A W−SEr. Throughout the paper, we assume G is connected with connectivity K. The oo力esゴveness a (H)of a subset H of v is defined by σ但,=K (G)−K‘G−H,. AsUbset H of v is a w−s白七 if it satisfies the following conditions〔1),〔2) and(3): (ユノ σ但ノ<0, (2/ cfHり>cイH, for ang subse亡H’⊂H, and r3ノ σ(H,り > a(H, for aηり subse亡 H”⊃H. Figures 1,2 illustrate graphs with one ”−set, two va−sets, respectively. Fゴguτe 1. ゑ graph wi亡力a W−set. Fi gure 2. A 9エaph wi亡力 2”−se亡5. Since the structure of graphs with exactly one w−set is simple, we s}1all determine the structures of graphs with at least two”−sets in the fbllowing theorems. THEOREM 1. Let H a虜id H be two distinσt w−se亡s of G and ユ 2 ・一…{・r・、)’・rH2)}・Th・・亡h・・e e・i・t・P。i・ts・’・1・HユーH2’・2−H、’ 「espectiveiy’・・σ力亡h・亡KGイ・’の<K一α・ PROOF. We divide the proof into two cases. Case 1・H1∩H2=9・ Since・(G−・∂≧・一α・・,fb…y・P。i・t・・’w in vイσ,−Hユ’th・i呵・alities KG‘・〃,≧・G−H伽ノ〉・h・1d・Sinilarly・f・r any p。ints・’w in v(σ)−H2’