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TRD MEithemmatics 1 5 一 2 (1979)

ON A STRUCTURE OF GRAPHS WITH W−SETS

Jin AKIYAMA and Mroshi ERA 〔Received NOvemiber 16, 1979)       AbstTact     ln our−previous paper [1】,we investigated the propeτties on the cohesive− ness of a point. As a natural extension, we define the cohesiveness fbr a point subset. The co力e⑤エve孕ess c(且ノ of a po」tロt sロbset H of a graph G is dbfined by the differenceκ‘GノーK‘G一即. A point subset H of a graph is called a旬」se亡if it satisfies‘ユノσ‘日,<0, f2/c‘互り>a(H, for aロリ5ロbset 日゜⊂冴, and (3) σf冴っ ≧σ‘冴ノ fb’ang●ロbset H“⊃日. The mtion of a w−set is ageneralizati㎝of a cut−set of a graph. Our purpose of this paper is to detelnnine tbe structures of graphs with at least two ”−sets・ §1.1班…FINITIONS AND NO肛ATION.     The connectivゴtg K=K‘G/of a graph G of oτdeτρ唾th point set v is the miniiiu皿.コ画〕er of POints whose removal results ヰn a disconnected or a trivial gra画・th・・。σa・。。垣ec・ゴ鞠・G‘w♪・f加・n。脳1j㏄㎝t p・int・・孤d・・f G is the minimm nu血ber of points 諭ose removal separates ロ and v.  Ifロ and v are adj acent and H = G 一 ロv, then colmectivity Kσfロ,ワ, in G is defilled as KHr・・vノ… Clea・ly f・・飢y・。nt・ivi・1 9r・ph・G・we}Vave・K‘G,=

曲{KG‘u’v):ロ’vεy’ufv}・th・・eighb。urh・w川且,。f・p°int subset

H⊂vis the set of all po加s w垣dl are adjac㎝t to at least one of points in H・L・t s−{・、’・2’…’・。}⊂γ鋤・εv−5・1識e・eare・P・廿「s bet“reen uand s which are paiτ顧se disjoint apart fr㎝・, we call the subgraph consisting of these paths a ロ ーsfan. All other definitions and terminology not presented here can be fbund in Harary 【4].     輪will req唾re the foll.owi’ ng two le肋mas曲ich are derived readily 丘㎝ Menger・s lheoren[4, p.47]. The first was given in Dirac【2], a西1 they are stated without pro《》fs.

    ㎜A. F◎ragraρhθ,K‘Gノ=n工faηdo且1リエfp≧⑰+1aηdfρエaロ9

subset s⊂Vof cardinaユity n and fbr a卯」poエロ亡ロεγ一S,亡he’e工s aロー5 加.

    蹴B・Th・ヱ。…。。nneati・ity・σf・’・ノ・σ・a1・仙・蹴畑㎝n輌゜f

u 一 ワρaths 臓h工⊂h haveηo co皿肋on po1ηts othεr セ九an u and v・

43

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44 J.AKIYAMA AND H. ERA §2. T団ECCHESIVENESS OF A POINT SUBSET AND A W−SEr.       Throughout the paper, we assume G is connected with connectivity K. The oo力esゴveness a (H)of a subset H of v is defined by          σ但,=K (G)−K‘G−H,. AsUbset H of v is a w−s白七 if it satisfies the following conditions〔1),〔2) and(3): (ユノ   σ但ノ<0, (2/   cfHり>cイH, for ang subse亡H’⊂H, and r3ノ      σ(H,り > a(H, for aηり subse亡 H”⊃H.      Figures 1,2 illustrate graphs with one ”−set, two va−sets, respectively.     Fゴguτe 1. ゑ graph wi亡力a W−set.       Fi gure 2. A 9エaph wi亡力 2”−se亡5.     Since the structure of graphs with exactly one w−set is simple, we s}1all determine the structures of graphs with at least two”−sets in the fbllowing theorems.     THEOREM 1.  Let H  a虜id H  be two distinσt w−se亡s of G and        ユ    2 ・一…{・r・、)’・rH2)}・Th・・亡h・・e e・i・t・P。i・ts・’・1・HユーH2’・2−H、’ 「espectiveiy’・・σ力亡h・亡KGイ・’の<K一α・      PROOF. We divide the proof into two cases.      Case 1・H1∩H2=9・ Since・(G−・∂≧・一α・・,fb…y・P。i・t・・’w in vイσ,−Hユ’th・i呵・alities KG‘・〃,≧・G−H伽ノ〉・h・1d・Sinilarly・f・r any p。ints・’w in v(σ)−H2’

・G触,…ヱH・nce,・here exi・t・P・i・…’・汕、’H、’re・pecti…y,・uch

that KG r…)=KくK一α・      Case 2・H、∩H2 f Q・ Assume that the theorem d6es not hold, then for any pair of points u and v in v−・ユ佃2’・Gru’・ノ≧・一α・A・d…rHユ∩∬2ノ≦・・Whi・h・。・t・・di・t・t・ the・lefiniti・n(2)。f・w−set・since H、 and H2 are di・tinct・by th・h)rP。thesis

of the theorem.       口

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ON A STRUCTURE OF GRAPHS WITH W−SETS

45      LE附A 1. α=max{c(Hユ)t Let H  aηdガ  be 亡wo d工s亡工nc亡 ”−se亡s of G aηd     ユ    2 ・‘H2)}’then th・エ・eσ・・ヱエ・り1昭ノーH21・K−・h。ヱd・・      PROOF・S・pP・・e th・t l・(H、,−H21≧・一α鋤th・t 5 is any・ub・et。f N(Hユ,一・2・ith l・1−・一・・By・Lenma A there exi・t・a・一・』i・G−H2 f・r any poi・t・i・HユーH2・L・t pi’i=ユ’2’…’・一・・b・p・th・i・th・・’s f・n・and ・」b・th・fi・st p・i・t(・tarting f・・m・)㎝ead・P工曲i・th i・n・t i・Hユ・P・t 5’・{・ユ’・2’…’・K−。}・th・n・w・ ha…−5’』with s’∩HヱーP・and。f course all the points other than the lx)ints of s’㎝each path of theローs’ f・n be1。・g t・H、・Qn th・・ther h・nd・by・Leirma A there exists a・−s’fan in

G−H

??E・any・POint・in ・2−・、・Tl・us…mbini・g th・・−s’fan with the・−s’ fan, we have K 一αpairwise disjoint u−v paths. That is, there are K 一α pairwise disjoint ローv paths fbr any points u・vin H1 −H2・H2 −Hユ・「espec− tively. By lemma B, we have a contradiction to Theorem 1.       口 THEOREM 2.  Le亡 ∬  a刀d H       ヱ     2

     V一ち⊂H2U晒ノ・

be 亡w◎ disti刀ct va−se亡s of G, 亡力en     PROOF. Assume that the theorem is not true. Let ロbe a point of G such that u t HIU H2U N(H2ノ・ Clearly・for any point v in H2−H1・ ・G.H(・’・ノ≦1・・(H、ノー・、1・hence・by・L・mm・1・鴨』 ・6.ll1(・’・ノ・K−・三・(・一・、ノ・whi・h i・ac・・tradi・ti・n・   ロ     ユ     Theorem 2 together with temna A delivers the fbllowing two j噸)rtant corollaries. 00ROLLARY 1.     N(Hi,°     COROLLARY 2. is ηo other W−5et 亡 =

 H2

工fa

i ユn G. H  and H  be twr) d工s亡ゴ刀ct w−se亡s of G, tlen 1     2 N(H2)一

ソ=V−(Hl UHノ・

口 肝se亡of G COIIsist50f aロ㎡gue eヱement, then there       口     ㎜(. The last corollary is a generalization of the rnain theorem of [1】,whidh is stated as follows;     THE冊…OREMOF[1].ヱf vエs a p。エn亡。f G wエthσ(v)<0, then nO O亡力er釦ch poエn亡, and degfv,=δ=K. there is

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46

J.AKIYAMA AND H. ERA

REFERENCES

[1] [2]

︼]

34

[1

J.Akiyaina, H. Era and F. Harary:The coheciveness of a POint of a graph,   NetworkS, to appear. G.A. Dirac:(lin6ralisation du th60rbrn de Menger, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris   250(26) (1960), 4252−4253. P.Harary:StructUral duality, behavioral Sci. 2 〔1957), 255−265. F.Harary:Graph Theory, Addison一脆sley 〔1969)・       Nihon Ika Uhiversity       KA⊂JAPAN       Department of Math.       Tokai uぬiversity       HIRATSUKA JAPAN

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