Sinclair LewisのThe God-seekerにあらわれたアメリカニズムの研究 1（英文）
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(2) ^. 2 •§•. HB^n25^12^. ±®ftbK@^®^^>'^% i^L-i);*;, ^^^(t^^i^GIS. G. 0. Curme : A Grammar of the English Language Vol. Ill Syntax. pJ;-3'ri%S-&^?zs^ t^^o. Jacobus van der Laan : English Progressive. What are you d6ing, children? ••••••%^. form. C^^|¥IRjffi). What ai'o you doing? ......^•^. H. Sweet: Syntax (1924). ±®ftB<fNll;fl§5:^^e>m^&^-& v>^ &. I. Hosoe : An Enquiry into The Mcening of tense in the English Verb.. So ^LiIfT^?®ilB^l|^-C descriptive -C-fet), ,. C. T. Onions : An Advanced English Syntax. 5&ft^J5KK^Tft^^eo&Sffls%-C-&^-c,81??. C1932). BK;§WI, ^t?^m»^t3i\ 'b^m^-^^^. H. E. Palmer : A Grammar of English Words.. ®tfi®SS&?J§fc LT)|JLhH'io;h.;ta{±'&^ &^ ^ ,@ 5o. 1950.. 9.. T. Otsuka : New Lecture on English Gram-. 20. mar.. // : Studies iu English Gramnliar.. . 9.. ^ ^ 3C Bt ). E. Kruisinga: A Handbook of present-day. 10.. ^ftb^W: AffioRiBP.. 11.. M. Deutsclibein: System der neuenglisclien. Syntax. (1916). English part ll English Accidence and Syn-. tax I. (1925). Americanisms in "The God-seeker " by Sinclair Lewis. I.by Hiroshi MATSUTO Study of English Philology, Hakodate Brand), Hokltaido Gakugei University KP S. : Sinclair ^EWIS 0 " Tlie God-secker " 1c & 6>!fo^/£7 ^ 9 A = T;A cWE T. •. Contents Foreword. V. Idiomatic Plirases. I. Vocabulary. VI. Syntax. II. Ellipses. VII. Solecisms. III. Parts of Speech. Epilogue. IV. Uses of Pt'epositions. Foreword. In 1789 Noah Webster (1758—1843), the pliilologist and the. compiler of the. first great American dictionary, published the "Dissertations on the English Language" at Boston. In it he said, " As au independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, iu language as well as government. Great Britain, whose children we are, and whose language we speak, should no longer be cwr standard, for the taste of her writers is already corrupted, and her language ou the decline. But if it were not so, she is at too great a distaucc to be our own model, and to instruct us in the priuciples of our own tongue; (p. 20) ............ Several. circumstances render a future separation of the American tongue from the English necessary nucl unavoidable, (p. 22) ••••••Numerous local causes, such as a new country, new association. of people, new combinations of ideas in arts and sciences and some intercourse with tribes wholly. 135.
(3) Vol.. 2,. No.. 2.. GAKUGEI. Dec.. 1950. unknown in Europe, will introduce new words into the American tongue. These causes will produce, in a course of time, a language in Nortli America as different from the future language of Eugland as the modern Dutch, Danish, and Swedish are from the German, or from one other : like remote branches of a tree springing from the same stock, or rays of light slxot from the same center, and diverging from each otLcr m proportion to their distance from the point of separation, (pp. 22, 23)"----We have therefore the fairest opportunity of establishing ft riatioual liiugnage siud of giving it uniformity and perspicuity, in Nlorth America, that ever presented itself to mnnkind. Now is the time to begin the plan. (p. 36) " In 1776 the Americans won their political independence, and were eager to be iudependcnt of England spiritually and culturally, too. Considering such tendencies of his time, Webster's assertion was quite natural. A century and a half have passed since thcu. Has Webster's 'expectation been realized ? No! lus prophecy has failed so far. He could uot foresee tLat the American civilizatiou would continue to be influenced by that of England. The Americim civilization is still closely connected with that of EuglancL The lauguagc of the United States cannot be expected to become entirely independent in the near future. Does " American " exist— ."American" co-ordiuate iu significance with Euglaucl ? Witli regard to this question mnny Englishmen not only ignore " American ", but scorn and blame the Americans' English as a degenerate one.. Charles Dickens visited the United States in 1842 and in 1868, and on his journey there he wrote to John Foster, a frleud of lus and his biographer, scorning many expressions of the Americans. (Foster J.: Life of Dickcus. London, Chapmrin and Hall. 1872. vol. 1. p. 138.) Oscar Wilde, who travelled in the United States from 1881 to 1882, made observations on the language there in like mauucr. (Aroustcin P. : Zur Blologlc dns Amerikauischcn Engliscli. Leuveuschc Bijdragen XXVI, 12—35, 80fF. Germany. 1934. p. 1.) As English writers with the same opinion, Gilbert M. Tucker mentioned Dean Alford, John Rusldn, aud T. W. H. Crossland in his "American English" (New York, Alfred Knopf. 1921). In the United States we can fiud some Americans who recognize " Amcrica.u ". Among the most strenuous advocates of " Americau " is Henry L. Mcuekcn (1880^— ), who is famous as the Bernard Shaw'of the United States and who was aUtor-iu-chicf of the American Mercury fora long while. In his "The American Lauguagj" (New York, Alfretl Kuopf. first publishrd 1919.), lie emphatically refuted the. arguments against the existence of "American " and insisted tliat the langungc spoken ill the Uuited States was not u local (lialcct but a !I Volkssprache" independent enough to be called "American". (Vid. ibid. chaps. 1, 2. esp, p. 90.) Most Americans, however, deny this assertion of Mencken's. George K. Krapp (1872—1924), who was proffessor of the Columbia University, criticized Mcuckeu's " The American T;auguage " as a study of social prejudices rather thau a pliilological one, admitting his encyclopaedic knowledge. (Vicl. Ichikawa S.: English Philology. Tokyo, Sauseido. 1936. p. 51.) . Krapp published "The English Langungc iu America" (2 vols. New York. 1925.), in which he miidc n systematic study of the American English. While M'encknn entitled liis book " Tlie American Lnuguagc", Krapp preferred " The Enylish Language in Amcvicsi" ns the title of lus, not. 136.
(4) tg2^sgg2^. ^ ^ |tg^]25^12^ recognizing the word "American". lu this, book, he maiutained that the American English was not so different from the staudard one. It was only a dinlectic English. The phonetic and grammatical features which seemed to be peculiar to the Inngunge of the United States, could, for the most part, be found iu some dialects in England. Few of them were of American origin. (Vid. ibid. vol. 1. chap. 1. The Mother Tougue.~) I think Krapp is in the right. It seems reasonable to say that what Meuckcn calls " American ", a ' VolksspracLc" segregated from Euglish does not exist in the prcsout stnti'is of the language spoken in the'United States. English in the United States has uot shown such devclopmeut as German iu Holland, Denmark and Sweden has done. The Americim English docs uot essentially differ from the stiindard one. So far as my experience goes, tlic English of well-cducated Americans is scarcely different from that of cultured EugJislimen. But we canuot ignore the fact that the English spoken and written iu the Uuitcd States differs from the standard English to some extent iu many points. I name the disilcctic ditfcreuces " Americanisms ". Tliis word was coined after Scotticism by Rev. Jolm Witlicrspoou (1722— 1794), who had been invited to the United States as president' of the New Jersey University (the predecessor of the preseut Princctou University). lu 1791 he used " Amcricanism " for the first time iu his " The Dniid ", an essay confcribntcd to a certain weekly (reprinted in the " Witherspoon's Works " crlitcd by Ashbcl Green, vol. 4: New York, 1800—1801.). He explained it as, follows: — " The first class I call Amerieanisms, by which I unclcrstaud an use of plirnses or terms, of a construction of sentences, even Eimong persons of rank nucl education, different from the use of the same terms or phrases, or the construction of similar soutcnccs, in Great Britain. It does not follow, from a man's usiug these, that he is ignorant, or his discourse upou the whole inelegant;. nay it does not follow in every case that the terms or phrases used arc worse in theiiBelves, but merely i that they are of American aud uot of Euglish growtli. The word Americanism, which I have coined for the purpose, is exactly similar iu its formntiou and significntiou to the word Scotticism. " (The Druid. I<I>o. 5.') . (In contrast with Amcricauism Britioism or BritisJdsin can bn found. This word was coiucd by E. G. White, the philologist in 1868. (Vid. Shigemi H.: The Growth of Americau. Tokyo, Kenkyusha. p. 30.) How does Americanism differ from the standard English? I thiuk Amcriciinism differs from the standard English just as Scotticism differs from it, in spelling, prouunciatioii, and, as E.ev. Witherspoou put it, iu the use of some phrases or terms and the construction of some sentences. It is true Amcricauism differs from the standard English far more in extent and quality than Scotticism does, Isn't it is nothing more thau a dialect in a narrow sense. The peculiarities of AmericaniSm can be found in Various respects. But here I am going to treat ouly of the Americnmsms that show tfeemselves in " The Gi-od-seeker ", the latest work by Sinclair Lewis (New York, Random House. 1949.). It is impossible- to fiiid an epitome of Americanism iu a single uovel. For instance, American pronunciation'characterizes Americanism, bnt this kiud of study cannot take it up. The uses of mill and shall peculiar to Americanism are unable to be examined because almost all of these auxiliary verbs that appear in this novel. 137.
(5) Vol.. 2,. No.. 2. GAKUGEI. Dec.. 1950. arc in contracted forms. And there must be not a few of Amcricanisms which have escaped from my investigation. The followiug is just a small part of Amcricauisins.. I. Vocabulary CUndcr the heading of vocabulary I cau treat of the Amuricau spelling dift'erent from that of the slaudiu'd English. But this problem is so general l,hat I can dispense with it here.) In "The God-sccker" a great deal of words and uses of words, peculiar to' Amcricauism can be found, but only a few of them will be given here. (A) Obsolete or archaic words The Americnns preserve many obsolete or sm'haic words, which the English seldom use now. d-istr 'aitght bewildwed is preferred in England now. p. 65 lone lonely hiis taken its place except in verse in England uow. p. 3 (B) Words used in. new meanings The Americans are fond of adding new meanings to already existing words. old muauing. word. bellyaehe. new meauing. 47. stomachiic^c. to grumble. p.. brash. paroxysm. hcedless. p-. 27. buggy. two-wheclcr. four-wheclcr. p.. 65. cheiu. to grind wihh the teeth. to eat. p-. 11. concert. musical eutcrtaiumcut. prayer meeting. p-. 70. mite. clever. charming. p-. dandy •. too careful of dress and *. 42. splendid. p-. 76 15. appearance. juicy. full of juice. plensiint. V-. leaping. jumping. drunken. p.. pantcdoons. mounted officer's ndiug-brecchcs. trousers. p-. pajxrhanger. wall-papercr • ,. swhuUcr. p-. 413. rig. equipment. earringe with a liurse or. horses p.. 3. chair ou rockers. p-. 65 77. 39 42. harnessed rocker. one of the curved bars on which ii cradle & rocks. sour. tasting like vinegar. worthless. p.. squid. n kind of cuttlc-fish. blockhead. p-. straight. without a curve or angle. geuume. moral gonduess. thing or things owned. virtue. •. 77. p.. 104. p.. 10. It goes without saying that most of the iibovc-meukioncd words arc also used in the old meanings iu the United States. (C) Words of foreign origin. Americnnism has always welcomed words from other languages which covered an area of meaning not taken care of by already existing words. cwrycdl u kind of one-horsc carriage (French origin (^cai'riole)) p. 9. 138.
(6) tg 2 ^ ^2 ^ ^ ^ Rg^)25-^I2^ squazv North American Indian woman or wife (Indian prigiu) p. 46. (D) Neologisms The Americaus are quick to create new words or ncologisms. It is believed that 3,000 new words are coined each year iu the United States. ' (Vid. Mallery R.: Our American Language. New York, Halcyon House. 1947. p. 3.) Often these neologisms have a short, or disreputable existence, particularly if they are merely synonyms of already existing words, but when they fill a real need they fiud their way into the main stream of the language. baokwoods uncleared forests or wild land far away from towns iu North America. berate to scold sharply bespell. to. p. p.. bewitch. ". p.. 56 27 15. eome-upp-ance retribution. p.. 43. wpy-cat mimicry. p.. 34=. crasy -quilt bed covcrlct made of irregular pieces of cloth. p-. dedass \o bring to ruin. p-. doggoiw damned ; awfully. p-. Jiighbindcr ruffian '. p-. Ullybilly countrymnn or rustic. p.. honeyhogle to cheat. p.. money-business wanton mischief. p-. red-eye Wine or alcoholic drinks. p.. rotgun cheap wine. p.. secret-danger syphilis. p.. shinplaster plaster of paper for the slnn ; paper money.. p-. 3 25. 77 19. 23 27. 414 104. 66 26 27 22. stump-orator he who makes a campaign speech. V-. teeter to seasaw. p.. 11. tote to carry. p-. 78. (E) Compound words Compound words, made up of two or more parts combined with a hyphcn or hypheiis can nut unfrequently be seen in England. In the United States, however, such combination is far freer and more frequent. ( a ) As nouns Nobody drinks the. real old oh-be-joyfvl auy more. p. 104 (Ok-be-joyfid seems, to mean a kiud of wine.) Mrs. Bass, at the pine desk in the dining-room-of/ice, wailed, "Oh, uo\/, Revcrcud, that's it. shame.". ,. •. P.. 102. ^Dining-room-office means a room which is at once a dining-room and a Kitchen.) The actual eating took less time than Mr. Hatge's rather cxpostulatory graec-before-mectl.. p. 68 They stopped t.heir happy wrangling as they saw the outer door of the dining '-romn-parlorkiiohen. edging. open.. .. P-. 192. He was near to embrace her biit he had just come from being-made-a-fool-of, a. tliing he. 139.
(7) Vol.. 2,. did. No.. 2. OAKUGrEI. not. relish.. Dec.. P.. 1950. 75. C b ) As adjectives In a scarce-mapped wilderness bordering our Wisconsin and Iowa, iu a 'solitude called Minnesota, there were fewer tliau a thousaud white men. p. 84 He turned {uigrily, stepped into the fire-cold pool, shuddering with the paiu of it. p. 315 (Fire-cold is a curious combination.) When dinner was finished, Seleue rose smoothly and, with all her boy-and-yirl gaiety gone in a ghastly maturity, she said, " Very nice to have seen you, Mister Gadd. Good-Lye." p. 68 (Boy-and-girl menus childish or ymiHiful.) He talked to people, from a Lioutenant-Governor to a red-plush-vested su'gar-salesmau. p. 86 Aaron cousulted tvo experts on ethuology and the Good Life: Mrs. IVIcrcie Harge and Miss Bessie Hnrge, aged eleVen-going-on-tivelve. .p. 215. CVid. VI. Syntax, (A).) (. c. ). As. verbs. .... But lie could not mutter it, could ouly half-think it. p. 276 Aaron was again convinced—perhaps a quarter-convinced — that white inviiders had been only a blcssiug to the Indians, p. 131. (F) Eight Right is one of the most favorite words with the Americans. It menus just or exactly and emphasizes the following word. C a ) Before liere and now But I have been thinking what a wonderful chauce we have to start it off right here with the. Indians.. '. p.. 215. The living and all-mereiful God, who is here now, rigjd, now, calling you to glory-comc. p. 48 Aud I want to tell you right here and noiu. p. 217. ( b ) Before to And the ccstacy of leading grateful souls right up to the heavenly shccpfolcl. Now, Secly, you go right to sleep.. p . 64 p- 334. (In the uhove sentence right menus at once.") G c ) Before adverbs and prepositious with local mca.uiug You coulil look right down tln'ough it.. p-. Then I heard a kind voice, as if someone stood right beside me.. 164. p . 48. (G) Stump words &. Stump words (.or clipping words), portmautcau words (or telescope words), and abbrcviiitcd words are chartlctcristic of Americanism. They arc mauifcstatious of tlic Americaus' foudncss for brevity iu expression, which will be treated of in the next cliaptcr. But there arc few words of these kinds in " The God-seekcr ". The following is a stump word. What's your stand on abolitiou ? Huh ? p. 75 (^Sland = standpoint.^. 140.
(8) tg 2 ^ fg 2 ^. ^ ^ ?^125^12^ II Ellipses The Americans are exceedingly fond of brevity in expression. They are disposed to do without Inessential word or words in a sentence, mainly in colloquial spcecli. They have numerous elliptical or abridged coustructious. (A) Omission of pronouns and auxiliary Verbs Pronouns and auxiliary verbs are omitted very often. The Americsms leave out a. prououn, .iin auxiliary verb, or both of them ill <i sentence, if only they cnn rankc tliemsclvps imderstood without it or them. ( a, ) Omission of prououus ( 1 ) In the first person • . Like. to. talk. to. you.. '. p.. 97. Hear you're a cub minister. p. 97 (^Ciib menus new-f lodged.) ( 2 ) In tlie second person Don't. look. it.. p.. 11. ( 3 ) In the third person 'Penrs like maybe the old gentleman is expecting us. C Pears = appears.) .p. 11 Don't sound like sin to me. . p. 76 (In the above two sentences it is omitted at the beginning. By the way, don't in the second sentence is not in the same number and pCTSon as its subject. (Vid. VII. Solccisms,. (B).) ( b ) Omission of auxiliary verbs. (1) be I) Be in the progressive form is often omitted, What you women setting around for ? p. 8 You all thinking you're so cute and you can fool the old Devil, p. 42 II) In the following sentence he, si copula is omitted. This one of your spawn ? p. 96. (2) do What state you come from? p. 90 You suppose Jouathnu Edward ever laughed? p. 59. C 3 ) have I). Have in tlie perfect tense is omitted very oft(?u. • The old settlers claim you ouglit to seen it in the good old days. p. 104 God and me been good friends eighty-five years, p. 12 And. I. been. balking,. p.. 35. •. This fellow Finney"' wants to get us into civil war, 'stead of slavery slow and cautious like I been helping these years, p. 34 II) The Americans prefer have got to have when they mean possess. And in this case have w often omitted.. 141.
(9) Vol.. 2,. No.. 2. UAKUGEI. .. Dec.. 1950. I got great respect for ministers. , . p. 29 I got news that there's one of your damned white men sick at a Yanktou camp, over beyond Big Stone Lake. p. 277 (On the omissiou of have or got in have got to which signifies must or oi(g'n( (o, see V.. Idiomatic Phrases(C).) ( c ) Omission of both pronouns and auxiliary verbs C 1 ) A pronouu and be . Still afraid to go around with real men ? ' p. 80 Still wearing your knees out praying? ' p. 80 (In the above two sentences are you is omitted at the beginning.) Not safe to be grateful to you, pop. P- 303 (It, the formal subject and is are omitted at the beginning.). ( 2 ) A pronoun and do In the following do you is omitted at the beginning.. Think you're like that, heh?. p . 34 406. Like a swig of wine, Cap'u ?. p.. ( 3 ) A pronoun and have I) I have Got the blues. (=1 am iu the blues.). p . 39. Done my own prayin' since I wns two years old.. p.. 12. II) have you Ever been converted before ?. p-. Ever thought about the fur businss and what'll come later ?. p-. Ill) you had. 51 123. Better get one of tlie holy sisters to brush you off. p. 80. ( 4 ) A pronoun and will Have. a. driuk.. Friend. ?. p.. 10't. (^Will you is omitted. The Americans usually use sentouces of this type when they ofTer a cigarette or wme.) If he'd do less saying and more working, be better all round, p. 17 (You can insert he. would between working, and be.'). (B) Omission of to in the iufmitivc ( 1 ) Iu iufinitives of purpose Come Come. try. have. a. it,. drink.. p. '. -. 55. p:. 80. ( 2 ) In noun-infinitives All they got to do is join us. p. 93 (C) Omission of relative pronouns In the King's English a relative pronouu can be omitted when it is in tlic objective case or it is follower by a passive verb. In Amcriciinism, however, a relativu ]wnnoui) in the iiomiiifitivu case is seen omitted.. 142.
(10) Ig. 2. ^. ^. 2. -§.. .. ^. ^. ^. Bg^25^12^. •. That was a nice Englishmnn surrendered the fort to us. p. 13. , ill Parts of Speech. The American tendency is to look upon many words ns being free agents as their grammatical categories are concerned. In the standard Englisli, too, oue aud the same word is often used as various parts of speech, but the scope of this use is enlarged iu Americnnism. (A) Adjectives used ns adverbs . ( a )• aiuful It is mainly in vulgar speech that awfully before adjectives mcnns very in Eugland. But in the United States this use is generalized. And awfully is replaced with awful very often. It'll. be. awful. funny,. p.. 36. Of course he does get awful drunk and shoot out our windows once a while, p. 141 If I hit him in the nose, it will Le uncliristinu mid make Sclenc aiuful mad, but if I didn't hit him, it will make me awful mad, I dunno. p. 74. ' ( b ) we We sure have cotteued to you. • p. 69 I suppose a fellow could get used to them, but tliey sure tnlk queer, p. 130 C. c). real. •. •. They treat the Colonel and me real nice in prison. p. 13 Will you have a caraway-seed cooky, Aary, like you used to when you was real young, p. 59 (row ivas is a solecism. Vid. VII. Solecisms, CB).) I didn't think you was wliat you might call real attentive, p. 89. . (d) bad Badly ofteu means to a swimis extent, and bad in the following sentences takes the place of badly with the same meaning. Our sick brother that was threatened so bad by the pox is now nil safe. p. 413 We need strong and virtuous young men as helpci'B, need 'cm bad, p. 54 I didn't do so bad, at that. p. 55. (On at that see V. Phrases (F).) ( e ) honest Honest, we agree with everything you say, even if we don't believe a word of it. p. 35 Honest I'd love to hear it. . p. 80 (In the above two sentences honest means honestly speaking.'). ( f ) blame (dar»0 In the following blame is for blamed and is used with the meaning " exceedingly " or " extremely ".. What we need is a pure young man who's a blame good farmer and builder. p. 55 Too handsome and too blame cheerful to Le any of your stale leaviu's. p. 11 You know blame well this is Reverend Fnirlou. • p. 11 . Darn is used iu the same meaning ns blame. Darn. brave.. 143. '. P-. 97.
(11) Vol.. 2,. No.. 2. •. GAKUGEI. Dec.. 1950. (On the origin of darn see IMeucken H. L.: The American Language. New York, Alfred Knopf. 1946. p. 97.). ( g ) clean In the following clean is used with the meaning " completely ". I'm clean flummuxed about it. p. 86 I can take to keeping bees aud read any Bible clean through every year. p. 98 ( h ) Other adjectives used as adverbs Aaron nestled on a wonder fill old velvet foot-stool. p. 15 Not but what it's mighty interesting, these peculinr Indian doings, like tlic sun dance, p. 55 He's scandalous rich, but lie's a pudding-liead. p. 76 They treiited the Colonel iind me real nice in prisou. p. 13 Aary wa'n't particular bright. ]). 9 I'm not religions—not cranky religious, p. 27 (On the use of mighty, scandalous, cranky sec Icbiknwn S. : Studies in English Grammar, Tokyo, KciAyushn. 1923. XIII. Inteusives.) You come with us, Aary and you'll got it, free. p. 54 You. trust. ivrong.. p.. 75. I don't thiuk we're that good. . p. 2]7 (In the above sentence that means so. This use of that is frequently seen in Amcricnnism.) Sometimes we can see two adjectives used ns adverbs in one scuteucc. This fellow Finney---wants to get us into civil war, 'stead of getting rid of slavery sloiu and cautions, like I been helping tliese years. P- 34 Son, I want you to good and, plenty meditate ami realize that it's only in the secret recesses of the soul the battle is waged. . p. 34. CB) Nouus used as adjectives Hap-slupping down the dingy corridor was a piclnre-boofc fairy child of ten or twelve, goldilocks, strawberries and cream, p. 61. (C) Adjqctives used as nouns Would you be scared of a grizzly ? p. 79 The Aaron who had recently been clcnounciug the snmc purse-proitds began to tliiuk ratlicr well of the fine manners •••••-. p. 42. (D) Nouns used as verbs. Aaron felt it his fraternal duty to go over and (they snid it in churches) fellowship with him.. p.. 89. (E) verbs used as auxiliary verbs Life had might to be something more than drudging for a killer., (Today might is treated as an auxiliary verb, but in t1ic above sentence owjld, is in t.lic perfect tense as a verb.). I didn't dare tell him we're sitting under Rip nucl not under a true Presbyterian like Mr. Neill.. .. P.. 372. (dare is now used ns an mixilinry verb in a negative sentence. In the above, however, didn't is put before dare as before a verb.) (TO liR CONTINUED). 144.
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