マーロウの動名詞の用法について

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(1)Title. マーロウの動名詞の用法について. Author(s). 水野, 政勝. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. A, 人文科学編, 27(2): 19-29. Issue Date. 1977-02. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/4058. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) : -7—o''70t})^N^fflJ£^"3^-C. On the Use of the Gerund in Marlowe. Masakatsu Mizuno. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction. 2. Substantival Function and Nature 2.1. Substantival Function. ( 1 ) As a subject ( 2 ) As a predicative ( 3 ) As object of a verb ( 4 ) As object of a preposition ( 5 ) As object of an adjective 2.2. Substantival Nature. ( 1 ) Plural of the gerund ( 2 ) Genitive of the gerund ( 3 ) With an indefinite article ( 4 ) With a definite artcle ( 5 ) With possessives and genitives ( 6 ) With a demonstrative or indefinite pronoun ( 7 ) With an adjective ( 8 ) Compounds 3. Verbal Nature. 3 3 3. . 1.. Object of the; gerund. . 2.. Gerund with adverbs. . 3.. Gerund with predicative complement. 3 3. . 4.. Subject of the gerund. . 5.. Gerund with tense and voice. 4.. 'A + Gerund'. 5.. Summary. NOTES. 1. Introduction. The gerund was originally a verbal substantive ending in -ing (or -ung until about 1250) with no verbal properties1 as in : OE. "wi^ âm ole hi hiora hergunge geswicon ('on condition that they cease from their harrying')" ••• The Martyrdom of Mlfheah 1013 ;2 "He lufode forhsefednysse and halige rsedinge ('He loved temperance and holy reading')'' ••• îlfric's Life of King Oswald 593. In the course of time, however, this substantive has acquired more and more of the syntactical. characteristics of a verb, while retaining its original value. One of the chief factors of this. 19.

(3) 7j<BTBclf : -7-or'7c7)SA^Noffl^(c^^-c. development is said to have been coalescence in form of the verbal substantive and the present participle. The ending of the present participle {-inde, -ende, -ande} became -ing in the ME period.. In present-day English the verbal character of the gerund can be seen from the fact that it may take an object or predicative complement, be qualified by an adverb (adverbial phrase), be inflected in the perfect and the passive, and so on.5. The aim of this paper is to describe syntactically the gerund in Marlowe's works (7 plays)6, which have been chosen as samples of early Mlodern English, and to see to what extent verbal characteristics are found in the gerund. For comparative purposes, however, occasional reference is made to Thomas Deloney's Thomas of Reading (one of his contemporaries' works)7.. This paper treats as a gerund any -ing form which is derived from a verb and functions as a noun. The following abbreviations are used to refer to Marlowe's and Deloney's works :. F ; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus E ; Edward the Second M ; The Massacre at Paris D ; The Tragedy of Dido, Queen of Carthage. J ; The Jew of Malta T ; The First Part of Tamburlaine the Great T/; The Second Part of Tamburlaine the Great TR; Thomas of Reading .2. Substantival Function and Nature. 2. 1 Substantival Function As the gerund was originally a mere substantive, it may exhibit the syntactic functions of a substantive : it may be the subject, predicative, or object of a sentence, also the object of a preposition and an adjective. 2. 1. (1) As a subject (19 exs.): In the works of Marlowe there are nineteen examples of the gerund as subject. They are found mostly with various adjuncts. E 905 it is no dealing with him now ; Ib. 1199 heading is one, and hanging is the other ; M 906 Here is no staying for the king of France ; In the first example above, we see that impossibility is expressed as in : ModE. "there is no denying the fact." In Marlowe's time, this idiomatic type of expression (i.e. E 905) was used side by side with the expression there is no -ing8.. J 1.160 I fear their coming will afflict us all ; T IV.iv. 112 too much eating will make you surf eit ; Ib. V.i. 455 Fearing my power should puU him from his throne ; Similarly with other verbs than be : F 502, 600,601,1053, 1349 ; E 517, 860, 1006,1190 ; JI. 171 ; T I. i. 88, II. iii. 58 ; T II. iv. 120. 2. 1 (2) As a predicative : In ModE. a gerund may be the predicative of a sentence, thus in the familiar "My hobby is collecting stamps." In Marlowe the gerund of this use occurs as (a) subjective predicative, and. 20.

(4) : -y—PÔtij^JBlcDfflîC-^-C. (b) objective predicative. (a) (3 exs.) : T IV.iv. 34 this speech is a goodly refreshing to them ; E 1148 'tis but an hour's sailing ; Ib. 2470 That's his meaning. (b) (1 ex.): E 837 What call you this but private libelling Against the Earl of Cornwall and my brother? 2. 1 (3) As object of a verb (37 exs.) : In Marlowe all the examples of this type are direct objects. No examples of the gerund as indirect object were found. F 203 leave your jesting ; E 777 Leave off this jesting ; Ib. 1103 Take shipping and away to Scarborough ; Ib. 1415 The Earl of Warwick would not bide the hearing ; M 755 my love to thee can hardly suffer Regarding still the danger of thy life ; Ib. 1006 the rest have ta'en their standings in the next room ; T I. ii. 150 Keep all your standings, and not stir a foot ; Ib. II. v. 31 and grace your calling with a greater sway ; Ib. 103 But give him warning and more warriors ; J II. 217 I'll have a saying to that nunnery ; Ib. IV. 173 And intercept my going to the Jew ; T/1. ii. 86 To stay my going 'gainst proud Tamburlaine. Further examples : F 359, 360, 381, 897, 1159, 1346 ; D I. i. 129 ; M 818, 948 ; E 32, 1610,2412 ; J I. 373, II. 405,IV. 140 ; T I. i. 18, Ib. ii. 48, 170. Ib. III. i.4, Ib. ii. 108, 111, ; T I. iii. 22, Ib. HI. iii. 54. /6. V. i. 83. Ib.. iii. 228.. 2. 1 (4) As object of a preposition : As compared with the infinitive, which is restricted to combination with the preposition to, the gerund admits many prepositions. The prepositions used in Marlowe are : about, at, by, for from, in, of, to, unto, with, without, of which the most frequent are by, for, in, with. Below will be given a representative instance of each preposition.. about (2 exs.): J V. 221 now about effecting this device ; at (2 exs.) : J IV. 221 at the reading of the letter ; by (11 exs.) D IV. i. 30 by running to the wood , for (26 exs.) : F 1466 Ah, rend not my heart for naming of my Christ! ; from (1 ex.) : E 2502 and what eyes can refrain from shedding tears ; in (18 exs.) F 1353 this ••• Shall be perform'd in twinkling of an eye ; of (7 exs.) : E 779 the joy of his returning home ; to (2 exs.) : F 967 to our conjuring in the devil's name ; unto (1 ex.) : T V. iii. 148 Unto the rising of this earthly globe ; with (16 exs.) : F 757 I am lean with seeing others eat ; without (1 ex.) : D III. i. 104 without blushing. The preposition a (shortened form of on, in)9 is not quoted in the above examples. This preposition will be treated below in 3. 1 (3), and 4. 2. 1 (5) As object of an adjective (2 exs.) : E 816 A homely one, my lord, not worth the telling ; T IV. iv. 56 and then she will not be worth the eating.. 2. 2 Substantival Nature 2. 2 (1) Plural of the gerund (14 exs.) : The gerund can form a plural, which shows one aspect of its substantival character.. F 1349 whose sweet embracings may extinguish clean Those thoughts ; D I. i. 2411 know her by the movings of her feet ; M 948 take your standings within this chamber, {Ib. 1006) ; D III. ii. 91 drench Silvanus' dwellings with their showers ; J IV. 140 ; T I. ii. 150 Keep all your standings, and not stir a foot ; Ib. III. ii. 62 those comfortings ; T I. iii. 59 tacklings ; Ib. III. ii. 74 It must have ••• secret issuings to defend the ditch ; Ib. V. i. 63 The stately buildings of fair Babylon ; Ib iii. 228.. 21.

(5) -7—arJ7<7)g^JS](7)fflÔ^-C. In the instances above it may be difficult to regard them as gerunds because they are more or less detached from the verbs from which they are derived. They have become nearly concrete or abstract substantives.. In the following, the use is especially remarkable, because the presence of the adverb shows that the gerund has acquired verbal characteristics in spite of its plural form. This plural form of a gerund which is followed by an adverb rarely occurs in present-day English/ F 359 Tell me, sirrah, hast thou any comings in? Ib. 360 Ay, and goings out too.. 2. 2 (2) Genitive of the gerund : The substantival character of the gerund is seen when it has a genitive form ; e. g. 'reading for reading's sake.' But such a construction was not found in Marlowe.. 2. 2 (3) With an indefinite article (5 exs.) : J I. 171 But there's a meeting in the senate-house ; Ib. II. 217 I'll have a saying to that nunnery ; Ib. 405 I'll give him such a warning ere he goes ; Ib. III. 211 heard a rumbling in the house ; T III. i. 4 Presume a bickering with your emperor.. 2. 2 (4) With a definite article (22 exs.) : E 816 A homely one, my lord, not worth the telling ; Ib. 1415 The Earl of Warwick would not bide the hearing, Mortimer hardly ; T II. iii. 58 as swift as doth the lightning or the breath of heaven ; Ib. III. ii. Ill Let us afford him now the bearing hence ; Ib. IV. iv. 56 she will not be worth the eating.. In the following the gerund with the definite article is followed by the periphrastic genitive with of to mark (a) the notional subject or (b) object of a gerund. (a) D. II. i. 336 the rattling of the winds ; E 1006 the crowing of these cockerels ; F 502 Why might the staying of my blood portend?; Ib. 1346 To glut the longing of my heart s desire ; Other examples : D I. i. 241 ; Ib. II. i. 337 ; T III. iv. 83 ; Ib. V. iii. 148 ; (b) F 600 The iterating of these lines brings gold ; J IV. 221 at the reading of the letter ; T I. ii. 48 have the leading of so great an host ('have the power of leading •••');} II. 288 About the borrowing of a book or two ; Other examples : F 601 ; E 1249 ; T I. ii. 170 ; T III. ii. 141 ; Ib. iii. 54. 2. 2 (5) With possessives and genitives (28 exs.) : F 203 leave your jesting ; Ib. 967 let's, go- •••, and then to our conjuring in the devil's name ;. D III. ii. 91 drench Silvanus' dwellings with their showers ; M 948 take your standings within this chamber ; E 32 And as I like your discoursing ; J IV. 173 And intercept my going to the Jew ; E 1148 'tis but an hour's sailing ; T I. i. 18 I see your meaning well enough ; J II. 418 Doth she not with her smiling answer you? ; F 396 thou art at an hour s warning ; Further examples : F 376, 381, 1221 ; D I. i. 129 ; M 818, 1006 ; E 779, 860, 2412, 2470 ; J 1^85, 160, Ib. III. 321, Ib. IV. 140, Ib. V. 16 ; T I. ii. 150, Ib. II. v. 31 ; T' V. iii. 228.. 2.2 (6) With a demonstrative or indefinite pronoun (8 exs.) : this : E 777 Leave off this jesting (T II. iv. 120) ; those : T III. ii. 62 and those comfortings ; any : F 359 hast thou any comings in?; much : T IV. iv. 112 too much eating will make you surfeit ; no : M 906 Here is no staying for the king of France (E 517 ; Ib. 905) 2. 2 (7) With an adjective (16 exs.) :. 22.

(6) : •^—0^(7)|^P](75ffl^(C-3^-C. F 897 I give you fair warning ; E 1124 body with continual mourning wasted ; J I. 373 The cruel handling of ourselves ; T IV. iv. 34 this speech is a goodly refreshing to them ; T' I. iii. 57 Betwixt the hollow hanging of a hill ; E 1190 Gaveston, short warning Shall serve thy turn Further examples : F 1053, 1159, 1349 ; M 876 ; E 837 ; T I. iii. 58 Ib. II. iv. 48, Ib. III. ii. 74, Ib. IV. i. 193, Ib. V. i. 63.. 2. 2 (8) Compounds (17 exs.) : A gerund, like any other substantive, may often enter into compounds. In Marlowe there are. seventeen examples of this construction, where the gerund is always the first member of the compound :. F 835 But tell me now what resting-place is this ; D III. i. 86 my looking-glass ; Ib. IV, i. 34 that stumbling-block ; E 1438 their starting-holes ; J II. 151 offering-basin ; F 930 conjuring books (Ib. 955) ; D II. i. 175 battering-rams ; Others : D III. iv. 53,62, Ib. IV. i. 9 ; J ffl.20, Ib. IV. 240, 399 Ib. V. 324 ; T III. ii. 93 ; T I. iv. 222.. In Marlowe there was no example of the type where the gerund is the second part of a compound. Examples of this kind, however, were found in Thomas of Reading as in : TR 127. 8 faire Margaret with many others of her Masters folkes, went a hay-making ; Ib. 92. 1 I strive not to grow rich by dice-playing ; where the first part is the notional object of the gerund.11 3. Verbal Nature In this section we deal with the verbal nature of the gerund. As mentioned earlier, the gerund was originally a verbal substantive with no verbal properties, but it began to acquire them in the ME period12 and has gradually developed them in the course of time, which is nowadays seen from the fact that it may be modified by an adverb, take an accusative object, a predicative, and also have a subject of its own like a finite verb, and that it may be inflected in the perfect and the passive.13 In this section we shall examine these facts and see how far the gerund's verbal nature was developed in Marlowe.. 3. 1 Object of the gerund First we shall deal with the ways of indicating the object of the gerund. In Marlowe there are four ways of expressing the object of the gerund. The following patterns can be roughly distinguished. (1) objective genitive + gerund ; e. g. "stung with fury of their following" ••• T IV. i. 172. (2) determiner + gerund + o/+ object ; e. g. "About the borrowing of a book or two" ••• J II. 288. (3) gerund + of-\- object ; e. g. "for naming of my Christ" ••• F 1466. (4) gerund + object ; e. g. "In saying this ••• E 445.. 23.

(7) -?- V ^ 0®) ^ |5]C7) ffl^lC -3 ^ -C. In Shakespeare we meet with expressions such as :14 "Nothing in his life Became him like the leaving it" ••• Macb., I. iv. 7—8.. In Marlowe in the present study, however, this type was found nowhere (nor in TR). Nor were any examples found of the type such as : "TR 92. 1 dice-playing" (already quoted in 2.2(8)). The examples in Marlowe will be considered according to the above classification. 3. 1 (1) objective genitive + gerund (1 ex.) : This was frequently used in OE, but began to be replaced by the periphrastic genitive with of in the ME period.15 Only one example was found in Marlowe and none in TR. T IV. i. 172 stung with fury of their following. 3. 1 (2) determiner + gerund + of + object (10 exs.) : Like type 4, this is nowadays a most frequent construction, especially when the determiner is 'the". In this we can see the most substantival character because the gerund is followed by the. preposition of marking its object and is preceded by determiner. No other determiner was found but the in Marlowe. According to Abbott, this construction was also current in Shakespeare's time.16 The following examples were found :. F 600 The iterating of these lines brings gold ; J IV. 221 at the reading of the letter ; E 1249 Touching the sending of this Gaveston ; T I. ii. 48 have the leading of so great an host J II. 228 About the borrowing of a book or two ; F 601 The framing of this circle on the ground Brings whirlwinds ; J I. 373 can we brook the cruel handling of ourselves ; T III. ii. 141 ; Ib. III. iii. 54 ; T I. ii. 170 ; Cf. TR 144. 20 at the killing of the game, he was not present, etc. 9 exs. 3. 1 (3) gerund + of + object (18 exs.) : This is the other of- construction after a gerund, which is not preceded by any adjunct. This construction was regular in ME although it is nowadays rarer.17. E 52 with touching of a string ; Ib. 226 For vailing of his bonnet ; Ib. 567 For purging of the realm of such a plague! ; Ib. 1125 with haling of my lord From Gaveston ; F 1353 in twinkling of an eye ; Ib. 1466 rend not my heart for naming of my Christ ; M 20 with hearing of a holy mass ; Ib. 617 For wearing of a crown ; Ib. 887 For not effecting of his holiness' will (cf. J V. 221 Well, now about effecting this device) ; J I 433 with tearing of my hair ; Ib. IV. 330 At reading of the letter ; T I. i. 126 By curing of this maimed empery ; Ib. V. i. 363 In fear and feeling of the like distress ; T II. iv. 70 with kissing of my lord. The rather frequent occurrence of type 3 cited above seems to suggest that this was the usual construction in early ModE. as well as in the ME period. This also occurs not infrequently in TR (12 exs. out of 38) as in : TR 86. 10 in uttering of his wordes ; etc. Type 3 may be considered as a construction of transitional type between the strongly substantival (i. e. 1 and 2) and verbal (i. e. 4), because the gerund with an o/-phrase is not preceded by any adjunct. In the following example from Marlowe, both constructions, i. e. types 3 and 4, are used side. by side : J II. 336 In setting Christian villages on fire, Chaining of eunuchs, binding galley-slaves. In the following cases it may be said that the gerund of type 3 occurs without the preposition a (shortened form of on, in}. In early ModE. this preposition could be dropped, so that the gerund occurs with, or without, it in the same construction :18. 24.

(8) : -7-a^<7)S:(j^JR](7)ffl^{C-)^-r. T III. iv. 63 Fame hovereth, sounding of her golden trump ; E 484 sister of the king of France Sits wringing of her hands, and beats her breast! ; T IV. ii. 94 Infernal Dis is courting of my love.. 3. 1 (4) gerund + object (41 exs.) : Nowadays, this is, together with type 2, the regular construction. It began in the 14th century.19 As already pointed out, the verbal character is particularly evident because the gerund takes its object without the preposition of. In Marlowe this type occurs most frequently of the four : F 757 I am lean with seeing others eat (here the gerund governs the so-called 'infinitival nexus') ; Ib. 1090 for interrupting me so ; D I. i. 15 As once I did for harming Hercules ; Ib. 92 In managing those fierce barbarian minds ; E 445 In saying this ; Ib. 910 in seeking it ; M 600 A watchful senate for ordaining laws ; Ib. 1221 whom God hath bless'd for hating papistry ; T II. iv. 101 For taking hence my fair Zenocrate ; Ib. III. v. 59 as if they were a-telling riddles; J II. 255 I must have one that's sickly, an't be but for sparing victuals ; Ib. 317 With digging graves and ringing dead men's knells ; Ib. V. 221 Well, now about, effecting this device ; T II vi. 20 And in detesting such a devilish thief ; Ib. V. i. 455 Fearing my power should pull him from his throne ; Further examples : D I. i. 231 ; Ib. HI. ii. 38, Ib. iv. 15 ; Ib. V. i. 142, 168, 308 ; M 755 ; E 1229, 1490, 2502,2646 ; JI. 6 ; Ib. II. 320, 331, 335, 336 ; Ib. III. 124, 300 ; Ib. V. 133 ; T II. ill. 29 ; Ib. IV. iii. 49 ; T I. iv. 152 ; Ib. III. iv. 35 ; Ib. HI. v. 169 ; Ib. V. ii. 55 ; Ib. V. iii. 77 ; Cf. TR 86.6 in asking that question, etc. 17 exs.. 3. 2 Gerund with adverbs (36 exs.) : The gerund shows its verbal nature strongly when it is modified by an adverb (adverbial phrase). As OED puts it, this is one of the facts which indicate the most notable development of the verbal substantive in -ing. 20 In Marlowe the gerund is modified not only (1) by an adverb (pure or substantival), but also (2) by an adverbial phrase, or (3) by both. 3. 2 (1) adverbs : . J III. 300 of razing down your city-walls ; F 1090 for interrupting me so ; E 779 of his returning home ; Ib. 797 my lord of Cornwall is a-coming over ; Ib. 860 thy parting hence (T III. ii. Ill ; T II. iv. 101) ; D III. ii. 87 a-hunting forth ; T V. i. 457 by running to and fro ; F 359 hast thou any comings in? (similarly ; F 360) ; T' III. v. 101 for running away again ; D V. i. 97 For lingering here ; M 887 For not effecting of his holiness' will; Cf. TR 133. 31 by plucking out the foresaid yron pinnes, etc.. In the last example from Marlowe above the gerund occurs with the preceding adverb not. This use of not modifying the gerund began in the Elizabethan period.21 3. 2 (2) adverbial phrases : F 601 The framing of this circle on the ground Brings whirlwind ; Ib. 967 and then to our conjuring in the devil's name ; E 837 What call you this but private libelling Against the Earl of Cornwall and my brother? ; Ib. 1126 These hands are tir d with haling of my lord From Gaveston ; Ib. 2449 we'll ride a-hunting in the park ; T III. iii. 54 Then see the bringing of our ordinance Along the trench into the battery ; Cf. TR 98. 12 you are a wise man, to stand praising of a Maidens beauty before her face ; Other examples in Marlowe : D III. ii. 38 ; Ib. IV.i. 30 ; E 1610 ; J II. 335 ; Ib. IV. 173 ; T I. i. 88 ; Ib. II. i. 52 ; Ib. II. iii. 29 ; /6. IV. ii. 77 ; 76. IV. iii. 49 ; T I. ii. 86 ; Ib. I. iii. 22 ; Ib. Ill v. 169 ; Ib. V. iii. 77.. 25.

(9) : -7-a^<7)g^|5]c7)ffl}£(;-3^-r. 3. 2 (3) adverbs and adverbial phrases : D V. i. 308 By ploughing up his countries with the sword! ; E 905 it is no dealing with him now ; T V. i. 251 By living long in this oppression. Of some examples given above it must be noted that the gerund has both characters (i. e. mixed character) — verbal with a following adverb (adverbial phrase) and substantival with a preceding adjective (E 837), or various adjuncts (E 779, 860, 905 ; F 359, 601, 967 ; T I. ii. 86, Ib. iii. 22 ; Ib. III. iii. 54 ; J IV. 173), a plural form of the gerund (F 359, 360), and a following of- phrase. to denote its object (M 887 ; F 601 ; E 1125 ; T III. iii. 54). 3. 3 Gerund with predicative complement (4 exs.) : The verbal character of the gerund can also be seen when it takes a predicative complement. In Marlowe four instances were found of this construction :. F 1389 Belike he is grown into some sickness by being over-solitary ; D III. i. 15 In being too familiar with larbas ; T I. ii. 73 By being Asia's mighty emperor ; T' III. i. 74 That's no matter, sir, for being a king ; (cf. TR 153. 27 to withdraw her from being a Nun) ; where the gerund, derived from an intransitive verb, takes a predicative complement.. 3. 4 Subject of the gerund : The gerund may have a subject of its own expressed by the genitive case, which has been the case from the OE period till the present time. The periphrastic genftive with of has also occurred with the gerund since the time of its first appearance.22 In Marlowe the subject of the gerund may be expressed by (1) the possessive pronoun, or (2) the periphrastic genitive with of. (already quoted in 2. 2 (4)) 3. 4 (1) (10 exs.) : K 381 But, sirrah, leave your jesting ; Ib. 967 to our conjuring in the devil's name ; T I. ii. 86 To stay my coming 'gainst proud Tamburlaine ; E 779 As is the joy of his returning home ; Ib. 860 thy parting hence ; etc. (cf. TR 148. 30 at her coming to Gloucester ; etc.) 3. 4 (2) (13 exs.) : D II. i. 336 the rattling of the winds ; E 1006 the crowing of these cockerels ; T' IH. iv. 83 the beginning of your joy ; D I. i. 241 I know her by the movings of her feet ; F 502 Why might the staying of my blood portend? ; F 1053 The bright shining of whose glorious acts Lightens the world; etc. (cf. TR 140. 34 A good warning of a faire woman ; etc.) If nothing else is stated, mostly the subject of the gerund is the generic person as in : "E 1199 heading is one, and hanging is the other ;" etc., or identical with the subject of the finite verb of the sentence as in : "F 757 I am lean with seeing others eat;" etc.. Already by the time of Marlowe the common case (i. e. an uninflected substantive) or a personal pronoun in the accusative had begun to be used to express the subject of the gerund as in : "I hate the idea of my cousin interfering ; She got a sense of it being her duty to do something." This began to be used at the beginning of the 14th century23. In the use of the common case (or accusative) to express the subject of the gerund we can find another aspect of the verbal character of the gerund. In Marlowe, however, no examples of such cases were found. in the present study (nor in TR). It may be said that the gerund in Marlowe (and in TR) still retains one feature of the verbal substantive in this construction. 3. 5 Gerund with tense and voice. 26.

(10) : -7-Ur-7c7)g^JR]^ffl^(C^^-C. The verbal nature of the gerund can also be seen in its being inflected in the perfect and the passive (e. g. "a possibility of having arrived ; they are fond of teasing but they are not fond of being teased.") These composite forms of the gerund came into existence as late as the close of the 16th century24. According to Franz, both forms (i. e. perfect and passive) are found in Shakespeare, though only sporadically25.. 3. 5 (1) tense : As the gerund was originally a verbal substantive, it had no reference to time, which is, to a great extent, still the case in Present-day English. The simple form was used to express any. time or no time in particular as in : (a) future time ; D I. i. 92 And full three summers likewise shall he waste In managing those fierce barbarian minds ; etc.. (b) past time ; D IV. i. 30 As others did (i. e. 'escaped from the shower ), by running to the wood ; etc.. (c) present time ; E 2646 That rumour is untrue ; for loving thee is this report rais'd on poor Isabel ; etc.. (d) no time ; M 600 A watchful senate for ordaining laws ; etc. In neither Marlowe nor TR are there any compound forms of the perfect gerund.. 3. 5 (2) voice : The gerund was indifferent to voice, too. In other words, the simple form could have either an active or a passive meaning. This is also the case in present-day English as in : "it will need doing ; he requires looking after," where we can see that the gerund has a passive meaning,. though it is not put in the passive form. The following were found in Marlowe with a passive meaning :. E 816 A homely one, my lord, not worth the telling ; T IV. iv. 56 and then she will not be worth the eating. Examples of the passive form of the gerund were found four times in Marlowe and once in. TR : F 320 In being depriv'd of everlasting bliss ; Ib. 324 For being depriv'd of the joys of heaven ; J II. 234 The sessions-day is critical to thieves, And few or none escape but by being purg'd : T IV. i. 133 Thou trembling hidd'st thee in the air, Cloth d with a pitchy cloud for being seen ; Cf. TR 132. 39 for ever being troubled with the like againe. The perfect form was not found in this study. 4. 'A + Gerund'. The prepotition a (shortened form of on, in) was' often used before a gerund throughout the period of early ModE26. The use of the prepotition a is now considered archaic or dialectal save in a few phrases27, for the phrase 'a + gerund' gradually ceased to be used, the present participle replacing it for the most part as in : ModE. "We'll go hunting." In Marlowe six examples were. found of this phrase (five exs. in TR) : D III. i. 174 We two will go a-hunting in the woods ; Ib. III. ii 87 They both a-hunting forth will ride Into these woods ; Ib. IV. v. 36 if he come a-wooing, he shall speed ; E 2449 We'll ride a-hunting in the park ; Cf. TR 103. 36 if you fall a-singing ; Ib. 127. 1 Duke Robert came a wooing to Margaret ; Ib. 127. 8 faire Margaret, ••• Went a hay-making ; Ib. 135. 17 his nose. burst out suddenly a bleeding ; Ib. 136. 29 upon a sudden he burst forth a weeping.. 27.

(11) : ^-o^^g^N^fflîc-^-C In the above examples the phrase is used with verbs of motion, to express the purpose or result of the motion.. In the following : E 797 My lord of Cornwall is a-coming over ; T' III. v. 59 they were a-telling riddles ; the phrase is used with the verb be. Besides this case of the gerund with be (i. e. be + a + gerund), we have in Marlowe such a parallel expression as :. T' IV. ii. 94 Infernal Dis is courting of my love (cf. T III. v. 59 they were a-telling riddles.) Here it seems that through the suppression of the preposition a the gerund construction has merged into the participial28. In the example given above we may be seeing a case where the gerund construction has contributed to the establishment of the progressive form. 5. Summary. So far I have investigated the use of the gerund in Marlowe chiefly from the viewpoint of its verbal nature. The gerund in Marlowe shows its verbal character as follows : it may (1) have an object without an o/-phrase ; (2) have a predicative complement ; (3) be modified by an adverb (adverbial phrase) ; (4) have a compound form (though only with a passive form in Marlowe). Hence we may well assume that the verbal character of the gerund in Marlowe is nearly the same as that in present-day English. However, the following must be noted as being characteristic of a transition period : (1) to denote a logical object, an o/-phrase was used following a gerund as well as the type, 'gerund + object'; (2) the preposition a was sometimes used before a gerund.. (NOTES) 1 OED s. v. -ing1. 2 Dorothy Whitelock (ed.), Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader (15th ed. ; London : Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 94. 3 Ibid., p. 79.. 4 Tauno F. Mustanoja, A Middle English Syntax, I (Helsinki : Societe Neophilologique, 1960), pp. 566—69. 5 Knud Schibsbye, A Modern English Grammar (London : Oxford U. P., 1970), pp. 60—61. 6 Christopher Marlowe, The Plays of Christopher Marlowe ("The World's Classics ; London : Oxford U. P., 1969) 7 Thomas Deloney, Thomas of Reading ("Shorter Novels : Elizabethan"; London, New York : Everyman's Library, 1966) 8 OED s. v. it. 2. b. 9 Ibid., s. v. a. prep1.. 10 Ryoichi Inui, "Gerund and Participle". Eibunpo-Series, No. 15. Tokyo : Kenkyusha, 1971), p. 51.. 11 Otto Jesperson, A Modern English Grammar, V (Copenhagen : Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942), p. 107. 12 Mustanoja, op. cit., p. 569. 13 Schibsbye, op. cit., pp. 60—61.. 14 C. T. Onions. An Advanced English Syntax (London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), pp. 130—1. 15 Jespersen, op. cit., pp. 96—7.. 16 E. A. Abbott, A Shakespearian Grammar (London : Macmillan, 1919), Sec. 93. 17 Jespersen, op. cit., p. 99.. 18 Wilhelm Franz, Die Sprache Shakespeares in Vers und Prosa, trans. Shizuka Saito and others (Tokyo : Shinozaki Shorin, 1968), Sec. 669. 19 Jespersen, op. cit., p. 116. 20 OED s. v. -ing1. 2.. 28.

(12) : -7—0^^fti)^J5lOffl^(C-3^-C 21 Jespersen, op. cit., p. 110 22 Mustanoja, op. cit., p. 573. 23 Ibid., p. 574.. 24 B. Trnka, On the Syntax of the English Verb from Caxton toDryden (Prague : Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague, III, 1930), p. 93. 25 Franz, o^. cz'fc, Sec. 665. 26 Trnka, op. cit., p. 91. 27 OED s. v. a. prep1. 12, 13. 28 G. 0. Curme, Syntax (Tokyo : Maruzen Co., Ltd., 1970), p. 494.. (7?S]^. M^jt). 29.

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