第 55 卷 第 2 期
2020 年 4 月
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY
Vol. 55 No. 2
Apr. 2020
ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.2.16
Research articleTransportation
P
OLICIES OF
S
USTAINABLE
T
RANSPORTATION IN THE
H
OLY
C
ITY OF
K
ARBALA
卡拉巴拉圣城的可持续交通政策
Areej Khairy Othman AlrawiCenter of Urban & Regional Planning for Higher Education, University of Baghdad Al-Jadriya, Karrada, Baghdad, Iraq, alrawi_areaj@yahoo.com
Received: August 15, 2019 ▪ Review: September 20, 2019 ▪ Accepted: February 27, 2020
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
Abstract
Transport is considered “sustainable” when it encourages environmental sustainability, i.e., the conservation of the global climate, habitat, health and natural resources through economic and social paths. The goal of sustainable transport is to not only minimize greenhouse gas generation, gas emissions, air pollution, noise, and energy, but also deprivation and economic growth. Policies for integrating sustainable transportation must involve land use, multi-center cities, compact cities, and specifying the expansion areas. The possibility of achieving sustainable transportation in Karbala city will be studied by following one of the integration policies. By analyzing the reality of the situation and the requirements of the four policies via SWOT strategic analysis, we can reach a policy that can be adopted as a policy for sustainable transport. One of the most important conclusions: the possibility of implementing a multi-center policy in Karbala, which is an administrative and commercial multi-center as well as a religious multi-center because of the city's religious importance for the presence of two shrines to Imam Al-Abbas and Hussein, peace be upon them.
Keywords:Transportation, Sustainability, Karbala
摘要 如果运输鼓励环境的可持续性，即通过经济和社会路径保护全球气候，栖息地，健康和自然 资源，则被认为是“可持续的”。可持续运输的目标不仅是最大程度地减少温室气体的产生，气体 排放，空气污染，噪音和能源，而且还应减少贫困和经济增长。整合可持续交通的政策必须涉及 土地利用，多中心城市，紧凑型城市，并指定扩展区域。遵循一项融合政策，将研究在卡尔巴拉 市实现可持续交通运输的可能性。通过苦战战略分析来分析形势的现实和四项政策的要求，我们 可以得出可以被采纳为可持续交通运输政策的政策。最重要的结论之一是：在卡尔巴拉实施多中 心政策的可能性，卡尔巴拉既是行政和商业中心，又是宗教中心，因为该市对于伊玛目阿巴斯（I mam Al-Abbas）和圣灵两座圣地的存在具有宗教重要性侯赛因，和平就在他们身上。
关键词: 运输，可持续发展，卡尔巴拉
I.
I
NTRODUCTIONAchieving sustainability in city planning is the goal of everyone in the twenty-first century, and therefore it is necessary to know the policies that achieve this and their environmental, social, and economic axes [7].
The holy city of Karbala is considered an important city that possesses religious and cultural importance, so it was chosen as a study area.
Three transport sustainability policies and the requirements for achieving them will be studied.
A. Sustainable Transportation Policies
Sustainable transportation is achieved through three policies (compact cities, multicenter – specify the expansion areas).
1) Compact City
A compact city as a sustainable urban development policy that integrates land use and transportation and which leads to urban intensification [1].
The requirements for achieving compact cities are as follows:
1. Mixed land use. 2. Specific walking paths. 3. Use of public transportation.
The indicators for each of the requirements are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Requirements of compact city
Requirements Indicator
Mixed land use Horizontal mixed use. Vertical mixed use Walk able The minimum width of pavements
is 1.5 m.
- cover the pedestrian and city center area should be covered Using public
transportation
Availability of public transportation. - Provides special tracks and stations for public transport. Availability of garages for public
transportation. 2) Multicenter
Multicenter occurs when multiple jobs in urban centers complement each other and even more so, and if the centers collaborate with each other in order to be able to work together as a larger center [2].
Requirements of multicenter are as follows: 1. Multiple functions and uses.
2. The time taken to travel between the two centers should not exceed 45 minutes
3. Significant importance of the historical or cultural center.
4. The possibility of establishing a cooperative relationship between the centers in the form of flows.
3) Specify the Expansion Areas
Expansions are determined by the city master plan, which should take into consideration the principles of sustainability, which focus on vertical and non-horizontal expansion [3].
The requirements of specific expansion areas are as follows:
1. High population growth rates, including increased urbanization.
2. The spread of a large number of industries, which leads to high costs of the product due to the long trip to deliver the product
3. Applying the principles of sustainability for the 21st century in obtaining comfortable living when planning the city, by providing an appropriate environment that provides a beautiful view of the windows and an opportunity to go into sports, while moving as little as possible throughout the city with horizontal expansion.
4. A limited area, such as natural determents to horizontal expansion such as a terrain, or limited area such as islands.
II.
S
TRATEGICA
NALYSISStrategic planning starts from a comprehensive systematic analysis of the organization's current competitive position through current and expected opportunities and threats in the organization's business environment on the one hand, and the elements of intrinsic strength and weakness within the organization on the other hand [4].
III.
C
ASES
TUDYThe astronomical location of the holy city of Karbala is determined between the latitudes (32° 30´ 0´´) and (32° 40´ 0´´) north of the equator, and longitudes (43° 55´ 0´´) and (44° 05´ 0´´) east of the Carring line, but its geographical location is distinguished by a location that distinguishes it from its vicinity from other sites, as it occupied a central location in relation to the cities of the middle Euphrates, and thus is located in the central part of Iraq within the sedimentary plain, and the boundary of the governorates of the
province of From the northwest, the Anbar province, and the south from the province of Najaf, it is surrounded by four sites. The ancient urban centers have a historical dimension, as the
holy city of Karbala is about 110 km from Baghdad, about 50 km from Hilla, and 75 km from Najaf [5] (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Map of Karbala [5]
A. Requirements of a Compact City in Karbala City
1) Mixed Use
From the observation of Figure 2, horizontal mixed use appears in a non-intensive way in residential neighborhoods, but is almost entirely concentrated in the city center.
2) Adoption of Walking Spikes
One of the capabilities found in the city of Karbala is the availability of sidewalks whose width is not less than 1.5 meters, as shown in Figure 3; however, the sidewalks are neither paved nor planked.
3) The Use of Public Transportation
There is no public transportation or tracks available in Karbala, as private vehicles are used as a means of transportation.
Figure 2. Land use of Karbala [6]
Figure 3. Width of sidewalk [6]
B. Requirements of a Multi-Center in Karbala City
1. Multiple functions and uses. From Figure 2, we note the multi-land use.
2. The importance of the historical or cultural center, and the functional importance of Karbala, has functional elements of a global scope and is represented by the two shrines of
Imam Hussein and Abbas, peace be upon them, in addition to other shrines, which are a center for visitors and tourists in many seasons, as a visit to them culminates on the tenth of Muharram with seventeen million visitors. Cooperation and complementarity between the two centers can be achieved by creating a religious center and other civilian commercial and residential buildings, as shown in Figure 4, to reduce traffic volumes in the civil center.
3. The time it takes to travel between the administrative and religious centers does not exceed 45 minutes. The distance is very small, as shown in Figure 4.
4. The possibility of establishing a cooperative relationship between the centers in the form of flows.
Figure 4. Multicenter in Karbala city
C. Requirements of Specifying the Expansion Areas in Karbala City
1. The city's population growth rate for the period between 2009 and 2018 increased to 2.7%, due to the shift of many rural areas to urban areas as a result of the random disintegration of orchards, especially after 2003, which led to an increase in the rate of urban population growth, as shown in Figure 6.
2. The spread of a large number of industries, which leads to high costs of products due to the long trip to deliver them, is shown in Figure 2.
3. Applying the principles of sustainability for the 21st century in obtaining comfortable living when planning the city in order to implement global agreements to achieve global sustainability.
4. There are no natural determinants of Karbala's expansion.
IV.
S
TRATEGICA
NALYSIS OF AS
USTAINABLET
RANSPORTP
OLICY IN THEC
ITY OFK
ARBALAThe policy that ranked first in the city of Karbala is multi-centered in order to provide four strengths in the SWAT analysis (Table 2).
It is possible to create two religious and commercial administrative centers (Figure 4).
The second policy is to determine the expansion of Karbala, with two strengths and one weakness (Table 2).
As for the compact city policy, it is ranked third. There are two strengths, one weakness, and one chance variable (Table 2).
Table 2.
Strategic analysis of sustainable transport policy in the city of Karbala
Compact city of Karbala Strengths Weaknesses
- Adoption of walking spikes, and one of the capabilities found in the city of Karbala is the availability of sidewalks whose width is not less than 1.5 meters.
- Mixed use, from the observation of Figure 2,
horizontal mixed use appears in a
non-intensive way in residential neighborhoods, but is almost concentrated in
the city center. - The sidewalks are neither covered nor
wooded There are no public transportation or tracks available in Karbala, as a private vehicle is used
as a means of transportation Opportunities Threats - - Multicenter Strengths Weaknesses
- The importance of the historical or cultural center, the functional importance of
Karbal has functional elements of a global scope
and is represented by the two shrines of Imam Hussein and Abbas, peace
be upon them - The distance between the administrative and religious
centers does not exceed 45 minutes. -The distance between the administrative and religious
centers does not exceed 45 minutes, the distance is very
little, as shown in Figure 6. - The possibility of establishing a cooperative
relationship between the centers in the form of flows
The possibility of establishing a cooperative
relationship between the centers in the form of flows
Specify the expansion areas requirements of Karbala city
Strengths Weaknesses
- The city's population growth rate for the period
between 2009 and 2018 increased to 2.7%.
- There are no natural determinants of Karbala's expansion - The spread of a large
number of industries, which leads to high costs of the product due to the long trip
to deliver the product (Figure 2).
Opportunities Threats
- Applying the principles of sustainability for the 21st
century in obtaining comfortable living when
planning the city, to implement global agreements to achieve global
sustainability
-
![Figure 1. Map of Karbala [5]](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123deta/8046632.1255083/3.892.180.737.148.677/figure-map-of-karbala.webp)
