A LINGUISTIC COMMENTARY ON GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO’S
THESEID OF THE NUPTIALS OF EMILIA (I)
OH6BJFJ@JH=>B6
Introduction to A Tale of Theseus
Theseid, i.e.A Tale of Theseus, which is regarded as a main source of Chaucer’sThe Knight’s Talein The Canterbury Tales, is probably written around 1340῍42 while Giovanni Boccaccio (1313῍1375) stays in Naples. It is composed of twelve books with over 15000 lines after the manner of the classical epic i.e. the octave Alexandrine verse i.e. a line of six feet or twelve syllables. At the end of his last twelfth book Boccaccio o#ers his sincere dedication to the Muses in terms of composing three types of poetry while he gives an unreserved approval to his Italian vernacular, which is quoted as follows:
Parole dell’ autore al libro suo
Poi che le Muse nude cominciaro/
nel cospetto degli uomini ad andare, 2 gia◊fur di quelli i quai l’ esercitaro/
con bello stilo in onesto parlare, 4 e altri in amoroso l’ operaro;/
ma tu, o libro, primo a lor cantare 6 di Marte fai gli a#anni sostenuti,/
nel volgar lazio piu◊mai non veduti. (84) 8
Words of the author about his book.
(Since the Muses began to go on undressed in the sight of people, there have already been those who had recourse to them with fair style in honorable discourse, and others availed themselves of them in amorous poetry. But you, oh, my book, are the first to have them sing the labors su#ered for Mars, which have never been observed before in the Italian vernacular.)
On the other hand Dante Alighieri has opened an epoch-making way for the rising predominance of Italian vernaculars, putting for- ward the illustrious vernacular i.e.il volgare illustre in hisDe Vulgari Eloquentia:
Et cum comparatio dignitatum non fiat circa idem obiectum, sed circa diversa, ut dignius dicamus quod maioribus, dignissimum quod maximis dignum est (quia nichil eodem dignius esse potest), manifestum est quod optima optimis secundum rerum exigentiam digna sunt. Unde cum hoc quod dicimus illustre sit optimum aliorum vulgarium, consequens est ut sola optima digna sint ipso, que (ῌquae) quidem tractandorum dignissima nuncupamus. Book II, iiῌ5
(And when comparison may not be made about the same exalted object, but about various things, so that I say more properly that among the greater that one which is worthy among the greatest is the worthiest (for none can be worthier than it). It is evident that the best among the best are worthy according to the necessity of things.
Therefore since this one which I callillustrious might be better than any other vernacular, it logically follows that the best things alone should be worthy of being treated by it, which indeed I designate as the worthiest of those which should be treated.)
In the aforementioned quotation Boccaccio confidently claims that Theseid is the first epic on the theme of warfare which has ever been written in the vernacular tongue, while again in hisDe Vulgari EloquentiaDante has first classified proper materials for making poetry in vernaculars as follows:
Sed disserendum est que (ῌquae) maxima sint. Et primo in eo
quod est utile: in quo, si callide consideremus intentum omnium querentium utilitatem, nil aliud quam salutem inveniemus. Secundo in eo quod est delectabile: in quo dicimus illud esse maxime delectabile quod per pretiosissimum obiectum appetitus delectat: hoc autem venus est. Tertio in eo quod est honestum: in quo nemo dubitat esse virtutem.
Quare hec (ῌhaec) tria,salusvidelicet,venusetvirtus, apparent esse illa magnalia que (ῌquae) sint maxime pertractanda, hoc est ea que (ῌquae) maxime sunt ad ista, utarmorum probitas,amoris accensioet directio voluntatis. II, iiῌ7
(But those which are the greatest must be examined. And firstly what is useful in it: if we should shrewdly consider the intention of all the questioners, we will find utility nothing else than soundness in it.
Secondly what is delightful in it: we declare that something extremely delightful exists in it, for it pleases our desire by its most valuable object: this, however, is love. Thirdly what is integrity in it: nobody doubts that there is fortitude in it.
Therefore these three, that is, soundness, love, and fortitude, appear to be those great words which should be especially discussed, namely, those which are particularly for these vernaculars, for in- stance, staunchness of arms,flare of loveand uprightness of will.)
Therefore it seems that Boccaccio wholeheartedly accepts Dante’s new proposals on making poetry in vernaculars and he challenges for undertaking a pioneering work of writing a martial epic which is literally dedicated to Mars i.e. God of war.
This thesis is first and foremost intended as a verbatim English translation so that Boccaccio’s language and phraseology may be perfectly appreciated by all the readers that have some interest in the linguistic influenceof Boccaccio’s Italian upon Chaucer’s English.
Teseida delle nozze d’Emilia
Sonettonelquale[(pn.indef.m.sing.ῌLqualisof such a kind cf.
Equality, qualify, F quel, lequel & Spcual) who, which]si contiene [(pres.indic.refl.3rdpers.sing.ofcontenereῌLcontinereto hold or keep
together῍con-ῌ tenere to hold cf. E contain, content, contentment, continent, F contenir& Spcontener) to contain, hold, comprise]uno argomento [(s.m.sing.῍L argumentum evidence῍argumentari to adduce proof῍arguereto prove cf. Itargomentare, Eargument,argue, argumental, F argument& Sp argumento) summery, exposition, syn- opsis]generale a tutto il libro.
Nel primovince[(pres.indic.act.3rdpers.sing.ofvincere῍Lvincere to win cf. Itvincitore, vittoria, vittorioso, E victory, victorious, victor, vanquish, invincible, convince, convincible, conviction, F vaincre & Sp vencer) to conquer,win] Teseo l’Amazone [(arch.of Amazzone῍Gk Amazo¯n῍a-not, withoutῌmazosbreast) Amazon], nel secondo Creon certanamente [(adv.῍certare to combat῍L certamen s.neut.rivalry
῍certare to contend for superiority in any field freq.of cernere to discern) in a combat; nowcertareis rare and is replaced bycombattere etc.];
el terzo amore Arcita e Palemoneoccupa, [(pres.indic.act.3rdpers.
sing.of occupare῍L occupare to seize῍ob-ῌcapere to take cf. It occupazione, Eoccupy,recuperatory, Foccuper,occupation& Spocupar, ocupacio´n) to take possession of, seize, keep busy] e ’l quartomostra [(pres.indic.act.3rdpers.sing.of mostrare῍L monstrare῍monstrum῍ monereto remind cf. Itmostra, Edemonstrate, demonstration, admon- ish, admonition, remonstrate, F montrer & Sp mostrar) to show, exhibit] la dolente [(a.m. pres.p.of dolere῍L dolere to grieve cf. It dolore, doloroso, dolorosamente, E dole, doleful, dolor, dolorous, con- dole,condolence,indolent,indolence, Fdouleur, douloureux&Spdolor, doloroso) sad, sorry, su#ering] vita d’Arcitauscito [(p.p. ofuscire῍ L exire῍ex-ῌire to go cf. It uscita, riuscire, E issue, reissue, exit, exeunt,itinerary,circuit,circuitous, Fissu(e), re´ussir& Sp´xito) to goe out, come out, appear] di prigione [(s.f.῍L prehensionem: acc.of prehensio῍prehensus: p.p.of prehendere῍pre-ῌ῍hendere to get cf. It prendere,prendibile,prendibilita◊,presa, Eprison, prey, Fprison, prendre
& Sp prisio´n, comprender) prison];
il quinto la battaglia virilmente [(adv.῍viros.m.῍L virum: acc.
of virman cf. Itvirile,virilita◊, Evirile,virility,virilism, Fviril,virilite´
& Spviril, virilidad) virilely, in a manly way, vigorously, boldly] da Penteo fatta col suo compagnone [(s.m.῎compagno s.m.῎MedievL companio῎L con-ῌpanis bread cf. It accompagnare, compagnia, E company, accompany, accompaniment, F compagnie & Spcompan˜ıÿa) good or boon companion], e ’l sesto poi [(adv.῎L post after cf. It poiche´, F puis, depuis, puisque& Spdespue´s) then, afterwards, next]
convoca[(pres.indic.act.3rdpers.sing.ofconvocare῎Lconvocare῎con- ῌvocare tocall cf. It convocazione, vocare & E convoke, convocation, vocabulary, vocation, voice, vocal, vocalize) to call together, convoke, assemble ]molta gente alla battaglia;
il settimo li afrena [(῍a#rena pres.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of a#renare῎ad-ῌfrenare῎L frenare to bridle῎frenum bridle cf. It freno, frenare, frenaggio,Erefrain,Ffrein,freiner& Spfreno,frenar) to restrain, heck, bridle, curb], ’ottavo l’un di lor fa vincitore il nono mostra iltriunfo[(obs. oftrionfo῎Ltriumphus῎Gkthriambosfesti- val in honor of Bacchus cf. Ittrionfare,trionfale, Etriumph,triumphal, triumphant, Ftriomphe,triomphal& Sptriunfo,triunfal) Triumph] e lapena[(s.f.῎Lpoena῎Gkpoine¯cf. Epain,penal,penalty,subpoena, punish,punishment,impunity, Fpeine& Sppena) penalty, punishment, pain, su#ering, trouble, di$culty] d’Arcita, e l’altro [(ῌililῌaltroaltro indef.a.m.sing.῎Lalterthe other῎aliuscf. Ealter,Fautre& Spotro) the next] il suo mortal dolore; e l’undecimo Arcita al rogo[(s.m.sing.
῎L rogus a funeral pile,grave) pyre, fire,῍death] mena [(pres.indic.
act.3rd pers.sing.ofmenare῎LL minare῎Lminari to threaten cf. It minacce, minacciare, E menace, prominence, imminence, amenable, promenade, Famener,ramener& Spmenaza) to bring, lead];
l’ultimo Emilia dona [(pres.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of donare῎L donare῎donum῎dare to give cf. E donate, donation, donor, donee, dowry, F donner, donneur & Sp donar, dar) to give, bring, yield, produce; now donare is replaced by dare] all’amadore [(῍aῌleῌ amadore: obs.of amatore῎L amator lover῎amatus: p.p.of amare to love cf. It amico,amicizia,amoroso, E amateur,amiable,amorous, F amour,aimer,amoureux,amitie´& Spamor,amar) lover, friend].
Theseid of the nuptials of Emilia
(Sonnet in which is contained a general argument of the whole book. In the first Theseus conquers the Amazons, in the second he conquers Creonin a combat; in the third, Lovegets hold ofArcites and Palaemon, and the fourthshowsthe grievous life of Arcitescome out of theprison; the fifth shows the battle foughtbravelyby Pentheus with hisboon companion, and the sixthafterwards convokesmany people to the battle; the seventhchecksthem, the eighth makes one of them the victor, the ninth shows thetriumphand thepangsof Arcites, andthe nexthis mortal grief; and the eleventhbringsArcites to thepyre; the lastgivesEmilia toher lover.)
LIBRO PRIMO
Sonetto nel quale si contiene[(pres.indic.refl.3rdpers.sing.ofcon- tenere῍Lcontinereto hold or keep together῍con-ῌtenereto hold cf.
It contenimento, E contain, content, F contenir & Sp contener) to contain, hold, comprise, include] uno argomento particulare (obs.
variant of particolare a.m.sing.῍L particularis partial῍particula a particle῍parscf. Itparticolarita◊, Eparticular,particularly, Fparticule, part,partir& Spparticular, parte, partir) particular, special del primo libro.
La prima parte di questo libretto/a chi ’lriguarda[(pres.indic.
act.3rd pers.sing. of riguardare῍Frank ῍wardo´n cf. It riguardo, E regard,regardless,reward,guard,safeguard,guardian,ward,warden, F garder,regarder& Spguardar) to look closely at] mostraapertamente [(adv.῍aperto p.p.of aprire῍L aperire to open cf. It apertura, E aperture,overt,overture,pert,aperitif, Fouvrir& Spabrir) manifestly, clearly]/lacagion[(aphet. ofcagione῍Loccasionem: acc.ofoccasio῍ occasus: p.p.ofoccidere῍ob-ῌcadereto fallcf. Itoccasione, Eoccasion, occasional,casual, Foccasion, occident& Spocasio´n,ocasionar) reason, motive] che Teseo fecefervente[(a.pres.p.offervere῍Lfervereto glow cf. It fervore, fervido, fervent, fervid, fervor, ferment, fermentation, F
fervent & Sp ferviente) fervent, passionate, eager, earnest]/
dell’Amazone a vengiare [(infin.῎(O) F venger῎L vindicare῎vis strengthῌdicare῎dicere cf. It vendetta, E vengeance, Fvengeur, revancher vengeance& Spvengar,vendetta,venganza) to revenge; it is replaced by vendicare] il difetto [(s.m.῎L defectus weak: p.p.of deficereto loosen῎de-ῌfacerecf. It difettivo,difettare,difettoso,dif- ettosita◊, Edefective,defection,deficient,deficiency, Fde´faut,de´fectif&
Spdefecto,defectivo) defect, fault];
e comecome[(conj.῎Lquomodoin what manner῎quiῌmodomodo῎ moduscf. Fcomme, comment& Spcomo) how, why] el fosse in Scizia provetto [(a.m.sing.῎L provectus p.p.of provehere῎pro-ῌvehere to convey cf. It veicolo, veicolare, E vehicle, F ve´hicule & Sp vehıÿculo) come forward, entered; in this sense provetto is replaced byavanzato, inoltrato] col suonavilio(syncop.ofnaviglios.m.sing.῎Lnavigium῎ navigare῎navis῎Gk naus shipῌagere to lead cf. Itnave, navigare, E navy, naval, nausea,nauseate,nautical,astronaut,navigate, Fnacelle, navire & Spnavecilla, navıÿo) ship, craft] e con l’ armata[(a.f.sing.of armato: p.p.of armare῎L armare to furnish with weapons῎arma arms cf. It armatura, E rearm, arm, armament, armature, armor, army, Fre◊armer, armer& Sprearmar, armar) to arm] gente,
e come il suoscender[(῍scendere infin.as a substantive: aphetic form ofdiscendere῎Ldescendereto go down῎de-ῌscandreto climb cf. Edescent,scan,scansion, F descendre& Sp descender) to go down, descend, disembark]primamente[(adv.῎primusthe first cf. Itprimo, prima, primale, primalita◊, primario, primavera & E prime, primer, premier,primary) firstly, in the first place; nowprimamenteis rare and is replaced by primaetc.] dall’Amazone gli fosse interdetto[(imperf.
subj.pass.3rdpers.sing.ofinterdire῎Linterdicere῎inter-ῌdiceretosay cf. Itinterdizione,dire, Einterdict,interdiction, Finterdire,interdiction
& Spentredicho) to forbid, prohibit, ban];
mostrando appresso [(adv.῎appressare῎ad-ῌpresso῎L pressus:
p.p.ofpremereto press cf. Epress,pressure, Fpre◊s,apre◊s,presque& Sp presio´n) after,afterwards, behind;appressoin this sense is a synonym of dopo, dietro etc.] come discendesse per viva forza[(s.f.῎L fortia῎
fortisstrong cf. Itforzare,forzoso,forzato,sforzo,sforzamento,sforzato, Eenforce,enforcement,reinforce,reinforcement,force,e#ort, Fe#orcer, force & Sp esforzarse) force, power, strength], e come combattendo con quelle donne poscia la vincesse [(imperf.subj.act.3rdpers.sing.of vincere῍Lvincereto win cf. It vittoria, vittorioso, E victory, victorious, victor, invincible, convince, convincible, conviction, convict, Fvaincre&
Spvencer) to conquer, win],
l’ assedio [(s.m.sing.῍VL ῍adsedium῍L obsidio῍obsidere῍ob- ῌsidere to sit cf. It assediare, sede, sedia, seggio, E siege, besiege, sedentary, sediment, session, F assie´ger, asseoir & Sp asediar, sentar) esiegement, siege] poi alla citta◊ponendo[(ger.ofporre῍Lponereto set cf. Itposta,posizione,postura, Eopponent,oppose,opposite,opposition, pose, apposition, appositive, position, propose, proposal, proposition, F poser& Spponer) to put, set, place];
e come apatti(s.m.pl.ofpatto῍Lpactumcontract: p.p.ofpacisci to agree῍pacis gen.of pax peace cf. Itpace, Epact,compact,impact, peace,peaceful,pacific,pacify,appease, Fpacte,paix& Sppacto,paz) ontract, covenant] Ipolita si desse [(imperf.subj. refl.3rd pers.sing.of dare῍L dare to give cf. It datore, data, dato, E data, date, dative, donor, donate, donation, add, Fdonner, donne´e & Sp dar, donar) to give, grant; refl.to give oneself up, surrender], con pace lui per marito prendendo.
The First Book
Sonnet in whichis containedaspecificargument of the first book.
(The first part of this small book to him whopores overitclearly shows the reason why Theseus fervidly took vengeance upon the o#enseof the Amazons; and how he had advanced in Scythia with his shipand with hisarmedpeople, and how hisdisembarkation had been at first prohibited by the Amazons; afterwards showing how he had disembarked by vigorousforce, and how he, waging war against those women,hadlaterconqueredit, finally laying a siegearound the city;
and how Hippolytahad surrenderedundercontract, peacefully taking
him to husband.)
Incomincia [(pres.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of incominciare῍in-ῌ cominciare῍VL῍comintiare῍Lcon-ῌinitiareto begin῍in-ῌitus: p.p.
ofireto go cf. Itiniziare, Ecommence, Fcommencer& Spcomenzar) to begin, start] il primo libro del Teseida delle nozze [(s.f.pl.῍L nuptiae῍nubere to marry cf. It nubile, E nubile, F nuptial & Sp nupcial) nuptials, marriage] d’Emilia.E prima la invocazione dell’
autore(s.m.῍Lauctorone who brings about the existence of anything
῍auctus: p.p.ofaugereto increase cf. Itautorita◊, Eauthority, author- itative,authorize, Fauteur,autorite´& Spautor,autoridad) author].
(The first book of Theseusbegins withthenuptialsof Emilia. And first the invocation of the author.)
1
O sorelle[(s.f.pl.of sorella῍L soror cf. Itsorellanza, sorellastra, suora, Esororal,sorority& Fsœur) sister]castalie(a.f.pl.ofcastalio῍ LCastalius῍Castalia῍GkKastaliaa fountain on Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses) Castalian], che nel monteElicona[(s.m.῍L Helico¯na῍GkHeliko¯na mountainin Bœotia,sacred to Apollo and the Muses) Helicon]contente[(a.f.pl.ofcontento῍Lcontentusp.p.ofcon- tinere῍con-ῌ tenereto hold cf. It contenere, Econtent,contentment, contain, continence, countenance, F content, contenir & Sp contento, contener) contented, satisfied]dimorate[(pres.indic.act.2ndpers.pl.of dimorare῍L demorari to detain῍de-ῌmorari to tarry῍mora delay cf. It dimora, mora, E mora, moratorium, moratory, demur, F demeurer& Spmorada, morar) to reside, live, dwell, stay],dintorno [(prep.῍diῌintornoaround῍inῌtorno῍tornare῍Ltornare῍tornus lathe cf. It tornata, tornasole, ritornare, E turn, return, turnip, tour, tournament. contour, detour, F tourner & Sp tornear) about, round, around] al sacrogorgoneo[(a.m.sing.῍LGorgoneus:lacus Gorgoneus the fountain Hippocrene, on Mount Helicon, which burst forth where Pegasus struck the ground with his hoof῍Gorgona῍Gk gorgo¯a daughter of Phorcus, called Medusa, whose hair consisted of snakes)
Gorgonian]
fonte[(s.f.῎L fontem: acc.of fons spring cf. Itfontana,Efoun- tain, fount, font,Ffontaine& Spfuente) font, spring; here its gender is regarded as masculine, which sometimes occurs in poetry],
sottesso [(obs. of sotto prep.῎L subtus῎sub under cf.It sottomettere, Fsous & Sp so) under, beneath, below]l’ombra delle frondi [(poet.variantof fronde s.f.pl.of fronda῎L frondem: acc.of frons a leafy branch cf. It frondoso, frondeggiare, E frond, frondage, frondescence,frondescent, Ffronde& Spfronda) leafy branch, foliage]
amate[(a.f.pl.ofamato: p.p.of amareto love῎Lamareto love cf. It amore, amico, E amateur, amateurish, amiable, amity, enemy, amo- rous, F amour, aimer, amoureux, amitie´& Sp amor, amar) loved, beloved, enamored] daFebo[(s.m.sing.῎LPhoebus῎Gkphoibos‘the radiant’: a poetical name of Apollo as the god of light) Phoebus],
delle quali ancor la fronte spero [(pres.indic.act.1st pers.sing.of sperare῎L sperare῎spes hope cf.It speranza, speranzoso, sperabile, E prosper,prosperous,prosperity,despair,desperate, Fespoir,espe´rer& Sp esperanza, esperar) hope, wish] d’ornarmi [(῍diῌmiῌornare῎L ornare to embellish cf. It ornare, ornamento, ornamentale, E adorn, adornment,ornament,ornamental,ornate,suborn, Forner,ornement&
Spornar,adornar) to decorate, deck],sol[(apocop.ofsolo῎Lsolus῎
῍se- cf. It solamente, E sole, solely, F seul, seulement & Sp solo, solamente) adv. only: sol cheprovided (that), on condition that (῍ purche◊,basta che)] che ’lconcediate[(pres.subj.act.2ndpers.pl.of con- cedere῎L concedere to go or walk away῎con-ῌcedere to go cf. It concessione, concessivo, E concede, concession, concessive, cede, cease, Fconceder& Spconceder) to grant, yield]:
lesante[(a.f.pl.of santo῎Lsanctus: p.p.of sancireto make holy cf. It santita◊, E sanctify, sanctification, sanction, sanctitude, sanctity, sanctuary,saint,sacred, Fsaint& Spsanto) holy, sacred]orecchi[(s.
f.pl of orecchio῎L auricular: dim.of auris cf. It ascoltare, F oreille, e
´couter& Sporeja, escuchar) ear] a’ mieiprieghi[(obs.ofpreghi: pl.of of prego῎pregare῎L precari῎precis: gen.of prex cf. It preghiera, E pray,prayer,prithee,deprecate,deprecation,imprecate& Fprier,prie◊re)
prayer, request; nowpregois replaced bypreghiera]porgete(imper.act.
2nd pers.pl.of porgere῍Lporrigere῍por-῍pro-ῌregere to rule cf.It porgimento) to give, o#er] e quelli udite [(imper.act.2nd pers.pl.of udire῍L audire to hear cf. It audizione, auditore, E audio, auditor, auditorium, audible, audibility, inaudible, audition, Fouı¤r& Spoıÿr) to hear, listen] come voidovete[(pres.indic.act.2ndpers.pl.of dovere῍L debere to owe῍de-ῌhabere to have cf. E debit, debt, indebted, due duly,undue,unduly,duty,debility, Fdevoir& Spdeber) to be obliged to, must, should].
1
(O Castalian sisters, who on Mount Helicon dwell contented, around the holy Gorgonian spring,under the shade of the leafy branches beloved of Pheobus, with which I still wishtodecorate my forehead, providedyougrantit: lend your holy ears to my prayers and listen to them as you are obliged to.)
2
E’[(apocop.of ei:pers.pn.3rd m.nom.sing.) it; here e’ is a gram- matical subject whiledi scrivereis a logical one] m’e◊venuto in voglia [(s.f.῍VL ῍volere῍L velleto wish cf. It voglioso, volere, E volition, voluntary & F vouloir) will, wish] con pietosa [(a.f.sing.of pietoso῍ pieta◊῍Lpietatem: acc.ofpietas῍piuspious cf. Itpio,pietoso,pietanza, E pity,pitiful,pitiless,pious,piety,impious,impiety, Fpitie´, pitoyable&
Sppiedad) piteous, compassionate] rima discrivere[(infin.῍Lscribere to scratch cf. Itscribacchiare,scrittura, Escribe,scribble,script,shrive, shrift,ascribe,ascription,describe,description,descriptive,prescribe, G schreiben,Schrift, F´criree & Spescribir) to write (down)] unaistoria [(obs.of storia῍L historia῍Gkhistoria῍histo¯r eye witness cf. It storico,storicamente,storicismo, Ehistory,historic,historical,historian, historicism,story, Fhistoire& Sphistorıÿa) story, tale, history] antica, tanto negli anniriposta[(a.f.sing.ofripostop.p.ofriporre῍Lreponere
to put again῍re-ῌponereto set cf. Itposta,posizione,postura, Erepose, pose,appositive,position,positive,post,posture, Fposer& Spponer) to replace, put back] enascosa[(a.f.sing.ofnascosop.p.ofnascondere῍L abscondere῍abs-ῌcondere to put away῍con-ῌdare cf. It nascostamente& Eabscond,abscondence,recondite,scoundrel) to hide, conceal; nascoso is replaced by nascosto] che latino autor non par [(apocop.of pare: pres.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of parere῍L parere to appear cf. Itapparizione,apparire, Eapparition,disappear,transparent, Fparaı⁄tre& Spparecer) to seem, look like] ne dica, per quel ch’iosenta [(pres.subj.1stpers.sing.ofsentire῍Lsentireto discern by the senses cf.
Itsenso, Esensible,sensitive,sensor,sensual,sensuous,sentient,insenti- ent,sentiment,sentimental, F & Spsentir) to feel, learn, hear], in libro alcuna cosa;
dunque sıŸfate[(imper.act.2ndpers.pl.offare῍Lfacereto make cf.
It fatto, E fact, faction, face, facet, facetious, facile, facility, faculty, e#ect,e#ective,e#ectual,e$cacy,e$cient, Ffaire& Sphacer) to make, do, form, perform] che la mia fatica {(s.f.sing.῍VL ῍fatiga῍L fatigareto tire cf. Itfaticoso, faticosamente, faticare, Efatigue,indefat- igable, indefatigability, F fatiguer & Spfatigar,fatiga) fatigue, labor, hard-work, di$culty] siagraziosa[(a.f.sing.ofgrazioso῍Lgratiosus῍ gratia῍gratusthankful cf. Itgraziare, grazie, graziosita◊, Egrace, grace- ful, grateful, gratify, gratis, gratitude, gratuity, agree, F graˆce & Sp gracia, gracias) pleasant, agreeable] a chi ne fia [(poet.of sara◊: fut.
indic.act.3rd pers.sing.ofessere῍Lessecf. Eens,entia,entity, Feˆtre&
Sp ser, estar) to be] lettore [(s.m.sing.῍L lectorem: acc.of lector῍ lectus: p.p.oflegereto read῍Gklegeinto speak cf. Itleggere,lettera, E letter,literal,literally,literary, Flecteur,lire,lecῌon, GLeser,lesen& Sp lector,leer,leccio´n) reader] o in altramaniera[(s.f.῍(O) Fmanie◊re῍ LL manuarius῍L manus hand cf. It maneggiare, maneggiabile, E manner,mannerism,manage, manegeable, management, manicure, F manier& Spmanera) way, wise, sort, kind]ascoltatore[(s.m.sing.῍ ascoltare῍L auscultare῍auris ear cf. E auricle, F´coutere & Sp es- cuchar) listener].
2
(It has come into my will to compose in a piteous rhyme an ancienttale, set back andconcealedin such years that no Latin author seemsto talk about it, so far as Ihear, anything in a book; thereforesee to it thatmylabormay be pleasant to anyone whowill beareaderor alistenerin any way.)
3
Siate presenti, o Marterubicondo [(a.m.sing.῍Lrubicundus red
῍rubere to be red῍ruber red cf. It rubrica, rosso, rossore, rossola, rosseggiare, E ruby, rubric, rubricate, rubrication, rubicund, rubify, rusty,russet, Frouge& Sprojo) red, ruddy], nelle tue armirigido[(a.
m.sing.῍Lrigidussti#῍rigere῍Gkrigeı⁄nto be numb cf. Itrigidezza, rigidita◊, rigore, rigoroso & E rigid, rigidity, rigor, rigorous) austere, stern, severe, hard, rigorous] e feroce, e tu, madre d’Amor, col tuo giocondo[(a.῍Ljucunduspleasant῍juvarejuvareto benefitῌfecundusfecunduspro- lific cf. Itgiocondamente,giocondita◊,giocondare,giovare,fecondo& E jocund,jocundity,fecund, fecundity, fecundate) gay, merry, joyous] e lieto[(a.f.sing.῍Llaetusjoyful cf. Llaete, laetitia, Itlietamente& F liesse) joyous, rejoicing, cheerful]aspetto[(s.m.sing.῍Laspectusp.p.
ofaspicereto look at῍expectareto look out for῍ex-ῌspectareto look at: freq.of specere to look cf. It aspettare) appearance; aspetto is a synonym of sembianza, apparenza],
e’l tuofigliuol[(apocop. offigliolo῍Lfiliolus: dim.offiliusson cf.
Itfiglio,figlia, Efilial, Ffils,fille& Sphijo,hija) sonveloce[(a.m.sing.
῍Lvelocem acc.ofveloxswift cf. It velocita◊,velocifero, velocipede, E velocity,velocipede, Fve´loce,ve´locite´& Spveloz,velocidad) quick, swift, rapid] co’dardi[(s.m.pl.ofdardo῍(O) Fdard῍Frank῍darodhcf. It dardetto& Edart, darting, dartingly) dart, arrow] suoipossenti[(a.m.
pl.ofpossente῍OFpuissant῍Lpossecf. Itpotere,possible,possibilita◊, E powerful, puissant, possible, possibility, potent, potential, F puissant, puissance, pouvoir, peut-eˆtre & Sp poder) strong, vigorous] in ogni
mondo;
esostenete[(imper.act.2nd pers.pl.ofsostenere῍Lsustinereto hold up῍sub-ῌtenere to hold cf. Itsostentare, Esustain,sustenance,tena- ble, tenant, tenacious, tenacity, F soutenir & Sp sostener) to sustain, support] e la mano e la voce di me che ’ntendo i vostrie#etti[(s.m.pl.
of e#etto῍Le#ectus p.p.of e$cere to work out῍ex-ῌfacere cf. It e$cace, e$cacia, E e#ective, e#ectivity,e#ectual, Fe#et& Sp efecto) result, product; e#etto in this sense is replaced by conseguenza, resultato] dire con pocobene[(s.m.῍Lbenewell῍bonusgood cf. It benedire,benedizione,benedetto, beneficiare,beneficio, Ebenefit,bene- fice,beneficial,beneficiary,benediction, Fbien,bene& Spbien) good, property, profit] epien[(apocop. ofpienoa.m.sing.῍Lplenusfull cf.
Itpienezza,plenitudine, Eplenty,plentiful,plenteous,plenary,replenish, replete,repletion,supplement,supply,comply,compliance, Fplein& Sp llono) full, complete] d’assai martire [(obs.of martirio῍EcclL martyrium῍Gk martyrion῍martyr witness cf. It martire, martirizzare, Emartyr,martyrdom,martyrize,martyrization, Fmartyre
& Spmartirio) martyrdom, torture, torment].
3
(May all of you be present! Oh,ruddyMars,austereand ferocious in your arms, and you, mother of Love, with yourmerryandcheerful appearance, and yourswift sonwith hispowerful dartsin each world;
andsupportboth the hand and the voice of me who intend to tell your accomplishments with littleblessing andfullof muchtorture.)
4
E voi, nel cui conspetto [(arch. of cospetto s.m.῍Lconspectus survey: p.p.of conspicereto look at attentively῍con-ῌspecere to look at cf. It cospicuo, cospicuita◊& E conspectus, prospect, prospectus, prospective) view, sight] il dir presente forse verra◊[(fut.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of of venire῍Lvenire cf. Eventure, F venir & Sp venir) to
come, arrive] com’io spero, ancora [(adv.῎L hanc horam cf. F encore) still, yet, again, more, longer, even] quanto’io piu◊possopriego [(poet.of prego: pres.indic.act.1st pers.sing.of pregare῎L precari῎ precis: gen.ofprexprayer cf.Itpreghiera, prego, Epray, prayer, prithee, precarious, deprecate, impecation & Fprier,prie◊re) to pray, ask, beg]
umilmente [(adv.῎umile῎L humilem acc.of humilis low῎humus earth cf. Itumiliare, umiliazione, E humiliate, humiliation, humility, humble,Fhumble& Sphumilde) humbly, lowly, modestly ],
per quel signor che’ gentili [(a.m.pl.of gentile῎L gentilis῎ gentem: acc.ofgensrace or clan῎IE῍gen-to beget cf. Itgentiuomo, E gentle, gentility, genial, geniality, genius, gender, congenial, F gentil, gens& Spgentil,gente) aristocratic; in this sensegentileis a Latinism and is paraphrased bydi nobile origineand it is used as a substantive]
innamora[(pres.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.ofinnamorare῎in-ῌamore῎ amare῎L amare to love cf. It amare, amico, amicizia, E amiable, amorous, F amour, aimer, amoureux & Sp amor, amar) to charm, fascinate, enamor],
cheattendiate[(pres.subj.act.2ndpers.pl.ofattendere῎Lattendere
῎ad-ῌtendereto stretch cf. Itattenzione, Eattend,attention,attentive, attendance,attendant, Fattendre & Spatender) to attend, pay atten- tion to] con intera mente;
voi udirete come elli scolora [(pres.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of scolorare῎s- (῎ex-)ῌcolorare῎L colorare῎color῎celare to conceal cf. Itcolore, Ecolor,conceal, Fcolorer,couleur& Spcolorear,color) to discolor, cause to fade (῍impallidire)] ne’ casi avversi ciascun [(apocop.of ciascuno: a.indef.f.sing.῎L quisque unus cf. F chacun, chaque & Sp cada uno) each, every] suo seguace [(a.m.sing.῎LL sequacem: acc.of sequax῎L sequi to follow cf. It seguitare, seguire, seguito, E sequence, sequent, sequential, sequel, sequacious, sequacity, pursue, pursuit, ensue, F suivre& Sp seguir) follower] e come dopo a#anno [(s.m.῎Prov afan῎afanar to be out of breath cf. It a#annare,a#annante,a#annoso) di$culty in breathing, distress, trou- ble, exhaustion; here a#annois a synonym ofpreoccupazione etc.] e’
doni [(pres.subj.act.3rdpers.sing.ofdonare῎Ldonare῎donum῎dare
to give cf. Ldonare, Itonare, donatore, donazione, Edonate, donation, donor, donee, dowry, F donner,donneur & Sp donar,dar) to give, donate, grant] pace.
4
(And to you, in whosesightthe present sayingwillprobablycome as I hope, Ihumbly make an entreaty stillmore as far as I can, by that lord wholoves the noble-minded, so that youmay give attentionwith your unreserved mind; you will hear how he discolors each of his followerson adverse occasions and how aftertheir broken-heartedness he shouldgrantpeace.)
5
E questo con assaichiara[(a.f.sing.ofchiaro῎Lclarusbright cf.
Itchiarita◊, chiaramente, E clear,clarify,clarification,clarity,clairvoy- ant, clairvoyance, claret, clarinet, clarion, F clair & Sp claro) clear, bright, light, distinct, plain, evident]ragione[(s.f.῎Lrationemacc.of ratio῎ratus: p.p.ofrerito reckon cf. Itragionamento, Ereason, reason- able, rate, ratio, ration, rational, rationalize, ratify, Fraison, ration& Sp razon) cause, reason]comprenderete[(fut.indic.act.2ndpers.pl.ofcom- prendere῎L comprehendere῎con-ῌprehendere῎pre-ῌ-hendre cf. It comprensione, E comprehend, comprise, F comprendre & Sp com- prender) to comprise, understand], udendo raccontare d’Arcita i fatti e del buon Palemone, direal [(῍reale῎OFreial῎Lregalem: acc.of regalis῎regem: acc.of rex king cf. It re, regina, regnare, regalita◊, E regal,royal,royalty,reign,realm, Froyal,royaute´,royaume,roi, reine
& Sp reino,real,rey,reina) royal, kingly]sangue [(s.m.῎L sanguen blood cf.Itsanguigno, sanguinare, Esanguine, onsanguine, Fsang& Sp sangre) blood]nati[(a.m.pl.ofnato: p.p.ofnascere῎VL῍nascere῎L nascito be born cf. Itnativo,nativita◊, Enatal,native,nativity,nature, natural, F ne´, naı⁄tre & Spnacido, nacer) to be born, originate, rise, spring up] come appare, e amendun [(apocop. of amenduni: obs.of
amendue num.indecl. L ambo due῎ambo῎Gk amphi round) both]
tebani, e a questione [(s.f.῎L quaestio inquiry῎quaesitus p.p.of quaerere to seek cf. It chiedere, E quest, request, require, requisite, query, Fquestion& Spcuestio´n) problem, quarrel, dispute, opposition (῍obiezione)],
parenti[(s.m.pl.of parente῎Lparentem:acc.of parens: pres.p.of parere to bear, bring forth cf. It parentado, parentale, E parent, parental, parentage, repertoire, repertory, F parent & Sp pariente) kinsman, relation] essendo, persoverchio[(a.m.sing.῎VL῍superculus
῎Lsuperover cf. It sopra,sopra#are, Esuperable, superb,sovereign, superior, surmount, F superbe, sur & Sp soberbio, sobre) excessive, immoderate; soverchio is replaced by eccessivo] amare Emilia bella, vennero[(perf.indic.act.3rd pers.pl.ofvenire῎Lvenirecf. Eavenue, F venir& Spvenir) to come, arrive ], amazona; donde l’un d’essiperdeo [(obs.variant of perde◊: perf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of perdere῎L perdere῎per-ῌdare to give cf. It perdita, perdizione, E perdition, perdu, Fperdre& Spperder) to lose, miss, waste] lapersona[(s.f.῎L persona῎Etruscanphersumask cf. Itpersonale,personalita◊, Eperson, personal, personality, personify, personnel, F personne & Sp persona) life: in this sensepersonais obsolete and is replaced byvita].
5
(And this with a su$ciently clear reason you will understand, hearing told the matters of Arcites and of good Palaemon,bornofthe royal blood, as it is obvious, and both Thebans, and being kinsmen, they came to a quarrel for an excessive love of the fair Emilia the Amazon; and thence one of them lost his life.)
Seguita[(pres.indic.act.3rdpers.sing.ofseguitare῎VL῍secutare῎ L secutus p.p.of sequi to follow cf. It seguire, E sequence, sequent, sequel, Fsuivre& Spseguir) to follow; in this senseseguitareis replaced by seguire]il tempo e lacagione[(s.f.῎Loccasionem: acc.ofoccasiofit
time῍occasusfalling: p.p.ofoccidereto fall down῍ob-ῌcadereto fall cf. It occasione, E occasion, occasional, occasionally, F occasion & Sp ocasio´n) cause, reason, motive]nel quale e per che Teseo,duca[(s.m.
῍Byzantinedouka: acc.ofdoux῍Lducem: acc.ofduxleader῍ducere to lead cf. Itduce,duchesse, ducato, duchessa,Eduke, duchess, Fduc, duchesse& Spduque, duquesa) duke]d’Attene,ando◊adosso[(syncop.
of addosso῍ad-ῌdosso s.m.῍VL῍dossum῍L dorsum back cf. It dossale, dorso,E dossier, Fdos, dossier & Sp dorso) adv.on, upon, on one’s back, over, above, close by]alla reina delle donne amazone.
(Follow the time and the motive in which and through which Theseus, Duke of Athens, went over to the Queen of the Amazon women.)
6
Al tempo cheEgeo[(s.m.῍LAegeus῍GkAigeus) Aegeus: son of Pandion, king of Athens, and father of Theseus re [(s.m. invar.῍L regem: acc.of rexking cf. Itregina,regalita◊,regalo,regalare, Eregal, royal,royalty,regent,reign,realm, Froi,reine,royal,royaute´,royaume,
& Spreal,rey,reina) king] d’Attene era,fur[(apocop.offurono: perf.
indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of essere῍Lesse cf. E entity, Feˆtre & Sp ser, estar) to be] donne in Sciziacrude[(a.f.pl.ofcrudo῍Lcrudusbloody
῍cruor blood cf. It crudita◊, crudele, crudelta◊, crudezza, E crude, crudity,cruel,cruelty,cruentation, Fcru,crudite´& Spcrudo, crudeza) harsh, rough, cruel] edispietate [(a.f.pl.ofdispietato῍di-ῌspietato῍ dis-ῌpieta◊῍Lpietatem acc.of pietas῍pius piouscf. It pietoso, pieta◊, pietanza, Epity,pitiful,pious,piety,impious,impiety, F pitie´,pitoyable
& Sppiedad) pitiless, merciless],
allequa’[(poet.ofqualia.rel.f.pl.ofquale῍Lqualiscf. Itqualita◊, E quality, F quel, lequel, quelque& Sp cual) who,what] forse parea cosafiera[(a.f.sing.offiero῍Lferuswild,savage cf. Itfiera& Efierce, erocious, ferocity) awful, terrible] esser da’ mmaschi [(s.m.pl.of maschio῍L masculus male: dim.of mas male cf. It maschile, maschietta, E masculine, masculinity, emasculate, emasculation,
emasculative, Fmasculin& Spmasculino) male, man] lorsignoreggiate [(a.f. pl.of signoreggiato p.p.of signoreggiare῎signore῎L seniorem:
acc.of senior: compar.of senex old cf. It signoreggiatore, signora, signorina,signoria,signorino, Esenior,seniority,senile,senility,sir,sire, senate, senator, seneschal, F seigneur, monsieur & Sp sen˜or) to rule, master];
per che [(῍perche´῎perῌche´῎L quid: neut.of quis) so that, in order that, so, as],adunate[(a.f.pl.of adunato: p.p.ofadunare῎ad-ῌ uno῎Lunusone cf. Itadunanza,adunata,radunare& Eunion,unity, unite) to assemble, gather together, collect, muster, con sentenzia [(obs.of sentenza s.f.῎L sententia way of thinking῎sententis gen.of sentens pres.p.of sentire to feel, think cf. It sentenziare, E sensual, sensible, sense, Fsentence & Sp sentencia) judgment, opinion, apho- rism]altiera[(a.f.sing. ofaltieropoet.ofaltero῎Provautin῎authigh
῎Laltusgrown or become great, high, deep p.p.ofalereto increase cf.
It altezzosita◊, altezzoso, alto, E altitude, haughty, hautiness, enhance, exalt,exaltation, Faltitude,haut,hauteur& Spaltitud,alto) haughty, proud, arrogant] diliberar[(apocopated form ofdiliberarono poet.of deliberarono perf.indic.act.3rd pers.pl.of deliberare῎L deliberare to think over cf. It deliberazione & E deliberative) to deliberate, deter- mine, take counsel about] non esser soggiogate [(pass.infin.f.pl.of soggiogare῎L subjugare῎sub-ῌjugumyoke cf. It giogo, giungere, E subjugate, subjugation, yoke, jugate, F joug & Sp jugo) to subjugate, subdue, bring into subjugation], ma di voler per lor la segnoria[(obs.
variant ofsignorias.f.῎signore῎L seniorem: acc.of seniorcompar.of senexold cf. Itsignorile, signoralita◊, Eseniority, F seigneurie, seigneur
& Spsen˜orıÿa) lordship, dominion, rule ];
etrovar[(apocopated form oftrovaronoperf.indic.act.3rdpers.pl.
oftrovare῎VL῍tropare῎Gktropos῎trepeinturn cf. Etrophy,atrophy, destrophy, tropical, F trouver,retrouver & Sptrovar) to find, find out]
modo a fornir [(῍fornire: infin.῎OF fornir῎Frank froˆnjan cf. E furnish, furniture &F fournir) to finish, complete, carry out; in this sense fornire is obsolete and is replaced by finire, compiere etc.] lor follia [(s.f.῎folle῎L follis a pair of bellows cf. It follemente,
folleggiare, folleggiatore, folletto, E folly, fool, foolery, foolish, foolish- ness,foolhardy,foolhardily, Ffou,folle) madness, foolishness, foolery].
6
(At the time whenAegeuswasKing of Athens, therewere cruel andmercilesswomen in Scythia,to whomit probably seemed to be a terriblething for them to begovernedbythe male people. Therefore, they,unitedwithhaughty judgment,determinednot tobe subjugated, but to want theirdominion for their sake;.and theyfound the way to carry outtheirmadness.)
7
Ecome[(conj.῏Lquomodoin what manner:quoquo῏qui῍modomodo῏ modus way cf. Fcomme,comment& Sp como) as; herecomeis used correlatively with cosıŸin line 3 just like asῌ, soῌ in English] fer [(poet.offecero: perf.indic.act.3rd pers.pl. offare῏Lfacerecf. Efact, Ffaire & Sphacer) to make, do, perform] le nepoti[(obs.variant of nipotis.f.pl.of nipote῏L nepo῏nepos cf. E nepotism & Fne´potisme) granddaughter] di Belo nel tempocheto [(alternative var.ofquietoa.
m.sing.῏Lquietum: acc.of quies calm cf. It quiete, quitare, E quiet, quieten,quietude,requiem,acquiesce,acquiescence,acquit,acquittance, Fquietude& Spquieto) quiet, calm] allinovelli(a.m.pl.ofnovello῏L novellus῏novusnew cf. Itnuovo,novissimo,novizia,novizio,novella, E novice,novel,novelty,renovate,innovate,innovation, Fnouveau,nouvel
& Sp Nuevo, novedad) new, early, fresh] sposi [(s.m.pl.of sposo῏L sponsusp.p.ofsponderetopromise῏Gkspendeinto swear cf. Itsposare, spossatezza, E spouse, sponsor,sponsorship, spondee,respond, responsi- ble, F´pouse,e ´pousere & Spesposa) bridegroom],
cosıŸcostor[(῎costorodemonstr.pn. pl.῏Leccum istrorum) these;
costoro: pl.of costui῏VL῍eccumistui& costei ], ciascuna col suo telo [(s.m.sing.῏Lteluma missile weapon) dart, spear;telois poetic and is replaced by dardo, freccia, lancia etc.] de’ maschi suoi li spirti
sanguinosi caccio◊ [(perf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of cacciare῎VL῍ captiare῎Lcapereto catch cf. Itcaccia,cattivo,cattivita◊, Epurchase, catch,cash,case,capture, Fchasser,chasse& Spcazar,caza) to chase, hunt, pursue, drive], lasciando lor di mortalgielo(obs.ofgelos.m.῎L gelucf. It gelare, gelato, E gelatine, congeal, F gel, gele´e & Sphielo, helada) frost, cold] tututti [(obs.of tutti a.indef.m.pl.of tutto῎VL῍ tuttum῎L totus all cf. E total, F tout, surtout & Sp todo) all, full]
freddi, in modidispettosi[(a.m.pl.ofdispettoso῎dispetto῎Ldespectus:
p.p.ofdespicereto look down upon῎de-ῌspecereto look cf. Edespica- ble,despicably, despise, despisingly,despite,spite,spiteful& Fde´piter) spiteful, scornful];
e’ncotal[(apocop. ofcotalea.indef.f.sing.῎Leccum talemacc.
oftalissuch,of such a kind cf. Ittale, Ftel, telle& Sptal) such, like, similar;cotaleas an adjective is literary and is replaced bytale, si#atto etc.]guisa{(s.f.῎Germ῍wisamode cf. Eguise, disguise, otherwise, G Weise, Fguise, de´guiser & Sp guisa) way, manner] libere [(a.f.pl.of libero῎L liberus free cf. It liberista, liberare, liberazione, liberta◊, libertino, E liberal, liberality, liberalize, liberate, liberation, liberty, libertine, deliver, delivery, deliverance, F libe´ral & Sp liberal) free, frank]si fero[(῍siῌfecero: perf.indic.refl.3rdpers.pl.offare῎Lfacere cf. Ffaire & Sphacer) refl.to become, be made],
ben che [(῍benche´conj.῎bene῎L bene῎bonus goodῌche´῎L quia because) though, although (῍sebbene)] poi mantenersi [(refl.
infin.of siῌmantenere῎L manus handῌtenere to hold cf. It mantenere, mantenimento, E maintain, maintenance, manual, Fmaintenir& Spmantener,mantenencia) to keep, hold, support] non potero[(apocop.of poterono perf.indic.act.3rd pers.pl. ofpotere῎VL῍ potere῎L posse cf. It potenza, E potent, possible, power, powerful, potential,F pouvoir,puissance,peut-eˆtre& Sppoder) to be abe to, have power, can].
7
(Andasthegranddaughtersof Belosperformedin thequiettime
to theirnew bridegrooms,so thesedid: each with herspear chasedthe bloodthirsty spirits of her male people, leavingall of them shivering with mortalcoldin scornfulways; and inthis waytheybecame free, althoughtheycould notremainfree afterwards.)
8
Recato [(a.m.sing.p.p.of recare῎Goth rikan to amass cf. Itar- recare) to bring, fetch, carry, take, render] adunque [(conj.῎ad-ῌ dunque῎LLdunc῎Ldumwhile cf. Ittum-tunc& Fdonc) then, so, so then,well then; nowadunqueis literary and is replaced bydunque] co’
ferri[(s.m. pl.of ferro῎L ferrum cf. Itferrare,ferrovia,ferroviere, E ferric, ferrite, F fer & Sp hierro) lit. sword: in this sense spada is preferred] ad e#etto [(s.m.sing.῎L e#ectus accomplishment: p.p.of e$cere to work out῎ex-ῌfacere to make cf. It e#ettore, E e#ect, e#ective, e#ectivity, e#ectual, e#ectuality, Fe#et & Spefecto) realiza- tion, actualization,fulfillment] lor malvoler [(῍malvolere infin.as a substantive῎mal-illῌvolere῎Lvelle to will cf. It malvolente, malvolentieri & Emalevolence, malevolent) ill-will, hostility, enmity, hatred],
voller[(῍volleroperf.indic.act.3rdpers.pl. ofvolere῎Lvolereto wish cf. Itvolentieri, volenteroso, volonta◊, Evolition,volitional, volun- tary, volunteer, involuntary, involuntarily & F vouloir) to will, want, intend] maestra e duce [(nonce use as s.f.sing.of duce m.sing.῎L ducem: acc.of dux῎ducere to lead cf. It duca,duchesse, E duke, duchess, Fduc,duchesse& Spduque,duquesa) leader, guide; nowduce is replaced by guida,scorta etc.] che correggesse[(imperf.subj.act.3rd pers.sing.of correggere῎L corrigere῎con-ῌregere to direct῎regem:
acc.ofrexking cf. Itcorrezione,Ecorrect, correction, Fcorrect,corriger
& Sp correcto, corregir) to correct, adjust] ciasun lor difetto e a ben viverdesse[(imperf.subj.act.3rd pers.sing.ofdare῎Ldareto give cf. L donare, It donare, dato, Edata, date,dative, donor, donate, donation, add,addition,addendum,antidote, Fdonner,donne´e& Spdar,donar) to give, grant, allow] forma e luce;
ne´a tal vogliadier[(contracted form ofdiederoperf.indic.act.3rd pers.pl.ofdare) to give, grant, allow] lungorispetto[(s.f.῎Lrespectus:
p.p.of respicere῎re-ῌspecere to look at cf. It rispettivo, rispettoso, rispettare, Erespite, Frespect,respecter& Sprespeto,respetar) respite, delay; in this senserispettois replaced byindugio,dilazione], ma delle donne che ’l luogoproduce[(pres.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.ofprodurre῎ Lproducereto lead or bring forth῎pro-ῌducereto lead cf. Eproduc- tion, product, productive, Fproduire& Spproducir) to produce, bring forth, bear, yield, give rise to],elesser[(῍elessero: perf.indic.act.3rd pers.pl.of eleggere῎L eligere῎ex-ῌlegere to choose cf. Itelezione, E election, elective, elegant, F´lire,e ´litee & Sp elegir) to select; now eleggereis replaced byscegliere, preferireetc.] perreina[(obs.ofregina s.f.῎Lregina῎regemacc.ofrexking cf. Itre,regnare,regalita◊,regalo, regulare, Eregal,royal,royalty,regent,reign,realm, Froi,reine,royal, royaute´, royaume & Sp rey, reina, reino, real) queen] en la lor terra Ipolita gentil,mastra[(syncop. ofmaestra῎Lmagistraf.ofmagistrus
῎magis greaterῌ-tero cf. It maestro, maestria, E master, mastery, masterpiece, magistrate, magistration, F maı⁄tre, Sp maestro & G Meister) mistress] di guerra.
8
(Their enmity having then been brought to actualization with swords, theywanteda mistress andleaderwhoshould correctthe fault of each one andshould givea form and light to their good living; nor theygavea longdelayto such a longing, but from the ladies whom the land brought forth they elected for a queen in their land the noble Hippolyta,Mistressof war.)
9
La quale, ancora che femina [(obs.of femmina s.f.῎L femina woman῎῍fe- to suck cf. It femminile, femminilita◊, femminismo, E feminine,feminity,feminize,feminization,feminist,female, Ffe´minin,
femme& Spfemenino) woman] fosse e di bellezze pienaoltre[(prep.
& adv.῍L ultra on the other side,beyond cf. Lultimus, It oltraggio, oltracotante, E ultraviolet, outrage, outrageous, ultimate, ultimatum, ultimacy, F outre, outrage & Sp ultraje) beyond, past,over, further]
misura[(s.f.῍Lmensurameasuring῍mensus: p.p.ofmetirito meas- ure cf. It misurare, E measure, immense, measurement, mensurable, mensuration, commensurate, F mesure& Sp mesura) measure, size, extent],
prese la signoria [(s.f.῍signore῍L seniorem: acc.of senior compar.of senex old cf. It signorile, signoralita◊, E seniority, F seigneurie, seigneur & Sp sen˜orıÿa) lordship, dominion, rule], e sıŸ rimosse [(perf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of rimuovere῍L removere to move back῍re-ῌmuovereto move cf. Itmovimento, Emovie,remove, removal,motion,motor, Fmouvoir & Spremover) to keep away, send away, avert] da se´ ciascuna feminilpaura [(s.f.῍L pavor fear cf. It pauroso, spaventare, F peur, e´pouvanter &Sp pavor, espantar) dread, fear],
e in tal quisaordino◊[(perf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.ofordinare῍L ordinareto order῍ordinis: gen.ofordo order cf. Itordinario,Eorder, ordain,ordinary,disorder, Fordonner& Spordenar) to order, arrange, set in order, ordain] le sueposse[(s.f.pl.possa῍posso: pres.indic.act.1st pers.sing. of potere῍VL῍potere῍L posse cf. It potenza, E potent, F pouvoir,puissance,peut-eˆtre& Sppoder) power, strength, force, facul- ty;possais replaced byforza,potere,potenza], che ’lregno[(s.m.῍L regnum kingdom῍regem acc.of rex king cf. It re, regina, regnare, regalita◊,regalo,regulare, Eregal,royal,royalty,reign,realm, Froyal, royaute´, royaume, roi, reine & Sp reino, real, rey, reina) kingdom, realm] suo e se´fece sicura;
ne´divicine[(a.f.pl.ofvicino῍Lvicinusnear῍vicusdistrict cf. It vicinita◊, vicinanza, E vicinity, vicinage, vicinal, F voisin, voisinage, vicinalite´& Spvecino,vecindad) near, near at hand, neighboring] enti aveadottanza[(s.f.sing.῍OFdoutance῍Ldubius῍dubiare῍duotwo cf. It dubitare, dubbioso, dubbiosita◊, E doubtful, dubious, double, Fdouter,doute & Spdudar,duda) suspicion, fear, doubt; dottanzais
replaced by timore, dubbio], sıŸsi fidava [(imperf.indic.refl.3rd pers.
sing.offidare῍VL῍fidare῍Lfidere῍fidus῍fidesfaith cf. Itfida,fede, Efaith,faithful,confide, Fconfier,fide◊l,fier,foi& Spconfiar,fiel,fiarse, fe)refl.to rely on, entrust oneself]nella suapossanza[(s.f.῍OFpoiss- ance῍puissant῍Lposse) power, vigor;possanzais replaced byforza, vigore, virtu◊].
9
(She, who was still womanly and was full of beauty beyond measure, took lordship, and she sent every feminine timidity away from herself andarrangedherforcesin such a way that she made her kingdom and herself invulnerable; nor she had any dread of her neighboringtribes, so that sherelied uponherpowerfulness.)
10
Regnando (ger.of regnare῍Lregnare῍regnum kingdom῍regem acc.ofrex king cf. Itre, regina, regno, E regal, royal, royalty,regent, reign,realm, Froyal,royaume,roi,reine& Spreino,real,rey,reina) to reign, rule, govern] adunqueanimosa[(a.f.sing.ofanimoso῍animo῍ Lanimuspassion, heart῍animaair, breath῍Gkanemosbreath, wind cf. Itanimosita◊,animare,animazione,E animus,animosity,animal, F a
ˆme& Spalma) courageous, brave]costei[(demonstr.pn.f.sing.῍VL
῍eccum esteicf. Itcostuihe῍VL῍eccum istui) she, that woman ], alle sue donne fe´[(apocop. of fece perf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of fare῍L facere cf. F faire & Sphacer) to make, do, perform] comandamento [(s.m.sing.῍comandare῍LL῍commandare῍Lcommendare῍con-ῌ mandare῍manushandῌdarecf. Ecommand,commandment, Fcom- mandement& Spmandato,mandar) commandment, order ]che Greci, Trazii, Egizii o Sabei,
ne´uomini altri alcun neltenimento[(s.m.sing.῍tenere῍Ltenere to hold cf. It tenenza,tenente, E tenement, tenure, tenable, tenacious, tenacity, Ftenir& Sp tener) quarter, part of a city; nowtenimentois
replaced by regione, quartiere etc.] entrar lasciasser [(῍lasciassero imperf.subj.act.3rd pers.pl.of lasciare῎L lascare῎laxicare῎laxus loose cf. Itlasco,lascito,lascita◊, Elax,laxate,laxation,laxity,laxative, relax, Flaisser& Spdejar) to leave, let, permit, allow],
se esseavean[(contracted form ofavevano: imperf. indic. act.3rd pers.pl. ofavere῎Lhabere to havecf. Itabile,abilita◊, abito, Ehabit, habitable,habitability,habitation,habitual,habituate,habitude, Favoir
& Sphaber) to have, hold] di lei la graziacara[(a.f. sing.ofcaro῎L carus dear cf. It carissimo, carezza, carita◊, caritatevole, caritatevolemente, Echarity,cherish,caress, F cher,caresse,charite´&
Sp caro, caricia, caridad) dear, precious, esteemed]; ma ciascuno spento [(fosse ) (pluperf.subj.pass.3rd pers.sing. of spegnere῎VL῍ expingere῎ex-ῌL pingere to paint cf. E pigment, picture, pictorial, picrorialize, pictorialization, paint, painter, depict) to extinguish, put out, blow out] di vita fosse che vi s’appressasse [(῍siῌappressasse imperf.subj.refl.3rdpers.sing.ofappressare῎appressoadv.῎ad-ῌpresso
῎L pressus: p.p.of premere to press cf. It appressamento, E press, pressure, F pre◊s,apre◊s,presque& Sppresio´n) to approach, draw near;
now appressarsi is obsolete and is replaced by accostarsi, avvicinarsi etc.],
se subito ilterren[(apocop.ofterrenos.m.῎Lterrenusof earth῎
῍teresnos῎terra earth cf. It It terra, terrestre, terrenita◊, E terrane, terrestrial, territory, terrace, terrain, F terre, terrestre & Sp tierra, terrestre) land]nonisgombrasse[(aug.ofsgombrasseimperf.subj.act.3rd pers.sing.ofsgombrare῎s-(ex-)ῌimgombrare῎(O) Fencombrer῎in- ῌOFcombrecf. Eencumber,encumbrance,cumbersome,cumbrous) to go away, depart].
10
(Then she,reigning courageously, gaveorderto her women that they would notletGrecians, Thracians,Egyptians or Sabians, or other men enter into any part of the city, if they might hold her favor esteemed; in fact each whoapproachedthereshould have been robbed
of his life, if hehadnotleft the landquickly.)
11
Se per ventura [(s.f.῎L ventura the things to come῎venturus:
fut.part.῎ventus: p.p.ofvenirecf. Itvenire,venuta,venuto& Eventure, venturous, adventure, advent) destiny, chance; venturais replaced by sorte, destino, caso] lıŸfosser venutefemine [(obs.offemmines.f.pl.of femmina῎L femina woman῎῍fe- to suck cf. It femminile, femminilita◊, Efeminine,feminity,feminist,feministic,feminism,e#em- inate, F fe´minin, femme & Sp femenino) woman], di qual parte si volesse[(apocopated form of si volessero: imperf.subj.refl.3rd pers.pl.
pers.sing. of volere῎L volere to wish cf. It volentieri, volenteroso, volonta◊, E volition, voluntary& F vouloir) to will, want, intend, hold, require, should],
da lor benignamente [(adv.῎benigno῎L benignus῎beneῌ gignereto be born cf. Itbenignamente, benignita◊, Ebenign,benignant, benignity, benison, F be´nignite´, be´nin, be´nigne & Sp benignidad, benigno) kindly, mildly]ricevute[fossero(pluperf.subj.pass.3rdpers.pl.
of ricevere῎L recipere῎re-ῌcapere to take cf. It ricevimento, ricevitore,recettore, Ereception,receipt,recipe,recipient, Frecevoir& Sp recibir) to receive, accept] comando◊fosseroe,
se lor piacesse d’ esser con loro insieme, ritenutedovessono[(poet.
form ofdovessero imperf. subj.act.3rd pers.pl.of dovere῎L debere to owe῎de-ῌhabere to have cf. E debit, debt, indebted, duly, undue, duty, Fdevoir& Spdeber) to be obliged to, should] esser,sıŸche[(῍ sicche´῎sıŸ῎Lsicthusῌche´῎Lquid῎quis) with the result that, so that (῍cosıŸche); so, then]si riempiesse[(imperf.subj.refl.3rd pers.sing.of riempire῎re-ῌempire῎VL῍implire῎L implere to fill up῎in-ῌ plenus full cf. It riempimento, pieno, E plenary, plenish, replenish, plenitude, plenty, plenteous, complete, supplement, supplementary, suppletive,suppletion, Fremplir,plein& Spllenar,lleno) to fill, fill up]
ritenute il luogo di color che lıŸmorieno [(poet.form of morievano imperf.indic.act.3rdpers.pl.ofmorire῎VL῍morire῎Lmorito die cf. It
morte, mortalita◊, Emortal, mortality,mortuary,mortgage,mortify, F mourir, mortel & Spmortal, morir) to die] di quelle che d’altronde [(adv.῎Laliter unde) elsewhere; nowaltrondeis replaced byda altro luogo, da altra parte etc.] lıŸvenieno [(poet.of venivano imperf.indic.
act.3rdpers.sing.of ofvenire῎Lvenirecf. Fvenir& Spvenir) to come].
11
(If bychance womenhad come there from whatever districtthey might, she ordered that theymight be benignly receivedby them and, if they would be pleased to be together with them, theyshouldbe kept back so that the place of those who diedthere might be filled up by those who camethere fromelsewhere.)
12
Sotto [(prep.῎L subtus῎sub under cf. It sottomettere, sottopassaggio,Fsous& Spso) under, beneath, below] tallegge[(s.f.῎ Llegem: acc.of lex law cf. Itlegale,legalemente,legalita◊,legalizzare, legislatura,legislativo, Elegal,legally,legality,illegal,illegality,legal- ize,legalization,legislate,legistative, Floi& Spley) law, act, rule] piu◊ anni quel regno istette [(aug.of stette perf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of stare῎Lstareto stand῎῍stha-to stop cf. Itstanza,stanziale,stanziare, stato,stazione, Estate,stately,statement,statesman, F´tate & Spestado) to stand, lie, be],e’[(contracted form ofe: conj.῎Letandῌi: def.art.
m.pl.of il) and the] porti furon ben guardati [(῍furono guardati pluperf.indic.pass.3rd pers.pl.pers.sing. of guardare῎Frank ῍wardo´n cf. It guardia, E regard, reward, rewardable, guard, F garder & Sp guardar) to stand guard over (῍custodire, difendere)],
sicche´ non vi venia nave ne´legno [(s.m.῎Llignum gathered wood, firewood῎legereto gather cf. Itlegnoso,legnosita◊, Fligneux&
Splen˜o, len˜oso) ship; in this sense legno is poetic and is replaced by nave etc.], o da fortuna o da altro menati [fosser (῍fossero menati pluperf.subj.pass.3rd pers.pl.of menare῎LL minare῎L minari to
threaten cf. Itminacce,minacciare, Emenace,prominence, Famener, ramener & Sp menaza) to lead, bring, draw] che fosserŸlı, che non lasciasser pegno [(s.m.῎L pignus pledge, token, assurance, proof῎ pingere to paint) pledge, token, guarantee] oltre [(prep. & adv.῎L ultraon the other side, beyond cf. Lultimus, Itoltraggio,oltracotante, E ultraviolet, outrage, outrageous, ultimate, ultimatum, ultimacy, F outre,outrage& Spultraje) beyond, past, over, further] alparer[(῍ parere s.m.῎L parere cf. E apparent, apparently, F paraı⁄tre & Sp parecer) opinion, judgment] loro;
e malmenati [(a.m.pl.of malmenato p.p.of malmenare῎maleῌ menare) to maltreat, illtreat(῍maltrattare )] li conveniva del luogo fuggire[(infin.῎LL fugire῎Lfugere῎Gkphugeinto flee cf. Efugi- tive, Ffuir,enfuir& Sphuir,huida) to flee], se non volevanmiseri[(a.
m.pl.of misero῎L miserus῎miser wretched cf. It miseria, mis- eramente, miserevole, E misericord, miser, misery, miserable, mis- erability, F mise◊re,mise´ricorde& Sp miseria, misericordia) miserable, disconsolate] morire.
12
(Under such a law that kingdom stood for many years and the portshad beenwellguarded, so that,having been brought roundthere either by a fortune or by another, neither a ship nora boatcame there which had not left a covenant against their intention; and it was befitting for them, although illtreated, to flee from the place, unless they wanted to diedisconsolate.)
13
A questo scotto[(s.m.῎Frank skot tax ) bill, score, reckoning, amount due] i Greci assaisovente[(adv.῎OFsovent῎Lsubinde῎sub- ῌinde thence cf. Fsouvent) often;sovente is replaced by spesso] in- cappavan [(῍incappavano imperf.indic.act.3rd pers.pl.of incappare῎ in-ῌcappa῎LLcappa῎Lcaputhead cf. Itcappello,cappella, Ecape,
cap, chapeau, cope, Fchape, chapeau& Sp capa) to encounter, meet with, runinto] per lordisaventura [(῍disavventura῎dis-ῌavventura
῎ad-ῌventura῎L venturathe things to come῎venturus: fut.part.῎ ventus: p.p.ofvenirecf. Itvenire,venuto& Eventure,venturous,advent, avenue) mishap, accident];
per che a Teseo, allor signorpossente[(a.῎OFpuissant῎Lposse cf. Epowerful,puissant& Fpuissant,puissance) strong, commanding], duca d’Attene, spesso conrancura[s.f. Blending῎curaῌrancore῎LL rancor῎Lrancereto stink cf. Erancor, rancorous, Francœur,rancune
& Sp rancor) rancor, grudge; now rancurais rare and is replaced by rancoreetc.]eran posti[(῍erano postipluperf.indic.pass.3rd pers.pl.of porre῎L ponere to set cf. It posta, posizione, postura, E pose, post, propose, proposal, proposition, proponent, Fposer & Sp poner) to put, set, lay, place] richiami [s.m.pl.of richiamo῎richiamare῎re-ῌ chiamare῎Lclamare to call῎Gk kaleı⁄n to call cf. It chiamata, E claim,clamor,clamorous,exclaim, Fclamer,clameur, Spllamar& Rus reklama) call, summons, request] di tal gente e di lorcrudeltate[(obs.
ofcrudelta◊s.f.῎Lcrudelitatem: acc.ofcrudelitas῎crudelis῎crudus῎ cruor blood cf. It crudo, crudita◊, crudezza, E crude, crudity, cruel, cruelty, F cru, crudite´& Sp crudo, crudeza) cruelty, brutality] a dismisura [(s.f.῎dis-ῌmisura s.f.῎L mensura measuring῎mensus:
p.p.of metiri to measure cf. It misurare, E measure, easurement, imension,immense, Fmesure& Spmesura) excess, superfluity, redun- dance];
ond’[(῍ondeconj.῎Lundethence cf. Fdont& Spdonde)arch.
for, therefore, as (῍a$nche´, perche´) elli, in se´di cio◊fortecrucciato [(a. p.p.of crucciare῎L crucifigere῎crucem: acc.of crux cross cf. It croce, E crucial, crucify, crusade, cross, crux, excruciate, F crucifier, croix, Sp crucificar, cruz & G Kreuz) vexed, tormented], propose [(perf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing. of proporre῎L proponere to put or set forth῎pro- beforeῌponere to put cf. F proposer & Sp proponer) to determine, resolve;proporreis a synonym ofdeterminare,stabilireetc.]
dipurgar[(῍purgareinfin.῎Lpurgare῎puruspureῌagereto leadcf.
It purgatorio, E purge, purgatory, purgative, purgation, purgatorial, F
purger& Sppurgar) to purify, purge, cleanse, clean] cotalpeccato[(s.
m.῍Lpeccatum fault῍Lpeccare῍῍peccusdefect in foot῍pedis:gen.
of pes foot cf. It peccare, E impeccable, F pe´cheur, pe´che´, pe´cher, empeˆcher, de´pecher& Sppecador, pecado, pecar) sin, fault, iniquity].
13
(Fell in witn this payment the Greeks very often by their ill fortune, so that to Theseus, thenpowerfulLord, Duke of Athens, often withrancor the appealswere put forward about that tribe and about their immoderate cruelty; therefore he, very vexed with himself for this,determinedtoget rid ofsuchwickedness.)
14
Marte tornava allora 1 sanguinoso [(a.m.sing.῍L sanguineus῍ sanguen blood cf. It sangue,sanguigno, sanguinare, E sanguine, san- guineous, sanguinary, consanguine, consanguinity, Fsang&Spsangre) bloody,ferocious, blood-colored] dalbosco[(s.m.῍Germ῍bosk-stain) wood, forest] dentro al qualguidati avea[(ῌ aveva guidati pluperf.
indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of guidare῍Goth ῍widan to show cf. It guidatore, E guide, guidance, guise, disguise, otherwise, Fguider& Sp guiar) to guide, lead, conduct],
con tristoagurio [(syncopated form ofaugurio῍Laugursooth- sayer῍avis bird cf. It augure, augurare, augurale, Eaugur, augural, augury, august, augment, F auguste, augurer & Spaugusto, augurar) omen, augury, presage]del re furioso di Tebe, l’ aspra [(a.f.sing.of aspro῍Lasperus cf. Itasperita◊,Easperity, exasperate, exasperation, F a
ˆpre, aˆprete´& Sp´spero, aspereza) harsh, rough, sharp]a schiera[(s.f.
῍Provesquiera῍OF eschiere῍Frank skara cf. It scherano, sgherro) band, troop, group, company],
e si tenea loscudo[(s.m.῍Lscutumshield cf. Itscudetto, E´cu,e escutcheon, esquire, scum, F´cue & Spescudo) shield]diTideo[(s.m.῍ L Tydeus῍Gk Tydeus) Tydeus: the son of Œneus and Periboea, and
father of Diomedes], il qualpomposo [(a.m.sing.῎LL pomposus῎L pompa procession῎Gk pompe¯῎pempein to send cf. It pomposita◊, pomposamente, pompa & E pompous, pompoity) pompous, stately, ostentatious] della vittoria,
sı
Ÿcome(῍siccome῎sıŸ῎cosıŸ῎Leccum sicthus,in this wayῌcome
῎Lquomodo in what manner:quo῎quiῌmodus cf. Fcomme, com- ment & Sp como) as, like; siccome in this usage is literary and is replaced bycomeetc.] potea, ad unaquercia[(s.f.῎Lquercusoak cf.
Itquercino, quercioso, E quercetic & F cheˆne) oak] l’aveva appiccato (῍loῌaveva appiccato pluperf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of appiccare῎ unknown etymology cf. It appiccamento) to fasten, attach, fix, a$x]
cotal[(῍cotalea.& pron.indef.῎Leccum talem: acc.oftalissuch, of such a kind cf. Ittale, Ftel,telle& Sptal) such, like, similar;cotaleis literary and is replaced by tale, si#atto etc.] qual era, a Marte con- secrato [(lit.form of consacrato a.m.sing. p.p.of consacrare῎L con- sacrare῎con-ῌsacrare῎sacer holy cf. It sacro, E sacred, sacrifice, sacrificial, saint, sanctify, F sacerdoce & Spsacerdocio) to consecrate, sanctify].
14
(Thenblood-coloredMars returned from theforestinto which he had led, with the gloomyomenof the furious king of Thebes, thefierce troop, and was harbored theshieldofTydeus, aspompous as possible with the victory; to an oak tree hehad fixedit asit should be, which was dedicated toMars.)
15
E ’ncotal[(῍cotalea.& pron.indef῎Leccum talem: acc.oftalis such, of such a kind cf. Ittale, Ftel,telle& Sptal) such, like, similar;
cotale is literary and is replaced by tale, si#atto etc.] guisa [(s.f.῎ Germ῍wisa mode cf. E guise, disguise, likewise, G Weise, F guise, de´guiser & Sp guisa) way, manner], in Trazia ritornando, si fe´
[(apocop.of fece: perf.indic.refl.3rd pers.sing.of fare῍L facere cf. F faire& Sphacer) to make, do] sentire alcrucciato[(a. p.p.ofcrucciare
῍L crucifigere῍crucem: acc.of crux cross cf. It croce, E crucial, crucify,crusade,cross,crux,excruciate, Fcrucifier,croix, Spcrucificar, cruz& G Kreuz) vexed, tormented] Teseo,
in lui di se´unfier[(apocopated form offiero῍Lferuswild cf. It fieramente, fiera, fierezza & E ferocious, ferocity, atrocious, atrocity, fierce, fiercely) fierce, bold, stern, severe, proud]caldo(s.m.sing.῍L caldus hot cf. It caldamente, caldura, caldaia, caldezza, calere, E cauldron, caldron, calorie, calory, chau#er, nonchalant, F chaud, chaleur& Spca´lido) warmth, heat] lasciando;
e col suocarro (s.m.῍L carrus wagon cf. It carreggiare, E car, career,careerism,careerist,cargo,caricature,carry,carrigage,miscarry, miscarriage, chariot, F char, charger, chariot & Sp carro, cargar, carretilla) cart, car, wagon]avanti[(adv.῍VL῍abantiare῍LLabante
῍Lab-ῌantebeforecf. Itavanzamento,avanzare,avant’ieri, Eadvan- tage, advantageous, disadvantage, disadvantageous, advance, F ad- vancer& Spavanzar) before, forward]procedeo[(poet.ofprocede◊perf.
indic.act.3rd pers.sing.of procedere῍L procedere῍pro-ῌcedere to go cf. Itprocedura, Eproceed,procedure,process,procession, Fproce´der&
Spproceder) to proceed, act, behave, go on],dovunque[(adv.῍dove῍ L de ubiῌ-unque cf. L ibi, E alibi, ibid, ubiquity, F ou◊, la◊ou◊& Sp do´nde) wherever] giva [(imperf.indic.act.3rd pers.sing.ofgire῍Lire cf. Eexit,exeunt,obituary,itinerary,itinerate,itineration,itinerancy&
Spir) to go, go away; nowgireis a Latinism and is replaced byandare]
lo cielo infiammando [(ger.of infiammare῍L inflammare῍in-ῌ flammareto flame῍flamma flame cf. It fiamma, E inflame, inflam- able, flame, flammable, F enflammer & Sp inflamar) to inflame, kindle];
poi nelle valli del monte Rifeo, ne’ templi suoiposando[(ger.of posare῍VL῍pausare῍L pausa῍Gk pausis cessation῍pauein to stop cf. Itposa, pausare, Epause, repose, Fpauser, pause& Sppausa) to rest, lie down; now posare is replaced by riposare, giacere etc.] si ra$sse [(perf.indic.refl.3rd pers.sing.of ra$ggere῍re-ῌa$ggere῍L a$gere
῏ad-῍figereto fasten cf. Itfiggere, ficcare, Ea$xation,a$xture,fix, fixity,fixate, Ffixer,fixite´& Spfijar,fijeza) refl.to stop, stand still],
sperando[(ger.of sperare῏L sperare῏spes hope cf. It speranza, speranzoso, Eprosper,prosperous,prosperity,despair,desperate,desper- ation, desperado, F espoir, espe´rer & Sp esperanza, esperar) to hope, wish] ben checio◊che{(῎ciocche´῏cio◊demonstr.pn.῏Lecce hoclo, this
῍che) that which, whatever; herefuis regarded as pleonasticῌche fu seguisse [(imperf.subj.act.3rd pers.sing.of seguire῏VL ῍sequire῏L sequito follow cf. Itseguitare,seguace, Esequence,sue,suit,suitable, suite,pursue,pursuit,ensue, Fsuivre& Spseguir) to follow, accompa- ny].
15
(And inthis way, returning to Thrace, hemade himselfknown to tormented Theseus, leaving his ownfierce vehemencein him; and he proceeded forward in his chariot, inflaming the heaven wherever he went;then among the valleys of Mount Ripheus lying down in his temples, herested himself, hopingwell forwhatever wouldfollow.)
Table of Signs and Abbreviations
a., adj. adjective inf (in). infinitive abbr (ev.) abbreviated interj. interjection
abl. Ablative interrog. interrogative
acc. accusative inv. invariable
adv. Adverb It Italian
arch. archaic L Latin
art. article lit. literary
augm (ent.) augmentative LL Late Latin
Celt Celtic Longob Longobardic
colloq. colloquial(ly) m. masculine
com. common ME Middle English
compar. Comparative Mediev L Medieval Latin
conj. conjunction naut. nautical condit. conditional (mood) neut. neuter
dat. dative nom. nominative
def. definite num. numeral
demonst. demonstrative obs. obsolete
dep. deponent OE Old English
dialῌ dialect(al) OF Old French
dim. diminutive (O) F Old and modern French
E English OHG Old High German
EcclL ecclesiastical Latin Onomat Onomatopoeia
F French p (art) participle
f. feminine pass. passive (voice)
Frank Frankish perf. perfect (tense)
fut. future (tense) pers. person(al)
G German pl. plural
gen. genitive poet. poetic (al)
ger. gerund pn. pronoun
Germ Germanic possess. possesive
Gk Greek p.p. past participle
Goth Gothic Prov Provencῌal
imper. imperative (mood) pr(ep). preposition imperf. imperfect (tense) pres. present (tense) impers. Impersonal pres. p. present participle
indef. indefinite pronom. pronominal
indic. indicative (mood) pt. past (tense)
῍indicates that the foregoing refl. reflexive word has been derived from the s. substantive
following word sing. singular
Skt Sanskrit
῎indicates that the following subj. subjunctive (mood) word has been derived from the Tusc Tuscan
foregoing word VL Vulgar Latin
῍indicates the following word or form is not actually found, but the existence of which is inferred