Risk control of ships for environment protection Preventive measures should be taken NOx SOx PM Black carbon Green House Gases Ozone depleting substan

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1

船舶リスクベース規則

海洋環境保全に向けて

Ship’s risk management for

marine environment protection

吉田公一

Koichi Yoshida

横浜国立大学

(2)

Risk control of ships for environment protection

Preventive measures should be taken

Green House Gases

Ship

Recycling

Anti-Fouling

System

Oil / Chemical

(Fuel/cargo)

Garbage, Waste

and Wash-water

Underwater

noise

Ballast water

NOx SOx PM

Black carbon

Cold Ironing

VOC

Bio-Fouling

Ozone depleting substances

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3

IMO rules for ship and its environment

Oil / Chemical (Fuel/cargo)

MARPOL(INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM

SHIPS) ANNEX I, II and III

船舶による海洋汚染の防止に関する国際条約 附属書I, II, III

Garbage/Waste MARPOL ANNEX V (ANNEX IV for Sewage)

Anti-Fouling System INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS

船底防汚システムの管理に関する国際条約

Ballast water International Convention for the Control and

management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediment

船舶バラスト水及び残渣の制御と管理に関する国際条約

NOx SOx PM MARPOL ANNEX VI Green House Gases MARPOL ANNEX VI

Ship Recycling HONG KONG International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships

安全かつ環境的に健全な船舶のリサイクルに関する香港国際条約

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4

1.Prevention of marine pollution by oil spill from ships

Measures taken and to be taken

• Double hull of cargo tank: MARPOL Annex I

• Double hull for fuel tank: MERPOL Annex I

• Enhancement of Hull Survey and Inspection

• Strength of hull: Goal-based Standard (GBS) for

new ship construction: SOLAS

Result on

• Increase of hull weight

• Decrease of cargo capacity

– These both impact causes decrease of energy efficiency

and increase of emission of NOx SOx and greenhouse

gases.

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5

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6

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2. Carriage of dangerous cargoes in packaged form

7 落下試験（対角）

• MARPOL Annex III Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form

• International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) • International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972, as amended

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8

IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment

3. Garbage/Waste

• IMO : MARPOL Annex V

– In principle, prohibition of disposal of shipboard garbage into sea/water (MARPOL Annex V)

– Garbage and waste shall be unloaded to port reception facilities（港のごみ受入施設）

– Onboard management plan for treatment of garbage（船上のごみ管理） ISO/TC8/SC2 (Marine Environmental

protection)

• ISO 21070: Management and handling of shipboard garbage

• ISO 16304 Port Reception Facilities for shipboard garbage and waste

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• Equipment/Technology

• Compactors

• Comminuters

• Pulpers

• PAWDS (Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System)

• Shredders

• Incinerators

• Calculating the amounts of waste

• Segregation of Wastes

9

Managing Shipboard Waste:

ISO 21070 (1

st

Ed. Published 2011)

Managing Shipboard Waste:

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ISO 16304

 Waste Segregation  Storage

 Waste Minimizing

 Waste Handling Equipment  Recycling

 Local and National Regulations  Treatment technologies at the

port

 Waste Management Planning

10

Management of wastes

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11

IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment

4. Anti-Fouling System 船底防汚システム（塗装）

• IMO :

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF

HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS

Entered into force September 17, 2008

Ban the use of Organic Tin coating system on ships’ hull

• ISO/TC8/SC2

– ISO 13073

Part 1: Marine environmental risk assessment method on active substances used for anti-fouling systems on ships

Part 2: Marine environmental risk assessment method for anti-fouling systems using active substances on ships

Part 3: Human Health risk assessment for the application and removal of anti-fouling systems

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• Affect of bio-fouling

- reducing of hull performance

(increase of resistance)

- damage to hull (corrosion)

- 生態系の攪乱（越境移動）

• Anti-fouling paint system

- prevention of bio-fouling

<History>

BC: Tar, Pitch, Lead

18∼19C: Cu,

As(ヒ素:Arsenic)

Hg

compound

20C: Cu

₂

O, Hg

₂

O

1970 - : Organic-Tin+CuO

1970 - : Organic Tin polymer

1990 - : non-tin type (biocide,

silicone-base)

Cutty Sark号の銅板

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Tri-Butyl Tin Oxide (TBTO)

a.

b.

c.

N : B

•Organic Tin polymer (TBTO)

- excellent anti-biofouling

- expanded use in 1970s-1990s

-accumulation in sea lives results in urogenital abnormality

• INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS

「船舶の有害な防汚方法の規制に関する国際条約」（AFS条約）

- adopted in October 2001 - ban of use of TBTO

- Japan accepted AFS Convention in July 2003 - become effective in September 2008

• Move to use non-Tin compound

- major compound （Cu₂O）

together with organic co-biocide - conscious to environment

(low accumulation in lives and high degradable)

Non-Tin AFS

a. Zink-Pyrithion b. Copper-Pyrithion

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14

これらの

10種が、もともと発生していた海域で資源、

あるいは有害生物として扱われていたかどうかは、

この場合には考慮されない。別な海域に移動して分布を

広げ、定着して繁殖したことが問題になったのである。

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15

Ships shall carry and operate ballast water management system on-board to

destroy, to the required level, marine species in ballast water before entering into water of the nation of the destination.

In a specified period of time, ballast water exchange taken in open ocean areas can be used.

Ballast Water

Management

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16

Ballast Water Management Convention

バラスト水管理条約

船舶のバラスト水及び沈殿物の規制及び管理のための国際条約

International Convention for the Control and

Management of Ship’s Ballast water

and Sediment, 2004 採択 2004年2月13日

Method of ballast water management

① Ballast water exchange in open sea (D-1 method)

② Ballast water treatment system (D-2 method)

③ Uptake to ballast water receiving facilities

④ Other measures approved by MEPC

IMO Assembly in 2013 adopted resolution A.1088(28) to

extend the implementation date of method D-2.

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17

Ballast water Management; original plan

船舶のﾊﾞﾗｽﾄ水容量（m3） D-2基準のみが適用となる期日２０００年代 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2008 年以前建造船 1500∼ 5000 D-2 ∼1500 又は 5000∼ D-2 2009 年以降建造船 ∼5000 D-2 _D-2 2009~ 2011 年の建造船 5000 ∼ D-2 2012 年以降の建造船 D-2

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Application and implementation of BWM Convention

Discussion at MEPC65 May 2013

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• 2017年9月8日以降の新造船は、バラスト水処理装置の搭載が竣工時から義務付けられる。 • 2017年9月8日前に建造を開始した船舶については、バラスト水処理装置の搭載義務付け時期を議論中: – 2017年9月8日以降の最初の更新検査（最長2022年9月7日）以後は、 D-2（BWM装置）に合致することを要求する（総会決議A.1088(28)）。 – 搭載義務付けを最長15年延期の案が出された。 – 猶予期間を5年から15年の間で交渉中 – 2017年7月のMEPC71会議で最終決着する。 19

Ballast Water Management

Convention will come into force

on September 8 2017

Finland placed its letter of acceptance of BWM Convention o September 8 2016.

BWM Convention will enter into force on September 8 2017.

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20

Recycling of ships (ship scrapping) had been conducted in bad manner in

terms of safety and environment protection.

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21 IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment

6. Ship Recycling

安全かつ環境的に健全な船舶のリサイクルに関する香港国際条約

The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and

Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling)

CHAPTER 1 . GENERAL PROVISIONS

CHAPTER 2 . REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPS

CHAPTER 3 . REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIP RECYCLING FACILITIES CHAPTER 4 . REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

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Ship recycling procedures

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23 IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment

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The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and

Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling)

• Adoption: 15 May 2009;

• Applies to ship of 500 GT and over (existing and new ships)

• Entry into force: 24 months after ratification by 15 States, representing 40 per cent of world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, combined maximum annual ship recycling volume not less than 3 per cent of their combined tonnage

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25

Needs of NOx emission reduction

These gases and particles are emitted from marine engines.

Acid rain

NOx，SOx

HC，PM，CO

Smog

Global warming up

respiratory disorder

CO

₂ Global warming up Acid rain

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26

7. MARPOL Annex VI reduction of emission of NOx

Tier 2 rules From 2011

15% to 22% reduction from the level in 2000

Tier 3 rules  from 2016

 80% reduction in ECA (Emission Control Area defined in MARPOL)

 exclude pressure boat of 24m in length or less and the engine of 750kW or less

MEPC66（2014年3-4月） agreed to keep the

implementation date of Tier 3.

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27

Reduction of NOx emission using

SCR(Selective Catalytic Reactor)

尿素SCR触媒の原理

尿素噴射ノズル

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28

Example: 699DWT Cargo ship

Compact size

Urea solvent tank should have enough capacity for ship’s intended voyages. Control system

Durability of the4 system SCR for ship application Need to develop design of

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29

SOx and PM emission MARPOL ANNEX VI revision

adopted in October 2008, entered into force on 1 July 2010

date Sulphur contents

prior to 1 January 2012 4.5% m/m or less after 1 January 2012 3.5% m/m or less after 1 January 2020 0.5% m/m or less

date Sulphur contents

prior to 1 July 2010 1.50% m/m or less

after 1 July 2010 1.00% m/m or less

after 1 January 2015 0.10% m/m or less

Any Sea Area

In Emission Control Area （ECA)

The limitation of sulphur content in marine fuel of 0.5% or less would mean that existing heavy fuel (residual oil) can not be used as fuel of ships, and ships shall use distilled fuel.

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30

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Emission control started

• From 1 January 2015 in ECA, fuel of 0.1% sulfur or less is required.

• NOx Tier III emission control will start from 1 January 2016.

31 • Low S fuel (Natural gas,

distilled oil fuel, etc.),or

• Use of exhaust gas washing system.

• Development of dual fuel and gas fuel engines (gas and oil).

• Use of SCR

• Engines using water emulsion oil fuel

• Use of gas fuel

• IGF Code (International Code for Gas Fuel Ships)

• Development of infra-structure of gas fuel supply.

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Marine fuel

JIS規格 国際的名称

軽油 GO（Gas Oil : 軽油）

DO（Diesel Oil : ディーゼル油）

MDF（Marine Diesel Fuel : 船舶用ディーゼル燃料） MDO（Marine Diesel Oil : 船舶用ディーゼル油） A重油

B重油 -C重油

MFO（Marine Fuel Oil : 船舶用燃料油） HFO（Heavy Fuel Oil : 重質燃料油） RFO（Residual Fuel Oil : 残渣燃料油）

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Process of oil distillation and desulfurization

出典：舶用燃料重油の低質化対策指針Version Ⅱ ―難燃性燃料油対策― 財団法人日本海事協会20086