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Habituation in Caenorhabditis elegans : Its analysis by using behavioral,neural circuit and genetic approaches

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Habituation in Caenorhabditis elegans : Its analysis by using behavioral,neural circuit and genetic approaches

著者 北村 敬一郎

著者別名 Kitamura, Keiichiro journal or

publication title

博士学位論文要旨 論文内容の要旨および論文審査 結果の要旨/金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科

volume 平成14年9月

page range 226

year 2002‑09‑01

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2297/16446

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氏名 生年月曰 本籍 学位の種類 学位記番号 学位授与の曰付 学位授与の要件 学位授与の題目

北村敬一郎

石川県 博士(理学)

博甲第467号 平成14年3月22日

課程博士(学位規則第4条第1項)

HabituationinCaenorhabditiselegans:ltsAnalysisbyusing BehavioraLNeuralCircuitandGeneticApproaches(線虫 Caenorhabditiselegansにおける慣れ学習:その行動,神経回路およ び遺伝子解析)

細野隆次(医学部保健学科・教授)

長井雅子(医学部保健学科P教授)大熊勝治(薬学部・教授)

星名哲(理学部・助教授)山口正晃(理学部・助教授) 論文審査委員(主査)

論文審査委員(副査)

学位論文要 ヒー

乱RSTRJACT

WestudiedonhabituationinthenematodeCaenorhabd工亡工s

e1egansbYusingbehaviora1,neuralc工rcuユt,andgeneticapproaches・

Wormsinthehabituatedstatesevokedbyonesitetoucharestill sensitivetotouchontherestsites・ToidentifYneuronthat participatesinhabituation,weablatedsystematicaUyneurons constitutingtheneura1networkrorthemechanicalstimuliwitha ユasermユcrobeamandinvestigatedtheresultinghabituationofthe operatedanimals・Wecouldnotnndanyabnormalityonhab土tuation oranimalderectiveユneachmechanosensoryneuronorinterneuron excepttheAVDinterneurons・TheAVDinterneuronpユaysacr土tica1 roleonthehabユセuationin土ntactanimaL工nordertoidentify9enes thatareresponsibletothetap-re1atedhab工tuationinC。eエe9ans andweadoptedcDNAmicroarraYs・WeisolatedmRNZAasprobefromL1 1arvaewithorw工thouttapstimuli・WecomparedthehYbridユzation densitYinmicroarraYsw土ththemRMksasprobesandfound2489enes thatareuPordownregu1atedduringthetaPSセユmu1at土on・Thecells

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exPressin9thoseidenti五iedgeneshavebeenstudiedbYユnsitu hybrjLdization・we正ound89enesexpressedatthespecificregユon inthenervoussYstem・Finally,weidentifiedseveralgenes contributingtothehabユセuationbYusユngdouble-strandedRNA

inter正erence.

nNⅡRoDuCTエON

Learnin9behaviorユsc1assi七iedintoassociativeand nonasSocia七i-velearnin9・Forassociativelearning,animalsare exposedtodi丘erentstimulito1earntherelationshipo造one stimu1ustoanotherstimuエusortherelationshiporastimu1usto behavior・Fornonassociativelearnユng,animalsareexposedonceor repeatedlytoasingletypeofstilnuエusandlearnaboutthe propertiesorthestimulus・so,habituationistheroundationof selectiveattention・Habituationallowsanima1stoignorecommon,

irre1evantstimulisothattheYcanattendtostimuliimportant定or survivaLHabituationhasbeendemonstratedinmanyorganisms testedincludin9singleceUedprotozoa,C、eエegans,Drosophヱエa,

ap1ys工a,nsh,rat,andhuman・Forexalnp1e,inthe9iU-withdrawal renexofApエys工a,changes1nsYnapヒエcstrengthwithhabituation wereobservedmtheconnectionsbetweensensorYneuronsand motorneurons・However1itt1eisknownabouttheintrinsicand

synapticpropertiesofneurons,includin9molecu1armechanisms underlYingbehavjLoralmodifications・ThenervoussYstemofC.

eエegansisverYsilnp1e,anditscomp1etemorpho10gy,cenlineage andgenomesequencesarealreadYknown・

WearetryingtounderstandonhabituationinC・eZegansbY usingbehavioral,neuralcircuit,andgeneticaPproaches.

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RESULTSmUDDエSCUSSエON

C・eZegransmovesbackwardwhensubjectedtoatouchstimulus・

mhisresponseShowshabituationbyrepeatedtouchstimuユi・Wetested

interrelationshipsoEbodytouch,touchonthenose,touchonthe head,andtouchonthetail,allo玉whichstimulatespec並ic mechanosensoryneurons・Animalsinthehabituatedstatesevokedby

onesitetoucharestillsensitivetotouchontherestsites・エf

thep1asticitYoccurredatthelevelo玉theinte9ralprocessin9

phase:nnalinterneuronsand/ormotorneurons,reversa1response

totouchontherestsitesthatusethesame五inalinterneuronsand

motorneuronsshouldhavebeena丘ectedbYhabituatedstatesevoked byonesitetouch・Becausebehaviorswerenota丘ectedbythe habituationinducedbyothertouchsitesthemost1ike1ysitesor pユast工city五orhabituationtotoucharetheparalle1processing level8mechanosensorYneuronsand/orinitialstagesofinterneurons

(Fig.1).

Withdrawa1resPonseselicitedbYheadtoucharecontrol1edby

......-...c、........①。...■...□..。□・の。?・・□.。.e・・・・・。。■・■・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・p・■■・・・・・・・・。・・・・・。・・・・・・⑤。。・・・。・・■・■。。■・・・・・・・・・・・・・P・・・■■・■・・・・・・・・の・・・・・・・・の。■・●・・・●・・■●・凸・●・■■●・●。●・●・●■●・●・の。●の●P■●●●●の凸■●●。●■●●●■●。●■●●●●●●●●●Ce■●●●●●●●●●づ゛●●■●●の■●●●●●●●の゛●●●c・OC

IⅡnterne1luIIl[・ons Motor

Meclnanosell【IIlsoryNeurO1I[,IIs

Stilu【11,uIUnUuns

Nlellullrons

》才才びぴ”IFと〃f〃びぴびびぜげ〃TEfrげIffff5J〃ずぜ〃ffTJJJf〃Jどげげぴ〃ずfJびくTffc〃げげJUイヱTfTJ〃JrJJjFF〃rfJJ3と$どぴ〃ずfJ7JPJゲイf〃ITfP鄙びずfどfffと〃JTTJff〃FfEl〃JTF。●ずJT0・とびP〃frfTJとぴびけどござJ3fJゲグゲゲヶゲよ$〃圧;どFJfグゲゲびび式

rPPFPFPPPPPクPPPPFPFシPPPFPPrPPPPP伊PPPPアドグ〃PPFCFPPドタ●・PrPPPPP;PPFタクヮアドグヂ〃PPPFFPPがPPPPPひPPD・PPFPFFPPPPPPPCP夕PPPPPPPPFPPFFFFPPづ戸PPFPFP5FゲァケアゲPpP夕PタP々FPPヴPFPFクレFPP●かわ万DPPPFPpかPPP⑩

Nose touch

ヨ’

Head touch

j一

、。

Tai touch

ParaIIeIprocessingphase IntegraIprocessingphase Figure4Signalflowinthetouch-reHexcircuit

■●●●。■■●●●●●●p●●●●●●●●●の●O■■●●■●●●●●●●。■●●●●●⑪●●p●●●●●●●●●●-●●■●●●●●、●①CD●CDS●。●●●●●●●●●●●■●●●●●●●●●■●●●●●●●●●●●OCC■●●■白●●●●●■●■●CG●●●●■■●●●●●●●●■●●●●●の●●●●の●●p■■●●・●ひ。●●●●●●CpU●□●●●●●●●●●CCB●■■■●●●●CCD●●●●DDpC●。●ひの●■●●●●つ●▲

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anteriormechanosensorYneurons(ZMIandapairorZALM),by正our Paユrsorinterneurons(AVZk,AVB,AVD,andPVC)andbymotorneurons (Fig.2)・皿oident並Yneuronthatparticipatesinhabituation,we ablatedsYstematicallytheseneuronsconstitutingtheneural networkwithaユasermicrobeamandinvestigatedtheresultin9 habituationoftheoperatedanima1s(Tablel).Ablat工onor singユe-classceUcausednoabnormalityonhabituationofanima1s

●ケタ ̄ヂタタケヴグタPPF・ヤタクタ ̄Pや‐PFウタヴハPニクヂ゛ヂヴヂケハPニチハロゲヂクグヂヴヂタニPPnPクハpリヤP●公ウタタP公岸夕グナゲナタタヴグゲヂクヶグゲタゲ、ヤタデヴデヮグPP「鈩小PヴヂゲヂゲヂグFヴヂグヂゲヂヴタゲ視ゲヂゲヂテヶゲググニヴ会ヴチヴヂクヂ品伊テ■□PヂタヂゲデグタタヂテゲゲゲヂハPPPグググヴニテヂゲヂタヂムハヂヂP…P●宍●八FゲタPPFいPPやPヂヴグタヂグチタテワヂゲタタゲタザレヂタテタテグナヂヂグヂPヂグゲナPヂヂワPPAP~ヂグヂグ軒P品PPリツタヂクケグゲゲヂゲヂータFAP少PPpFがAPPクタ。PPpひヂヴAP〆PPグヂザググヂPPいがウハグゥ

●。

TablelSummaryofthehabimatiosofanimalslackingtheneurons ofthetouchcilcuitry

Neuronskilled Numberof animals

tested

lnitial response

magnitudea

Nulnberof stimulibr

habituationb

None 25 137 21

Mechanosensoly

neuron

ALMLJR- AVM-

PLMLR‐

Interneuron AVDLR‐

AVALR PVCLR-

AVBLR-

Combination AVALR-/PVCLR-

AVBLR-/PVCLR-

AVBLR-/AVDLR-

PVCLR-/AVDLR-

ALMRyAVM-

ALMR-/AVM7AVDLR-

ALML-/AVM‐/PVCR-

000222 0390 四四

04322222 朋叫皿籾 14311222

08370135766988

10235302222222 39S39922112

Contributiontothehabituationwasevaluatedbyablatingeachclassofneurons thatconstitutethenetworkfbrmechanicalstimulus・AblationsofAVDLR,

AVBLR/AVDLR,ALMR/AVMandALMR/AVM/AVDLRcauserapidhabtuation a;themagnitudeofresponsetothefiIsttouchstimulationisexpressedasa pelcentageoftheindividual1sbodylength

b;thenumberofstimulationsfbrthepopulationbeinghabituatedareindicate。

■ ̄■ ̄ ̄■■. ̄…●●●●●●●●●●●PC●CO●●●●●◆●■■●●●の●■■●ロ●●● ̄●●p●●⑪●。■●●●●■■■●●CG●●■●●●●●●●●●●●p●●●●●●■■■●●Ce●●●・●●●●c・・mpP。●・・■p■・■・・・甲・・・。■の●●・●●①●●●●巳。●。●●c●。●●CO■●Ce■●■●■●■●●●●。●●■●●●●■●●■CDC●●●●●●●●●。●●□●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●とニーーーー・●■●■-。●■■の。Ⅱ-=宅巾一DC・・⑪c・・・■==か・・■・■・・・・■・・仁二二二・・・・・・・・・・・・・cc=。・・・・・』

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a AvDAVB AVM’ PVC

AVA PLM

anus

pmrynx価h千二三i6p

Left

vuIva

Right

Z二二万 〉'U『寺 一睡

 ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄

ろ/

-1-」

ミ、-t!

AVM

ALM

ALM

AVD

AVD

ノノ 、、

AVA AVA

ノノ AVB ペ〆』

〉ヘン

一〉『 AVB ''PLM

----■-- PVC

PVC

Figure2Locationsof8interneuronsand3mechanosensoryneuronslbrtouch-induced backwardmovement(a)andasimplifiedschematicrepresentationofthetouchcilCuitrywith synapticrelationships(b).ThealTowsanddottedlinesrepresentchemicalsynapsesandgap junctions,respectivelyThediagIamsaremodified症omChalfieetaL,(1985)andWickset

al,(1996).

如叩印加蛆、011⑩五日一亡ロのEm豚巨(この⑩』□のNlpE□巨亜一のa】

漣bil悪iii瀬悪J1

一AVBLR

-controI ノアAVAR

ALMR-‐AVDR-←REV AVMJ-AvDL←AVA上

LTY《GH-ALI

|iii,蝋ili'iiii蝿Nw毫醐!

Figure3。

excepto正anユmaエsabユatedthe

bilateralZhVDinterneurons(ZAVDLR)(Fig.3).Mimals1ackin9AVDLR mterneurons(AVDLR)werehabituatedmorerapユdlythanintact

(7)

animaユs・エncross-c1assce11kill,rapidhabituationwasfoundin

AVBLR-/AVDm,ALMR~/ZkVH~,andⅢmR-/ZMq-/AVDLR・AsimP1ified

schematicneuralpathwaYfortheheadtouchwithdrawalresPonseis showninn9ure4(a).Wepostu1atedthat,inhab此uatedstate,

signalsaretransmittedviathe9apjunctionswithoutattenuation,

butthesignalsv1athechemica1sYnapsesrapid1Ydecrease・mintact

anユma1s,afterrepeatedstimuユi,headtouchstimulusreceivedby

ALMLRandAVMmechanosensorYneurons

mustbetransmittedtoAVDRviagapjunctions,andthentransmitted toAVARandmotorneuronsviachemicalsYnapsesinwhichsYnaptic changesoccurred(Fig.4(b)).Whi1eintherapidhabituatedanimals

causedbyab1ation,thestimulatユonreceivedattheATIMT1

mechanosensoryneuronmustbetransmittedtoPVCLthrou9hchemical sYnapses,andthentransmittedtoAVDRandmotorneuronsviagap

junctions・エntheseanimals

themostlike1ysiteso玉pユasticitY玉orhabituationaretheALML chemicalsYnapsesontothePVCLinterneuron(Fig.4(c))・

Tounderstandthemolecularbasisofhabituationandretention

orhabituateClstate,itisessentia1toidentifY9enesindividuaUY

bIntactanimaIs

ALMRD

AVM・

ppoDAVDR

REV

.AVAR

ALML-PVCL、.

CAVDLRanimaIs

FiguTe4Thehypotheticalneulal ciruits(a)fbrtheheadtouchwithdrawal responseinintact(b)andinAVDLR ablated(c)ammalsThecircledisthe potentialneulalpathwayfbrhabituation.

(8)

orsYstematicany・mhedevelopmento正microarraYsystemsrorgene expressionprofi1ingpermitssystematicscreeningofalargenUmber ofgenesinvo1vedinbio1ogicalprocesses.Ⅱhereforelweuseda mユcroarraycons土stingo玉4,899cDMAso正C、eエeganstodetect alterationsingeneexpressユonintheprocesso玉habituationWe isoユatedmRMAasprobefromL1エarvaewithorwithouttrainingOr

l80times30-sinterstimu1ustapstimulioWecomparedthe

hybridizationdensitYinmicroarraYswiththecDMksasprobes

betweentrainedandcontrolanimals・we正ound2・O-roldorgreater increasesintheexpressionofl43genesand2・O-玉o1dorgreater decreasesintheexpressionoflO59enesatL5hoursaftertap stimuli.ⅢheuPanddownregulatedgenesarelike1Ytobeinvolved innotonlYchromosomedYnamics,signaユtransductions,

transcriptionfactors,transporters,andionchanne1sbutalso metabo1isms,mitocondria、HowevermanygenesarestillrunctionallY unknown・Thecellsexpressingthoseidentinedgeneshavebeen studiedbY工、s工tuhYbridization、

Wefound8ClenesareexPressed土nthenervoussYsteminthehead re9ion,inc1udingCO3F11、9,ZK1236.2,m1B7.4a,B0507.1,CO5C12、3,

C49G7.4,C24A8.4,andunc-52(Ⅲab1e2).Ⅲoexaminetheirfunction inC・eZegans,wePerformedgeneticinter玉erencemediatedbY double-strandedRNA(dsMZU)usingbaoteriatode1iverdsRM1.we

lkuble2Listof8genesexlDmessedintlnenervoussystem

‘UIB[lUoIMにbses SGrUDtn【DII

k544c6CO3F119

vkll6dlOZK1236Z JII1BjIIl巳uVIldlH

、qmDtUOⅡ CIDE、

】u[DIIn匹LL 1m【2m

(9)

fedengineeredbacteriaeXpreSSingdsRMAtoC.eエegansand

1nvestigatedtheresultinghabituationofthoseanimals・Animals

continuousユyexposedtodsRNAofCO5C12、3andT11B7、4ageneswere rapidlyhabituatedmorethancontrolanimals(Fig.5).Furthermore,

dsRlUZUo造theCO5C12、39eneresultedin

retentiono五habituationwithslowrecoverY玉romhabituatedstate・

TheCO5C12、3geneencodユngthetransmembraneregionofthe

voltage-gatedcaエciumchanne1.ZldsRmAioftheCO5C12、39enemight

moduユatethepresYnapticCa2+influxthattriggersreユeaseof

neurotransmitters・Habituationisthe玉oundationofselect工ve

attention・Then,downregulationo玉CO5C12o3geneexpressionmigh七 aUowanimalstoignoreredundantandirrelevantmechanicalstimuU,

sothattheycanattendtootherstimuliimportantforsurvival・

エnsummarywestudiedthehabituationbehaviorwithanimals ablatedneuronsconstitutin9thetouch-reflexcircui七.Usin9 microarraytechniCIueweidentifiednumerouspotentiaエgenes contributingtothehabituation・ByRNZUexperimentswiththese genes,we玉oundpotential9enesaffectingonthehabituation

behavior.

、●CG●CD●●●●●●●●●□●●●●●■●DCC●●のら●●■。●。■●●凸■■●●s●●ロ●●Uc。●の●●●●e●●●●●●●●●■●■●●■●●●●●の■■の■■●●■DpC●●●●●●●●。●●CDDD●●●●●●DP●●□●●●●pけら●●●●●●●●p●●●●●CO●●CeDP●●CBO■●●●●●●●●●●Ged■、①●●●●●.●●●□OB● ̄●●●●。●⑪●●●の●●●・●●●CD●●●●●●●●CD●●0●■OcDpC●●●●●●●●●●●●●CD●ロ■●●の■●●●●●■■●□●●●CD■■●●●●●●●●●●●●■●●●●●●●●◆●●●●●夕゛■●●●●■●。●●■■●●●●。●●●●●。●pdb

76白43210l

76

5判己2101四勺日咀后四口目⑲明白・凸凹巴屋

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丙N…d、。トの⑨昌貝日日目呉目白日日鳥目1313認目息周RRR月月爲恩爲爲周爲皀斯亜F⑨=◎苫&t1-pnj:司…゛、ロト゜・日ロロ率日日月21日目目N周諦lQRRRR目鳳凰9円目R周88;童T西出⑤r◎量gtJTmTd mguroSReBPonBBmagn並udetmnBitthエoughmpeatedstimuユュ.(a)llabitu酢icno三CO曰C12.3瓠mianima1■(B)Post-3mz⑥covezy辻pn i habituationo竃CO5C12.3-mハユamimLユ■・ハエZoW8(a)posユtionB池bitUat●dand(b)PoBitionBZehabitUated・

も...。...。...。...◇..、0...ロ...B、...、0...0...0...゜...。...。...。・・...:

(10)

学位論文審査結果の要旨

神経高次機能,特に学習に伴う記’億獲得機構解明は生命科学で最重要課題の一つである。本研究ではセン チュウCe化gH"sを用い非連合学習の一種である慣れ学習に働く神経回路網と寄与する遺伝子について調べ

た。

Ee化gmIsに弱い機械的刺激を与えると後退反応をする。くりかえし与えるとやがて反応しなくなる'慣れ 現象が観察される。本研究ではまずこの学習行動の解析系を確立した。確立された解析系を用いタッチ刺激 を与えた際の慣れ現象に働く神経について調べた。タッチ刺激に働く神経回路網は5感覚ニューロンと8介 在ニューロンから構成されている。これらのニューロンをレーザー顕微破壊で焼却しても学習行動に影響し なかった。しかし,AVDL,AVDR介在ニューロンあるいはAVM,ALMR感覚ニューロンを同時に破壊すると慣れ 行動に変化が生じた。このことは本'慣れ学習にはタッチ回路網全体が必要ではなく特定神経回路が重要な働

きをしていることを示している。

本研究では次いで本`慣れ学習に働く遺伝子について調べた。そのため,学習させたCLe化餌"sからmRNA を単離し,cDNAmicroarrayを用いハイブリダイゼーションし,学習させない‘eだ〃"sからのmRNAとの 比較から発現が変化する遺伝子同定を行った。その結果248遺伝子を同定した。これらの遺伝子群から特に 神経系での発現に違いが観察された8遺伝子の本学習への寄与をRNAi法で研究した。

以上により,本研究は学習に働く特定神経細胞を明らかにしたばかりでなく遺伝学的手法で記`億獲得機構 解明の道を拓いた。よって本論文は博士(理学)論文に値すると判定された。

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