20142 Numerical Analysis on Movement and Long Term Performance of Grouted Material by Chemical Injection Method

(1)

Numerical Analysis on Movement and Long Term Performance of Grouted Material by Chemical

Injection Method

2014 2

(2)

(3)

Numerical Analysis on Movement and Long Term Performance of Grouted Material by Chemical

Injection Method

2014 2

Takashi NAKAYAMA

(4)

(5)

1.1.1 1

1.1.2 4

1.2 11

1.3 12

1.3.1

12

1.3.2

17

1.3.3 22

1.4 23

2 27

2.1 27

2.2 35

2.2.1 36

2.2.2 36

2.2.3 36

2.3 38

3 40

3.1 40

3.2 42

3.3 43

3.3.1 43

3.3.2 Maag 44

3.3.3 47

(6)

3.4 58

3.4.1 58

3.4.2 Maag

59

3.5 68

3.5.1 68

3.5.2 Maag 68

3.6 71

3.7 74

4 78

4.1 78

4.2 79

4.3 80

4.3.1 80

4.3.2 85

4.4 88

4.4.1 88

4.4.2 90

4.5 94

4.5.1 94

4.5.2 97

4.6 100

4.6.1 100

4.6.2 102

4.7 102

4.8 105

5 107

(7)

(8)

(9)

1

1.1

1.1.1

1

-1.1

19 Berigny

1920 1930

-1.2

1938 Mayer 1940

1950

1887 Jeziorsky

1907 Lemaire Dumout

1 1m

-1.1

(10)

2

-1.2 ⁵

Gayrard

1 5

2

1915

1918 1934

1950

1961 1960

1 4

1900

1968 1969

(11)

3

160 ⁶

1990

188 1 ⁷

8 ,9

10 13

(12)

4

1.1.2

62 ¹⁴⁾

23

15)

2 -1.3

-1.3

(13)

5

16

II-2

II-1 II-2

-2 -1

max[min(3H₂, D_f2, B₂, L₂),10.0m]

B₀

B₂

H₂

L₂

B₂ max[min(1.5H₂, D_f2/2, B₂/2, L₂/2),3.0m]

D_f1

D_f2

I max[10.0m,min{3× Df2- Df2' ,Df2,B2,L2}]

II 1 2

II 2 max[3.0m,min{1.5× Df2- Df2' ,Df2/2,B2/2,L2/2}]

16

5×10^-5m/sec 1×10^-5m/sec

(14)

6

-1.5

16

40% 1.0m

5 10

-1.5

-1.1

/min (%)

A 16 12 50 50 1.0

B 10 7.5 50 50 1.0

C 10 7.5 50 50 0.5

D 10 7.5 20 80 1.0

E 0 7.5 0 100 1.0

20mm

(15)

7

-1.6 P2

P2 20mm -1.1

D -1.6

70mm

-1.7 43 5

-1.7 63 43

5 ¹⁶⁾ mm

(16)

8

2

Na⁺ SiO2

14

-1.3

17) 2000 1 5

10

-1.8 1.2×10^-2 cm/sec

G.L.-5.8m -1.9

1

5 5m×

5m×5m 125m³ -1.2

-1.10 10

4

10 3

10 2

-1.11 3

5 2

(17)

9

-1.12 10

4.78mg/g-dry 10.54mg/g-dry

6.31 mg/g-dry mg/g-dry

g mg

18 25 17 26

100

-1.8 -1.9

-1.2

43% 0% 43%

1.0m 33cm 1 5MPa

(18)

10

a b 10

a b c

10

(19)

11

19

S62

-1.13 5

1

3 4

2

5 -1.13

1 2

3

Maag

4

SiO2

100 5

(20)

12

1.3

1.3.1

16

15 25m

6.29×10^-5 1.72×10^-4cm/sec 10 /min

-1.14 1 2 3mm

60 70m

45+ /2 -1.15

18 22m 1.5

1.5 -1.4

-1.14 ¹⁶ -1.15 ¹⁶

39

(21)

13

27

p q

15 -1.16

1/3 -1.17

-1.16 _W _L ²⁷ -1.17

27

-1.18

28

0.3 -1.18 ¹⁵

(22)

14

29

-1.19

-1.20

1.1 t

D E p

d

t _z

) 1 (

) 2 1 )(

1

1 ( 1.1

-1.20 ²⁹

-1.3 ²⁹

-1.19 ²⁹

(23)

15

-1.3

30

ADG -1.4

-1.21 -1.22

= × 1.2

-1.23 0.6

-1.4 ³⁰

1 2 3

kgf/cm² 1.0 1.4 1.5 L/min 6.8 9.4 9.1

-1.21 ³⁰ -1.22 ³⁰

(24)

16

-1.23 ³⁰

(25)

17

14

-1.24 -1.5

-1.6

1.47 1.56g/cm³ 47%

4.1×10^-3cm/s C=0kgf/cm² 38°

-1.24 ¹⁴

-1.25

-1.26

-1.5

(26)

18

a b

-1.25 ¹⁴

-1.26 ¹⁴

(27)

19

5cm×10cm 0.5kgf/cm²

-1.6 C

0.25kgf/cm² -1.27

= / 1.3

C D 10 50% 50

100%

200 25%

F

-1.6 ³¹

A 10 37.5%

B 50%

C 2 25%

D 20 25%

E 4

F 10

-1.27 ³²

(28)

20

18

4500 12

-1.7

-1.28 5% 20%

-1.7 ¹⁸

No SiO2/Volume of grout g/cm³ Gel time min

A20 1.239 0.203 10

A15 1.181 0.152 20

A06 1.072 0.960 120

CH 1.130 0.114 240

CSN 1.200 0.323 30

Organic reactant grout

Acid silica sol grout non-alkaline grout Colloidal silica sol grout

A6,A15,A20 CH

CSN

-1.28 ¹⁸

(29)

21

5cm×10cm -1.29

-1.30

-1.31 5cm×10cm

-1.29 ²⁰ -1.30 ²⁰

a b

-1.31 ²⁰

(30)

22

1.3.3

1

2

12

(31)

23

19

62 23

2

(32)

24

(33)

25

1

grouting, 1977.10.

2 1983.

3 2011.

4 27 2009.

5

6 1974.

7 1990.

8 Vol.38 No.8 .85~91

1997.

9

Vol.38 No.5 2008.

10 Vol.40 No.12

1992.

11 Vol.36 No.5

2008.

12

28 2005.

13

28 2005.

14 1986.

15 2011.

16 2007.

17 2011.

18

Vol.33 No.3 2000.

19

38 2003.

20

58 2003.

21

59 2004.

(34)

26

22

41 2006.

23 Vol.36 No.5

2008.

24

6 68 2009.

25

64 2009.

26 2010.

27

Vol.33 No.3 -169 1993.

28

No.658/ -48 -92 2000.

29

No.511/ -30 -21 1995.

30

1983.

31 38 .447-448

1983.

32 2 19

-1538 1984.

(35)

27

2.1

1

-2.1 ¹

a

-2.2

1.0

(36)

28

-2.2 ²

a b c d e

-2.3 ³

a b c d e

-2.4 ⁴

(37)

29

-2.5 ⁴

b

-2.3

c

-2.4 ¹

1 1 6 /min

32

32 -2.5

(38)

30

-2.6

-2.1

pH

3 2

1

2

1

2 pH pH=8 9 pH=6 7

3

-2.6 ¹

(39)

31

(NaAl2O3)

(H2PO4) (NaHCO3) (NaHSO4)

1 (NaH2PO4) (NaHSO3) (CaC 2)

(NaCl) (MgSO4)

(Al2(SO4)3) (MgCl2) (H2PO4) (H2SO4)

(NaHSO4)

( ) ( ) (NaHCO3)

(Na2CO3) ( Na2O SiO2) (H2SO4) (MgO)

(Al2O3)

( )

(H2PO4) (H2SO4) (C6H8O7)

( Na2O SiO2)

(CH3COOH) (C2H4(OCOCH3)2)

((CHO)2) - (C4H6O2)

1 2

10

( )

( ) ( )

-2.2 ¹

1 2 3

15 Be 54 40

SiO2 % 35 38 34 36 28 30

Na2O % 17 19 14 45 9 10

Fe % 0.03 0.03 0.02

% 0.2 0.2 0.2

Na2O 2SiO2 2Na2O 5SiO2 Na2O 3SiO2 mNa2O nSiO2

2 2.5 3 1.7 4

(40)

32

SiO2 Na2O

Na2O SiO2 H2O n Na2O SiO2

JIS K1408 -2.2

3 3

2 pH

3 pH=11 12

pH=8 9

pH 1 2

3 120

Na⁺ SiO2

H2SO4 H2PO4

NaH2CO3 mNa2O nSiO2

MgO Mg OH 2

(41)

33

-2.3 3

p

-2.3 ¹

3

SiO2 30 31% 28 30% SiO2

Na2O 0.7% 9 10% Na2O

43 3

pH 9 10 11 12 pH

LW

LW A B A

B

250kg/ ³ 20

b

(42)

34

6,000 15,000cm²/g

-2.4

-2.4 ¹

No. cm²/g %

SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO 1 3.16 3,200 21.3 4.8 62.3 1.2 2 3.0±0.1 8,000 29.0 13.2 49.2 5.6 3 2.77 9,100 29.3 11.3 46.6 5.7

(43)

35

221 ^{5 6}

3

-2.7

-2.8 68%

23% 9%

1%

5%

3%

7%

3%

28%

25% 12%

14% 23%

68% 9%

-2.7 -2.8

(44)

36

-2.9 65%

17%

1%

12%

65%

5%

17%

-2.9

2.3.2

-2.10

100%

96%

9%

1

7

2.3.3

-2.11

9 18L/min 8 12L/min

8 8 20L/min

20 30L/min

(45)

37 9%

91%

100%

a b

100%

4%

96%

c d

-2.10

1 10 100 1000 10000

0 10 20 30

(L/min)

1 10 100 1000 10000

0 10 20 30

(L/min)

1 10 100 1000 10000

0 10 20 30

(L/min)

a b c

-2.11

(46)

38

(47)

39

1 2011.

2 PneumaX PneumaX

3 3D EX

4

5 2010.

6 21

Vol.21 pp.136 148 2011.

7

Vol.38 No.5 pp.85-87 2008.

8 1986.

(48)

(49)

40

II-2

-2 -1

max[min(3H₂, D_f2, B₂, L₂),10.0m]

B₀

B₂

H₂

L₂

B₂ max[min(1.5H₂, D_f2/2, B₂/2, L₂/2),3.0m]

D_f1

D_f2

I max[10.0m,min{3× Df2- Df2' ,Df2,B2,L2}]

II 1 I II 2

II 2 max[3.0m,min{1.5× Df2- Df2' ,Df2/2,B2/2,L2/2}]

5×10^-5m/sec 1×10^-5m/sec

(50)

41

(51)

42

-3.2 Step1

Step2 Step3

Step1

Step1 Maag

1

2

Step1 Step3

STEP1

STEP3

-3.2

(52)

43

3.3

3.3.1

Darcy 3.1

n t S x q

K h

x_i ^ij _i ^w ^3.1

Kij h Sw q

-3.3

( (3.2)) START

END

-3.3

3.2

i ij

x CU t

C ( ) _3.2

C U_ij

3.3

(53)

44

w w

g C t C t k

k ( ) (1 ( )) ^3.3

k k_w C t _g

w

3.3.2 Maag

Maag

3.4 ³

r h k P q

a

1

4 ^3.4

P kPa q m³/sec k m/sec r_a m

kN/m³ h m

STEP1

STEP3

Maag

-3.4 Maag

Maag

(54)

45

-3.4

3.4

q 3.5

v R

q 4 ² 3.5

q m³/sec R m v m²/sec

v 3.6

dR dP

v k 3.6

k m/sec ³ P kPa

3.5 3.6 p r 3.7

a a r

p p

r

r p

r r k r q

p R dR

k dp q

dR dp R k

q _a _a 1 1

) 4 1 (

4 ² ⁽ ⁾ 4 ₂ 3.7

ra m pa kPa p r r

kPa

Maag -3.5

-3.5

r p r w hw 3.7 paw 3.8

a w w w

w

aw k r

h q

p 1

4 ^3.8

w m/sec w 3

(55)

46

(= )

(Maag )

-3.5

r p r 3.9

r h k r q

p _w

w

w 1

) 4

( 3.9

3.8 3.9 pag 3.10

ag a g

g w

w

w p

r t R k h q t

R k

q 1

) ( 1 4

a g g g

g w w w

w

ag k k R t k r

h q

p 1

) ( 1

4 ^3.10

pag kPa kg m/sec g

kN/m³

3.10 3.7 r p r 3.11

3.11 r ra p r,t 3.4

)) ( 1 (

) 4 , (

)) ( ) (

( 1 1

1 ) 4

, (

t R r r h

k t q r p

t R r t h

R r

k t q r p

w w

g w

g

w 3.11

(56)

47

p r r kPa kN/m³ h_w

m q m³/sec k_w m/sec _w Pa·s _g

Pa·s R t t m

3.11 R(t) 3.12

3.11 3.12 R(t)

3 3

4 ) 300

( )

3 ( 4

100 n

t r q

t R r

t n R

t

q _a _a ^3.12

n % ra m

3.3.3

Maag

-3.1 -

3.13

-3.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

×10^-3Pa s 1.793 1.521 1.308 1.139 1.002 0.890 0.797 0.720

ekt

A 3.13

A J k JK^-1 T K

-3.6

20 25% ⁴ 15 2.0

2.5×10^-3Pa s -3.1 15 1.139

(57)

48

(JIS3 ) (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50

1 2 3 4 5

15 3

-3.6

3.3.4

a

-3.7(a) (c) 80%

1

7 -3.2 -3.8 -3.9 1.216×10^-6m/sec

80cm 100%

-3.7(b)

4

(58)

49

5cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 5cm 5cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 5cm

a b

c

-3.7

(59)

50

-3.2 7

s 2.62 g/cm³

0.931 0.613

D50 0.18 mm

33.0 °

-3.8 7

0 20 40 60 80 100

0.01 0.1 1 10

(mm)

-3.9 7

(60)

51

b

-3.10

Maag 0.5

-3.11

80cm 10cm

0.5

0 50 100 150 200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(min) Maag

-3.10

0 5 10 15 20 25

0 100 200 300 400

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (cm)

-3.11

(61)

52

Maag

1

-3.12 -3.3 1.0 3.0m

1 5 0.5m

2

q=20L/min

-3.4

3 -3.13

10m 20m 13294

13038

25mm

C=1 Maag

¹⁰⁰⁰^×⁵

step1 step2 step3 step4

step5 (N=1 10)

-3.12

-3.3

q /min 20.0

m 0.10

R t m 0.50

m 0.25

(62)

53

×5

20000 CL

-3.13 mm

2 a

Maag -3.15

12.53min 1

1.0MPa

0.1 0.3MPa ⁴

-1.17 -3.14

-3.14

-3.4

w kN/m³ 10.0

kw m/sec 1.0×10^-5

e 0.92

Sc 1/m 1.80×10^-4

w/ g 0.50

15

1.0MPa 10kgf/cm²

1.0×10^-5m/sec

(63)

54 0

0.5 1 1.5

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5

(min)

step1 step2

step3 step4

step5

a Maag

0 0.5 1 1.5

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5

(min)

step1 step2

step3 step4

step5

b

-3.15

0 0.5 1 1.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

(m)

-3.16

12.53 min Maag

(64)

55

a step1 b step2

c step3 d step4

e step5

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00

( MPa)

-3.17 12.53 min

3.0m 2.5m

2.0m 1.5m

1.0m

(65)

56

a step0 b step1

c step2 d step3

c step4 d step5 -3.18 C=0.5

12.53 min

3.0m

(66)

57

b

Maag -3.16

-3.17 1.0Mpa

1m

c

C=0.5 -3.18

1 2

4)

3

Maag

1m

1 1m

1

(67)

58

Maag

3.4.1

4

3.14 1 2

3 4

d N

p 3.14

4 3 2

1 N N N

N N

4 3 2 1

p p p p d

1 4 1 , 1 1 4 1 1

1 4 1 , 1 1 41 1

4 3

2 1

N N

3.15

c d c c c

b b b b y px p

i 1 2 3 4

4 3 2

1 3.15

3 2 4 3 4 2 1

3 2 4 3 4 2

1 8

1 x x x x x x

c J y y y

y y J y b

4 1 4

3 3 1 2

4 1 4 3 3 1

2 8

1 8

1 x x x x x x

c J y y y y y J y

b

4 1 2 1 4 2 3

4 1 2 1 4 2

3 8

1 8

1 x x x x x x

c J y y y

y y J y

b

3 2 2

1 3 1 4

3 2 2 1 3 1

4 8

1 8

1 x x x x x x

c J y y y y y J y b

3 2 4 1 4 1 3 2

4 3 2 1 2 1 4 3

3 1 4 2 4 2 3 1

8 18 1 8

1

y y x x y y x x

y y x x y y x x J

(68)

59

3.16

2 3.17

d d i N

J d

i N

f f f f ff f f

w T w T

y x y x y x y x

, , ' ,

,

' ¹₁¹₁

4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1

3.16

4 3 2 1

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 ' 0

N N N N

N N N N N

3 1 3 ) 1

1 (

1f xdx f f 3.17

3.4.2 Maag

1

3.2 -3.12

40MN/m² N 15 0.3

-3.13

Maag -3.19

330 374

Maag

-3.20

(69)

60 20000

×5 CL

-3.19 Maag

-3.20 Maag

°

( 1:1.5)

(m)

1 3 4 5

1

3

4 1m

-3.21

(70)

61

2

-3.13 -3.21

2.20m

1.5 5.25m

3

1 1

1 -3.22

3.17

2

2 p/t 2

p/r

-3.22

4

Step -3.23

Step 4.4mm Maag

1.4mm

Maag

(71)

62

5.25m Maag

13m

-3.25 Maag Step

Maag

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5

-3.23

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 5 10 15 20

(m)

-3.24 step5

(72)

63

- - - -1.5 - - -

mm step1

step3 step4

step5

-3.25 Maag 400

(73)

64

Magg

Maag

Magg Step1 Step3 -3.26

Step1

Step2 3.18

h H P P

h H h

H P

P ( )

3.18

P P Magg w

H h

Step3

-3.26 Maag

(74)

65

-3.27 Maag

-3.28 Step5

-3.29 Maag Step

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

1 2 3 4 5

-3.27

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 5 10 15 20

(m)

-3.28 step5

(75)

66

mm step1

step3 step4

step5

-3.29 Maag 400

(76)

67

6

Maag

(77)

68

3.5.1

3.2 3.4

Maag

3.5.2 Maag

1

1.4 3.3.5(1)

-3.6 -3.7

H15 3.19

N 20 39

N

E 2.5 3.19

N N E MN/m²

1

0.5m 1 20

1 1 20

1 15 20

5

-3.30 3

30m 90m 1488 1410

20m 20m 1

1

(78)

69

-3.6

m 20

q 10

R t m 0.50

m 0.05

w/ g 0.50

-3.7

E MN/m² 50 100

0.3

kw m/sec 6.29×10^-6

90000 CL

-3.30

2

50MN/m² 1

-3.31 -3.32(a)

-3.32(a) 20 1

20

-3.32(a)

-3.32(b)

(79)

70

II-2

40 70m 1mm

Maag

mm

-3.31 1 1000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 20 40 60 80

(m)

a b

-3.32

( )

II-2

(80)

71

3.6

1

Maag

-3.8 -3.9 Maag

5 20 5 10 20 3

3 3

-3.8

q 5,10,20

w / g 0.50 15

R t m 0.50

m 0.05

m 1,5,10,15,20,25

m 0.5

-3.9

E MN/m² 20,40,80

0.3

kw m/sec 1.0×10^-6,1.0×10^-5,1.0×10^-4

w kN/m³ 10.0

2

1 -3.33 -3.41

5m 5m

1.0×10^-4m/sec 20MN/m²

0.25mm 1.0×10^-6m/sec 25m mm

1.0×10^-5m/sec

1 2mm

(81)

72 0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m)

-3.33 E=80(MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-6(m/sec) -3.34 E=40(MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-6(m/sec)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m)

-3.35 E=20 (MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-6(m/sec) -3.36 E=80(MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-5(m/sec)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m)

-3.37 E=40(MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-5(m/sec) -3.38 E=20 (MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-5(m/sec)

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m)

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m)

-3.39 E=80(MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-4(m/sec) -3.40 E=40 (MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-4(m/sec)

(82)

73 0

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

0 5 10 15 20 25

(G.L.-m) Z(m)

0.038 0.029 0.019 0.010 0.000

-3.41 E=20 (MN/m²) k=1.0×10^-4(m/sec) -3.42 3

== × A × kN/m²

kN/m³ m³/sec

m² m/sec Z m

= = × kN/m²

E kN/m² 1 m Z m

×( × ×( ) =

Q A K Y E

Q A K E

Y -3.42

5m 5m

031 . 0 10

49 .

6 ⁴ Z

Q A K E

Y 3.18

(83)

74

Q m³/sec Z m

3.19

A Q K E

Y ( 6.49 10 ⁴ Z 0.031)² 3.19

Y m E kN/m² K m/sec

Q m³/sec Z m m²

kN/m³

-3.32

A Q K E

Y ( 6.49 10 ⁴ Z 0.031)²

) ( 31 . 3 ) ( 20 ) ( 165 . 0 ) ( 10 165 . 0 10 0002 . 05 0 . 0 00001 . 0 50000

) 031 . 0 20 10 49 . 6

( 3

2 2

4 m mm step mm

Y

3.19 Q

3.19

3.7

Maag

(84)

75

-3.43

STEP1

Maag

STEP3 STEP2

-3.43

Step1

Step2 3.20

h H P P

h H h

H P

P ( )

3.20

P P Magg w

H h

Step3

Maag

Maag Maag

-3.43

Maag

5m 3.21

Q 3.21

(85)

76

3.21

A Q K E

Y ( 6.49 10 ⁴ Z 0.031)² 3.21

Y mm E kN/m² K m/sec

Q Z m m²

kN/m³

(86)

77

3

1

Vol.511/ -30

pp.13-21 1995.

2

F Vol.69 pp.1-9

2013.

3 1983.

4 2011.

(87)

78

4.1

2

100

(88)

79

10

4.1

W0

v

v_f ^w S 4.1

v_f - 1/sec _w kN/m³ S

m² W0 kN v m/sec

4.2

vf

w s

v' W 4.2

v’ m/sec s m² W kN

r=1.0m 18.0kN/m³

10^-3m/sec -

-4.1 1

1

cm m ¹⁾ 10^-3(m/sec)

1 1 100m

(89)

80

-4.1

r=1.0m -

) ( 40 . 75 3 1

0 4 . 3 18

4 3 3

0 r kN

W _t

) ( 57 . 12 1 4

4 r² ² m²

S

- 1.64 10 1/sec

40 . 75

01 . 0 57 . 12 81 .

9 2

M v v_f ^w S

4.3

4.3.1

1

5×10cm 100%

-4.2 ICP

100%

a b c d

-4.2

(90)

81

-4.1

A 250

300

B 20

pH 20 g

410

pH -4.3

-4.2 7

s 2.62 g/cm³

0.931 0.613

D50 0.18 mm

33.0 °

-4.4 7

(91)

82 0

20 40 60

0.01 0.1 1 10

(mm)

-4.5 7

1 2

ICP

10g 2

30

ICP mg

7 -4.1 -4.3

-4.2 -4.4 -4.5

-4.1

25% 22 7.5%

25% 3 7 28 91 28

25% 20% 15% 28

80% 80±4%

(92)

83

-4.6 25%

28

4.3 b=1.0 a=1.8

) 28

( u

u q

bt a t t

q 4.3

qu(t) t kN/m² qu28 28 kN/m² t

-4.7 28

2 4.4

g g

a g g

u

c c

p c c

q

1112 . 0 268

. 0

1112 . 0 00268

. 0

2 28 2

4.4

q_u28 28 kN/m² p_a 100kN/m² c_g %

4.4

4.3 4.5

g g

u c c

t t t

q 0.268 11.12 2

. ) 1

( ² 4.5

-4.8 28

mg/g-dry g

mg 4.6

cg

C₂₈ 1.154 4.6

C₂₈ 28 mg/g dry

(93)

84

-4.9 28

10^-2 10^-9~10^-10

4.7

g

g c

c e

e k

k 0 ⁰^.²⁷ 5 10⁸ ⁰^.²⁷ 4.7

k k0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

0 25 50 75 100

t( ) 25%

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

0 10 20 30

cg(%) 28

-4.6 -4.7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 10 20 30

cg(%) 28

1.0E-11 1.0E-10 1.0E-09 1.0E-08

10 15 20 25 30

cg(%)

-4.8 -4.9

(94)

85

1)

-4.10 10

) ( 10 53 . 3 1 . 0 025 . 0

18 ² ³

2h kN

r W _t

) ( 10 96 . 1 1 . 0 05

. 0 2 025

.

0 ² ² m²

s

sec) / ( 10 01 . 3 10 64 . 10 1 96 . 1 81 . 9

10 53 .

' v 3 ³ ₂ ² ⁴ m

w s

v W _f

1 /

-4.10

25% 19.5% 12.5% 3

60% 60±5% 80% 80±5% 2

25%

80%

2)

-4.11

10 1

(95)

86

-4.13 25% 80%

1.926 8.2mg/g-dry 2.310

8.2mg/g-dry

2 10

4.78~10.54mg/g-dry

-4.14 10^-6

1

(96)

87 0

100 200 300 400 500

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

( )

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

( )

-4.11 -4.12

Cg Dr

cg=25% Dr=80% cg=19% Dr=80% cg=12.5% Dr=80%

cg=25% Dr=60% cg=19% Dr=60% cg=12.5% Dr=60%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0 5 10 15 20 25

(mm) 0.392

1.542 1.926

2.310 8.2mg/g-dry

25% 80%

1.0E-11 1.0E-10 1.0E-09 1.0E-08 1.0E-07 1.0E-06

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

( )

-4.13 -4.14

(97)

88

4.4.1

1

-4.15 4.8

r C r r D C t

C 1

2

2 4.8

C: D:

4.9

50mm

-4.15

(98)

89

CB (mg/g dry) R (mg/g dry/year)

(1/year)

CB 8.2mg/g dry

-4.8

2

8.2mg/g dry -4.15

3

-4.13

4.5 4.10

0

2 11.12 ()

268 . 2 0 . ) 1

( C

t c C t c

t t

q_u _g _g 4.10

C0 mg/g dry C(t) t

mg/g dry

4

4.7 4.11

(99)

90

k 4.4.2

1

-4.16 25 2.31

25 80 2.31

-4.16 b .5 50mm²/year

-4.17 8.2mg/g dry

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0 5 10 15 20 25

(mm) 1000mm²/year

=0.40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0 5 10 15 20 25

(mm)

=5.5

1000mm²/year

a =4.0 b =5.5

-4.16 (2.31 )

-4.18