NII-Electronic Library Service
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.t
DEVELOPMENT
AND
APPLICATION
OF
FINITE
NONLINEAR
VISCOELASTIC
CONSTITUTIVE
LAW
by
MASANORI
IZUMI*,
SATOSHI
KURITA**,
TORU
TAKAHASHI"'
and
SONG-TAO
XUE'"'
'
Members
ofA.
I.
J.
1.
Introduction
The
nonlinearanalyses
of soil-structureinteraction
problems
have
comeinto
great
notice sincethey
areimportant
for
tall
buildings
and nuclearpower
plants.
One
ofthese
problems
is-the
study on nonlinear soil.Many
soil modelshave
been
presented
to
studythe
nonlinearity of soilin
recentyears
based
on various characteristicsof
soil,for
examples asKinematic
Cap
Model,
Hardin-Drnevich
Model,
Ramberg-Osgood
Model
and
Ohsaki-Hara
Model,
and
also
great
successeshave
been
achieved
[references
1),2),3),4),5)],
We
have
alsoderived
ageneral
constitutivelaw
foi
finite
nonlinear viscoelasticmaterial
withfading
memory while soilis
considered as nonlinear viscoelasticmaterial
in
reference6).
Generally,
stttdies on viscoelastic material canbe
divided
into
two
paTts,
oneis
on
the
materials
withfading
memory
and
the
otheris
onthe
materials with smooth memory[references
7),8)].
Commonly
studyon
fading
memory material often usesintegral
type
consEitutive equation<in
other wordsfunctional
type
material) while study onsmooth
memory material uses ratetype
(in
other words strain-rate-dependent rnaterial).It
has
been
pointed
outby
Eringen
that
the
constitutive equationsfor
fading
memory andfor
smooth mernoryare
the
same while usingthe
infinitesimal
linear
theory
in
refeTence8),
In
this
paper,
trying
to
completeconstitutive
theory
offinite
nonlinear viscoelastic material, we willdevelope
the
genera}
rate-type constitutivelaw
for
material with smoothmemory
in
contrast withthe
functionai
type
law
of material withfading
memoryin
reference6}.
Even
in
asense,
smooth memory materialcan
be
regarded asa
specialtype
of
fading
memory material.ifhistory
of constitution offading
memoTy materialis
so
smooththat
it
possesses
Taylor
series expansions atpresent
time,
example
canbe
raisedis
the
limit
case.the
infinitesimal
linear
case
whichhas
been
pointed
before.
However
rate-type constitutivelaw
is
more
usedin
engineering,for
example, we often usethe
word "dashpot"which
is
the
infinitesimal
linear
viscoelastic material with smooth memory.In
reference6),
wehave
alsopointed
outthat
the
displacement
fie}d
equationis
too
'complicated
to
be
solved
evenin
onedimension,
in
other words, we could notgrasp
the
wavepropagation
simply, andin
this
paper
we willmeet
the
same
problem.
For
this
reason,it
is
necessary
to
do
somefurther
simplifications
for
this
two
laws.
One
simplifyingmethod
is
to
usethe
materiallinear
theory,
where we can obtaintwo
speciallaws
:the
oneis
finite
linear
law
of rate-typeand
the
otheris
finite
linear
law
offunctional
type,
The
other methodis
to
usethe
infinitesimal
strain, where we can also obtaintwo
laws
:
one
is
infinitesimal
nonlineariaw
of rate-typeand
the
otheris
infinitesimal
nonlinearlaw
offunctional
type,
One
dimensional
displacement
field
equationis
presented
respectively, which willbe
usefulto
study
wayepropagation.
'
To
complete
constitutivetheory
offinite
nonlinear viscoelastic・materialby
developing
a newgeneral
constitutivelaw
of rate-type andto
present
four
special
types
of rate-typelaw
and
functional
type
law
arethe
purposes
ofthis
paper,
Z
Development
and
SimpSitication
otStrain-Rate-Dependent
Constitutive
Equations.
It
has
been
shownin
references7),8),
that
the
constitutive
equations of strain-rete-dependent mateJialshave
the
following
forms
'
i
Professor,
Tohoku
Univ.
,
Dr,
Eng.
**Assoc.
Prof.
,
Tohoku
Univ.
,
Dr.
Eng.
#'Graduate
Student,
Tohoku
Uniy.
,
(Munnscript
}eceived
Juty
18,19SS/Paper Accepted October 17,'1989)-NII-Electronic Library Service
tict==j"x"Mxi,LTx,(C,
e,
e,
X)・・・-・・・--・i-・・・-・・・・-・-・・-・・・・・・・-・・:-・-・・・-・・-・・--・-・・・・-・・・・・・-・・・-・-・・・・-・・--・・(2.1)
E=e(C,
C,
e,
x)--・・---・--.-・---・---・・---・---・・--・-・・-・・---(2.2)
o==e(c,
e,
e,
x)・-・・-・・-・・-・・・・-・・-・・・・・・・-・-・--・・・-・・・--・・・・・-t・・・・・-・---・-・・-・・-・・・・-・・・--・--・・-・・・・・・-・・・・・--(2.3>
di=e-
de
:=di(c,
e,
e,
x)
-・・・-・・・・・・--・--・・・-・・ny・・・・・・-・・・-・・・-・--・・・-・・・・・・・t・-・・・-・--・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・---・・・-<2.4)
where,all
symbols
have
the
same meaning asthose
usedin
references6),7)
and8>.We
rewritethem
in
the
following.
e
is
ternperature;
n
is
entropydensity;
s
is
internal
energy;tm
is stresstensor;,
xi
is
spatialcoordin'atgs;
X,
is
materialcoordinates;
,
is
a comma,indices
afterthe
commaindicate
partial
differentiation
with respectto
X,
when
they
aremajuscules, and with respect
to
xk whenthey
are minuscules;CxL
meansGreen's
deformation
tensor;
gb
meansHelmholtz
free
energy,gb=E-eo,
in
fact,
aspointed
in
refeTence8),
gb
has
relation withstress
-
l
・
potential
as
Agb{C,
C,
e,
X)=Z(C,
C,
e,
X)
J-
canbe
determined
by
usingj'=Mc,
j=det(xv)
orJ'=Alp.
A,
p
mean massdensity
of materiatframe,
and
of spatialfTame,
respectively;Mc
meansthe
third
principal
invariant
of
the
Green
deformation
tensors
Mc;detCn;
It
is
'suggested
in
reference7>,8)
that
Pioia-Kirchhoff
pseudestresses
could
be
expressedin
two
parts
as:T=ET(C,
e,
X)+.T{(i),
e,
X)・-・・-・・・・-・・-・・・・-・・・・・・・-・---・・・・・-・・・-・・・・・・・--L・・-・・-・・・・・・--・-・-・-・--・・-・・・-(2.5)
where ET means
purely
elasticpart
oT means
dissipative
part.
'In
contrastLo
functional
materials we can assumefor
simplicitythat
the
viscouspart
takes
the
following
form
:
DTxL(Cxt,
C.,,
e)=9"".(e)eMN+shx,.NpQ(e)CNNepQ+・・・・-・
-・・・・・-・・・・・--・・・・-・・・・・-・・・・・・-・・---・・・・t・・・・・-・・・・・・-・(2.6)
where,
9KwN
and9xLMNpQ
areall
functions
bf
temperature
and $atisfythe
symmetry conditions,Considering
the
general
constitutive
law
offinite
nonlinearelastic
material whichhas
been
very well studiedand
developed
in
reference9),
and makingthe
elasticpart
of equatiQn(2.
5)
to
be
the
same, we canfinally
obtainthe
constitutivelaw
for
strain-rate-dependent material.(In
fact
if
wesubstitute
allthese
equationsinto
the
Clausius-Duhem
inequaiity
whichhad
been
described
in
reference6),
we can also simply write outthe
constitutive
equationfor
strain-rate-dependent matenal asfollows
by
making use ofthe
same
methodin
reference6).
Here
for
simplificatien
we omitthe
development).
tkt
=±ft
XMKXt,L
[2
oOc;?,
+
9,wN(e)
(i
MN+9rL...Q(e)eMN
e.Q+・・.-]・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・t・-・--・・-・・・・・・・・・-・・・
(2.
7)
where
Z
is
the
elastic
stresspotential
'
Adi(c,
e,
x)=Z(c,
e,
x)・・・・・・・-・・-・・・・-・--・・・-・・-・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・--・・-・・・・・-・・・・・・・-・・・・・・-・・-・・-・・・・・-・・-・・・(2.8)
Equation
(2.7)
is
correct
for
large
strain andfor
mateTial nonlinearityso
that
it
is calledfinite
nonlinearconstitutive
equationfor
strain-rate-dependent viscoelastic material.We
will consider equation(2.
7)
only
upto
second-orderpower
for
viscouspart
in
the
following
in
contrast with/
that
of reference6).
'
tki=:
x-Kx,,.
[2
oaclil,
+
gr,..(e)b.,+
g....,.(e)b..
e,q]・・・・・-・・・--・・-・・・・-・・・・・・・-・・-・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・--・・・
(2.
g)
Further
simplifications
canbe
obtained usingLagrangian
Strain
Tensors
EKL
in
orderto
repiaceGreen's
Deformation
Tensors
CrL,
using
materiallinear
theory
for
elastlcparts
andusing
Theory
ofInvariants.
At
last,
the
constitutiye equationfor
isotropic
finite
nonlinear materials with smoothmemory
is
-
l
tkt=j']xesxi,L[aOKL+biE"aKL+2btEx!.+2ciEttarL+4c2En
・
+4diEtiE"aKL+4dttr(ExLENN)aft+4d3EttErL+4dEKsEtt]・・・''''・'-''''''"'・-'''・-・-・'-'・・-・・・・・-・・・(2.10)
where,
a,
bi,
bk
ci,
chdi,
d2,
ds,
andd4
are all constants{In
Linear
Elastic
Mechanics
b,
andb,
are called "Lameconstants").
3.
Displacement
Field
Equation
As
in
reference6),
in
this
work we can applythe
equation(2.
10)
to
examples such as simple sheardeformation,
NII-Electronic Library Service
one
dimensional
simpleextension.
Because
it
is
tedious
in
writinglong
equations about simple shearde'formation
and onedimensional
simple
extension,
we omittedthe
processes
here.
But,
it
is
important
to
point
outhere
that
the
effect of
the
nonlinearityis
to
produce
ahigher
harmonic
term
while applyingthis
law
to
one
dimensional
simple extenslon.The
following
is
the
study
on onedimensionai
displacement
field
equation.Cauchy's
equation of motionin
the
material coordinate can
be
written as'
(ZrLX4L),r+A(flt-ak}:=O'''''''''"''H''''''-"''H"'-"'''''''''''"'-''"'''''''"'''-''"''H''-・-・・・・・--・・・・・・・t-・・・(3.0
where,
f
is
body
force
clensity
per
unit mass anda
is
acceleration.Using
equation(2.
10)
it
is
notdifficult
to
writeout
T.,xu
in
onedimension
T
aaxX
=oaxX
(a+bE+cE+dE')・---・・---・・-・---・-・---・-
(3.
2)
where, a,
b,
c
andd
have
been
tacitly
assumed as constantsin
onedimensional
constitutive equation,Lagrangian
strain
tensor
E
has
the
following
relation withdisplacement
vectorU
E-
gSi
+,i-
(
ZSi
)2
---・・---・-・---・---・----H
(,.
,)
Finally
we achievethe
onedimensional
displacement
field
equation:
,o.
((i+
g:
)(
.+b[g.u
+s(g.u
)2]+,(,a.'
,u,
+
gy
,ai
g,)
・
+d(,Oi
,Ui+
gY
,ei
,U,
)Zl]-A
a,i,U,
-of
・・-・・・-・・-・・・・・・・・・・.・...,,,.,.,...H...,,,.,.H..h...,,.
(,.,)
If
boundary
conditionand
initia}
conditioh aregiven,
we canobtain
the
displacement
field
theoretically,
but
this
eqgation
is
too
complicatedto
be
solvedimmediately.
Nevertheless
for
agiven
real material,it
canbe
appliedpractically
withnumerical
methods.In
equation(3.4)
if
f=O,
this
equationdescribes
the
one
dimensional
wavepropagatlon.
4.
Applying
Methed
4,l.
Preliminary
The
two
general
constitutive
laws
developed
in
this
paper
and
in
reference6)
are sufficientto
describe
the
'nenlinearity
of viscoelastic materials
theoretically.
But
unfortunatelythey
aredifficult
to
be
solved orto
be
appliedpractically
to
engineering
ashas
been
pointed
outbefore.
Here
wetry
to
do
more simplificationsfor
these
two
laws
and make
their
application
to
engineeringpossible,
Generally
two
simplifying methods are used.The
oneis
materiallinear
theory
whichis
often usedte
investigate
the
finite
displacement
ofcontinuous
media.The
otheris
infinitesimal
straintheory.
We
will useboth
ofthem
to
do
simplificationsin
the
following.
4.2.
Finite
linear
law
of rate-type,We
begin
simplifying with equation(2.
1O).
Finite
linearity
meanslinear
in
material(not
only withelastic
part
but
also
viscouspart)
but
nonlinearin
the
relation
of strain anddisplacement
(that
means usingfinite
strainin
constitutive equation).If
we make assumptionfurther
that
the
bedy
is
unstressed untilt=O,
(2.
10)
willbeceme
tnt=JL'xitKxt,L[btEtt6;rL+2b2ExL+2CiEtt6beL+4C2En]''''''''''''''''''''''''"'''''''H''-''"''H'''''''''''-''''(4.1>
Cauchy's
equation
of motion andLagrangian
straintensor
relation withdisplacement
vectorin
materialcoordinate
can
be
written as'
(71rLxul,K+ft<fi-aD=O''''''''''H-''"'-''-''"''''''-''''''''''''''''''''''''''''・・-''''''''-'''・・・-・・・-・・・''・・・-・-・・・・・・(4.2)
71,,=71,.-・・・・・・-・・・--・・・-・・・・・・-・・・-・・・--・・-・・・・・・・-・:・・---・-・・・・・・・-・-・・-・・・-・・・・-・・-・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・--・--・・・・・・-(4.3)
2E.,;Ul,,+a,,+abe.Uk,,en,,・・・・・・・・-・・-・・・・・・・-・・・・-・・-・・--・-・-・・・-・・・-・・・---・・・・・・・・・・・・-・-・・-・・・・・-・・・・・・・-・・<4.4)
Using
equations(4,
1),
(4.
2),
(4.
3)
and(4.
4),
we can easily6btain
the
displacement
field
equation,Here
weonly
present
the
displacement
field
equationin
onedimension.
,a.
((i+
e,.U
)lb[
a,.U
+g(
a,.U
)']+c(
,ai
,U,
+
g.U
',ai
,U,
)ll-th
e,Z,U,
-AfH---・----
(4.
s)
where
b,
c are constantsin
onedimension.
4.3,
Infinitesimal
nonlinearlaw
of rate-typeAssuming
that
the
body
is
unstressed untiltime
t=o,
then
we can rewritethe
constitutive equation(2.
10)
asNII-Electronic Library Service
follows
:
ttt=j'ixuKxi,L[biEtt6)vL+2b2ExL+2ciEtia(L+4ctEKt
+4diE"EjjaKt,+4dttr(ErLEHN)SKL+4d3EitEreL+4d4ErctEtL]L・''-"'・・'・・・・・・・・・・'-・・・・-・・・・-・・・・・・・・-・・・・・(4.6)
Here
we usethe
infinitesimal
straintensor
IEf
instead
ofLagrangian
straintensor
E
such as2Eu=Uk,L+U).x"''''''"''"'--''''H''"'''-'''H''`"'''''''''''''"'''"''H''''"''''''''''''''''''''"'-'''''''''''H''-{4.7)
where
Uk
is
the
displacement
vector.We
also needthe
expression-xM,=(a.,+Uk,.}a.,=:(ak.+E..+R.,)a.,・-・・-・・・--・・・-・・-・L・・-・・・・・・・・--・・・・・・・-・・-・・・・・・・-・・・--・・--・・-・・-・・・・・(4.s>
where,
fiNK
meansinfinitesimal
rotationtensor.
In
the
following
part
of
this
section, we will usethe
spatial coordinateinstead
of materialcoordinate,
which needthe
following
relationbetween
Euleriap
strains andLagrangian
strains・
E.=e,,a,,a,,
?.,=lli.,6k.a.-・・・-・・・--・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・--・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・--・--・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・--・-・・(4,g)
Introducing
(4.7),
(4,8),
and(4.9)
into
(4.6},
making
the
elasticpart
to
be
linear,
we obtainthe
constitutive equationfor
isotropic
material
(here
for
simplicity we writee
by
e)
'
'
tM=Bieit6hi+2B,eict+Cieitaki+Csbm+
・
+D,e"e,,fi.,+D,tr(b.b..)a,,+D,b.a.+D,e.b.-・・・・・-・・・-・・-・・・・・・・-・・・・・-・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・-・--・・-・・・{4,lo)
here,
Bi,
Bi,
Ci,
Ci,
Di,
Db
D3
and
D4
are all constants.The
displacement
field
equationcan
easily
be
obtained with(4.
10),
Cauchy]s
equation of motion, andEulerian
strainsin
spatialceordinate
in
the
fellowing
(where
u
is
the
displacement
in
spatial cooTdinaye>(txLXst),N+P(fit-ak)=O''''''''''''''''-''''''''''''''''''''''''''-''''H'''''''"''v-''H'・-・--'''-・・・-・・-・・・・・--・・・(4.11)
trcL=tw''H'''''''H'-H''''''''''-'''"'-''''''H''"''''"'''''''-''''-''-H''':''"'''''':'"''''''H'''''''''''''''''''''''H(4.12)
e,,=112(uv+u,,n・--・・・・-・・-・・・-・・・-・-・-・-・・・・・・・-・・・--・・・・・・・・・・・--・・・--・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・--・・・・・・・・・・-・・・-・・・・・(4,13)
.,
Especially
in
one
dimension,
(4.Io)
becomes
.
t=be+cb+de'・---・-・---・--・---・・----・---・---・-・---・---(4,14)
And
the
displacement
field
equationin
onedimension
is
b
O,2.l+c
,a.3,",,+d
50.2,",
,21",,
==pa,':
-of''''''''"''''"'''''''''''"''''''''''''"''"'''''''''''''''"''-''(4.
is)
'
where,
b,
c andd
areconstants
in
onediimension,
4.4,
Finite
linear
law
offunctional
type
,
Finite
linear
constitutive equationfor
isotropic
functional
materials{materials
with
fading
memory) canbe
obtained
by
rewriting equation(3.6)
of reference6)
andputting
the
consideration ofmaterial
linearity.
Here
we assumethat
the
body
is
unstressed untilt=O
,
'
titt=j'ixwxi,L(SiE`tcrKL+2S!EKL+.L"[?1(t-s)E"(s}"KL+2h(t-s)En(s)]dsl・・・・・・-・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・(4.16)
This
equation
is
the
same withthat
in
references10),11).
We
caneasily
obtain
the
displacement
field
equationif
we usethe
constitutive equation(4.16)
together
with equations(4.2),
{4.3}
and(4.4),
Because
it
is
tedious
to
write outthe
displacement
field
equationin
three
dimensions,
we onlypresent
the
onediniensional
displacement
field
equation'
,O.
((i+
g.U
)(B
[(
g.U-
+}
(
g.U-)']+Jft
,(t-,)
[
a,!.Ui
g)
+
ellits)
O,2.Ui
g)
]
cl,l]
-th
a,',U,
-thf
・--・-・・・・-・・-・・・---・・-・・-・・・--・・・・・・・''''''''''''r'-'-''H''''''''''-''''''''''''''''''H'''''''-''"''-'''(4.i7)
whereP
is
constant
andr(t-s)
is
memoryfunction
in
onedimension.
4,5.
Infinitesimal
nonlinearlaw
offunctional
type
.
Assurne
that
the
body
is
unstressed untiLt==O,
then
we can rewritethe
constitutive
equationfor
functional
viscoelastic
materialsm
the
following
[we
obtainthis
equationfrom
equation(3,6)
of reference6)]
tst=j'ix-sx[,L(/9iE"6;rL+2BiEKL+.L't[71(t-g)E"(s}fiKL+2n(t-s)Er,.(s)]dsl---・/・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・(4.18}
Here
the
characteristic ofintegral
tells
usthat
the
double
integral
can not appearin
constitutivelaw
because
the
'
strain
is
infinitesirnal
sothat
the
powers
of strain can not appearin
constitutivelaw.
.
'
NII-Electronic Library Service
Employing
the
infinitesimal
straintensor
theory
whichhad
been
expressedin
equations(4.
7>,
(4.
8),
and(4,
9),
replacingthe
symbolE
by
e
for
simplicity,
and makingthe
elastic
part
to
be
linear,
wecan
obtain
the
constitutiveequation
for
infinitesimal
isotropic
nonlinear material withfading
memoryusing
the
same methodin
section
4.
3.
Here,
of course, asin
section4,3, we write allthe
equationsin
the
following
part
ofthis
sectionin
spatial coordinate.t.=ke.6k,+2ke,,+.j["[k(t-s)e,,(s)a.,+2e<t-s)e.,{s)]ds・・・・・・・・-・・・-・・・・-・-・・・-・・-・・・・・-・--・--・・・・・(4,19)
where,
G
and"
are elastic constants,a,
&,
are memoryfunctions.
This
constitutiveequation
is
the
general
linear
equationto
be
usedin
engineering.
This
resultsin
animportant
property
offunctional
material
that
the'
constitutivelaw
for
infinitesimal
strainis
linear.
The
displaeement
field
equation canbe
easily
obtainedby
using(4.
11),
(4.
12),
(4.
13),
and(4.
19).
Here
asan
example, we only consider one
dimension,
in
this
case equation(4.19)
becomes
t=fie+Jg"7(t-s)e(s)ds-・・-・・--・・-・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・--・・-・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・-・・・・・・-・・--・・(4.2o)
Then
the
onedimensional
displacement
field
equationis
:
B
eEir2
,g
+Xt
r(t-
s)
e21"at
ds=p
Oa't\
-ofH'''-'''''''''''''"'''"''"'--"''H''''''"'''''''H''"''''''-''''''"(4-2i}
5.
Conclusion
A
constitutivelaw
whichis
applicable
for
soilhas
been
developed
in
this
paper
when soilis
considered as materialwith
smooth memory.TWo
laws
deveioped
in
this
paper
and
in
reference6)deal
withthe
finite
strain nenlinear viscoelastic material.They
can
express sufficientlythe
nonlinearityof
soil
theoretically,
but
unfortunatelyboth
of
them
aretoo
complicatedfor
an engineering application,For
this
reason,we
have
done
simplifications which concentrate our airnon
finite
strain or on material nonlinearityfor
both
these
laws,
and onedimensional
displacement
field
equations aregiven
respectively.Studies
in
future
canbe
expected asthe
following
three
parts.
The
first
is
to
usethese
two
laws
to
studythe
wavepropagation
in
soil with numerical methods.The
second
is
to
develope
equationsfor
soil-structureinteraction
by
usingthese
two
censtitutivelaws
instead
oflinear
theory
whichis
usedto
studyinteraction
problem
now.The
third
is
to
check
eut mathematicallythat
whetherthese
two
laws
arethe
same ornot
theoretically,
because
it
has
been
pointed
outby
Eringen
that
the
two
linear
theories
arethe
same,'
Reterences
1>
Tanaka,
Y.
1
Nonlinear
Respense
Analysis
ofSoil-Stfucture
Interaction
Systernswith
Kinematic
Cap
Medel
;The
23
thJapan
National
Conference
onSoil
Mechanics
andFoundation
Engineering,
pp.l169-1172,
1988
・
2}
Ohsaki,
Y.
:
Sorne
Notes
onMasing's
Law
andNon-linear
Resppnse
ofSoil
Deposits,
J.
ofFaculty
ofEng.,
Univ,
ofTokyo,
VoL
XXrV,
No.4,
Sept.,
1980
.
'
3)
Ohs,aki,
Y.
:
Dynamic
Nonlinear
Model
andOne-Dimensional
Nonlinear
Response
ofSoil
Deposits,
Research
Report
8Z-o2,
Dept.
efArchitecture,
Uniy,
ofTokye,
MaTch,
1982
4)
Hara,
A.
:
Non-linear
St[ess-strain
Model
ofSoil
andElasto-Plastic
Response
ofSoil
Deposits,
Annttal
Report
of
Kajima
Institute
ofConstruction
Technology,
Vel.28,
1979
5)
Ishihara,
Kenji.
:Fundarnent
ofSoil
Dynarnics,
Kajima
Institute
Publishing
Comp.
Ltd.
{in
Japanese)
1976
6)
Izurni,
M.
etaL
:Functional
Finite
Nonlinear
ViscoeLastic
Constitutive
Law,
Journal
efStructural
and