͡ろ∠よゅ∠ビ ヴ∇わ∠ェ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ョ∇ヲ∠Α ∠るｚΒ͡ボ∠よ ⊥ヮ∠ャ やヲ⊥ヤ͡ヨ∠バ∠プ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ョ∇ヲ∠Α
∠マ͡ャグ∠プ ∩ゅ∠ヨ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ͡ミ ͡リ∇Β∠ボΑ͡ゲ∠ヘ∇ャや ∠り∠ゲ∇ィ⊥ぺ やヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇ム∠わ∇シゅ∠プ ∩⊥ザ∇ヨｚゼャや
ケヲぁレャや や∠グワ ∇リ͡ョ やヲ⊥ヤ͡ら∠ホ ゅ∠ョ ⊥モ∠ん∠ョ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ヤ∠ん∠ョ
«
(The parable of t he Muslims, Jews and Christ ians is t hat of a man who employed laborers t o work for him from morning unt il night for a known wage. So, t hey worked unt il midday and said, ` We are not in need of t he wages t hat you promised and our work was in vain.' So, t he man said, ` Do not quit now, complet e t he rest of t he work and yours will be t he full wage I have fixed for it .' However, t hey refused and quit , and he had t o hire anot her bat ch of workers. He said (t o t he second bat ch), ` Complet e t he work for t he rest of t he day and I will give you t he same wage I promised t he first bat ch.' So, t hey worked unt il t he t ime of t he ` Asr prayer and said, ` What ever we have done is in vain and we forfeit t he wages you promised us.' He said t o t hem, ` Complet e your day's work, for only a small part of t he day remains.' However, t hey refused, and he employed anot her bat ch t o work for t he rest of t he day, and t hey worked unt il sunset and received t he wages of t he t wo former bat ches. This is an example of t hem (i.e., t he Jews and Christ ians) and of t hose who accept ed t his light (i.e., Islam).) Al-Bukhari was alone in recording it . Allah t he Exalt ed said;
∃￢∇ヴ∠セ ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∠ラヱ⊥ケ͡ギ∇ボ∠Α ｚΙ∠ぺ ͡ょ⇒∠わ͡ム∇ャや ⊥モ∇ワ∠ぺ ∠ユ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α ｚΚ∠ゃあャぴ
び͡ヮｚヤャや ͡モ∇ツ∠プ リあョ
(So t hat t he People of t he Script ures may know t hat t hey have no power what soever over t he grace of Allah,) meaning, so t hat t hey become sure t hat t hey cannot prevent what Allah gives, or give what Allah prevent s,
⊥ク ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ⊥￢べ∠ゼ∠Α リ∠ョ ͡ヮΒ͡ゎ∇ぽ⊥Α ͡ヮｚヤャや ͡ギ∠Β͡よ ∠モ∇ツ∠ヘ∇ャや ｚラ∠ぺ∠ヱぴ
ヱ
び͡ユΒ͡ヌ∠バ∇ャや ͡モ∇ツ∠ヘ∇ャや
(and t hat (His) grace is (ent irely) in His Hand t o best ow it on whomsoever He wills. And Allah is t he Owner of great bount y.) This is t he end of t he Tafsir of Surat Al-Hadid, all praise is due t o Allah, and all favors come from Him.
The Tafsir of Surat Al-Mujadilah
(Chapter - 58)
Which was revealed in Al-Madinah
In t he Name of Allah, t he Most Gracious, t he Most Merciful.
ゅ∠ヰ͡ィ∇ヱ∠コ ヴ͡プ ∠マ⊥ャ͡キゅ∠イ⊥ゎ ヴ͡わｚャや ∠メ∇ヲ∠ホ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ノ͡ヨ∠シ ∇ギ∠ホぴ
∇ゼ∠ゎ∠ヱ
∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま べヨ⊥ミ∠ケ⊥ヱゅ∠エ∠ゎ ⊥ノ∠ヨ∇ジ∠Α ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ͡ヮｚヤャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ヴ͡ム∠わ
び ∀ゲΒ͡ダ∠よ ∀ノΒ͡ヨ∠シ
(1. Indeed Allah has heard t he st at ement of her t hat disput es wit h you concerning her husband, and complains t o Allah. And Allah hears t he argument bet ween you bot h. Verily, Allah is All-Hearer, All-Seer.)
Reason for revealing this Surah
Imam Ahmad recorded t hat ` A'ishah said, "All praise be t o Allah, Who hears all voices. "The woman who disput ed'' came t o t he Prophet and argued wit h him while I was in anot her part of t he room, unable t o hear what she said. Allah t he Exalt ed and Most Honored revealed t his Ayah,
びゅ∠ヰ͡ィ∇ヱ∠コ ヴ͡プ ∠マ⊥ャ͡キゅ∠イ⊥ゎ ヴ͡わｚャや ∠メ∇ヲ∠ホ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ノ͡ヨ∠シ ∇ギ∠ホぴ
(Indeed Allah has heard t he st at ement of her t hat disput es wit h you concerning her husband.)'' t ill t he end of t his Ayah. Al-Bukhari collect ed t his Hadit h wit hout a chain of narrat ion in t he Book of Tawhid in his Sahih. An-Nasa'i, Ibn Maj ah, Ibn Abi Hat im and Ibn Jarir also collect ed t his Hadit h. In t he narrat ion t hat Ibn Abi Hat im collect ed, ` A'ishah said, "Blessed is He, Whose hearing has encompassed all t hings. I heard what Khawlah bint Tha` labah said while some of it I could not hear. She was complaining t o Allah's Messenger about her husband. She said, ` O Allah's Messenger! He spent my wealt h, exhaust ed my yout h and my womb bore abundant ly for him. When I be- came old, unable t o bear children, he pronounced t he Ziharon me! O Allah! I complain t o you.' Soon aft er, Jibril brought down t his Ayah,
∇ヱ∠コ ヴ͡プ ∠マ⊥ャ͡キゅ∠イ⊥ゎ ヴ͡わｚャや ∠メ∇ヲ∠ホ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ノ͡ヨ∠シ ∇ギ∠ホぴ
びゅ∠ヰ͡ィ
(Indeed Allah has heard t he st at ement of her t hat disput es wit h you concerning her husband,)'' She added, "Her husband was Aws bin As-Samit .''
ｚリ⊥ワ ゅｚョ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ジあル リあョ ∇ユ⊥ムレ͡ョ ∠ラヱ⊥ゲ͡ヰ⇒∠ヌ⊥Α ∠リΑ͡グｚャやぴ
ｚΙ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥わ⇒∠ヰｚョ⊥ぺ ∇ラ͡ま ∇ユ͡ヰ͡わ⇒∠ヰｚョ⊥ぺ
∇ユ⊥ヰｚル͡ま∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ル∇ギ∠ャ∠ヱ ヴ͡もｚΚャや
∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ
-ｚユ⊥を ∇ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ジあル リ͡ョ ∠ラヱ⊥ゲ͡ヰ⇒∠ヌ⊥Α ∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ
ラ∠ぺ ͡モ∇ら∠ホ リあョ ∃る∠ら∠ホ∠ケ ⊥ゲΑ͡ゲ∇エ∠わ∠プ ∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ ゅ∠ヨ͡ャ ∠ラヱ⊥キヲ⊥バ∠Α
⊥ヌ∠ハヲ⊥ゎ ∇ユ⊥ム͡ャ∠ク ゅｚシべ∠ヨ∠わ∠Α
∀ゲΒ͡ら∠カ ∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠ゎ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ͡ヮ͡よ ∠ラヲ
-͡モ∇ら∠ホ リ͡ョ ͡リ∇Β∠バ͡よゅ∠わ∠わ⊥ョ ͡リ∇Α∠ゲ∇ヰ∠セ ⊥ュゅ∠Β͡ダ∠プ ∇ギ͡イ∠Α ∇ユｚャ リ∠ヨ∠プ
⇔ゅレΒ͡ム∇ジ͡ョ ∠リΒあわ͡シ ⊥ュゅ∠バ∇デ͡み∠プ ∇ノ͡ト∠わ∇ジ∠Α ∇ユｚャ リ∠ヨ∠プ ゅｚシべ∠ヨ∠わ∠Α ラ∠ぺ
͡ヮｚヤャや ⊥キヱ⊥ギ⊥ェ ∠マ∇ヤ͡ゎ∠ヱ ͡ヮ͡ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ∠ヱ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥わ͡ャ ∠マ͡ャ∠ク
∠ヱ
び ∀ユΒ͡ャ∠ぺ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ヘ⇒∠ム∇ヤ͡ャ
(2. Those among you who make t heir wives unlawful t o t hem by Zihar t hey cannot be t heir mot hers. None can be t heir mot hers except t hose who gave t hem birt h. And verily, t hey ut t er an ill word and a lie. And verily, Allah is Oft -Pardoning, Oft -Forgiving.) (3. And t hose who make unlawful t o t hem (t heir wives) by Zihar and wish t o free t hemselves from what t hey ut t ered, (t he penalt y) in t hat case is t he freeing of a slave before t hey t ouch each ot her. That is an admonit ion t o you. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do.) (4. And he who finds not , must fast t wo successive mont hs before t hey bot h t ouch each ot her. And he who is unable t o do so, should feed sixt y of t he poor. That is in order t hat you may have perfect fait h in Allah and His Messenger. These are t he limit s set by Allah. And for disbelievers, t here is a painful t orment .)
Az-Zihar and the Atonement for It Imam
Ahmad recorded t hat Khuwaylah bint Tha` labah said, "By Allah! Allah sent down t he beginning of Surat Al-Muj adilah in connect ion wit h me and ` Aws bin As-Samit . He was my husband and had grown old and difficult . One day, he came t o me and I argued wit h him about somet hing and he said, out of anger, ` You are like my mot her's back t o me.' He went out and sat wit h some of his people. Then he came back and want ed t o have sexual int ercourse wit h me. I said, ` No, by t he One in Whose Hand is t he soul of Khuwaylah! You will not have your way wit h me aft er you said what you said, unt il Allah and His Messenger issue j udgement about our case.' He want ed t o have his way regardless of my choice and I pushed him away from me; he was an old man.' I next went t o one of my neighbors and borrowed a garment from her and went t o t he Messenger of Allah . I t old him what happened and kept complaining t o him of t he ill t reat ment I received from ` Aws. He said,
»
ヮΒ͡プ ∠ぶや ヶ͡ボｚゎゅ∠プ ∩∀ゲΒ͡ら∠ミ ∀オ∇Β∠セ ͡マあヨ∠ハ ⊥リ∇よや ∩⊥る∠ヤ∇Α∠ヲ⊥カゅ∠Α
«
(O Khuwaylah! Your cousin is an old man, so have Taqwa of Allah regarding him.) By Allah! Before I depart ed, part s of t he Qur'an were revealed about me. Allah's Messenger felt t he hardship upon receiving t he revelat ion as he usually did and t hen became relieved. He said t o me,
»
͡マ͡ら͡ェゅ∠タ ヶ͡プ∠ヱ ͡マΒ͡プ ⊥ぶや ∠メ∠ゴ∇ル∠ぺ ∇ギ∠ホ ∩⊥る∠ヤ∇Α∠ヲ⊥カ ゅ∠Α
ゅ⇔ルへ∇ゲ⊥ホ
«
(O Khuwaylah! Allah has revealed somet hing about you and your spouse.) He recit ed t o me,
ゅ∠ヰ͡ィ∇ヱ∠コ ヴ͡プ ∠マ⊥ャ͡キゅ∠イ⊥ゎ ヴ͡わｚャや ∠メ∇ヲ∠ホ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ノ͡ヨ∠シ ∇ギ∠ホぴ
∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま べヨ⊥ミ∠ケ⊥ヱゅ∠エ∠ゎ ⊥ノ∠ヨ∇ジ∠Α ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ͡ヮｚヤャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ヴ͡ム∠わ∇ゼ∠ゎ∠ヱ
び ∀ゲΒ͡ダ∠よ ∀ノΒ͡ヨ∠シ
(Indeed Allah has heard t he st at ement of her t hat disput es wit h you concerning her husband, and complains t o Allah. And Allah hears t he argument bet ween you bot h. Verily, Allah is All-Hearer, All-Seer.), unt il,
び∀ユΒ͡ャ∠ぺ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ヘ⇒∠ムヤ͡ャ∠ヱぴ
(And for disbelievers, t here is a painful t orment .) He t hen said t o me,
»
る∠ら∠ホ∠ケ ∇ペ͡わ∇バ⊥Β∇ヤ∠プ ͡ヮΑ͡ゲ⊥ョ
«
(Command him t o free a slave.) I said, ` O Allah's Messenger! He does not have any t o free.' He said,
»
リ∇Β∠バ͡よゅ∠わ∠わ⊥ョ ͡リ∇Α∠ゲ∇ヰ∠セ ∇ユ⊥ダ∠Β∇ヤ∠プ
«
(Let him fast for t wo consecut ive mont hs.) I said, ` By Allah! He is an old man and cannot fast .' He said,
»
ゲ∇ヨ∠ゎ ∇リ͡ョ ゅ⇔ボ∇シ∠ヱ ゅ⇔レΒ͡ム∇ジ͡ョ ∠リΒあわ͡シ ∇ユ͡バ∇ト⊥Β∇ヤ∠プ
«
(Let him feed sixt y poor people a Wasq of dat es.) I said, ` O Allah's Messenger! By Allah, he does not have any of t hat .' He said,
»
⊥レ∠シ ゅｚル͡み∠プ
ゲ∇ヨ∠ゎ ∇リ͡ョ ∃ベ∠ゲ∠バ͡よ ⊥ヮ⊥レΒ͡バ
«
(We will help him wit h a basket of dat es.) I said, ` And I, O Allah's Messenger! I will help him wit h anot her.' He said,
»
∩⊥ヮ∇レ∠ハ ͡ヮ͡よ ヶ͡ホｚギ∠ダ∠わ∠プ ヶ͡ら∠ワ∇クゅ∠プ ͡ろ∇レ∠ジ∇ェ∠ぺ∠ヱ ͡ろ∇ら∠タ∠ぺ ∇ギ∠ホ
⇔ゲ∇Β∠カ ͡マあヨ∠ハ ͡リ∇よゅ͡よ ヶ͡タ∇ヲ∠わ∇シや ｚユ⊥を
や
«
(You have done a right eously good t hing. So go and give away t he dat es on his behalf and t ake care of your cousin.) I did t hat .''' Abu Dawud also collect ed t his Hadit h in t he Book of Divorce in his Sunan, according t o which her name is Khawlah bint Tha` labah. She is also known as Khawlah bint Malik bin Tha` labah, and Khuwaylah. All t hese are close t o each ot her, and Allah knows best . This is what is correct about t he reason behind revealing t his Surah. Therefore, Allah's st at ement ,
⊥ゲ͡ヰ⇒∠ヌ⊥Α ∠リΑ͡グｚャやぴ
び∇ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ジあル リあョ ∇ユ⊥ムレ͡ョ ∠ラヱ
(Those among you who make t heir wives unlawful t o t hem by Zihar) refers t o Zihar, which is derived from Az-Zahr, meaning, t he back. During t he t ime of Jahiliyyah, when one want ed t o declare Zihar t owards his wife, he would say, "To me, you are like t he back of my mot her.'' That was one way t hey issued divorce during t hat t ime. Allah allowed t his Ummah t o pay expiat ion for t his st at ement and did not render it as a divorce, cont rary t o t he case during t he t ime of Jahiliyyah. Allah said,
び∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ル∇ギ∠ャ∠ヱ ヴ͡もｚΚャや ｚΙ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥わ⇒∠ヰｚョ⊥ぺ ∇ラ͡ま ∇ユ͡ヰ͡わ⇒∠ヰｚョ⊥ぺ ｚリ⊥ワ ゅｚョぴ
(t hey cannot be t heir mot hers. None can be t heir mot hers except t hose who gave t hem birt h.) meaning, when t he husband says t o his wife t hat she is like his mot her, or t he back of his mot her et c., she does not become his mot her. Rat her his mot her is she who gave birt h t o him. This is why Allah said,
び⇔やケヱ⊥コ∠ヱ ͡メ∇ヲ∠ボ∇ャや ∠リあョ ⇔やゲ∠ムレ⊥ョ ∠ラヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠ャ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚル͡ま∠ヱぴ
(And verily, t hey ut t er an ill word and a lie.) meaning, false and sinful speech,
び∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ｘヲ⊥ヘ∠バ∠ャ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま∠ヱぴ
(And verily, Allah is Oft -Pardoning, Oft -Forgiving.) meaning, ` what you used t o do during t he t ime of Jahiliyyah, and what accident ally slips out of your mout h, unint ent ionally.' Allah's st at ement ,
ゅ∠ヨ͡ャ ∠ラヱ⊥キヲ⊥バ∠Α ｚユ⊥を ∇ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ジあル リ͡ョ ∠ラヱ⊥ゲ͡ヰ⇒∠ヌ⊥Α ∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱぴ
び∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ
(And t hose who make unlawful t o t hem (t heir wives) by Zihar and wish t o free t hemselves from what t hey ut t ered,) Ash-Shafi` i said, "It means t o keep her for a while aft er t he Zihar, wit hout
divorcing her, even t hough his is able t o do so.'' Ahmad bin Hanbal said, "To ret urn t o having sexual relat ions wit h her or t o merely int end t o do so, but only aft er he pays t he expiat ion ment ioned in t he Ayah for his st at ement .'' It has been quot ed from Malik t hat it is t he int ent ion t o have sexual relat ions or t o keep her or act ually having sexual int ercourse. Sa` id bin Jubayr said t hat t his Ayah,
び∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ ゅ∠ヨ͡ャ ∠ラヱ⊥キヲ⊥バ∠Α ｚユ⊥をぴ
(and wish t o free t hemselves from what t hey ut t ered,) meaning, if t hey want t o ret urn t o having sexual int ercourse which was forbidden bet ween t hem. Al-Hasan Al-Basri said t hat it is t o ut ilize her sexual organ, and he did not see any harm in doing what is less t han t hat before paying t he expiat ion. ` Ali bin Abi Talhah report ed from Ibn ` Abbas:
びゅｚシべ∠ヨ∠わ∠Α ラ∠ぺ ͡モ∇ら∠ホ リあョぴ
(before t hey t ouch each ot her.) "The ` t ouching' refers here t o sexual int ercourse.'' Similar was said by ` At a', Az-Zuhri, Qat adah and Muqat il bin Hayyan. Az-Zuhri added, "He is not t o kiss or t ouch her unt il he pays t he expiat ion.'' The Sunan compilers recorded from ` Ikrimah, from Ibn ` Abbas t hat a man said, "O Allah's Messenger! I pronounced Zihar on my wife, but t hen had sexual int ercourse wit h her before I paid t he expiat ion.'' The Messenger said,
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ぶや ∠マ⊥ヨ∠ェ∇ゲ∠Α ∠マ͡ャ∠ク ヴヤ∠ハ ∠マ∠ヤ∠ヨ∠ェ ゅ∠ョ
«
(May Allah grant you His mercy, what made you do t hat ) He said, "I saw t he adornment she was wearing shining in t he moon's light .'' The Prophet said,
»
⊥ぶや ∠ポ∠ゲ∠ョ∠ぺ ゅ∠ョ ∠モ∠バ∇ヘ∠ゎ ヴ∇わ∠ェ ゅ∠ヰ∇よ∠ゲ∇ボ∠ゎ ゅ∠ヤ∠プ
モ∠ィ∠ヱ ｚゴ∠ハ
«
(Then do not t ouch her unt il you do what Allah t he Exalt ed and Most Honored has ordered you t o do.) At -Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Gharib Sahih.'' Abu Dawud and An-Nasa'i also recorded it . Allah said,
び∃る∠ら∠ホ∠ケ ⊥ゲΑ͡ゲ∇エ∠わ∠プぴ
((t he penalt y) in t hat case is t he freeing of a slave) indicat ing t he necessit y of freeing a slave before t hey t ouch each ot her. This Ayah ment ions any slave, not only believing servant s as in t he case of t he expiat ion for (unint ent ional) killing,
び͡ヮ͡よ ∠ラヲ⊥ヌ∠ハヲ⊥ゎ ∇ユ⊥ム͡ャ∠クぴ
(That is an admonit ion t o you.) meaning, a warning t o t hreat en you in t his case.
(And Allah is All-Aware of what you do.) meaning, He is All-Knower in what brings you benefit . Allah's st at ement ,
∇ギ͡イ∠Α ∇ユｚャ リ∠ヨ∠プぴ
͡モ∇ら∠ホ リ͡ョ ͡リ∇Β∠バ͡よゅ∠わ∠わ⊥ョ ͡リ∇Α∠ゲ∇ヰ∠セ ⊥ュゅ∠Β͡ダ∠プ
び⇔ゅレΒ͡ム∇ジ͡ョ ∠リΒあわ͡シ ⊥ュゅ∠バ∇デ͡み∠プ ∇ノ͡ト∠わ∇ジ∠Α ∇ユｚャ リ∠ヨ∠プ ゅｚシべ∠ヨ∠わ∠Α ラ∠ぺ
(And he who finds not must fast t wo successive mont hs before t hey bot h t ouch each ot her. And he who is unable t o do so, should feed sixt y of t he poor.) is explained by t he Hadit hs t hat prescribe t hese punishment s in t his order, j ust as in t he Hadit h collect ed in t he Two Sahihs about t he man who had sexual int ercourse wit h his wife during t he day, in Ramadan. Allah said,
⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥わ͡ャ ∠マ͡ャ∠クぴ
び͡ヮ͡ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ∠ヱ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∇やヲ
(That is in order t hat you may have perfect fait h in Allah and His Messenger.) meaning, ` We legislat ed t his punishment so t hat you acquire t his t rait ,'
び͡ヮｚヤャや ⊥キヱ⊥ギ⊥ェ ∠マ∇ヤ͡ゎ∠ヱぴ
(These are t he limit s set by Allah.) meaning, t he t hings t hat He has forbidden, so do not t ransgress t hem,
び∀ユΒ͡ャ∠ぺ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ヘ⇒∠ムヤ͡ャ∠ヱぴ
(And for disbelievers, t here is a painful t orment .) meaning, t hose who do not believe and do not abide by t he rulings of Islamic legislat ion should never t hink t hey will be saved from t he t orment . Rat her t heirs will be a painful t orment in t his life and t he Hereaft er.
∠ろ͡ら⊥ミ ゅ∠ヨ∠ミ ∇やヲ⊥わ͡ら⊥ミ ⊥ヮ∠ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ∠ヱ ∠ヮｚヤャや ∠ラヱぁキべ∠エ⊥Α ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ｚラ͡まぴ
∃ろ⇒∠レあΒ∠よ ∃ろ⇒∠Αや∠￢ べ∠レ∇ャ∠ゴル∠ぺ ∇ギ∠ホ∠ヱ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ヤ∇ら∠ホ リ͡ョ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや
͡ヘ⇒∠ム∇ヤ͡ャ∠ヱ
∀リΒ͡ヰぁョ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∠リΑ͡ゲ
-⇔ゅバΒ͡ヨ∠ィ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ヰ⊥ん∠バ∇ら∠Α ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Α
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ⊥ロヲ⊥ジ∠ル∠ヱ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ヮ⇒∠ダ∇ェ∠ぺ ∇やヲ⊥ヤ͡ヨ∠ハ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ゃあら∠レ⊥Β∠プ
∀ギΒ͡ヰ∠セ ∃￢∇ヴ∠セ あモ⊥ミ
-ヴ͡プ ゅ∠ョ ⊥ユ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ∠ぺ ∠ゲ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺ
ｚル リ͡ョ ⊥ラヲ⊥ム∠Α ゅ∠ョ ͡チ∇ケｘΙや ヴ͡プ ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ ͡れ∠ヲ⇒∠ヨｚジャや
ン∠ヲ∇イ
∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥シ͡キゅ∠シ ∠ヲ⊥ワ ｚΙ͡ま ∃る∠ジ∇ヨ∠カ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥バ͡よや∠ケ ∠ヲ⊥ワ ｚΙ͡ま ∃る∠ん⇒∠ヤ∠を
ゅ∠ョ ∠リ∇Α∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠バ∠ョ ∠ヲ⊥ワ ｚΙ͡ま ∠ゲ∠ん∇ミ∠ぺ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∠マ͡ャ∠ク リ͡ョ ヴ∠ル∇キ∠ぺ ∠Ι∠ヱ
∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま ͡る∠ヨ⇒∠Β͡ボ∇ャや ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Α ∇やヲ⊥ヤ͡ヨ∠ハ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ユ⊥ヰ⊥ゃあら∠レ⊥Α ｚユ⊥を ∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ
び ∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ∃￢∇ヴ∠セ あモ⊥ム͡よ
(5. Verily, t hose who oppose Allah and His Messenger will be disgraced as t hose before t hem were disgraced. And We have sent down clear Ayat . And for t he disbelievers is a disgraceful t orment .) (6. On t he Day when Allah will resurrect t hem all t oget her and inform t hem of what t hey did. Allah has kept account of it , while t hey have forgot t en it . And Allah is Wit ness over all t hings.) (7. Have you not seen t hat Allah knows what soever is in t he heavens and what soever is on t he eart h There is no Naj wa of t hree but He is t heir fourt h nor of five but He is t heir sixt h nor of less t han t hat or more but He is wit h t hem wheresoever t hey may be. And aft erwards on t he Day of Resurrect ion He will inform t hem of what t hey did. Verily, Allah is t he All-Knower of everyt hing.)
Explaining the Punishment of the Enemies of the Religion
Allah st at es t hat t hose who defy Him and His Messenger and cont radict His commandment s,
び∇ユ͡ヰ͡ヤ∇ら∠ホ リ͡ョ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∠ろ͡ら⊥ミ ゅ∠ヨ∠ミ ∇やヲ⊥わ͡ら⊥ミぴ
(will be disgraced as t hose before t hem were disgraced) meaning, t hey will be humiliat ed, cursed and disgraced, j ust as what happened t o t heir like were before t hem,
び∃ろ⇒∠レあΒ∠よ ∃ろ⇒∠Αや∠￢ べ∠レ∇ャ∠ゴル∠ぺ ∇ギ∠ホ∠ヱぴ
(And We have sent down clear Ayat .) meaning, none cont radict s or opposes t hem, except a disbeliever, rebellious, sinner,
び∀リΒ͡ヰぁョ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ヘ⇒∠ム∇ヤ͡ャ∠ヱぴ
(And for t he disbelievers is a disgraceful t orment ) meaning, as j ust recompense for t heir arrogant refusal t o follow, obey and submit t o t he religion of Allah. Allah t he Exalt ed said,
∠バ∇ら∠Α ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Αぴ
び⇔ゅバΒ͡ヨ∠ィ ͡ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ヰ⊥ん
(On t he Day when Allah will resurrect t hem all t oget her) referring t o t he Day of Resurrect ion when He will gat her t he early and t he lat t er generat ions in one area,
び∇やヲ⊥ヤ͡ヨ∠ハ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ゃあら∠レ⊥Β∠プぴ
(and inform t hem of what t hey did.) He will t ell t hem all t hat t hey did in det ail, whet her good or evil,
び⊥ロヲ⊥ジ∠ル∠ヱ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ヮ⇒∠ダ∇ェ∠ぺぴ
(Allah has kept account of it , while t hey have forgot t en it .) meaning, Allah recorded and kept all t hese act ions, even t hough t hey have forgot t en what t hey did,
び∀ギΒ͡ヰ∠セ ∃￢∇ヴ∠セ あモ⊥ミ ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱぴ
(And Allah is Wit ness over all t hings.) meaning, not hing escapes His knowledge, and no mat t er is hidden from Him or escapes His complet e observat ion.
Allah's Knowledge encompasses Creation
Then Allah t he Exalt ed informs of His knowledge encompassing all creat ion, observing it , hearing t heir speech and seeing t hem, wherever t hey may be and in what ever condit ion t hey may be in,
ヴ͡プ ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ ͡れ∠ヲ⇒∠ヨｚジャや ヴ͡プ ゅ∠ョ ⊥ユ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ∠ぺ ∠ゲ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺぴ
͡チ∇ケｘΙや
び∃る∠ん⇒∠ヤ∠を ン∠ヲ∇イｚル リ͡ョ ⊥ラヲ⊥ム∠Α ゅ∠ョ
(Have you not seen t hat Allah knows what soever is in t he heavens and what soever is on t he eart h There is no Naj wa of t hree), i.e., secret consult at ion of t hree,
͡キゅ∠シ ∠ヲ⊥ワ ｚΙ͡ま ∃る∠ジ∇ヨ∠カ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥バ͡よや∠ケ ∠ヲ⊥ワ ｚΙ͡まぴ
∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥シ
ゅ∠ョ ∠リ∇Α∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠バ∠ョ ∠ヲ⊥ワ ｚΙ͡ま ∠ゲ∠ん∇ミ∠ぺ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∠マ͡ャ∠ク リ͡ョ ヴ∠ル∇キ∠ぺ
び∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ
(but He is t heir fourt h --- nor of five but He is t heir sixt h --- nor of less t han t hat or more but He is wit h t hem wheresoever t hey may be.) meaning, He is wat ching t hem, perfect ly hearing t heir speech, whet her ut t ered in public or secret . His angels record all t hat t hey say, even t hough He has bet t er knowledge of it and hears t hem perfect ly, as Allah said;
∇イ∠ル∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ワｚゲ͡シ ⊥ユ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ∠ぺ ∇やヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺぴ
ｚラ∠ぺ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ワや∠ヲ
び ͡ゆヲ⊥Β⊥ピ∇ャや ⊥ユ⇒ｚヤ∠ハ ∠ヮｚヤャや
(Know t hey not t hat Allah knows t heir secret ideas, and t heir Naj wa, and t hat Allah is t he All-Knower of t he unseen.) (9:78),
ヴ∠ヤ∠よ ユ⊥ワ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ワｚゲ͡シ ⊥ノ∠ヨ∇ジ∠ル ∠Ι ゅｚル∠ぺ ∠ラヲ⊥ら∠ジ∇エ∠Α ∇ュ∠ぺぴ
∠ギ∠ャ ゅ∠レ⊥ヤ⊥シ⊥ケ∠ヱ
び ∠ラヲ⊥ら⊥わ∇ム∠Α ∇ユ͡ヰ∇Α
(Or do t hey t hink t hat We hear not t heir secret s and t heir privat e Naj wa And Our messengers are by t hem t o record.) (43:80) For t his reason, several ment ioned t hat t here is a consensus among t he scholars t hat t his "wit h'' refers t o Allah's knowledge. There is no doubt t hat t his meaning is t rue, especially if we add t o it t he cert aint y t hat His hearing encompasses all t hings, as well as His sight . He, t he Exalt ed and Most Honored, is never lacking in knowing all t heir affairs,
⊥Α ｚユ⊥をぴ
あモ⊥ム͡よ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま ͡る∠ヨ⇒∠Β͡ボ∇ャや ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Α ∇やヲ⊥ヤ͡ヨ∠ハ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ユ⊥ヰ⊥ゃあら∠レ
び∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ∃￢∇ヴ∠セ
(And aft erwards on t he Day of Resurrect ion He will inform t hem of what t hey did. Verily, Allah is t he All-Knower of everyt hing.) Imam Ahmad comment ed, "Allah began t he Ayah (58:7) by ment ioning His knowledge and ended it by ment ioning His knowledge.''
∠ラヱ⊥キヲ⊥バ∠Α ｚユ⊥を ン∠ヲ∇イｚレャや ͡リ∠ハ ∇やヲ⊥ヰ⊥ル ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∠ゲ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺぴ
͡ラや∠ヱ∇ギ⊥バ∇ャや∠ヱ ͡ユ∇を͡Ηゅ͡よ ∠ラ∇ヲ∠イ⇒∠レ∠わ∠Α∠ヱ ⊥ヮ∇レ∠ハ ∇やヲ⊥ヰ⊥ル ゅ∠ヨ͡ャ
∠ポヱ⊥￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま∠ヱ ͡メヲ⊥シｚゲャや ͡ろ∠Β͡ダ∇バ∠ョ∠ヱ
∇ユ∠ャ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ∠ポ∇ヲｚΒ∠ェ
ゅ∠レ⊥よあグ∠バ⊥Α ∠Ι∇ヲ∠ャ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ジ⊥ヘル∠ぺ ヴ͡プ ∠ラヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠Α∠ヱ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ヮ͡よ ∠マあΒ∠エ⊥Α
∠ザ∇ゃ͡ら∠プ ゅ∠ヰ∠ル∇ヲ∠ヤ∇ダ∠Α ⊥ユｚレ∠ヰ∠ィ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ら∇ジ∠ェ ⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠ル ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや
⊥ゲΒ͡ダ∠ヨ∇ャや
-∠Κ∠プ ∇ユ⊥わ∇Β∠ィゅ∠レ∠ゎ や∠ク͡ま ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑ
͡ユ∇を͡Ηゅ͡よ ∇や∇ヲ∠イ⇒∠レ∠わ∠ゎ
͡メヲ⊥シｚゲャや ͡る∠Β͡ダ∇バ∠ョ∠ヱ ͡ラや∠ヱ∇ギ⊥バ∇ャや∠ヱ
͡ヮ∇Β∠ャ͡ま ン͡グｚャや ∠ヮｚヤャや ∇やヲ⊥ボｚゎや∠ヱ ン∠ヲ∇ボｚわャや∠ヱ あゲ͡ら∇ャゅ͡よ ∇や∇ヲ∠イ⇒∠レ∠ゎ∠ヱ
∠ラヱ⊥ゲ∠ゼ∇エ⊥ゎ
-∠ラ⊥ゴ∇エ∠Β͡ャ ͡リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ∠リ͡ョ ン∠ヲ∇イｚレャや ゅ∠ヨｚル͡ま
͡ヮｚヤャや ͡ラ∇ク͡み͡よ ｚΙ͡ま ⇔ゅゃ∇Β∠セ ∇ユ͡ワあケべ∠ツ͡よ ∠ザ∇Β∠ャ∠ヱ ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや
∠ハ∠ヱ
び ∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ͡モｚミ∠ヲ∠わ∠Β∇ヤ∠プ ͡ヮｚヤャや ヴ∠ヤ
(8. Have you not seen t hose who were forbidden t o hold secret counsels, and aft erwards ret urned t o t hat which t hey had been forbidden, and conspired t oget her for sin and wrongdoing and disobedience t o t he Messenger. And when t hey come t o you, t hey greet you wit h a greet ing wherewit h Allah greet s you not , and say wit hin t hemselves: "Why should Allah punish us not for what we say'' Hell will be sufficient for t hem; t hey will ent er t herein. And worst indeed is t hat dest inat ion!) (9. O you who believe! When you hold secret counsel, do it not for sin and wrongdoing, and disobedience t o t he Messenger, but do it for Al-Birr and Taqwa; and have Taqwa of Allah unt o Whom you shall be gat hered.) (10. Secret counsels are only from Shayt an, in order t hat he may cause grief t o t he believers. But he cannot harm t hem in t he least , except as Allah permit s. And in Allah let t he believers put t heir t rust .)
The Evil of the Jews
Ibn Abi Naj ih report ed from Muj ahid,
͡ま ∠ゲ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺぴ
∠ラヱ⊥キヲ⊥バ∠Α ｚユ⊥を ン∠ヲ∇イｚレャや ͡リ∠ハ ∇やヲ⊥ヰ⊥ル ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ヴ∠ャ
び⊥ヮ∇レ∠ハ ∇やヲ⊥ヰ⊥ル ゅ∠ヨ͡ャ
(Have you not seen t hose who were forbidden t o hold secret counsels, and aft erwards ret urned t o t hat which t hey had been forbidden,) He said, "The Jews.'' Similar was said by Muqat il bin Hayyan, who added, "The Prophet had a peace t reat y wit h t he Jews. When one of t he Prophet 's Companions would pass by a gat hering of Jews, t hey would speak among t hemselves in secret , prompt ing t he believer t o t hink t hat t hey were plot t ing t o kill or harm him. When t he believer saw t his, he feared for his safet y and changed t he rout e he was t aking. The Prophet advised t hem t o abandon t heir evil secret t alks, but t hey did not list en and kept on holding t he Naj wa. Allah t he Exalt ed sent down t his Ayah in t heir case,
∠ラヱ⊥キヲ⊥バ∠Α ｚユ⊥を ン∠ヲ∇イｚレャや ͡リ∠ハ ∇やヲ⊥ヰ⊥ル ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∠ゲ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺぴ
び⊥ヮ∇レ∠ハ ∇やヲ⊥ヰ⊥ル ゅ∠ヨ͡ャ
(Have you not seen t hose who were forbidden t o hold secret counsels, and aft erwards ret urned t o t hat which t hey had been forbidden).'' Allah's st at ement ,
び͡メヲ⊥シｚゲャや ͡ろ∠Β͡ダ∇バ∠ョ∠ヱ ͡ラや∠ヱ∇ギ⊥バ∇ャや∠ヱ ͡ユ∇を͡Ηゅ͡よ ∠ラ∇ヲ∠イ⇒∠レ∠わ∠Α∠ヱぴ
(and conspired t oget her for sin and wrongdoing and disobedience t o t he Messenger.) means, t hey used t o t alk t o each ot her,
び͡ユ∇を͡Ηゅ͡よぴ
(for sin) which involves t hemselves,
∠ヱぴ
び͡ラ∠ヱ∇ギ⊥バ∇ャや
(and wrongdoing) which effect s ot hers. They speak about disobedience and defying of t he Messenger , wit h persist ence and recommending each ot her t o follow t heir way,
び⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ヮ͡よ ∠マあΒ∠エ⊥Α ∇ユ∠ャ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ∠ポ∇ヲｚΒ∠ェ ∠ポヱ⊥￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま∠ヱぴ
(And when t hey come t o you, t hey greet you wit h a greet ing wherewit h Allah greet s you not ,) Ibn Abi Hat im recorded t hat ` A'ishah said, "Some Jews came t o t he Prophet and greet ed him by saying, ` As-Sam ` Alayka, O Abul-Qasim.' So I said t o t hem, ` wa ` Alaykum As-Sam (t he same deat h be upon you).' The Prophet said,
»
ズぁエ∠ヘｚわャや ゅ∠ャ∠ヱ ∠ズ∇エ⊥ヘ∇ャや ぁょ͡エ⊥Α ゅ∠ャ ∠ぶや ｚラ͡ま ⊥る∠ゼ͡もゅ∠ハ ゅ∠Α
«
(O ` A'ishah, Allah does not like rudeness and foul speech.) I said, ` Didn't you hear t hem say, ` As-Sam Alayka' He said,
»
͡ろ∇バ͡ヨ∠シ ゅ∠ョ ∠ヱ∠ぺ
⊥メヲ⊥ホ∠ぺ
:
ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱ
«
(Didn't you hear me answering t hem back by saying, ` Wa ` Alaykum (And t he same upon you)') Allah t he Exalt ed t hen sent down t his Ayah,
び⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ヮ͡よ ∠マあΒ∠エ⊥Α ∇ユ∠ャ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ∠ポ∇ヲｚΒ∠ェ ∠ポヱ⊥￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま∠ヱぴ
(And when t hey come t o you, t hey greet you wit h a greet ing wherewit h Allah greet s you not ,)'' The narrat ion collect ed in t he Sahih st at es t hat ` A'ishah said, "And be upon you t he deat h, disgrace and curse.'' The Messenger of Allah said t o her,
»
⊥Α ゅ∠ャ∠ヱ ∩∇ユ͡ヰΒ͡プ ゅ∠レ∠ャ ⊥ゆゅ∠イ∠わ∇ジ⊥Α ⊥ヮｚル͡ま
ゅ∠レΒ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ャ ⊥ゆゅ∠イ∠わ∇ジ
«
(Allah accept s our supplicat ion against t hem, but not t heirs against us.) Ibn Jarir recorded t hat Anas bin Malik said, "A Jew passed by Allah's Messenger , who was sit t ing wit h his Companions, he greet ed t hem and t hey greet ed him back. Allah's Messenger t hen said t o his Companions,
»
∨∠メゅ∠ホ ゅ∠ョ ∠ラヱ⊥ケ∇ギ∠ゎ ∇モ∠ワ
«
(Do you know what he j ust said) They said, ` He said: As-Salam, O Allah's Messenger.' The Prophet said,
»
∠メゅ∠ホ ∇モ∠よ
:
ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ∀ュゅ∠シ
«
(Rat her he said, Sam ` Alaykum.) meaning, ` may you disgrace your religion.' Allah's Messenger t hen said,
»
ロヱぁキ⊥ケ
«
(Bring him back,) and when he was brought back, t he Prophet asked him,
»
∠ろ∇ヤ⊥ホ∠ぺ
:
∨∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ∀ュゅ∠シ
«
(Did you say: Sam ` Alaykum) He said, ` Yes.' The Prophet t hen said,
»
や∠ク͡ま
やヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠プ ͡ゆゅ∠わ͡ム∇ャや ͡モ∇ワ∠ぺ ∇リ͡ョ ∀ギ∠ェ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ∠ユｚヤ∠シ
:
マ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
«
(When t he people of t he Book greet you, say, ` Wa ` Alaykum.')'' meaning, ` and t he same on you t oo.' The basis for t he Hadit h of Anas is in t he Sahih and similar t o t his Hadit h of ` A'ishah is in t he Sahih. Allah said,
び⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠ル ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ゅ∠レ⊥よあグ∠バ⊥Α ∠Ι∇ヲ∠ャ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ジ⊥ヘル∠ぺ ヴ͡プ ∠ラヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠Α∠ヱぴ
(and say wit hin t hemselves:"Why should Allah punish us not for what we say'') means, t he Jews say t hese words, changing t he meaning of t he Islamic greet ing, int o an abusive st at ement , and t hen say, ` Had he been a Prophet , Allah would have punished us for what we said. Allah knows what we conceal. Therefore, if Muhammad were a Prophet , Allah would have sent His punishment on us sooner, in t his life.' Allah t he Exalt ed replied,
び⊥ユｚレ∠ヰ∠ィ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ら∇ジ∠ェぴ
(Hell will be sufficient for t hem;) ell should be sufficient for t hem in t he Hereaft er,
(t hey will ent er t herein. And worst indeed is t hat dest inat ion!) Imam Ahmad recorded t hat ` Abdullah bin ` Amr said t hat t he Jews used t o say, "Sam ` Alayka,'' t o Allah's Messenger . They would say t hen wit hin t hemselves, "Why does Allah not punish us for what we say'' This Ayah was lat er revealed,
∇ユ∠ャ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ∠ポ∇ヲｚΒ∠ェ ∠ポヱ⊥￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま∠ヱぴ
⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ヮ͡よ ∠マあΒ∠エ⊥Α
⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠ル ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ゅ∠レ⊥よあグ∠バ⊥Α ∠Ι∇ヲ∠ャ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ジ⊥ヘル∠ぺ ヴ͡プ ∠ラヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠Α∠ヱ
び⊥ゲΒ͡ダ∠ヨ∇ャや ∠ザ∇ゃ͡ら∠プ ゅ∠ヰ∠ル∇ヲ∠ヤ∇ダ∠Α ⊥ユｚレ∠ヰ∠ィ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ら∇ジ∠ェ
(And when t hey come t o you, t hey greet you wit h a greet ing wherewit h Allah greet s you not , and say wit hin t hemselves: "Why should Allah punish us not for what we say'' Hell will be sufficient for t hem; t hey will ent er t herein. And worst indeed is t hat dest inat ion!) It s chain of narrat ion is Hasan, but t hey (Al-Bukhari and Muslim) did not collect it .
Manners of the Najwa, (Secret Counsel)
Allah t he Exalt ed t eaches His believing servant s t o avoid t he ways of t he disbelievers and hypocrit es,
͡ユ∇を͡Ηゅ͡よ ∇や∇ヲ∠イ⇒∠レ∠わ∠ゎ ∠Κ∠プ ∇ユ⊥わ∇Β∠ィゅ∠レ∠ゎ や∠ク͡ま ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
ヲ⊥シｚゲャや ͡る∠Β͡ダ∇バ∠ョ∠ヱ ͡ラや∠ヱ∇ギ⊥バ∇ャや∠ヱ
び͡メ
(O you who believe! When you hold secret counsel, do it not for sin and wrongdoing, and disobedience t o t he Messenger,) meaning, do not hold evil secret counsels like t he ignorant disbelieving People of t he Script ures and t heir allies among t he hypocrit es, who imit at e t heir ways,
͡ヮ∇Β∠ャ͡ま ン͡グｚャや ∠ヮｚヤャや ∇やヲ⊥ボｚゎや∠ヱ ン∠ヲ∇ボｚわャや∠ヱ あゲ͡ら∇ャゅ͡よ ∇や∇ヲ∠イ⇒∠レ∠ゎ∠ヱぴ
び∠ラヱ⊥ゲ∠ゼ∇エ⊥ゎ
(but do it for Al-Birr and Taqwa; and have Taqwa of Allah unt o Whom you shall be gat hered.) and He will t hen inform you of all your deeds and st at ement s; He has count ed and recorded t hem and will j ust ly hold you account able for t hem. Allah t he Exalt ed said,
∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∠ラ⊥ゴ∇エ∠Β͡ャ ͡リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ∠リ͡ョ ン∠ヲ∇イｚレャや ゅ∠ヨｚル͡まぴ
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱ ͡ヮｚヤャや ͡ラ∇ク͡み͡よ ｚΙ͡ま ⇔ゅゃ∇Β∠セ ∇ユ͡ワあケべ∠ツ͡よ ∠ザ∇Β∠ャ∠ヱ
͡ヮｚヤャや
び ∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ͡モｚミ∠ヲ∠わ∠Β∇ヤ∠プ
(An-Naj wa are only from t he Shayt an, in order t hat he may cause grief t o t he believers. But he cannot harm t hem in t he least , except as Allah permit s. And in Allah let t he believers put t heir t rust .) Allah st at es t hat secret t alks, where t he believers feel anxious, are
び∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∠ラ⊥ゴ∇エ∠Β͡ャ ͡リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ∠リ͡ョぴ
(only from Shayt an, in order t hat he may cause grief t o t he believers.) meaning, t hat t hose who hold such counsels do so because of t he lures of t he devil,
び∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∠ラ⊥ゴ∇エ∠Β͡ャぴ
(in order t hat he may cause grief t o t he believers.) The devil seeks t o bot her t he believers, even t hough his plot s will not harm t he believers, except if Allah wills it . Those who are t he subj ect of evil Naj wa, should seek refuge in Allah and put his t rust in Him, for none of it will harm t hem, Allah willing. The Sunnah also forbids t he Naj wa so t hat no Muslim is bot hered by it . Imam Ahmad recorded t hat ` Abdullah bin Mas` ud said t hat t he Messenger of Allah said,
»
∩ゅ∠ヨ͡ヰ͡ら͡ェゅ∠タ ∠ラヱ⊥キ ͡ラゅ∠レ∇をや ヴ∠ィゅ∠レ∠わ∠Α ゅ∠ヤ∠プ ⇔る∠をゅ∠ヤ∠を ∇ユ⊥わ∇レ⊥ミ や∠ク͡ま
ヮ⊥ル͡ゴ∇エ⊥Α ∠マ͡ャク ｚラ͡み∠プ
«
(If you were t hree, t hen t wo of you should not hold a secret counsel in t he presence of t he t hird person, because t hat would cause him t o be worried.) This Hadit h is collect ed in t he Two Sahihs using a chain of narrat ion t hat cont ained Al-A` mash. ` Abdur-Razzaq narrat ed t hat ` Abdullah bin ` Umar said t hat Allah's Messenger said,
»
ゅｚャ͡ま ͡ゑ͡ャゅｚんャや ∠ラヱ⊥キ ͡ラゅ∠レ∇をや ヴ∠ィゅ∠レ∠わ∠Α ゅ∠ヤ∠プ ⇔る∠をゅ∠ヤ∠を ∇ユ⊥わ∇レ⊥ミ や∠ク͡ま
͡み͡よ
ヮ⊥ル͡ゴ∇エ⊥Α ∠マ͡ャク ｚラ͡み∠プ ∩͡ヮ͡ル∇ク
«
(If you were t hree, t hen t wo of you should not hold a secret counsel in t he presence of t he t hird person, except wit h his permission, because t hat would cause him t o be worried.) Muslim collect ed t his Hadit h.
や ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
ヴ͡プ ∇やヲ⊥エｚジ∠ヘ∠ゎ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∠モΒ͡ホ や∠ク͡ま ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャ
∠モΒ͡ホ や∠ク͡ま∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ウ∠ジ∇ヘ∠Α ∇やヲ⊥エ∠ジ∇プゅ∠プ ͡ザ͡ヤ⇒∠イ∠ヨ∇ャや
∇ユ⊥ムレ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ノ∠プ∇ゲ∠Α ∇やヱ⊥ゴ⊥ゼルゅ∠プ ∇やヱ⊥ゴ⊥ゼルや
∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠ゎ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ∃ろ⇒∠ィ∠ケ∠キ ∠ユ∇ヤ͡バ∇ャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎヱ⊥ぺ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ
び ∀ゲΒ͡ら∠カ
(11. O you who believe! When you are t old t o make room in t he assemblies, make room. Allah will give you room. And when you are t old t o rise up, t hen rise up. Allah will exalt in degress t hose of you who believe, and t hose who have been grant ed knowledge. And Allah is Well-Acquaint ed wit h what you do.)
Manners for Assemblies
Allah t eaches His servant s good manners and orders t hem t o be kind t o each ot her when t hey are sit t ing t oget her,
ｚジ∠ヘ∠ゎ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∠モΒ͡ホ や∠ク͡ま ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
ヴ͡プ ∇やヲ⊥エ
び͡ザ͡ヤ⇒∠イ∠ヨ∇ャや
(O you who believe! When you are t old t o make room in t he assemblies,)
び∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ウ∠ジ∇ヘ∠Α ∇やヲ⊥エ∠ジ∇プゅ∠プぴ
(make room. Allah will give you room.) Indeed, t he reward or recompense depends on t he t ype of act ion. In a Hadit h, t he Prophet said,
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るｚレ∠イ∇ャや ヶ͡プ ゅ⇔わ∇Β∠よ ⊥ヮ∠ャ ⊥ぶや ヴ∠レ∠よ や⇔ギ͡イ∇ジ∠ョ ͡ぶ͡ンヴ∠レ∠よ ∇リ∠ョ
«
(Whoever builds a Masj id for Allah, Allah builds for him a house in Paradise.) In anot her Hadit h, t he Prophet said,
»
͡ヮ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ぶや ∠ゲｚジ∠Α ∃ゲ͡ジ∇バ⊥ョ ヴヤ∠ハ ∠ゲｚジ∠Α ∇リ∠ョ∠ヱ
ゅ∠Β∇ルぁギャや ヶ͡プ
ヶ͡プ ⊥ギ∇ら∠バ∇ャや ∠ラゅ∠ミ ゅ∠ョ ͡ギ∇ら∠バ∇ャや ͡ラ∇ヲ∠ハ ヶ͡プ ⊥ぶや∠ヱ ∩͡り∠ゲ͡カゅ∇ャや∠ヱ
ヮΒ͡カ∠ぺ ͡ラ∇ヲ∠ハ
«
(He who relieves a difficult y for a person living in st rait ened circumst ances, t hen Allah will relieve t he difficult ies of t his life and t he Hereaft er for him. Surely, Allah helps t he servant as long as t he servant helps his brot her.) There are many similar Hadit hs. This is why Allah t he Exalt ed said,
び∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ウ∠ジ∇ヘ∠Α ∇やヲ⊥エ∠ジ∇プゅ∠プぴ
(make room. Allah will give you room.) Qat adah said, "This Ayah was revealed about gat herings in places where Allah is being remembered. When someone would come t o j oin in assemblies wit h t he Messenger , t hey would hesit at e t o of fer t hem space so t hat t hey would not loose t heir places. Allah t he Exalt ed commanded t hem t o spread out and make room for each ot her.'' Imam Ahmad and Imam Ash-Shafi` i recorded t hat ` Abdullah bin ` Umar said t hat t he Messenger of Allah said,
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∩͡ヮΒ͡プ ∠ザ͡ヤ∇イ∠Β∠プ ͡ヮ͡ジ͡ヤ∇イ∠ョ ∇リ͡ョ ∠モ⊥ィｚゲャや ⊥モ⊥ィｚゲャや ͡ユ͡ボ⊥Α ゅ∠ャ
やヲ⊥バｚシ∠ヲ∠ゎ∠ヱ やヲ⊥エｚジ∠ヘ∠ゎ ∇リ͡ム∠ャ∠ヱ
«
(One of you should not remove someone from his place and sit in it , but inst ead, spread out and make room.) This Hadit h is recorded in t he Two Sahihs. Imam Ahmad recorded t hat Abu Hurayrah said t hat t he Prophet said,
»
͡ジ͡ヤ∇イ∠ョ ∇リ͡ョ ∠モ⊥ィｚゲャや ⊥モ⊥ィｚゲャや ͡ユ͡ボ⊥Α ゅ∠ャ
∩͡ヮΒ͡プ ⊥ザ͡ヤ∇イ∠Α ｚユ⊥を ͡ヮ
ユ⊥ム∠ャ ⊥ぶや ͡ウ∠ジ∇ヘ∠Α やヲ⊥エ∠ジ∇プや ͡リ͡ム∠ャ∠ヱ
«
(A man should not remove anot her man from his place and t hen sit in it . Rat her spread out and make room and Allah will make room for you.) Imam Ahmad also recorded t his Hadit h wit h t he wording:
»
͡リ͡ム∠ャ∠ヱ ∩͡ヮ͡ジ͡ヤ∇イ∠ョ ∇リ͡ョ ͡モ⊥ィｚゲヤ͡ャ ⊥モ⊥ィｚゲャや ⊥ュヲ⊥ボ∠Α ゅ∠ャ
ユ⊥ム∠ャ ⊥ぶや ͡ウ∠ジ∇ヘ∠Α やヲ⊥エ∠ジ∇プや
«
(A man should not leave his place for anot her man, but rat her spread out and make room, and Allah will make room for you).'' It has been report ed t hat Ibn ` Abbas, Al-Hasan Al-Basri and ot hers said t hat :
∇やヲ⊥エ∠ジ∇プゅ∠プ ͡ザ͡ヤ⇒∠イ∠ヨ∇ャや ヴ͡プ ∇やヲ⊥エｚジ∠ヘ∠ゎ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∠モΒ͡ホ や∠ク͡まぴ
び∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ウ∠ジ∇ヘ∠Α
(When you are t old t o make room in t he assemblies, make room. Allah will give you room.) means t o war assemblies, and t hat ,
び∇やヱ⊥ゴ⊥ゼルゅ∠プ ∇やヱ⊥ゴ⊥ゼルや ∠モΒ͡ホ や∠ク͡ま∠ヱぴ
(And when you are t old t o rise up, t hen rise up.) means, "Get up t o fight .'' Qat adah said
び∇やヱ⊥ゴ⊥ゼルゅ∠プ ∇やヱ⊥ゴ⊥ゼルや ∠モΒ͡ホ や∠ク͡ま∠ヱぴ
(And when you are t old t o rise up, t hen rise up.) means, "When you are called t o any t ype of good, t hen respond.''
The Virtues of Knowledge and People of Knowledge
Allah's st at ement ,
∠ユ∇ヤ͡バ∇ャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎヱ⊥ぺ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ムレ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ノ∠プ∇ゲ∠Αぴ
び∀ゲΒ͡ら∠カ ∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠ゎ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ∃ろ⇒∠ィ∠ケ∠キ
(Allah will exalt in degrees t hose of you who believe, and t hose who have been grant ed knowledge. And Allah is Well-Acquaint ed wit h what you do.) means, do not t hink t hat if one of you makes room for his brot her, or rises up when he is commanded t o do so, t hat t his will diminish his right or honor. Rat her, t his will increase his virt ue and st at us wit h Allah, and Allah t he Exalt ed will never make his good deed be lost . To t he cont rary, He will reward him for it in t his life and t he Hereaft er. Surely, he who humbles himself by and before t he command of his Lord, t hen Allah will elevat e his st at us and make him known by his good behavior. t he st at ement of Allah t he Exalt ed,
∠ユ∇ヤ͡バ∇ャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎヱ⊥ぺ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ムレ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡ノ∠プ∇ゲ∠Αぴ
∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠ゎ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ∃ろ⇒∠ィ∠ケ∠キ
び∀ゲΒ͡ら∠カ
m(Allah will exalt in degree t hose of you who believe, and t hose who have been grant ed knowledge. And Allah is Well--Acquaint ed wit h what you do.) meaning, surely, Allah is Aware of t hose who deserve t his reward and t hose who are not wort hy of it . Imam Ahmad recorded t hat Abu At -Tufayl ` Amir bin Wat hilah said t hat Nafi` bin ` Abdul--Harit h met ` Umar bin Al-Khat t ab in t he area of ` Usfan. ` Umar appoint ed Abu At -Tufayl t o be t he governor of Makkah. ` Umar asked him, "Whom did you appoint as your deput y for t he valley people (t hat is, Makkah).'' ` Amir said, "I appoint ed Ibn Abza, one of our freed slaves, as my deput y.'' ` Umar said, "You made a freed slave t heir governor in your absence'' He said, "O Leader of t he fait hful! He has memorized Allah's Book and has knowledge of regulat ions of inherit ance, along wit h being a proficient j udge.'' ` Umar said, "Surely, your Prophet has said,
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͡ヮ͡よ ⊥ノ∠ツ∠Α∠ヱ ゅ⇔ョ∇ヲ∠ホ ͡ゆゅ∠わ͡ム∇ャや や∠グヰ͡よ ⊥ノ∠プ∇ゲ∠Α ∠ぶや ｚラ͡ま
リΑ͡ゲ∠カへ
«
(Verily, Allah elevat es some people and degrades ot hers, on account of t his Book.)'' Muslim collect ed t his Hadit h.
∇やヲ⊥ョあギ∠ボ∠プ ∠メヲ⊥シｚゲャや ⊥ユ⊥わ∇Β∠イ⇒∠ル や∠ク͡ま ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
⊥ゲ∠ヰ∇デ∠ぺ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ムｚャ ∀ゲ∇Β∠カ ∠マ͡ャ∠ク ⇔る∠ホ∠ギ∠タ ∇ユ⊥ミ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル ∇ン∠ギ∠Α ∠リ∇Β∠よ
ｚケ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡み∠プ ∇やヱ⊥ギ͡イ∠ゎ ∇ユｚャ ラ͡み∠プ
∀ユΒ͡ェ
-ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ボ∠ヘ∇セ∠￢∠ぺ
∇やヲ⊥ヤ∠バ∇ヘ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ ∇ク͡み∠プ ∃ろ⇒∠ホ∠ギ∠タ ∇ユ⊥ミ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル ∇ン∠ギ∠Α ∠リ∇Β∠よ ∇やヲ⊥ョあギ∠ボ⊥ゎ
∠りヲ∠ミｚゴャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎや∠￢∠ヱ ∠りヲヤｚダャや ∇やヲ⊥ヨΒ͡ホ∠ほ∠プ ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ゆゅ∠ゎ∠ヱ
び ∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠ゎ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ∀ゲΒ͡ら∠カ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ⊥ヮ∠ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ∠ヱ ∠ヮｚヤャや ∇やヲ⊥バΒ͡デ∠ぺ∠ヱ
(12. O you who believe! When you (want t o) consult t he Messenger in privat e, spend somet hing in charit y before your privat e consult at ion. That will be bet t er and purer for you. But if you find not (t he means for it ), t hen verily, Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most Merciful.) (13. Are you afraid of spending in charit y before your privat e consult at ion (wit h him) If t hen you do it not , and Allah has forgiven you, t hen perform Salah and give Zakah and obey Allah and His Messenger. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do.)
The Order to give Charity before One speaks to the Prophet in
private
Allah commanded His believing servant s, when any of t hem want ed t o speak wit h Allah's Messenger in secret , t o give away charit y beforehand so t hat his charit y cleanses and purifies him and makes him wort hy of having a privat e counsel wit h t he Prophet . This is why Allah t he Exalt ed said,
び⊥ゲ∠ヰ∇デ∠ぺ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ムｚャ ∀ゲ∇Β∠カ ∠マ͡ャ∠クぴ
(That will be bet t er and purer for you.) t hen He said,
び∇やヱ⊥ギ͡イ∠ゎ ∇ユｚャ ラ͡み∠プぴ
(But if you find not .) meaning, if he is unable t o do so due t o povert y,
び∀ユΒ͡ェｚケ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡み∠プぴ
(t hen verily, Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most Merciful.) He only commanded t hose who are financially able t o give t his t ype of charit y. Allah t he Exalt ed said,
ヲ⊥ョあギ∠ボ⊥ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ボ∠ヘ∇セ∠￢∠ぺぴ
び∃ろ⇒∠ホ∠ギ∠タ ∇ユ⊥ミ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル ∇ン∠ギ∠Α ∠リ∇Β∠よ ∇や
(Are you afraid of spending in charit y before your privat e consult at ion) meaning, are you afraid t hat t he order t o give charit y before speaking privat ely t o t he Prophet remains in effect forever
⊥ヤ∠バ∇ヘ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ ∇ク͡み∠プぴ
∠りヲヤｚダャや ∇やヲ⊥ヨΒ͡ホ∠ほ∠プ ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ゆゅ∠ゎ∠ヱ ∇やヲ
∀ゲΒ͡ら∠カ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ⊥ヮ∠ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ∠ヱ ∠ヮｚヤャや ∇やヲ⊥バΒ͡デ∠ぺ∠ヱ ∠りヲ∠ミｚゴャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎや∠￢∠ヱ
び∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠ゎ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ
(If t hen you do it not , and Allah has forgiven you, t hen perform Salah and give Zakah and obey Allah and His Messenger. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do.) Therefore, Allah abrogat ed t he obligat ion of giving t his charit y. It was said t hat none has implement ed t his command before except it s abrogat ion, ` Ali bin Abi Talib. ` Ali bin Abi Talhah report ed from Ibn ` Abbas:
び⇔る∠ホ∠ギ∠タ ∇ユ⊥ミ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル ∇ン∠ギ∠Α ∠リ∇Β∠よ ∇やヲ⊥ョあギ∠ボ∠プぴ
(spend somet hing in charit y before your privat e consult at ion.) "The Muslims kept asking Allah's Messenger quest ions unt il it became difficult on him. Allah want ed t o light en t he burden from His Prophet , upon him be peace. So when He said t his, many Muslims were afraid t o pay t his charit y and st opped asking. Aft erwards, Allah sent down t his Ayah,
∇ク͡み∠プ ∃ろ⇒∠ホ∠ギ∠タ ∇ユ⊥ミ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル ∇ン∠ギ∠Α ∠リ∇Β∠よ ∇やヲ⊥ョあギ∠ボ⊥ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ボ∠ヘ∇セ∠￢∠ぺぴ
ャや ∠ゆゅ∠ゎ∠ヱ ∇やヲ⊥ヤ∠バ∇ヘ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ
∠りヲヤｚダャや ∇やヲ⊥ヨΒ͡ホ∠ほ∠プ ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤ
び∠りヲ∠ミｚゴャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎや∠￢∠ヱ
(Are you afraid of spending in charit y before your privat e consult at ion If t hen you do it not , and Allah has forgiven you, t hen perform Salah and give Zakah) Thus Allah made t hings easy and lenient for t hem.'' ` Ikrimah and Al-Hasan Al-Basri comment ed on Allah's st at ement :
び⇔る∠ホ∠ギ∠タ ∇ユ⊥ミ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル ∇ン∠ギ∠Α ∠リ∇Β∠よ ∇やヲ⊥ョあギ∠ボ∠プぴ
(spend somet hing in charit y before your privat e consult at ion.) "This was abrogat ed by t he next Ayah:
⊥ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ボ∠ヘ∇セ∠￢∠ぺぴ
び∃ろ⇒∠ホ∠ギ∠タ ∇ユ⊥ミ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル ∇ン∠ギ∠Α ∠リ∇Β∠よ ∇やヲ⊥ョあギ∠ボ
(Are you afraid of spending in charit y before your privat e consult at ion...).'' Sa` id bin Abi ` Arubah report ed from Qat adah and Muqat il bin Hayyan, "People kept quest ioning Allah's Messenger unt il t hey made t hings difficult for him. Allah provided a way t o st op t heir behavior by t his Ayah. One of t hem would need t o speak t o Allah's Prophet about a real mat t er, but could not do so unt il he gave in charit y. This became hard on people and Allah sent down relief from t his requirement aft erwards,
び∀ユΒ͡ェｚケ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡み∠プ ∇やヱ⊥ギ͡イ∠ゎ ∇ユｚャ ラ͡み∠プぴ
(But if you find not , t hen verily, Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most Merciful).'' Ma` mar report ed from Qat adah t hat t he Ayah,
∇やヲ⊥ョあギ∠ボ∠プ ∠メヲ⊥シｚゲャや ⊥ユ⊥わ∇Β∠イ⇒∠ル や∠ク͡まぴ
∇ユ⊥ミ∠ヲ∇イ∠ル ∇ン∠ギ∠Α ∠リ∇Β∠よ
び⇔る∠ホ∠ギ∠タ
(When you (want t o) consult t he Messenger in privat e, spend somet hing in charit y before your privat e consult at ion.) was abrogat ed aft er being in effect for only one hour of a day. ` Abdur-Razzaq recorded t hat Muj ahid said t hat ` Ali said, "No one except me implement ed t his Ayah, unt il it was abrogat ed,'' and he was report ed t o have said t hat it remained in effect for merely an hour.
ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ょ͡ツ∠ビ ⇔ゅョ∇ヲ∠ホ ∇や∇ヲｚャ∠ヲ∠ゎ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∠ゲ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺぴ
∇ユ⊥ムレあョ ユ⊥ワ ゅｚョ
∇ユ⊥ワ∠ヱ ͡ゆ͡グ∠ム∇ャや ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∠ラヲ⊥ヘ͡ヤ∇エ∠Α∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ͡ョ ∠Ι∠ヱ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α
-ゅ∠ョ ∠￢べ∠シ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚル͡ま ⇔やギΑ͡ギ∠セ ⇔ゅよや∠グ∠ハ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ャ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ｚギ∠ハ∠ぺ
∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠Α ∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ
-リ∠ハ ∇やヱぁギ∠ダ∠プ ⇔るｚレ⊥ィ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠レ⇒∠ヨ∇Α∠ぺ ∇やヱ∇グ∠ガｚゎや
∀リΒ͡ヰぁョ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ヤ∠プ ͡ヮｚヤャや ͡モΒ͡ら∠シ
-∠ヴ͡レ∇ピ⊥ゎ リｚャ
∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ∠ハ
∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ぺ ⇔ゅゃ∇Β∠セ ͡ヮｚヤャや ∠リあョ ∇ユ⊥ワ⊥ギ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ャ∠ヲ∇ョ∠ぺ
∠ラヱ⊥ギ͡ヤ⇒∠カ ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ワ ͡ケゅｚレャや ⊥ょ⇒∠エ∇タ∠ぺ
-͡ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ヰ⊥ん∠バ∇ら∠Α ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Α
∠ラヲ⊥ら∠ジ∇エ∠Α∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∠ラヲ⊥ヘ͡ヤ∇エ∠Α ゅ∠ヨ∠ミ ⊥ヮ∠ャ ∠ラヲ⊥ヘ͡ヤ∇エ∠Β∠プ ⇔ゅバΒ͡ヨ∠ィ
∇ユ⊥ヰｚル͡ま ∠Ι∠ぺ ∃￢∇ヴ∠セ ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚル∠ぺ
∠ラヲ⊥よ͡グ⇒∠ム∇ャや ⊥ユ⊥ワ
-∠ク∠ヲ∇エ∠わ∇シや
⊥ゆ∇ゴ͡ェ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ぺ ͡ヮｚヤャや ∠ゲ∇ミ͡ク ∇ユ⊥ヰ⇒∠ジル∠ほ∠プ ⊥リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ⊥ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
び ∠ラヱ⊥ゲ͡ジ⇒∠ガャや ⊥ユ⊥ワ ͡リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ∠ゆ∇ゴ͡ェ ｚラ͡ま ∠Ι∠ぺ ͡リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや
(14. Have you not seen t hose who t ake as friends a people upon whom is t he wrat h of Allah They are neit her of you nor of t hem, and t hey swear t o a lie while t hey know.) (15. Allah has prepared for t hem a severe t orment . Evil indeed is t hat which t hey used t o do.) (16. They have made t heir oat hs a screen. Thus t hey hinder (ot hers) from t he pat h of Allah, so t hey shall have a humiliat ing t orment .) (17. Their children and t heir wealt h will avail t hem not hing against Allah. They will be t he dwellers of t he Fire t o dwell t herein forever.) (18. On t he Day when Allah will resurrect t hem all t oget her; t hen t hey will swear t o Him as t hey swear t o you. And t hey t hink t hat t hey have somet hing. Verily, t hey are liars!) (19. The Shayt an has overpowered t hem. So he has made t hem forget t he remembrance of Allah. They are t he part y of Shayt an. Verily, it is t he part y of Shayt an t hat will be t he losers!).
Chastising the Hypocrites
Allah chast ises t he hypocrit es for secret ly aiding and support ing t he disbelievers even t hough, in realit y, t hey were neit her wit h t he disbelievers nor wit h t he Muslims. Allah t he Exalt ed said in anot her Ayah,
ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∠Ι∠ヱ ͡￢Ι⊥ぽ⇒∠ワ ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∠Ι ∠マ͡ャク ∠リ∇Β∠よ ∠リΒ͡よ∠グ∇よ∠グぁョぴ
び ⇔ΚΒ͡ら∠シ ⊥ヮ∠ャ ∠ギ͡イ∠ゎ リ∠ヤ∠プ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ͡モ͡ヤ∇ツ⊥Α リ∠ョ∠ヱ ͡￢Ι⊥ぽ⇒∠ワ
((They are) swaying bet ween t his and t hat , belonging neit her t o t hese nor t o t hose; and he whom Allah sends ast ray, you will not find for him a way.)(4:143) Allah said here,
びユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ょ͡ツ∠ビ ⇔ゅョ∇ヲ∠ホ ∇や∇ヲｚャ∠ヲ∠ゎ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∠ゲ∠ゎ ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺぴ
(Have you not seen t hose who t ake as friends a people upon whom is t he wrat h of Allah) referring t o t he Jews wit h whom t he hypocrit es were allies in secret . Allah said,
び∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ͡ョ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ムレあョ ユ⊥ワ ゅｚョぴ
(They are neit her of you nor of t hem,) meaning, t hat t hese hypocrit es are neit her wit h t he believers, nor wit h t heir allies t he Jews,
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∠ラヲ⊥ヘ͡ヤ∇エ∠Α∠ヱぴ
び∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α ∇ユ⊥ワ∠ヱ ͡ゆ͡グ∠ム∇ャや
(and t hey swear t o a lie while t hey know.) meaning, t he hypocrit es lie when t hey vow, knowing t hat t hey are lying, which is called t he vow of Al-Ghamus. We seek refuge wit h Allah from t heir ways. When t he hypocrit es met t he believers t hey said t hat t hey believed and when t hey went t o t he Messenger, t hey swore t o him by Allah t hat t hey were believers. They knew t hat t hey were lying in t heir vow, and t hey knew t hat t hey did not declare t heir t rue creed. This is why Allah wit nessed here t hat t hey lie in t heir vows and know t hat t hey are lying, even t hough t heir st at ement (about t he Prophet being Allah's Prophet ) is t rue in essence. Allah t he Exalt ed said,
∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ ゅ∠ョ ∠￢べ∠シ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚル͡ま ⇔やギΑ͡ギ∠セ ⇔ゅよや∠グ∠ハ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ャ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ｚギ∠ハ∠ぺぴ
∇バ∠Α
び ∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ
(Allah has prepared for t hem a severe t orment . Evil indeed is t hat which t hey used t o do.) meaning, Allah has prepared a painful t orment for t he hypocrit es on account of t heir evil deeds, t heir aid and support of t he disbelievers and t heir deceit and bet rayal of t he believers. The st at ement of Allah t he Exalt ed,
び͡ヮｚヤャや ͡モΒ͡ら∠シ リ∠ハ ∇やヱぁギ∠ダ∠プ ⇔るｚレ⊥ィ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠レ⇒∠ヨ∇Α∠ぺ ∇やヱ∇グ∠ガｚゎやぴ
(They have made t heir oat hs a screen. Thus t hey hinder (ot hers) from t he pat h of Allah,) meaning, t he hypocrit es pret ended t o be believers and concealed disbelief under t he shield of t heir false oat hs. Many were unaware of t heir t rue st ance and were t hus deceived by t heir oat hs. Because of t his, some people were hindered from t he Pat h of Allah
び∀リΒ͡ヰぁョ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ヤ∠プぴ
(so t hey shall have a humiliat ing t orment .) meaning, as recompense for belit t ling t he significance of swearing by t he Might y Name of Allah, while lying and concealing bet rayal. Allah t he Exalt ed said,
⊥ワ⊥ギ⇒ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ャ∠ヲ∇ョ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ∠ハ ∠ヴ͡レ∇ピ⊥ゎ リ∠ャぴ
͡ヮｚヤャや ∠リあョ ユ
びゅ⇔ゃ∇Β∠セ
(Their children and t heir wealt h will avail t hem not hing against Allah.) meaning, none of t heir possessions can avert t he afflict ion when it is sent t heir way,
び∠ラヱ⊥ギ͡ヤ⇒∠カ ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ワ ͡ケゅｚレャや ⊥ょ⇒∠エ∇タ∠ぺ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺぴ
(They will be t he dwellers of t he Fire t o dwell t herein forever.) Allah t he Exalt ed said,
び⇔ゅバΒ͡ヨ∠ィ ͡ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ヰ⊥ん∠バ∇ら∠Α ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Αぴ
(On t he Day when Allah will resurrect t hem all t oget her;) referring t o t he Day of Resurrect ion when He will gat her t hem all t oget her and leave none of t hem out ,
∇ユ⊥ヰｚル∠ぺ ∠ラヲ⊥ら∠ジ∇エ∠Α∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∠ラヲ⊥ヘ͡ヤ∇エ∠Α ゅ∠ヨ∠ミ ⊥ヮ∠ャ ∠ラヲ⊥ヘ͡ヤ∇エ∠Β∠プぴ
び∃￢∇ヴ∠セ ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ
(t hen t hey will swear t o Him as t hey swear t o you. And t hey t hink t hat t hey have somet hing.) meaning, t hey will swear t o Allah t he Exalt ed and Most Honored t hat t hey were following t he guidance and t he correct pat h, j ust as t hey used t o swear t o t he believers in t his worldly life. Verily, t hose who live following on a cert ain pat h will most likely die while on it . Thus, t hey will be resurrect ed upon t heir pat h. The hypocrit es will t hink t hat t heir vows will help t hem wit h Allah, j ust as t hey helped wit h t he people, who were obliged t o t reat t hem as t hey pret ended t o be, Muslim. This is why Allah said,
び∃￢∇ヴ∠セ ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚル∠ぺ ∠ラヲ⊥ら∠ジ∇エ∠Α∠ヱぴ
(And t hey t hink t hat t hey have somet hing) meaning, on account of swearing t o t heir Lord (t hat t hey used t o be believers). Allah rebukes t his idea of t heirs;
(Verily, t hey are liars!) st ressing t hat t hey are lying, Allah t hen said;
び͡ヮｚヤャや ∠ゲ∇ミ͡ク ∇ユ⊥ヰ⇒∠ジル∠ほ∠プ ⊥リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ⊥ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ∠ク∠ヲ∇エ∠わ∇シやぴ
(The Shayt an has overpowered t hem. So he has made t hem forget t he remembrance of Allah.) meaning, Shayt an has t aken over t heir heart s t o t he point t hat he made t hem forget Allah t he Exalt ed and Most Honored. This is what t he devil does t o t hose whom he cont rols. Abu Dawud recorded t hat Abu Ad-Darda' said t hat he heard t he Messenger of Allah say,
»
⊥ユ͡ヰΒ͡プ ⊥ュゅ∠ボ⊥ゎ ゅ∠ャ ∩∃ヱ∇ギ∠よ ゅ∠ャ∠ヱ ∃る∠Α∇ゲ∠ホ ヶ͡プ ∃る∠をゅ∠ヤ∠を ∇リ͡ョ ゅ∠ョ
や ͡ギ∠ホ ゅｚャ͡ま ⊥りゅ∠ヤｚダャや
∠マ∇Β∠ヤ∠バ∠プ ∩⊥ラゅ∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ⊥ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ∠ク∠ヲ∇エ∠わ∇シ
る∠Β͡タゅ∠ボ∇ャや ⊥ょ∇もあグャや ⊥モ⊥ミ∇ほ∠Α ゅ∠ヨｚル͡み∠プ ∩͡る∠ハゅ∠ヨ∠イ∇ャゅ͡よ
«
(Any t hree in a village or desert among whom t he Salah is not called for, will have t he Shayt an cont rol t hem. Therefore, adhere t o t he Jama` ah, for t he wolf eat s from t he st rayed sheep.) Za'idah added t hat As-Sa'ib said t hat Jama` ah, refers t o, "Praying in congregat ion.'' Allah t he Exalt ed said,
び͡リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ⊥ゆ∇ゴ͡ェ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ぺぴ
(They are t he part y of Shayt an.) referring t o t hose who are cont rolled by t he devil and, as a result , forgot t he remembrance of Allah,
び∠ラヱ⊥ゲ͡ジ⇒∠ガャや ⊥ユ⊥ワ ͡リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや ∠ゆ∇ゴ͡ェ ｚラ͡ま ∠Ι∠ぺぴ
(Verily, it is t he part y of Shayt an t hat will be t he losers!)
ヴ͡プ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ぺ ⊥ヮ∠ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ∠ヱ ∠ヮｚヤャや ∠ラヱぁキべ∠エ⊥Α ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ｚラ͡まぴ
Βあャ∠クｘΙや
∠リ
-∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま ヴ͡ヤ⊥シ⊥ケ∠ヱ ∇ゅ∠ル∠ぺ ｚリ∠ら͡ヤ∇ビ∂Ι ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ょ∠わ∠ミ
∀ゴΑ͡ゴ∠ハ ｘン͡ヲ∠ホ
-͡ュ∇ヲ∠Β∇ャや∠ヱ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥Α ⇔ゅョ∇ヲ∠ホ ⊥ギ͡イ∠ゎ ｚΙ
∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ ∇ヲ∠ャ∠ヱ ⊥ヮ∠ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ∠ヱ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚキべ∠ェ ∇リ∠ョ ∠ラヱぁキへ∠ヲ⊥Α ͡ゲ͡カｘΙや
∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ル∠ヲ∇カ͡ま ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ワ∠￢べ∠レ∇よ∠ぺ ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ワ∠￢べ∠よや∠￢
∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ゎ∠ゲΒ͡ゼ∠ハ ∇ヱ∠ぺ
∃ゥヱ⊥ゲ͡よ ∇ユ⊥ワ∠ギｚΑ∠ぺ∠ヱ ∠リ⇒∠ヨΑ͡Ηや ⊥ユ͡ヰ͡よヲ⊥ヤ⊥ホ ヴ͡プ ∠ょ∠わ∠ミ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ぺ
⊥ゲ⇒∠ヰ∇ルｘΙや ゅ∠ヰ͡わ∇エ∠ゎ リ͡ョ ン͡ゲ∇イ∠ゎ ∃ろ⇒ｚレ∠ィ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ヤ͡カ∇ギ⊥Α∠ヱ ⊥ヮ∇レあョ
⊥ヮ∇レ∠ハ ∇やヲ⊥ッ∠ケ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ヴ͡ッ∠ケ ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ ∠リΑ͡ギ͡ヤ⇒∠カ
∇ゴ͡ェ ｚラ͡ま ∠Ι∠ぺ ͡ヮｚヤャや ⊥ゆ∇ゴ͡ェ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ぺ
∠ラヲ⊥エ͡ヤ∇ヘ⊥ヨ∇ャや ⊥ユ⊥ワ ͡ヮｚヤャや ∠ゆ
び
(20. Those who oppose Allah and His Messenger, t hey will be among t hose most humiliat ed.) (21. Allah has decreed: "Verily, I and My Messengers shall be t he vict orious.'' Verily, Allah is All-Powerful, Almight y.) (22. You will not find any people who believe in Allah and t he Last Day, making friendship wit h t hose who oppose Allah and His Messenger, even t hough t hey were t heir fat hers or t heir sons or t heir brot hers or t heir kindred. For such He has writ t en fait h in t heir heart s, and st rengt hened t hem wit h Ruh from Himself. And He will admit t hem t o Gardens under which rivers flow, t o dwell t herein (forever). Allah is well pleased wit h t hem, and t hey are well pleased wit h Him. They are t he part y of Allah. Verily, t he part y of Allah will be t he successful.)
The Opponents of Allah and His Messenger are the Losers;
Allah and His Messenger shall prevail Allah t he Exalt ed assert s t hat t he rebellious and st ubborn disbelievers who defy Him and His Messenger , t hose who do not embrace t he religion and st ay away from Trut h, are in one area, while t he guidance is in anot her area,
び∠リΒあャ∠クｘΙや ヴ͡プ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ぺぴ
(They will be among t hose most humiliat ed.) t hey are among t he miserable, t he cast out , banished from goodness; t hey are t he humiliat ed ones in t his life and t he Hereaft er. Allah said,
びヴ͡ヤ⊥シ⊥ケ∠ヱ ∇ゅ∠ル∠ぺ ｚリ∠ら͡ヤ∇ビ∂Ι ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ょ∠わ∠ミぴ
(Allah has decreed: "Verily, I and My Messengers shall be t he vict orious.'') meaning, He has decreed, writ t en in t he First Book, and decided in t he decree t hat He has willed -- which can never be resist ed, changed or prevent ed -- t hat final vict ory is for Him, His Book, His Messengers and t he fait hful believers, in t his life and t he Hereaft er:
