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TVie]opang.sefournaloftwchonomicStience

1998,VoL 17,Ne.1,2e-25

Original

Articles

The

effect

of

relative

area

of

figures

against

a

background

on

perceived

lightness

and

impression

of

illumination

Aiko

KozAKi')

and

Kaoru

NoGucHi2)

Tt)dyo

VVbman's

Chn'stian

Uitiversityi)'

and

Chiba

Uheiversip2)

Ina configuration bearing a figure/groundrelationship theeffect of relative area on perceived

lightnessand perceivedjllurninationwas investigated.A gray

disk

patternedwith

black

or white

patches was used as the test

field.

The

relative area of

figure

(patch)

toground

(disk

:thetest

field)

was varied

by

changing the number of patches

in

the

disk.

The

relative luminance was also

varied

by

changes inMunsell value and illuminance.

Subjects

made

judgrnents

of

both

lightness

and

illumination.

The

results

indicated

thattheeffectof relative area was coupled with relative

luminance ancl perceptual dimensions

(perceived

Iightnessancl illumination>:the area only affected perceivedlightnessof the testdiskwith higherluminance patch

(white

patch), butthe area

did

not influencetheimpressionof illumination which was

determined

by

thepresence of any

higher

luminance

region :the

highest

luminance inthe

display

givesa crucial clue inperceiving

illurninationregardless of itsarea, However ifthe largestarea isassociated with white-appearing, relative area

is

effective on apparent

illumination.

Key

words:

impressien

of

illuminatien,

lightness,

relative area, relative

luminance,

lightness

constancy

The

perception of achromatic color of a surface corresponds tolurninancewhen the surface isseen in

the

film

or aperture mode ofappearance.

Luminance

variation of a single region, say a spotlight inthe darkness,causes thecolor to vary along a perceptual

dimension

of

brightness

(clim

to

bright).

However,

when theregion

is

perceived

in

thesurface mede, the

perceptualdirnensionisnot so simple. Luminance variations of two or more neighboring regions, thatis,

a

disk

surrounded

by

a ring or more complex pattern

like"Mondorian

pattern",change achromatic color along theperceptual

dimension

of

lightness

(black

through gray to white, sometime as a

luminosity),

and at the same time provide the awareness of the

intensityof overall

Mumination.

Therefore,

lumi-nance variation in thesurface mode of appearance

givesat

least

two perceptual

dirnensions:

lightness

and

illumination.

This

implies

that the perceptual

systern behaves as ifitcould solve the photometric equation :Luminance

(L)

= albedo

(A)

×illuminance

*

College

of

Cu]ture

and

Communication,

Tokyo

woman's ChristianUniversity,2-6'1,Zenpukuji,

Suginami-ku,

Tokyo,

167-O041

(I).

[n

fact,

it

has

been

demonstrated

thatthe

perce-ptualsystem can solve thisequation

・in

the sense that

fora

fixed

L,

theproduct ofperceived

rightness

(A')

and perceived illumination

(I')

would be constant

(Kozaki

and Noguchi, 1976and Noguchi and Kozaki,

1985).

Experimental

studies on

lightness

constancy

have

examined stimulus correlates forperceptual invari-ance of surface

lightness

with changing

illumination,

agreeing that surface lightnessis correlated with some luminance relations

between

a

test

field

and its neighboring regions

(Gilchrist,

1980

;

Helson,

1943

;

Hsia,

1943;

Kozaki,

1963;

Leibowitz

et al., 1955;

Oyama, 1968;Wallach, 1948). Furthermore, ithas

been

demonstrated

that

lightness

constancy

is

greatly

enhancecl by thepresenceof white-appearing stimuli

with

higher

luminance

than a test

field

(Kozaki,

1965).

It

should

be

pointed out, therefore,that a

white-appearing surface serves as the anchoring of

lightnessperceptionor the reference pointfor light-ness of other surfaces.

Most of the experiments on lightnessconstancy,

hewever,

have

not systernatically

investigated

the

(2)

A.

KozAKi

and K. Na]ucH]: The effect of relative area of figuresagainst a

background

on

perceived

lightness

and

impression

of

illumination

21

pointed out,theproblernof

how

toperceivethe level

ef

illumination

on surfaces

has

been

neglected,

despite

of theoretical controversies on the

relation-ship

between

perceived

lightness

and

illumination,

Only a few stuclies have experimentally treatedthis

problem

(Beck,

1959,1961;Flock,1970,1974;

Koza-kL

1973;Oyama,

1968).

The results obtained by these studeis suggest thattheperceptionof

lightne,ss

and theperceptionof

illumination

have

independent,

individualstimulus correlates

bearing

no causal

rela-tionships.

Kozaki

and Noguchi

(1976)

have attempted to

specify rnore

directly

the relationship

between

per-ceived

lightness

and perceivedilluminatiQnunder the conclition where the

luminance

variation uf atestfield

was systematically manipulated to

keep

constant

levelswith differentcombinations of reflectance and

illuminance.

They

have

found an important fact

concerning the perceptual scission where a single stimulation, luminance, produces two separate perce-ptual

dimensions,

i.e.

perceived lightnessancl per-ceived illumination. The extent of the perceptual scission isdeterrninedby the reflectance of the

back-ground:it was most marked

for

the white

back-ground; intermediate

for

the gray

background;

and

the leastfor the black background. Similar

ten-dencieswere

found

under thecondition where a test

surface isnot seen as "figure", but

as

`iground"

(Noguchi

&

Kozaki,

1985>.

Even when the test

surface was seen as "ground"

like

the

Gelb

disk,

it

was possibleto separate lightness

from

illumination

ifthecoexistence regions with higherrefiectance, say, white appearing regions other than the testsurface were present. The appearance of the testsurface changed

from

light

gray to

dark

gray or

black

when

small white patches were placed on

it

(the

Gelb

effect). However, there was little,ifany, the scission effect

if

the regions of lower reflectance, brack-appearing regions, were aclded to the testsurface,

Whenever

the

Gelb

effectoccurs, therewas a

recipro-cal relation

between

perceived

lightness

and

per-ceived illumination.RecentlyCataliotteand

Gilchrist

(1995)

have presentedsimilar evidence that the

dar-kening

of thetarget

by

introducing

a region of higher

luminance depended only on therelative

luminance

of

thetargetto other higherluminance region.

From

these

findings

it

is

clear that

luminances

of

regions other than the testfield,such as background or coexisting stimuli, are crucial fordeterminingbQth

judgments

of

lightness

and illurnination.Itis

impor-tant

to

note here that the

judgments

are strong]y

infiuenced

by

the

highest

luminance when either

high-lightsor clearly

discriminable

surfaces or

background

or other coexistent regions are present

(Kozaki,

1973;

Noguchi

&

Masuda, I971).Kozaki

(1973},

moreover,

suggests that the perceptionof overall

illumination

depends

on the lurninance of the

largest

area of

stimuli as well as on the

highest

luminance. However, thefactorof area determining perceptionof

i]]umina-tion has not yetbeen systernatically investigated.

The

purpose of the experiments to

be

reported

below isto examine the effect of area of coexistent regions relative to a test

field

area under the condition where

both

judgments

of lightnessand of illumination are made on a single surface.

Method

Apparatus and testpatterns

The apparatus has been described jndetail else-where

(Kozaki

&

Noguchi,

1976).

Therefore,

onlya

brief

description

of tha appuratus will be

given

here.

A

disk

on which small circular patches were

random-Iymounted was used as test

field

(TF).

the

TF

measured 20em indiameter and subtended approxi-mately

6.7

degrees

at a viewing

distance

of 172cm.

Each circular

patch

inthe

disk

was 2cm

in

diameter,

subtending approximately 40min of arc.

By

chang-ing

the number of patches,three

different

proportions

or relative areas of patchfTF diskwere obtained :1, 10,and 30%. The Munsell value of the patches was either

N3.5

(appearing

black)

or N7.5

(appearing

white). The

Munsell

values of the

TF

were :

N

5.0,

N

6.5,

and

N

7.5

forthe

black

patch,and N 3,5,

N

5.0,

and N6.5

for

thewhite patch.

Therefore,

therewas a totalof 18TFs

(3

relative areas ×2patches ×

3

TF

lightness)

.

TF with black patchesand TF with white patches are presented inFigure1.

The TFs were ina

holder

rotated

by

an

electromag-netic clutch system and each TF was selected

accu-rately

by

rneans of remote control system. The

TFLdisk was illuminated

by

a slide projectorwith a

halogen lamp

(24-v,

150'w) and was viewed

by

the right eye through a circular aperture,

In

ordef to

(3)

22

The

Japanese

Journalof

Psychonomic

Science V

Figure1.

Stimulus

pattern used in the present etperiment.

filters

(Hoya

Glass),with a range of

1,93

log

units

in

approxiinately

five

equal steps were used.

A

solenoid-operated shutter was interposedinthe path of the

viewing field,the surface of which was a sheet o,f

midgray paper,

When

closed,

it

functioned

as a

pre-adaptation

field

of which logluminance was

2,4

cd!m, A

tinier-regulating

system was wired

into

a circuitry so that the preadaptation fieldwould be presented for17sand TF for3s.The circuitry cutthe illuminationof preadaptationfieldwhen thestirnulus

displaypresentedexposed and cut theilluminationof

thestimulus

display

when thepreadaptation

field

was exposed.

Procedure

In the presentexperiment two types of category

judgments

were made :

lightness

judgments

and

illu-mination

judgments,

Each

subject was taken to an observation booth ina

dark

room. S was askecl to

'

keep hisor

her

head

and theright eye aligned so as to

see

TF

straight ahead. Inthe lightness

judgments

'session,

the followinginstructionswere given:"You

will see a

Iarge

disk

on which white or

black

small

circular patches are pasted. Your task isto

judge

apparent lightnessof the

large

disk,not the small circular patches,by using the fol]owing nine cate-gories;black, very blackish gray,

blackish

gray, rather

b]ackish

gray, medium gray, rathey whitish

gray, whitish gray, very whitish gray, and white."

The

instructiongiven in the session of illumintion

judgments

were:

"You

will see a large disk with white or

black

small circular patches. Your task

is

to

judge

the impression of the overall illuminationon

the

disk

by

using the

following

nine categories :very,

very

dim,

very dim, rather

dim,

medium, rather

bright,very

bright,

ancl very, very bright".

Lightness

and illumination

judgment

sessions were

run independently,and theorder of running the ses-$ion were counterbalanced over the

Ss,

In each

ol. 17,Ne. 1

session, after practice trials,

S

made

judgrnents

for each of the

18

TFs

at each of thefivelevelsof

illumi-nation. This experimental procedure was repeated

two tirneswith

different

random sequences,

There-fore,

each

S

macle a total of l80

judgments

(18

TFs ×

5illuminationlevels×2replications) foreach of two

judgment

sessjons.

Subjects

Five

Ss,

3

researchers and 2 graduate students,

participated

in

theexperiment. AllSshad nermal or corrected-to-normal vision.

Treatment

of

Data

Each

category

judgment

was cenverted intoa

9-point numerical scale ranging

from

I

(black

for

light-nes and very, very

dim

for

illumination)

to9

(white

for

lightness

and very, very brightforilluminatien)

for cemputational purposes.

Since

every

S

showed simillar respense tendencies with the experimental variables

both

in

lightnessand illumination

judgment

sessions, data were averaged over the

five

Ss.

Results

and

Discussion

Relative

area effect on

TF

lightness

The

resultis of

lightness

judgments

are presented

in

Figure2, where the mean

judgments

of

perceived

lightness

(A')

are plotted against log relative

il-luminance

with therelative area of patchelTF

disk

as the parameter. Figure2a shows that under the condition of the white patches,

A's

for

all of three

TFs become darker as the relative area

increases

from 1to 30%.

On

theother'

hand,

as shown inFigure

2

b,

under thecondition of the'blackpatches,thereare no systematic changes inA'with the change

in

rela-tivearea.

Namely,

the effect of

TF-Munsell

value observed clearly forthe white patches was not seen

forthe blackpatches. Analysisof variance revealed that forthe white patche$themain effects of relative

area and of

TF-Munsell

value were significant

[F(2,

8)=11.29, p<O.Ol; F(2,8)tt148.0I, p<O.Ol respec-tively] and theinteractienbetween relative area and

TF-Munserl

value was significant

[F(4,

16)=5.79, p<

O.Ol1.For theblackpatches,however, no main effects were significant.

The significant effect of relative area on

lightness

judgments

under thecondition of thewhite patches in

-the

TF

disk

impliesthat thedarkening of perceived

(4)

9.0 8.0 7,O

A

6.0-<:sEen 5.0vqzaoS 4.0ipp]3.0 2.0 1.0

A. KozAKiand K. NoGucHi:

The

effect

perceived

2/

of relative area of figures

lightne$s

and

impression

of

TFMV 6.5" MV 5.0 -MV 3.5i o.o O O,6 t2 1.8 2.4 LogRelativeIllvminance

Figure2a. Lightness

judgments

(A')

of

TF

as a

functionof jllurninanceare plottedwith the

tivearea of white patches as the parameter.

9.0 8.0 7.0 - 6.0itY! 5.0vmgzaX 4.ola=3.0 2.0 t,o against a

backgrouncl

on

illumination

23 TFMV 7.5X Mv 6.5 -MV 5.0 -h o.o O O,6 1.2 t.8 2.4 LqgRelative-ummanoe

Figure2b.

Lightness

judgments

(A')

ef TF as a

functionof illuminanceare plottedwith the

tjvearea of black patches as

the

parameter.

tent region.

This

finding

agrees with the result obtained by Stewart

(1959).

He

found

in

Gelb

type's experiment thatthe

increase

insizeof the contrasting white stimuli

darkened

the apparent lightnessof

TF-disk.

Since

the classical studies on

lightness/

brightness

contrast typicallyshow that a surface of

lower luminance

(black-appearing

area)

has

little,if any, effect on the lightnessof the surface of

higher

]uminance

(Diamond,

1953,1962;Heinemann, 1955;

Torii& Uemura, l965),itissupposed thatan increase

in the area with lower luminance

(black

patch) would not

bring

about any significant effect on

light-ness

judgments

of

TF.

The

present results are clearly

thecase,

Very recently

Li

and

Gilchrist

(1997)

have reported that darkening of the ganzfeldsurround inthe large

oval condition as coexistent region was

larger

thanin the small

disk

condition.

In

theirstudy the

difference

of darkening of the ganzfelcl

between

thelargeoval cendition and the small disk condition isnot quite significant,

but

direction

of this differenceis

consis-tentwith theprinciplethat a largerarea isassociated with a whiter appearance.

In

thepresentexperiment,

as

is

clearly seen in

Figure

2

a, the TF-disk with the smallest white patch

(1%-relative

area, which means

the largestTF area) appears the lighte$tfor each

TF・Munsell

value. As mentioned above, the

darken-ing of

TF

was most marked in the largestarea

conclition

(30%-relative

area).

Relative

area effect on

illumination

judgments

The results of

illumination

judgments

are shown

in

Figure3a and 3b, where themeans of illumination

judgments

(I')

are pletted against

log

relative

il-luminance

with relative area of patchesas the

param-eter. For brevity'ssake, the

Mumination

judgements

for

two

TFs,

N

6.5

and N 5.0,were plotted under

both

conditions of white patch

(Fig.3a)

and

black

patch

(Fig.3b).

As seen in

Figure3a

itisclear that effects of the relative area and TF-Munsell value on

illumi・

nation

judgment

are not significant for the white

patch. Inthe case of

black

patch as shown inFigure

(5)

24 The

Japanese

Journal

ofPsychonomicScience

Vol.

17,

No.

1 9,O 8.0 7.0 At 6.0ttuEag s.o2・2-tu,E 4.0E2 3,O 2.0 t.o o.o O O.6 L2 L8

..

2A

Log Relativevauminance

Figure3a.

IIIumination

judgments

(I')

of the

stimulus

field

as a

function

of illuminance are

plottedwith therelative area of white patchesas

theparameter.

Av-c-Eenv=.=.9ti,EE2

9,O 8.0 7.0 6.0 5,O 4.0 3.0 2,O t,o o.o O O.6 t.2 1.8 2.4 LQgRelaiiveMuminance

Figure3b.

Illumination

judgments

(I')

of the stirnulus

field

as a functionsof illuminance are plotted with therelative area of

black

patchesas

theparameter.

relative area, buttend te

be

brighter

with

increasing

TF-Munsell value.

Analysis

of variance

for

the black patchcondition revealed thatthe effect of therelative area was not significant, while the main effect of

TF-Munsell value was significant ferallconditions of

relative area

[F(2,

8)-53.11, p<O.Ol].

Cemparison

between

Figures3a

ancl

3b

indicates

that

illumination

wasjudged much brighterunder the

white patch thanforthe

black

patchcondition,

Beck

(1972)

pointed out,

based

on

his

experiments

(1959

and 1961), that

judgements

of illumination were strongly influenced

by

themaximum

luminance

when' either highlightsor clearly

discriminable

areas of

higher

surface luminance were present,

The

results

by Kozaki

(1973),

Noguchi and

Masuda

(1971)

and

Oyama

(1968)

also supperted that the highest luminance

in

thevisual field

is

one of themost

impor-tantdeterminants of perceived

illumination.

Accord-ing to theseprevious investigations,itfsexpected

that under the condition of white patch with the

highest luminance

in

a configuration, illumination

judgments

depend mainly on the patch"luminance, and wou]d be kept almost constant

in

spite of the

change in'the

TF-Munsell

value. The results on

illumination

judgment

obtained

in

thepresent experi-ment exactly coincides with thisexpectation.

In

the

black

patch condition, however, since the TF

luminance

isalways higherthan the patchIuminance,

perceived illuminationwould

increase

with the

in-creament inthe

TF-Munsell

value. The results

for

black

patch support this

deduction:

the effect of

TF-Munsell

value was significant.

These

findings

are inaccordance with the results

by

our previous studies

(Kozaki

and

Noguchi,

1976; Noguchi and Kozaki, 1985),

These

studies

demon-strated thattheperceived illuminationinwhite co・ existent stimulus conditions

(background

or patches)

were

brighter

than

in

black

coexistent stimulus

condi-tions,and therewas no or littledifferencein per-ceived illumination when the TF was

darker

than

the

(6)

A. KozAKi and K,

NoGL/cm:

The

effect of relative area of figuresagainst a background on

perceivedlightnessand

impression

of illumination 25

coexistent stimulus, while

in

the condition where the

TF was lighterthan the other stimulus, perceived

illumination increased with the

increment

in the

TF-luminance.

Based on thesefactsitisconcluded

thatwhen the

impression

ef

illumination

is

judged,

subjects are similarly responding as

lightness

judg-ment to"the

relative luminance of stimulus field".

If an area with the

highest

reflectance

(white-appearing area) is an important

determinant

for perceived

illumination,

in

thesense

that

itgivesa clue or serves as a reference peint to

judgment

of illumina-tion level,and ifthe effect of area ispresent,the

increase

of a surface area with higher reflectance

would heighten the

perceived

illumination on the

surface.

Following

to

thishypothesis,since an incre-ment

in

patch area with

the

lowest reflectance

(black)

causes a decrease in

TF

area with higher reflectance, the effect of the lighterTF on impression of overall

illumination

on the surface would be

wea-kened with increase

in

relative area of blackpatches.

Thus

the

judgments

of illuminationmay vary with changing thearea oi patches.As shown in

Figure

3

b,

illumination

judgments

tend to

be

brighter

with

decreasing

the area of blackpatches,butthe effect Qf

relative area was not significant. Itisimportant to notice here thatthe

difference

in

illurnination

judg-ments

between

TFs was significant

for

black

patches.

It may

be

generalized that perceived illumination

would be primarily

determined

by

the

higher

refiectance in stimulus configuration,

In

present

experiment,

however,

we could not find any

sigriificant

difference

between

relative area when the coexistent area was highest in reflectance

(white-appearing).

These

findings

suggest thatthe

illumina-tion

judgment

depends

primarily on the

highest

luminance,

and even though the area with the

highest

reflectance

is

very very small

(white

patches cover only 1% of the stimulus surface).

This

means that

the

highest

Iuminance area playsthe role as a

refer-ence point

for

illumination

judgment

at the higher levelrather than at the retinal

level

as

Beck

(1972)

arguecl.

He

proposed thattheneural intensity$ignals of areas seen as white are not modified

by

lateral

inhibitionand vary directlywith theintensityof the

illumination.

In theway

just

indicated,Qur point of

view isquite

different

frem

Beck's

one. According te

this

view itisnatural thatthe effect of the relative

area was not significant.

It should

be

also pointed out

here

that

black

patches and white patches

behave

differently

inthe

perceptionof illuminatien. Under the

white

patch

condition theapparent illurninationwas dependent on

the

white patch itselfwhich was the

highest

luminan-ce

in

the

display.

On

the other

hand,

the

black

patch

didnot work as a

determinant

for the

judgment

of

illumination,but the TF

luminances

which were

higher

than the patch were effective in perceiving

illuminatien.

As

stated

before,

the presence of a region of higherreflectance produces a

higher

degree

of

lightness

constancy

(Kozaki,

1965). Lightness

constancy appears to

be

a complex relational

phe-nomena involving the interactionof

lightness

and

illumination

judgments.

The most important finding

inthis study

is

that the

highest

reflectance

in

the

stimulus fieldissimilarly serving as a reference point

for

judging

illumination

as

lightness

perceptionand

'

givesa crucial clue

for

illumination

judgment

'

Iess

of itsarea.

These

results,

however,

clo

not

imply

that

relative

area isnot a determinant

for

perceived

illumination.

As

Kozaki

(1973)

reported, the impressionof

illumi-nation

depends

on the

largest

area inthe stimulus

fieldas well as on thehighest

luminance.

In

Kezaki's

experiment,

background

instead

of patch was used as coexistent

field

surreunding the

TF

and the area of

thebackground was rnuch largerthanthatof the

TF.

According

to Katz

(1935),

itisa totalinsistence

which determines the perceptionof the illumination

of a surface perceivedto

be

illuminated

uniformly,

thus

it

wM

be

assumed that, within certain

limits,

area acts likeluminance,that

is,

theincreaseinarea

has the same effect as theincreasein

lurninance.

As

described

above, inKozaki]s experiment

(1973)

the

area of the

background

ismuch largerthan that of

the testfield,so that, the effect of the

background

luminance

on totalinsistencewas largerthan that of

thetestfield.Inthestudy ofsurface lightness,Liand

Gilchrist

(in

personal communication, 1997)suggest

thatlargearea isassociated with the perceptionof a white surface

just

as

is

high

luminance.

This

ten-dency

is called "relative

area principle"which

is

distinguished

from "relative luminance

principle".

In view of theexperimental evidence on surface

lightnessand illumination,itisconcluded that

(7)

26

The

Japanese

Journalof

Psychonomic

Science

Vol.

17,

No.

1

ceived illurnination

depends

mainly on relative

luminance which also

determines

perceivecllightness.

and that

if

the

largest

area isassociated with

white-appearing surface, relative area principle can

be

applied totheperceptionof

illumination.

References

Beck,

J,

1959

Stimulus

correlates

for

the

judged

mination of a surface.

Jburnal

of

Etpen'menldl

Rsp)cholcigy,

58,267-274.

Beck,

J,

1961

Judgement

of surface illuminationancl

lightness.

Iburnal

of

E)tpen'menlalRsychogqgl,,61,

368-375.

Beck,

J.

1972

Surface

Colur

Perception.

Cornell

Univ.

Press.

Cataliotte,

J.,

& Gilchrist,A, l995 Local and global

processes in lightnessperception.

Rr7Toption

&

Rsychophysics,

57,

125-135

Diamond,

A.

L.

1953Foveal simultaneous

brightness

contrast as a function of inducing-and test-field.

Ibumal

of

EixPen'mental

RsycholQgy,

45,304-314.

Diamond,

A.

L.

1962

Simultaneous

contrast as a

tion of test-fieldarea,

foblrnal

of

Eltperimeninl

Ilsycholagy,,

64,

336-346,

Flock,

H,R.

1970

Jameson

and Hurvich's theory of

brightness

contrast. Ilercoption

&

IM'chophysies,

8,

118-124.

'

Flock,

H.R.

1974Stimulus structure inlightnessand

brightness

experiments. InR.Mac Leod

&

H.

Pick

(Eds.),

Perception:

Essays

in

hornor

of

James

J.

Gibson

(pp.185-2e8).

Ithaca,

N.Y.:Cornell

Uni-versity Press.

Gilchrist,

A.

L.

1980

When

does

perceived

lightness

depenclon perceived spatial arrangement?

tion

&

IlsychopJaysic:s,

28,527'538.

Gilehrist,

A.L.

1994 Introduction:

Absolute

versus

relative theoriesof

lightness

perception. In

A.L

Gilchrist

(Ed.),

Lightness,

Brightness,and

Tran$-parency

(pp.1-34).

Hillsdale,

New

Jersey:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Heinemann,

E.G.

1955

Simultaneous

brightness

induction

as a functionof inducing and test

fie]d

]uminance.

Ibumal

of

Etpen'mental

1[lsychology,

50,

89-96,

Helson,

H,

1943

Sorne

factors

and

implications

of color constancy.

Ibu7vial

of

CPtical

Society

of

Amen'ca,

33,

555L567.

Hsia,

Y.

1943

Whiteness

constancy as a

function

of

differencesinillumination.

Arch.

Psychol,

(New

York),

No.

284,

Katz,

D.

1935

The

World of Color.London: Kegan

Paul.Kozaki,

A. 1963

A

further

study inthe relationship

between

brightness

constancy and contrast.

koanese

lvcholagical

Researvh,

5,

129-136.

Kozaki,A. 1965The effectof co-existent stimuli other

thanteststimulus on

brightness

constancy.

IaPanese

lllycholagical

Research,

7,138-147.

Kozaki, A.

1973

Perception

of

lightness

and

ness of achromatic surface color and

'impression

of

illumination.

1mpanese

RsycholcrgicalResearch,

15,

194-203.

Kozaki, A.,

&

Noguchi,

K,

1976

The

relationship

between

perceived

surface-lightness and perceived

illumination:

A

manifestation of perceptual

sion. Rsycholagical

Research,

39,

1"16,

Leibowitz,

H.,

Myers,

N.A.,& Chinetti,P.1955The

roie of simultaneous contrast in

brightness

constancy.

Ibuiveal

of

Etperimenlal

Rrycholagy,

50,

15-18.

Li,

X.,

&

Gilchrist,

A.L.1997 Relativearea and

tive luminance combine toanchor surface

lightness

values.

In

press

in

R]rcqPtion

&

ltwcof,hysics

(per-sonal communication).

Noguchi, K.,& Kozaki,A. 1985Perceptualscission of surface-lightness and

illumination:

An

tienof the

Gelb

effect. 1twcholagicalResea7ch,47, 19-25.

Noguchi, K.,& Masuda,

N,

1971

Brightness

changes

in a complex fieldwith changing illumination: re-examination of

Jameson

and

Hurvich's

study of

brightness eonstancy.

IaPanese

Rsychological

ReseatTh,

13,

60-69.

Oyama,

T.

1968

Stimulus

determinants of

brightness

constancy and theperception

illuminati

on.

1mpanese

Ilrv'cholagical

Research,

13,60-69,

Stewart,

E.

C.1959The Gelb effect.

Ibblrnal

of

1!ltPen'-mental

Rsycholagy',

57,

235-242.

Torii,

S.,

&

Uemura,

Y.

1965

Effeets

ef inducing

luminance

and area upon apparent brightnessof a

test field,

koanease

ArycholagicalResearch.,7, 86-100.Wallach,

H.

1948

Brightness

constancy and thenature

of achromatic colors,

lburnal

of

E)tPen'mental

Ilsychotcig),,38,

310

-324.

-Received

October

23,1997

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