ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟㧔Kentucky Education Reform Act 1990㧕
ᒻᚑߩዷ㐿ߣߘߩ⢛᥊
̆ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળߣᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળߩᵴേࠍᚻ߇߆ࠅߦ̆
ᩉᨋ ାᒾ
㧔㜞⍮ᄢቇᢎ⢒⎇ⓥㇱੱᢥ␠ળ⑼ቇ♽ᢎ⢒ቇㇱ㐷㧕
Development and the Background of the Educational Reform Formation in Kentucky ̆Focusing on the Action of Commonwealth Task Force on Education Reform and
Council on School Performance Standards̆
Nobuhiko Yanagibayashi
Education Unit, Humanities and Social Sciences Cluster, Kochi University
Abstract㧦Kentucky will form Kentucky Education Reform Act㧔KERA㧕 in 1990. KERA is leading legislation known as a case of the systemic reform. The purpose of this paper is elucidating the development and the background of the educational reform formation in Kentucky. In formation of KERA, two committees played the big role. The first committee is “Commonwealth Task Force on Education Reform”. This committee is the Special Committee is of the legislation, which the state legislature formed. . The second committee is “Council on School Performance Standards”. This committee is a state governor's private advisory body.
In this paper analyzed characteristic of KERA paying attention to activity of two committees.
ࠠࡢ࠼㧦ಽᮭ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟㧘ࠕࡔࠞᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟㧘ቇᩞᡷༀ㧘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡒ࠶ࠢࡈࠜࡓ㗴ߩᚲߣ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛
ᧄⓂߩ⋡⊛ߪ㧘ࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߡಽᮭ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩᣂߒዷ㐿߇ㅴਛߢ㧘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡒ࠶ࠢࡈࠜࡓࠕࡊࡠ ࠴㧔Systemic Reform Approach㧘൮⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟㧕(1)ࠍណ↪ߒߚవ㚟⊛ߩ߭ߣߟߢࠆࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩᢎ ⢒ᡷ㕟ᴺ㧔Kentucky Education Reform Act 1990㧔એਅ㧘KERA㧕㧕ࠍขࠅߍ㧘KERA ߇൮⊛ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߣߒ ߡᒻᚑߐࠇߡߊ߹ߢߩዷ㐿ߣ㧘KERA ߇൮⊛ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߣ߁․ᓽࠍᜬߟߦ⥋ߞߚ⢛᥊ࠍ㧘KERA ᒻᚑߦਛᔃ ⊛ߦ㑐ࠊߞߚ㧘ޟᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળ㧔Commonwealth Task Force on Education Reform㧕ޠߣޟቇᩞߩ ᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળ㧔Council on School Performance Standards㧕ޠߩ ߟߩᆔຬળߩᵴേࠍಽᨆߔࠆߎߣߢ ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߢࠆ㧚ᧄⓂߪ㧘 ᐕઍߩඨ߫߆ࠄࠕࡔࠞߦ߅ߡㅴዷߒߡࠆಽᮭ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟㧘ߘߒߡ㧘 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄᆎ߹ࠆಽᮭ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩᣂߚߥዷ㐿ߦ߅ߌࠆᡷ㕟ᚢ⇛ߩ․⾰ߣᣇᢎ⢒ⴕᯏ㑐ߩᓎഀߩౣቯ ⟵ൻߩࠅᣇߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩ৻ㇱࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆ㧚 1980 ᐕઍએ㒠㧘ࠕࡔࠞߩᢎ⢒⇇ߪᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩㅪ㎮ߩߚߛਛߦ߅߆ࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘♿ࠍ߹ߚ߇ߞߡ ᐕએߦᷰ ࠆᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟߇⛯ߡࠆ㧚ߘࠇߪ㧘 ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦᆎ߹ࠆᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟㧔ᡷ㕟ߩ╙ ߩᵄ㧕ࠍᚑഞߐߖ㧘ߘࠇࠍᒛ㧘 ᷓൻߐߖࠆߣ߁ᣇะߢㅴࠎߢ߈ߚࠊߌߢߪߥ㧚ࠕࡔࠞߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߡߪ㧘ᡷ㕟ߩࡈࠜࠞࠬ߿ᚻᴺ㧘 ࠆߪ㧘ᡷ㕟ోߩᚢ⇛⊛ߥࠅ᭽ߪ㧘ᡷ㕟ߩᵄߏߣߦ⇣ߥߞߚ߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆ㧚╙ ߩᵄ߳ߩ⋭ߣ⺖㗴ᗧ⼂ ߩ߽ߣߦ╙ ߩᵄ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇ㧘ߘߒߡ㧘ߢߪ╙ 2 ߩᵄߩ⚻㛎ߣߘߎߢࠇߚ㗴ߦၮߠߡᣂߚߥᡷ㕟ᚢ⇛߇ ᮨ⚝ߐࠇߟߟࠆߣߎࠈߢࠆ㧚 ᧄⓂߩ⺖㗴ᗧ⼂ߩ⏕ൻߦᔅⷐߥ㒢ࠅߢࠕࡔࠞߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩዷ㐿ࠍᝄࠅߞߡ߅ߊߣ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ߹ߣࠆߎ ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁㧚 ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦᆎ߹ߞߚᡷ㕟ߩ╙ 1 ߩᵄߪ㧘ޟᎺࡌ࡞ߩ㧘ⷙೣߩᒝൻޠߦࠃߞߡ․ᓽߠ ߌࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥᎺਥዉߩޟ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦޠࠆߪ㧘ޟ㓸ᮭ⊛ޠߥᚻᴺࠍ↪ߡขࠅ⚵߹ࠇߡߊ(2)㧚Bacharach ߣ Conley ߪߎߩᡷ㕟ߦߟߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ߹ߣߡࠆ㧚ޟᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߪ㧘Ꮊߦࠃࠆᡷ㕟ߩឭ໒ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ߘߩᗧߢ㧘 ᢎᏧߩෳടߩዊߐߐߦ߅ߡ․ᓽߠߌࠄࠇࠆ㧚⢻ജ⛎߿ᢎᏧᛛ⢻࠹ࠬ࠻ߩࠃ߁ߥᡷ㕟᩺ߪ㧘ᢎᏧߩᵴേߦኻߔࠆቭ ⊛ߥⷙߩᒝൻ߇ቇᩞᡷༀࠍዉߊߣ߁ᥧ㤩ߩੌ⸃߇⢛᥊ߦࠆߎߣࠍ␜ໂߔࠆ߽ߩߢߞߚޠ(3)㧚ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ ࠄ㧘ᡷ㕟ߩ╙ ߩᵄߩᚑᨐߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘ቇᩞߩᢎ⢒ታ〣߿↢ᓤߩቇജ㆐ᚑߪᄢ߈ߥᄌൻࠍ␜ߒߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘┙ቇᩞ ߦ߅ߌࠆቇ⠌ᜰዉߩࡊࡠࠬߣౝኈߪ㧘 ᐕߩߘࠇࠄߣᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߣ߁㧘ᶖᭂ⊛ߥ⹏ଔ߇ߥߐ ࠇߡࠆ㧚ߘߩᶖᭂ⊛ߥ⹏ଔߩ⢛᥊ࠍ┵⊛ߦߒߡࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ㧘ߚߣ߃߫㧘ޟᎺᐭߣ߁ቇᩞᄖㇱ߆ࠄ߿ ⷙೣࠍ␜ߐࠇߡ߽㧘ቇᩞౝㇱߢᢎ⢒ᵴേࠍഃㅧߔࠆࡊࡠࠬߪ৻ะߦᄌࠊࠄߥ㧚ߒࠈቇᩞ⥄りߩᗧᕁ߿⢻ജߣ ή㑐ଥߩߣߎࠈ߆ࠄߘ߁ߒߚ↪߇߱ߎߣߪุቯ⊛ߥലᨐߔࠄᜬߜ߁ࠆߣߞߚ㔓࿐᳇߇╙ 1 ߩᵄߦߪߞߚޠ (4)ߥߤߩᜰ៰߇ߥߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ߘࠇߪ㧘ቇᩞߩᄖ߆ࠄ᭽ޘߥⷙࠍᒝൻߒߡ߽ቇᩞౝㇱߩᢎ⢒ታ〣ߪᄌൻߒߥߩ ߢߪߥ߆ߣ߁㧘࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦߩᡷ㕟ߩ㒢⇇ࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߣߥߞߚ㧚 ╙ 1 ߩᡷ㕟ߩᵄߩ㗴ὐߦᔕ߃ࠆ߆ߚߜߢ㧘 ᐕઍߩਛᦼ߆ࠄᡷ㕟ߪߘߩࠦࡦࡊ࠻ࠍޟᎺࡌ࡞ߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ ࠹ࠖࡉߦࠃߞߡቇᩞ߇ᡰ㈩ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ቇᩞࡌ࡞ߢߩቯߦࠃߞߡᡷ㕟ࠍ᳞ࠆߣ߁ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ᭴ㅧᡷ 㕟ޠ(5)߳ߣ⒖േߐߖ㧘ࡏ࠻ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊߩᡷ㕟߇ផㅴߐࠇߡߊ㧚School-Based Management㧔⥄ᓞ⊛ቇᩞ⚻༡㧘એਅ㧘 SBM㧕㧘ᢎᏧߩኾ㐷ᕈߩ㊀ⷞ㧘ⷫߩㆬᛯߥߤ߇ᡷ㕟ߩ╙ ߩᵄߩਛᔃࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ⻉ේℂߣߥࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇࠄ߇ᗧߔ ࠆᡷ㕟ߩᣇะᕈߪ㧘߽ߒቇᩞ߇ᡷ㕟ࠍᒁ߈ߎߒ㧘⋡⊛ࠍḩߚߔߎߣߦ⽿છ߇ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߥࠄ㧘ቇᩞߪቇᩞ ߇⟎߆ࠇߡࠆታ㓙ߩⅣႺߦㆡᔕߒߚ⋡ᮡ߿ᚢ⇛ࠍᒻᚑߒ㧘⚿ᨐࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߦߣࠅ߁ࠆᦨ߽ലᨐ⊛ߥᣇᴺࠍ ߛߔߚߩᮭ㒢ߣ⥄↱ࠍࠄࠇࠆߴ߈ߢࠆߣ߁߽ߩߢࠆ㧚ᢎ⢒ߣ⚻ᷣߦ㑐ߔࠆࠞࡀࠡࡈࠜࡓߩ ႎ๔ޡ߃ࠆ࿖ኅ㧔A Nation Prepared㧕ޢ㧔㧕㧘ో☨Ꮊ⍮ળޡᚑᨐߩᤨ㧔Time for Results㧕ޢ㧔㧕㧘ࡎ ࡓ࠭ࠣ࡞ࡊޡᣣߩᢎᏧ㧔Tomorrow's Teachers㧕ޢ㧔㧕╬߇ߘߩᄾᯏߣߥߞߚ㧚ቇᩞᡷༀߩᣇㅜࠍ⥄ᓞ⊛ ቇᩞߩഃߦ᳞㧘ߘߩߚߩ᧦ઙᢛߣߒߡᮭ㒢ᆔ⼑ߣหቯᯏ᭴ࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆߎߣࠍౝኈߣߔࠆ SBM ᣉ╷߇㧘 ࡏ࠻ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊߩᡷ㕟ߩౖဳ⊛ߥߣߒߡᡷ㕟ߩࡔࠗࡦࠬ࠻ࡓߣߒߡታᣉߐࠇߡߊߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚
SBM ᣉ╷ߪ㧘ᢎᏧߩᒰ⠪ᗧ⼂߿ኾ㐷⡯ᗧ⼂ࠍะߐߖ㧘ቇᩞᡷༀ߳ߩࡕ࡞ߣࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߩ⏕ߥߤ ߩᚑᨐࠍߍߚߣ⹏ଔߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߘߩ৻ᣇߢ㧘ޟᡷ㕟ߦኻߔࠆޡSchool to Schoolޢࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߪ㧘৻ㇱ ߩቇᩞߩᢎ⢒ߩᡷༀߦᚑഞߒߚ߇㧘 ߩࠕࡔࠞߩోߡߩቇᩞࠍᡷༀߦዉߊߣ߁⺖㗴ߦኻߒߡߪ㧘ߘߩ㆐ ᚑߪ㕖Ᏹߦ࿎㔍ߥ߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆ㧚㧔ਛ⇛㧕 ৻ㇱߩቇᩞߩᄌ㕟ߪ㧘ઁߩቇᩞߦᐢ߇ࠆߎߣ߇ߞߚߦߥ߆ߞߚޠ (6)ߣߩᛕ್߽ߥߐࠇߡߊ㧚߃߫㧘SBM ᣉ╷ߩ⹏ଔ⎇ⓥ߇⫾Ⓧߐࠇࠆਛߢ㧘SBM ᣉ╷ਅߢቇᩞ߇ቇᩞᡷༀࠍᚑ ߒㆀߍ↢ᓤߩቇജࠍะߐߖࠆߚߦߪ㧘ᚑഞߩߚߩ᧦ઙ߇ࠆߩߢࠅ㧘․ߦ㧘㜞⚵❱⊛ജ㊂߇ቇᩞߦࠊ ߞߡࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢߞߚߎߣ߇⸃ߐࠇᆎߡࠆ(7)㧚⚿ᨐߣߒߡ SBM ᣉ╷ߪ㧘ᚑഞߒߚቇᩞࠍᐞߟ߆ࠆ ߎߣߦߪᚑഞߒߚ߇㧘ߘࠇࠍᄙߊߩቇᩞߦᐢߍࠆߪߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ㧚ߎ߁ߒߚ╙ ߩᵄߩᜬߟ⺖㗴ߦኻᔕߔࠆߚ ߦ㧘 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄߪ㧘SBM ᣉ╷ࠍ⛮⛯ߒߟߟ߽㧘ฦቇᩞߩቇᩞᡷༀߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⚵❱⊛⢻ജߩᒻᚑࠍᡰេߔࠆߎ ߣ߇᭴ᗐߐࠇᆎࠆߣߦᡷ㕟ߩᣂߚߥࠦࡦࡊ࠻߇ᮨ⚝ߐࠇ㧘ಽᮭ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߪᣂߒዷ㐿ࠍߖᆎߡࠆ㧚 ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߪ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩᣂߒዷ㐿ࠍᒻߞߡࠆᦨ߽ᄢⷙᮨߢవㅴ⊛ߥᡷ㕟ߢ ࠆ㧚 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄฦᎺߪಽᮭᡷ㕟ߩ⋥ߒࠍㅴߪߓ㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦ㧘ࠆߪᐔⴕߒߡ㧘 ࠆߪవⴕߒߡ㧘ᄙߊߩ㗼⪺ߥᡷ㕟߇ᮨ⚝ߐࠇㅴࠄࠇߡࠆ㧚ߚߣ߃߫㧘ࠞࡈࠜ࡞࠾ࠕᎺߪ㧘ࠞࠠࡘࡓ ࡈࡓࡢࠢࠍ㐿⊒ߒ㧘ᢎ⑼ౝኈߣ⹏ଔߩࡈࠜࡑ࠶࠻ߩᄌ㕟ࠍⴕߞߡߚߒ㧘ࡃࡕࡦ࠻Ꮊߪ㧘⹏ଔߣቇ⠌ᜰ ዉߩᣂߒࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼߇ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆߥߤߩᡷ㕟ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢࠆ㧚ߎ߁ߒߚవㅴ⊛ߥᎺߢ⹜ߺࠄࠇߡࠆᣂߒ ᡷ㕟ࠦࡦࡊ࠻ߪ㧘߃߫ 1994 ᐕߦߐࠇߚ㧘ޟ ᐕߩ⋡ᮡ㧦ࠕࡔࠞᢎ⢒ᴺ㧔Goals 2000㧦Educate America Act㧕ޠߦࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᓢޘߦ㧘Standards-Based Reform ߿ Systemic Reform Approach ߣ߫ࠇࠆᡷ㕟ࠦࡦ ࡊ࠻߳ߣ߹ߣ߹ࠅߟߟࠆ㧚ߚߣ߃߫㧘ၳߪ㧘ޟޡࠕࡔࠞᢎ⢒ᴺޢࠍਛᔃߣߒߡផㅴߐࠇߡࠆߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟 ߩ․ᓽߪ߆㧚ߘࠇߪ㧘৻⸒ߢߔߥࠄ߫ systemic reform ߣ߫ࠇࠆᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟߳ߩᣂߒᚢ⇛ࠍណߞߡࠆߎߣ ߢࠆ㧚㧔ਛ⇛㧕ᣢሽߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩࠆ৻ㇱಽߩᡷ㕟ߢߪߥߊߡ㧘ᣢሽߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓోߩᡷ㕟߇ᔒะߐࠇߡࠆߩ ߢࠆޠ(8)ߣߒߡ㧘൮⊛ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩᵹࠇ߇ࠕࡔࠞᢎ⢒ᴺߢ␜ߐࠇߚᡷ㕟ࠦࡦࡊ࠻ߢࠆߣㅀߴߡࠆ㧚൮ ⊛ߥᡷ㕟ߦߟߡߪ㧘ࠕࡔࠞᢎ⢒ᴺߩ㧘ߣࠅࠊߌߘߩ╙ 3 ┨ߢ␜ߐࠇߡࠆ㧘⺃ዉᣉ╷ߣߒߡᎺߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ࠍ ᡰេߔࠆഥ㊄ߩઃߩ⚵ߺ߇㧘ߘߩὐࠍ␜ߔᅢߢࠈ߁㧚ߘߎߢߪ㧘ഥ㊄ߩᡰߩⷐઙߣߒߡ㧘Ꮊ߇ਥⷐ ⑼⋡ߦ㑐ߒߡޟో☨ᢎ⢒⋡ᮡޠߣᢛวߔࠆࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼ࠍ⸳ቯߒ㧘ߎߩࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼ߦၮߠߚ↢ᓤ⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁ߎ ߣ㧘ߎߩࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼ߦၮߠߡ㧘ᢎ⑼ᦠ߿ᢎ᧚ߩㆬᛯ߿㧘ᢎຬߩ㙃ᚑ⎇ୃ㧘ߘߒߡ⸵ᐲ╬ߩᡷ㕟ࠍⴕ߁ߎ ߣ㧘Ꮊߪ㧘ቇ߿ቇᩞߩ⥄ᓞ⊛ߥᡷༀࠍଦㅴߔࠆࠃ߁㧘ⵙ㊂ᮭ㒢ߩᄢ߿ⷙߩᒢജൻࠍ࿑ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ቇ߿ቇ ᩞߩᬺ❣⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁ߎߣࠍ᳞ߡࠆ㧚 ߢߪ㧘ಽᮭ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩᣂߒዷ㐿ߩਛߢߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥᡷ㕟ᚢ⇛߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߡࠆߩ߆㧘ലᨐ⊛ߥᡷ㕟ታᣉߩߚ ߩᣇ⇛ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆߩ߆㧘SBM ᣉ╷ਅߩቇᩞߦኻߔࠆᡰេឭଏߩᣇㅜߪ⸃ߐࠇߡࠆߩ߆㧚 ߎ߁ߒߚὐߦߟߡߪචಽߦࠄ߆ߣߥߞߡࠆߣߪ߃ߥ㧚․ߦ㧘ቇᩞߩ⚵❱⊛ജ㊂ࠍะߐߖࠆߚߩᡰេ ឭଏߩᣇㅜࠍ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘ߘࠇ߇㧘ᡷ㕟ߩ╙ 2 ߩᵄߩ⺖㗴ߦ⋥⚿ߒߡࠆߣ߁ᗧߢ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߣߥ ߞߡࠆ㧚
એߩ⺖㗴ᗧ⼂ߩ߽ߣ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢ㧘Systemic Reform Approach ࠍណ↪ߒߡࠆవㅴ⊛ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇ ߡࠆࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߢࠆ KERA ࠍขࠅߍ㧘ߘߩᡷ㕟ᚢ⇛ߩ․⾰ߣ⺖㗴ࠍ⺰ⓥߒߡ߈ߚ㧚ᧄⓂߪ㧘 ߘ߁ߒߚ⎇ⓥߩ৻ㇱࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠅ㧘KERA ߇ Systemic Reform ߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߡߊ߹ߢߩዷ㐿ߣߘߩ⢛ ᥊ࠍ㧘KERA ᒻᚑߦਛᔃ⊛ߦ㑐ࠊߞߚ㧘ޟᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળ㧔Commonwealth Task Force on Education Reform㧕ޠߣޟቇᩞߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળ㧔Council on School Performance Standards㧕ޠߩ ߟߩᆔຬળߩ ᵴേࠍಽᨆߔࠆߎߣߢࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ㧚
ᣣᧄߦ߅ߡ߽㧘ਛᢎክ╵↳ޟᓟߩᣇᢎ⢒ⴕߩࠅᣇޠ㧔㧕એ㒠㧘⥄ᓞ⊛ቇᩞ⚻༡ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚᡷ㕟 ߇╷ൻߐࠇࠆߣߦࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖᣉ╷ߩዉ߇ᆎ߹ߞߡࠆ㧚ಽᮭ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ਅߩቇᩞߪ㧘ਈ߃ࠄࠇߚⵙ ㊂ᮭ㒢ࠍᵴ↪ߒߡ㧘ቇᩞߩ⟎߆ࠇߚ⁁ᴫ߿ఽ┬↢ᓤߩ⁁ࠆߪ㧘ⷫ߿ၞ␠ળߩ․ᕈߥߤߦࠊߖߡቇᩞᡷༀ
ߩᚢ⇛ࠍ⥄りߢࠅߒߡߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇㧘৻ᣇߢ㧘⥄りߢᒻᚑߒߚቇᩞᡷༀ⸘↹ߩᚑᨐࠍ෩ߒߊࠊࠇࠆߎ ߣߣߥࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚಽᮭ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ࠍᚑഞⵣߦㅴࠆߚߩᣇㅜ㧘․ߦ㧘ቇᩞ߇⥄ᓞ⊛ߦቇᩞᡷༀࠍㅴ ߡߊߚߦᔅⷐߥᡰេߩࠅᣇߦ㑐ߒߡߪචಽߦ⎇ⓥ⫾Ⓧ߇ߥߐࠇߡࠆߣߪ߃ߥ㧚ᧄⓂߩಽᨆߦࠃߞߡᓧ ࠄࠇࠆ⍮ߪ㧘ಽᮭ⊛ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ࠍᧄᩰ⊛ߦታᣉߒߡߊᣣᧄߦߣߞߡ߽㧘ᡷ㕟ߩലᨐ⊛ߥታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆ㊀ⷐߥ␜ ໂࠍឭଏߒߡߊࠇࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 2 KERA ᒻᚑߩᄾᯏ ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߦ߅ߡ KERA ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ⋥ធߩᄾᯏߪ㧘ࠃࠅࠃᢎ⢒ߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળ㧔Council for Better Education㧕߇㧘 ᐕ ᣣߦࡈࡦࠢࡦㅪ㇌Ꮌ࿁ⵙ್ᚲߢߎߒߚⵙ್ߢࠆ㧚⹏⼏ળߪ㧘 ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺᢎ⢒ዪߦቇᩞ⽷ോߩኾ㐷ኅߣߒߡ ᐕ㑆ൕߚ Arnold Guess ࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ㧘ࠕࡄ࠴ࠕࠍਛᔃߣ ߒߚࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺ᧲ㇱߩᦨ߽⽺ߒቇߩᢎ⢒㐳㧔⸷⸩ᤨߦߪ㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩ ቇߩਛ㧘 ߩቇ߇ Council for Better Education ߦടࠊߞߡߚ㧕ߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ࠃࠅࠃᢎ⢒ߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળߪ㧘ࠤࡦ ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩቇ㑆ߩ⽷⊛ਇဋⴧ㧘ߘߒߡ㧘ߘࠇߦઃ㓐ߒߡࠇߡࠆᢎ⢒ᯏળߩਇᐔ╬ߣࠍ㗴ߣߒߚ(9)㧚 ክℂߩ⚿ᨐ㧘 ᐕ ߦේ๔ൎ⸷ߩ್߇ਅࠅ㧘ߘߩਛߢⵙ್ᚲߪ㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩቇᩞ⽷ോࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇㆑ ᙗߢᏅ⊛ߢࠆߣߒ㧘ᱜߢല₸⊛ߥᢎ⢒ߩឭଏߦ㑐ߔࠆኻ╷ࠍ┙ߡࠆߎߣࠍࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺ⼏ળߦ⟵ോߠߌߚ㧚 Ꮊᐭߪប⸷ߒ㧘⸷⸩ߪᎺᦨ㜞ⵙ್ᚲߦㅍࠄࠇߚ߇㧘 ᐕ ᣣߦᦨ⚳ክ߇⚿ክߒ㧘ࡠࡃ࠻ࠬ࠹ࠖࡉࡦ ࠬᦨ㜞ⵙ್ᚲ್ߪ㧘ޟ⽺ߒሶߤ߽ߚߜ߽㊄ᜬߜߩሶଏߚߜ߽㧘ㆡಾߥᢎ⢒߳ߩห᭽ߩᯏળߣࠕࠢࠬࠍਈ߃ࠄ ࠇߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ㧚ߩ┙ቇᩞࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪ㆑ᙗߢߞߚޠߣߒ㧘ޟ⼏ળ߇㧘ᢎ⢒ߩല₸⊛ߥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍឭ ଏߔࠆߎߣߦᄬᢌߒߚߎߣߪᭂߡ⏕ߢࠆޠ(10)ߣ್ߒߚ㧚ᦨ㜞ⵙߪ㧘್ߩਛߢ㧘ޟㆡಾߥޠᢎ⢒ࠍᰴߩ ߟߩ⢻ജࠍりߦߟߌߐߖࠆ߽ߩߣቯ⟵ߒߡࠆ(11)㧚 㧔㧕ⶄ㔀ߢᄌൻߩỗߒᢥ␠ળߦ߅ߡᵴേߔࠆߚߦᔅⷐߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠬࠠ࡞ 㧔㧕⚻ᷣ⊛㧘␠ળ⊛㧘ᴦ⊛ߥㆬᛯࠍߔࠆߚߩ⍮⼂ 㧔㧕ఽ┬↢ᓤ߇㧘ၞ␠ળ㧘Ꮊ㧘࿖ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߚߩᴦ⊛ߥࡊࡠࠬߩℂ⸃ 㧔㧕⥄ಽߩ♖⊛㧘り⊛ߥஜᐽߦߟߡߩචಽߥ⍮⼂ 㧔㧕ᢥൻ⊛㧘ᱧผ⊛ߥㆮ↥ࠍᱜᒰߦ⹏ଔߔࠆߚߦᔅⷐߥ⧓ⴚߦߟߡߩචಽߥၮ␆⍮⼂ 㧔㧕⾫ߦ⥄ಽߩࠗࡈࡢࠢࠍㆬᛯߒߡ㧘ߘࠇࠍㅊ᳞ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߚߩචಽߥḰ 㧔㧕ㅴቇ߿ዞ⡯ߥߤߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘ઁߩᎺߩ↢ᓤߣ߁߹ߊ┹ߢ߈ࠆߚߩቇജ߿⡯ᬺᛛ⢻ Ꮊᦨ㜞ⵙߪ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚޟㆡಾߥޠᢎ⢒ߦ㧘ߩࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩᢎ⢒ߪว⥌ߒߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘ߘࠇߪ㧘ᢎ⢒߇Ꮊ ߿ᣇ⥄ᴦߦߣߞߡᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥᯏ⢻ߢࠆߣⷙቯߒߡࠆࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺᙗᴺߩ࡚ࠢࠪࡦ ߩⷙቯߦ㆑ߒ ߒߡ߅ࠅ㆑ᙗߢࠆߣ್␜ߒ㧘Ꮊ⼏ળߦኻߒߡ ᐕߩ┙ᴺߩ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩ⚳ੌ߹ߢߦᢎ⢒ߩᣂߒࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ ࠍࠆߎߣࠍߓߚ㧚ߎࠇߦኻᔕߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥᎺ⼏ળߪ㧘․ᆔຬળࠍ⸳⟎ߒ㧘ᢎ⢒ߩో㕙⊛ߥ⋥ߒߦ ⌕ᚻߒߡߊߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚 ৻ᣇߢ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚมᴺᐭߩേ߈ߣߪߦ㧘ⵙ್ߩ㑆ߦᣂߚߦㆬߐࠇߚ Wallace Wilkinson㧔࠙ࠜࠬ࠙ࠖ࡞ ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ㧕Ꮊ⍮ߪ㧘ⵙ್ߦ㑐ߒߡߪߒࠈේ๔ߩᜰ៰ߔࠆᢎ⢒㗴ߦᗵߒߡࠆߎߣࠍߒߡߚ߇㧘ⵙ್ ߩ⚻ㆊ߿ߘߩ್ߣߪߦ㧘⍮ዞછᤨ߆ࠄ⁛⥄ߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ࠍ᭴ᗐ⸘↹ߒߡߚ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘 ᐕઍᓟඨߩࠤ ࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߪ㧘Ꮊᦨ㜞ⵙߩ್ߦࠃࠅ⼏ળߦ᳞ࠄࠇߚᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߣ㧘࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮߇ߘߩዞછ߆ࠄ⥄りߩ ᭴ᗐߦၮߠߡㅴߡߚᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩਔᣇ߇ㅴࠄࠇߡߊߣ߁⁁ᴫߦߞߚ㧚 Ꮊ⼏ળߪᎺᦨ㜞ⵙߦ⟵ോߠߌࠄࠇߚᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩ⸘↹ߩߚߦ㧘ޟᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળ㧔Commonwealth
Task Force on Education Reform㧕ޠࠍ⸳⟎ߒᡷ㕟᩺ߩᒻᚑߦขࠅ߆߆ߞߡߊ㧚৻ᣇ㧘࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮߇⥄ りߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߦ⸳⟎ߒߡߚᆔຬળ߇㧘ޟቇᩞߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળ㧔Council on School Performance Standards㧕ޠߢߞߚ㧚߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘Ꮊ⍮ߪⴕᐭߩ㐳ߢࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ਔ⠪ߪᓢޘߦㅪ៤ߒ㧘ߦ KERA ߩේ ᩺ࠍᚑߒߡߊߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚
3 ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળ㧔Commonwealth Task Force on Education Reform㧕ߩ⚵❱ߣߘߩᵴേ Ꮊᦨ㜞ⵙߩ್ࠍฃߌߡᎺ⼏ળߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ᒻᚑࠍᜂ߁⚵❱ࠅߦขࠅ߆߆ࠆ㧚ߘߩਛᔃࠍᜂߞߚߩߪ㧘ᒰᤨߩ ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺᐭߩਛᔃࠍᒻᚑߒߡߚ㧘࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦᎺ⍮㧘Blandford㧔ࡉࡦ࠼ࡈࠜ࠼㧕ਅ㒮⼏㐳㧘 Rose㧔ࡠ࠭㧕㒮⼏㐳ߩ ੱߢࠆ㧚 ੱߪ㧘Ꮊߩᢎ⢒ߩోߩᡷ㕟ߣ߁ᦨ㜞ⵙߦ᳞ࠄࠇߚᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ࠍ ࠅߔߚߦߪ㧘ᣢሽߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᜂᒰ⠪ߢߪߥ⠪㆐ߦࠃߞߡᡷ㕟᩺ߩᚑ߇ᜂࠊࠇࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆߣ⠨߃㧘 ᣂߒᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟᩺ࠍ⸳⸘ߔࠆ⽿છࠍᜬߟ┙ᴺߩ․ᆔຬળࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆߎߣߦߒߚ(12)㧚ߘߩ․ᆔຬળ߇㧘ޟᢎ⢒ᡷ 㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળ㧔Commonwealth Task Force on Education Reform㧘એਅ㧘․ᆔຬળ㧕ޠߢࠆ㧚 ․ᆔຬળߪ㧘 ੱߩࡔࡦࡃߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇ㧘Ꮊ⍮߇ ੱߩࡔࡦࡃࠍ㧘ࡉࡦ࠼ࡈࠜ࠼ߣࡠ࠭ਅ㒮⼏㐳 ߇㧘ߘࠇߙࠇਅ㒮ߣ㒮߆ࠄ ੱߩࡔࡦࡃࠍછߒߚ(13)㧚
ޣ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮ߦࠃࠆછޤ
⍮ᦠ⸥ቭ㧔Secretary of the Cabinet㧕 㚂Ꮸቭ㧔Chief of Staff㧕
੍▚ዪ㐳㧔Budget Director㧕
ᢎ⢒ੱᢥ⑼ቇዪ㐳ቭ㧔Secretary of the Education and Humanities Cabinet㧕
ᢎ⢒ੱᢥ⑼ቇዪോᰴቭ㧔Deputy Secretary of the Education and Humanities Cabinet㧕 Ꮊ⍮ㇱዪࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ߆ࠄ 1 ฬ㧔Governor's Administrative Staff㧕
ޣࡉ࠶࠼ࡈࠜ࠼ਅ㒮⼏㐳ߣࡠ࠭㒮⼏㐳ߦࠃࠆછޤ
ਅ㒮ߣ㒮ߩ࠳ߩోຬ㧔Aall the members of the House and Senate Leadership㧕 ᢥᢎᆔຬળߩᆔຬ㐳㧔Chairs of the Education Committee㧕
⽷ോᆔຬળᆔຬ㐳㧔Appropriations and Revenue Committee㧕
ਅ㒮ߣ㒮ߩࡑࠗࡁ࠹ࠖ࠳㧔Minority leaders of the House and Senate㧕
․ᆔຬળߩ⼏ㅴⴕߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘ࡉࡦ࠼ࡈࠜ࠼㒮⼏㐳ߣࡠ࠭ਅ㒮⼏㐳߇ห⼏㐳ࠍോߡࠆ㧚 ․ᆔຬળߩ⚵❱᭴ᚑ߆ࠄߡขࠇࠆߎߣߪ㧘᭴ᚑຬ߇ਅ㒮ߣ㒮ߩࡔࡦࡃߣᎺ⍮ߩࠝࡈࠖࠬ߆ࠄߩઍ ⠪ߦ㒢ߐࠇߡࠆߎߣߢࠆ㧚ᢎ⢒ੱᢥ⑼ቇዪ㐳ቭߣᢎ⢒ੱᢥ⑼ቇዪോᰴቭߪࡔࡦࡃߣߒߡෳടߒߡ ࠆ߇㧘Ꮊᢎ⢒㐳(14)ߪ․ᆔຬળߩᆔຬࠍᆔབྷߐࠇߡߥ㧚หߓࠃ߁ߦ㧘Ꮊౝߩᢎ⢒࿅ߩઍ߿ᢎᏧ㧘ቇᩞ▤ ℂ⡯㧘ቇᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߩᢎ⢒㐳߿⡯ຬ߽߹ߚ㧘․ᆔຬળߩࡔࡦࡃߦߪᆔབྷߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚ 㧚 ߎ߁ߒߚ․ᆔຬળߩ⚵❱✬ᚑ߆ࠄߪ㧘․ᆔຬળ߇⍮ߣ⼏ળߩਥዉߩᆔຬળߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘೨ㅀ ߒߚ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦᎺ⍮ࠄߩ㧘ޟᣢሽߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᜂᒰ⠪ߢߪߥ߽ߩ㆐ߦࠃߞߡᡷ㕟᩺ߩᚑ߇ᜂࠊࠇࠆߎߣ ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆޠߣߩ⠨߃ᣇ߇⦡Ớߊᤋߒߚ߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆߎߣ߇ߡߣࠇࠆ㧚 ․ᆔຬળߦ㧘⍮ㆬߩᆔຬ㧔ᢎ⢒ੱᢥ⑼ቇዪ㐳ቭ㧕ߣߒߡෳടߒߚࡈࠜࠬ࠲ߪ㧘․ᆔຬળߢߩᵴേߦ !"#$%&'()*+,-./01234562789:;<
ߟߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡࠆ㧚ޟᚒޘߪ㧘ᣢሽߩ߽ߩࠍᡷ⦟ߔࠆߣ⸒߁ࠃࠅߪߒࠈ㧘ᢎ⢒ߩᣂߒࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ ࠅߔߣ߁᧦ઙߩ߽ߣߢ㧘ᢎ⢒ߣߪߤ߁ࠆߴ߈߆ߣ߁ࡆ࡚ࠫࡦࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣߎࠈ߆ࠄᆎߚ㧚ߘࠇ߹ ߢߩቇᩞᐲߪోߡᡷ㕟ኻ⽎ߣߔࠆߎߣ߇೨ឭߢߞߚ㧚ߛ߆ࠄ㧘ᚒޘ߇㧘ࠊߑߣᱷߘ߁ߣߒߥߌࠇ߫㧘એ೨߹ߢ ߩᐲߪᱷࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ㧚ᡷ㕟ߩᒻᚑߦᒰߚߞߡᣂߒᐲߦߪ ߩේೣࠍណ↪ߒߚ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ߎࠇࠄ ߩ ߩේೣࠍࠟࠗ࠼ߣߒߡ↪ߡ᭽ޘߥᡷ㕟ⷐ⚛ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖ㧘⋧ߦᒝൻߒ㧘ᣂߒࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩฦㇱಽࠍᒻᚑ ߔࠆߎߣࠍᰴߦⴕߞߚޠ(16)㧚․ᆔຬળߪ㧘12 ߩේೣߩ߁ߜ㧘․ߦ╙৻⇟⋡ߩේೣߣߒߡขࠅߍࠄࠇߚ㧘ߔߴ ߡߩሶߤ߽㆐߇ቇ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈㧘߶ߣࠎߤߩሶߤ߽߇㜞ࡌ࡞ߦ㆐ߔࠆߣ߁ℂᔨࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ㧘ߎߩℂᔨࠍ ታߔࠆߚߦ࠺ࠩࠗࡦߐࠇߚቇᩞᐲߩᒻᚑ߳ߣะ߆ߞߡᡷ㕟ࠍ‧ᒁߒߡߊ㧚 ․ᆔຬળߪ ᐕ ߦᦨೋߩࡒ࠹ࠖࡦࠣࠍⴕᵴേࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆ㧚߹ߕ․ᆔຬળߪ㧘Ꮊߩᢎ⢒ߩో ߩᡷ㕟ߦขࠅ⚵ߚߦ㧘․ᆔຬળౝㇱߦ ߟߩዊᆔຬળࠍ߽߁ߌߚ㧚ߘࠇߙࠇ㧘ࠞࠠࡘࡓ㧘⽷ോ㧘ࠟࡃ࠽ ࡦࠬߩ ߟߩዊᆔຬળߢࠆ㧚 ߟߩዊᆔຬળߩߘࠇߙࠇߦߪ㧘㒮ਅ㒮ߩਔ⼏㐳ߦࠃߞߡㆬߐࠇߚ㒮ߣਅ 㒮ߩ࠳߇㈩⟎ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᓐࠄߦࠃࠆห⼏㐳ߦࠃߞߡㆇ༡ߐࠇߡߊ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘ᢎ⢒ߣ߁߈ࠊߡኾ㐷 ⊛ߥ㗄ߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲᡷ㕟᩺ߩ╷ቯߦᒰߚࠆߚߦ㧘ᡷ㕟ឭ᩺ߩឭ߿ክ⼏ࠍࠟࠗ࠼ߔࠆࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠲ࡦ࠻߇ㆬછߐ ࠇߡࠆ㧚 ዊᆔຬળߪ㧘⁛┙ߒߡߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺖㗴ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߛ߇㧘ᬺᢥᦠ㧔working documents㧕ࠍߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘⋧ ߩ⺞ᢛࠍ࿑ߞߡࠆ㧚ߐࠄߦዊᆔຬળߪ㧘ࡄࡉ࠶ࠢࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߣࡄࡉ࠶ࠢࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍᓧࠆߚߩᏒ᳃ ࡅࠕࡦࠣࠍⴕߥ߁ߥߤ㧘ᖱႎߣ᳃ᗧߩ㓸㧘ߘߒߡߘߩᤋߥߤࠍ➅ࠅߒߥ߇ࠄᡷ㕟᩺ࠍ✵ࠅߍߡߞߚ㧚 ߟߩᆔຬળߪోߡ㧘 ᐕߩ┙ᴺߩ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߹ߢߩᤨ㑆ࠍᦼ㒢ߣߒߡᵴേߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚 ฦዊᆔຬળߪ㧘 ਛᣨߦ․ᆔຬળߦᦨ⚳ႎ๔ᦠࠍឭߒߚ㧚ዊᆔຬળߩឭߒߚᡷ㕟᩺ࠍ┵⊛ߦ߹ߣࠆߣ㧘 એਅߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ(17)㧚 ޣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߦ㑐ߔࠆዊᆔຬળޤ Ꮊᢎ⢒ዪోߩᡷ⚵ ㆬߦࠃࠆᎺᢎ⢒㐳ߩㆬߩᑄᱛߣછߩᢎ⢒ࠦࡒ࠶࡚ࠪ࠽ߩዉ School-Based Decision Making㧔SBDM㧘ቇᩞࠍၮ␆ߦ⟎ߚ⚻༡㧕ߩዉ
੍▚㧘ᩞ㐳ᢎຬੱ㧘ࠞࠠࡘࡓߥߤߦ㑐ߔࠆᮭ㒢ࠍቇᩞߦᆔ⼑
ᆔ⼑ߐࠇߚⵙ㊂ᮭ㒢ߩᮭ㒢㗄ߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘หߢᗧᔒቯߔࠆߚߩቇᩞ⹏⼏ળߩ⸳⟎
ޣ⽷ോߦ㑐ߔࠆዊᆔຬળޤ
ᣂߒᢎ⢒⽷ോࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢࠆ Support Education Excellence in Kentucky 㧔Ꮊߩᦨ߽⽺ߒቇߣᦨ߽ ߥቇߩ㑆ߩ࠰ࠬࠡࡖ࠶ࡊࠍ⁜ࠆߎߣࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚᣂߒ⾗㊄ቇᩞߩࡕ࠺࡞㧕 ߩዉ ޣࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆዊᆔຬળޤ Ꮊ⛔৻ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓࡈࡓࡢࠢߩᒻᚑ Ꮊ߿ቇߦࠃࠆ⚦߆ߥࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆⷙቯ㧔ޘߩᢎ⑼ౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆⷙቯߥߤ㧕ߩᡷᑄ ޘߩఽ┬↢ᓤߩቇ⠌࠾࠭ߦኻᔕߒߚࠞࠠࡘࡓߩታ 㧔ᢎ⢒ౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆⷙቯࠍᎺ߿ቇ߇⚦߆ߊቯࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬ⋡ᮡࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߩᢎຬ ߩኾ㐷⊛ߥ್ᢿࠍၮ⋚ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߦᄌᦝ㧕 ࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ฦቇᐕߩࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬ⋡ᮡ߿㆐ᚑ⋡ᮡࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆ 㧔ࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬ⋡ᮡߦၮߠߡᢎᏧ߇ᨵエߥࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍ㐿⊒㧕 ቇᩞߦ㑐ߔࠆࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᒻᚑ
㧔ቇᩞߪ㧘 ᐕߏߣߦᡷༀ⋡ᮡߩ㆐ᚑߩ⒟ᐲࠍ⥄りߩㆊߩᚑ❣ߣᲧセߐࠇࠆᒻߢ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆ㧕 Ꮊ⛔৻࠹ࠬ࠻ߩᚑߣታᣉ 㧔ࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍᡰេߔࠆߚߩᎺ࠹ࠬ࠻㧚ቇᩞ߇ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߩ⸳ቯߒߚ⋡ᮡߦะ߆ߞߡㅴ ࠎߢߚ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍᭂࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ㧚㧕 ోᎺⷙᮨߩቇᩞ⹏ଔࡊࡦߩᚑ ቇᩞ⺞ᩏߩታᣉߣႎ๔㧔 ᣣ㑆ߦᷰࠆᎺోߩ⡬⡞ળߩ㐿㧕 ․ᆔຬળߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩዊᆔຬળߩႎ๔ࠍၮߦߒߡ㧘 ਛᣨߦᦨ⚳ႎ๔ᦠࠍឭߔࠆ㧚ߘࠇ߇㧘Ꮊᦨ㜞ⵙߩ್ ߦኻߔࠆᎺ⼏ળߩᑼߩ࿁╵ߣߥࠆਅ㒮ᴺ᩺ 㧔ᓟߩ KERA㧕ߩේဳߣߥࠆ߽ߩߢࠆ㧚ᦨ⚳ႎ๔ᦠߩਛりߪ㧘 ⼏ળߩᴺዪ㧔Legislative Research Commission㧕ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߩᚻߦࠃߞߡ㧘ᴺ᩺ߣߒߡߩᒻᑼࠍᢛ߃ࠄࠇߡ⼏ળ ߦឭߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ߇㧘ߘߩ೨ߦ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ․ᆔຬળߩᵴേߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚ㧘ޟቇᩞߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚ ߩ⹏⼏ળ㧔Council on School Performance Standards㧕ޠߩᵴേߦߟߡ⏕ߒߡ߅߈ߚ㧚
4 ቇᩞߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળ㧔Council on School Performance Standards㧕ߩ⚵❱ߣߘߩᵴേ
࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮ߪዞછએ᧪㧘ᦨ㜞ⵙߩ್ࠍฃߌߡᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળ߇⚵❱ߐࠇࠆએ೨߆ࠄ㧘ᾲ ᔃߦᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ߅ࠅ㧘ߘߩᵴേߪ㧘⚿ᨐߣߒߡᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળߩᚑߔࠆ KERA ߩේ᩺ߦ ᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ߽ߩߦߥߞߚ㧚KERA ߩਛᔃ⊛ߥ⠨߃ᣇߩᐞߟ߆ߪ㧘࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮߇⚵❱ߒߚ㧘ޟቇᩞ ߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળ㧔Council on School Performance Standards㧘એਅ㧘⹏⼏ળ㧕ޠߩᚑᨐߦ⽶ߞߡࠆ㧚 KERA ߩේ᩺ߪ㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߦߘࠇࠍߣࠅ߹ߣߚߩߪᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળߢࠆ߇㧘ታ㓙ߦߪ㧘ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩ ߚߩ․ᆔຬળߣቇᩞߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળߣߩหᬺߢߞߚߣ߃ࠆ㧚 ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮ߪ㧘Ꮊ⍮ߦᒰㆬᓟ㧘⥄りߩᡷ㕟᭴ᗐࠍታߔࠆߚߦ㧘ᓟߦ KERA ߩᚑ┙ߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍ ਈ߃ࠆ㧘ࠫࡖ࠶ࠢࡈࠜࠬ࠲ࠍᢎ⢒ዪ㐳ߣߒߡᜰฬߒߡࠆ㧚ࡈࠜࠬ࠲ߪ㧘ࠠࠪࡦ࠻ࡦߩ᳃㑆ߩࠦࡦࠨ࡞࠹ ࠖࡦࠣળ␠ߩㇱ㐳りߢߞߚ߇㧘ࡒࠪࠪ࠶ࡇᎺߢቇᩞᡷ㕟ࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠹ࠖࡉࠍዉߒߚੱ‛ߢ㧘࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦᎺ ⍮ߩੱߢߞߚ㧚 ⹏⼏ળߩᵴേࠍ⏕ߔࠆߦవ┙ߞߡ㧘߹ߕߪ㧘࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦᎺ⍮ࠄߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦኻߔࠆၮᧄ⊛ߥᆫࠍ⏕ ߒߡ߅߈ߚ㧚࠙ࠜࠬ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦߪ㧘 ᐕ ߦ᳃ਥౄߩ੍ㆬߦൎߞߚߣ߈߆ࠄᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ࠍߘߩ ⚂ߦขࠅߍߡߚ㧚ᓐߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦ㑐ߔࠆၮᧄ⊛ᆫߪ㧘ᒰᤨߩࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺ⼏ળ߇᳞ߡߚࠃ߁ߥẋㅴ⊛ ߥᡷ㕟ࡊࡠࠬߦኻߒ㧘৻ᐲߦ৻ߟߩࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍ㗅ޘߦᄌ߃ߡߊߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ᣢሽߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓోࠍ৻ᐲᑄ ᱛߒ㧘ౣ᭴▽ߔࠆߴ߈ߢࠆߣ߁߽ߩߢࠆ(18)㧚 ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦ㑐ߔࠆ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮ߣࡈࠜࠬ࠲ዪ㐳߇᭴ᗐߒߚᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟᩺ߣߒߡߪ㧘ߚߣ߃߫㧘ቇᩞߦᎺߩ ᮡḰ࠹ࠬ࠻ߩࠬࠦࠕࠍႎ๔ߔࠆࠃ߁ⷐ⺧ߔࠆߣߦ㧘㜞㆐ᚑᐲߩቇᩞߦߪ㊄ႎ㈽ࠍឭଏߔࠆߣߞߚ߽ߩ߇ ߍࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩ᭴ᗐ⥄ߪ㧘 ᐕߦ߅ࠃߘ ජਁ࠼࡞ߩࠦࠬ࠻߇߆߆ࠆߎߣ㧘Ꮊᱦ߇ਇ⿷ߔࠆਛ㧘࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ ࡦ߇Ⴧ⒢ࠍߒߥߎߣࠍ⚂ߒߡߚߎߣ߆ࠄታᣉ߇ㅍࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߘߩ᭴ᗐ⥄ߪ㧘KERA ߦ ⥋ࠆ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦߩᢎ⢒ߦኻߔࠆ⠨߃ᣇࠍ┵⊛ߦ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆ㧚 ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮ࠄߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦኻߔࠆᆫࠍ⍮ࠆߚߦലߥ⾗ᢱ߇߽߁৻ߟࠆ㧚1989 ᐕߦⴕࠊࠇߚ㧘 ࠠࠪࡦ࠻ࡦߢߩᢎ⢒ࠨࡒ࠶࠻ߦ߅ߌࠆ⍮ߩ⊒⸒ߢࠆ㧚⍮ߪ㧘ޟᚒޘߩቇᩞߪ߽ߞߣᄙߊߩ⾗㊄ࠍᔅⷐߣߒߡ ࠆ㧚⑳ߪ৻ᐲ߽ߘࠇࠍุቯߒߚߎߣ߇ߥ㧚⑳ߪ㧘ቇᩞߦ߽ߞߣᄙߊߩ⾗㊄ࠍ߁ߎߣࠍߣࠊߥ㧚ߒ߆ߒߘ ࠇߪ㧘ᚒޘߩ⾗㊄߇㧘ᧄᒰߦᡷༀߦኻߒߡᡰᛄࠊࠇߡࠆߩ߆ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍᄌ ߃ߡ߆ࠄ㧘ೋߡߥߐࠇࠆߎߣߢࠆޠ(19)㧚ߎࠇࠄ߆ࠄߡߣࠇࠆ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮ࠄߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦኻߔࠆ⠨߃ ᣇߪ㧘ㅙᰴ⊛ߥᡷ㕟㧔Piecemeal Reform㧕ߢߪߥߊోߡߩᢎ⢒ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓోߩᡷ㕟㧔Systemic Approach㧕㧘ᢎ⢒
߳ߩᚑᨐਥ⟵ߩዉ㧘ߘߩߚߩቇᩞ⹏ଔࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ㐿⊒߿ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼ߩ᭴▽ߣߞߚὐߦߞߚ ߣ߃ࠃ߁㧚 ߎ߁ߒߚࡆ࡚ࠫࡦߩታࠍᦼߒߡ㧘࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮ߪ㧘1989 ᐕ 2 ߦቇᩞߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળࠍ⚵ ❱ߒߚ㧚⹏⼏ળߩ⚵❱᭴ᚑߪ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡࠆ(20)㧚 ޣቇᩞߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળޤ ࡆࠫࡀࠬ⇇߆ࠄ࠴ࡈࠛࠣࠢ࠹ࠖࡉ 2 ੱ Ꮊᢎ⢒ᆔຬળࡔࡦࡃ 3 ੱ ቇᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߩᢎ⢒㐳 3 ੱ Ꮊౝߩ┙ቇᩞߩᢎᏧ 2 ੱ Ꮊᢎ⢒ዪߩዪ㐳㧔ࡈࠜࠬ࠲㧕 Ꮊᢎ⢒㐳 ⹏⼏ળߩ⼏㐳ߪ㧘࡞ࠗࡆ࡞ߩਇേ↥࠺ࡌࡠ࠶ࡄߢࠆ㧘JD࠾ࠦ࡞ࠬ߇⼏㐳ࠍോߚ㧚ᆔຬߩ 2 ੱߣ⼏㐳ࠍ రߩ↥ᬺ⇇߆ࠄߩઍߣߒߡࠆὐ߿㧘Ꮊ⍮ߣ߁ᴦ࠳ߣᎺߩ↥ᬺ⇇ߩઍߣ߇ Alliance ࠍᒻᚑߒߡ ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟᩺ߩᒻᚑߦᒰߚࠆߣ߁ὐ߆ࠄߪ㧘ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߥ㧘Ꮊߩᢎ⢒ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓోߩᄌ㕟㧘ቇᩞ⹏ଔߦၮߠ ߚ⾗㊄㈩ಽ㧘ᚑᨐਥ⟵߿Ꮢ႐ේℂߩዉ╬ߩ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦ⍮ߩᢎ⢒ߦኻߔࠆ⠨߃ᣇ߇┵⊛ߦࠇߡࠃ߁㧚 ⹏⼏ળߩࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘K-12 ߦ߅ߡ↢ᓤ߇ࠍ⍮ࠆߴ߈߆㧘ࠍߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥߞߡࠆߴ߈߆㧘↢ᓤߩ ቇ⠌߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢࠆ߆㧘ߦߟߡቯߔࠆߎߣߦ߅߆ࠇߡࠆ㧚⹏⼏ળߪ㧘8 ߹ߢߦႎ๔ߣ ൘๔ࠍ㧘Ꮊ⍮㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧔State Board for Elementary and Secondary Education㧕㧘 ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧔Kentucky Council on Higher Education㧕㧘ߘߒߡᎺ⼏ળߦႎ๔ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳞ ࠄࠇߡߚ㧚⹏⼏ળߪ㧘ኾ㐷ኅࠬ࠲࠶ࡈࠍ㓹↪ߒߡ㧘ዊቇᩞ㧘ࡒ࠼࡞ࠬࠢ࡞㧘㜞ᩞ㧘⡯ᬺᢎ⢒㧘↢ᓤߩ⹏ଔߦ㑐 ߔࠆ 5 ߟߩᬺㇱળࠍ⸳⟎ߒᵴേࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆ㧚 ߎߩ⹏⼏ળߩ 5 ߟߩᬺㇱળ߇ᵴേࠍᆎߚ ࠞߣߦ㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᦨ㜞ⵙ್ᚲ߇್ࠍߒ㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠ Ꮊ⼏ળߪᱜߢല₸⊛ߥᢎ⢒ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍౣ↢ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳞ࠄࠇ㧘․ᆔຬળࠍ⚵❱ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚ߎߩᦨ 㜞ⵙ್ᚲߩ್ߪ㧘⹏⼏ળߩߦᣂߚߥᗧߣ⋡⊛ࠍਈ߃㧘5 ߟߩᬺㇱળ߇ 1989 ᐕ 9 ߦឭߒߚႎ๔ᦠߪ㧘 ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠߩᢎ⢒ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળߩႎ๔ᦠߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚 ߎߩ ᐕ ߦឭߐࠇߚᦨ⚳ߩႎ๔ᦠߪ 4 ߟߩਛᔃ⊛ߥ൘๔߆ࠄߥߞߡࠆ(21). Ԙ ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߪ㧘ೋ╬ᢎ⢒㧘ਛ╬ᢎ⢒㧘㜞╬ᢎ⢒㧘⡯ᬺᢎ⢒ߩቇ⠌ߦ㑐ߔࠆᣂߒㅢߩࠦࠕࠍណ↪ߔࠆߴ ߈ߢࠆ㧚ߘࠇߪ㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߥᛛⴚߣ⍮⼂ߩ↪ߣ↢ᓤߩࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬߣࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ㧚 ߎߩቇ⠌ߩㅢߩࠦࠕߪ㧘 ߟߩ⋡⊛ࠍᜬߞߡࠆߴ߈ߢࠆ㧚 ߎߩ ߟߩ⋡⊛ߪ㧘KERA ߦ߅ߌࠆ 6 ߩቇ⠌⋡⊛ߣߒߡណ↪ߐࠇߚ㧚 ߟߩ⋡⊛ߪ㧘એਅߩㅢࠅߢࠆ㧚 㧔a㧕ߔߴߡߩሶߤ߽ߩ㜞ࡌ࡞ߩ㆐ᚑ 㧔b㧕 㗄⋡߆ࠄߥࠆ↢ᓤߩ⢻ജߩ㐿⊒ 㧚↢ᓤ߇⥄りߩ↢ᶦࠍㅢߓߡㆣㆄߔࠆߢࠈ߁⁁ᴫߦߘߥ߃ߚ㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߣᢙቇߩᛛ ⢻ߩ↪ 㧚ᢙቇ㧘ℂ⑼㧘⧓ⴚ㧘ੱᢥ⑼ቇ㧘␠ળ⑼㧘ߘߒߡ㧘ᓐࠄ߇ߘߩ↢ᶦߩਛߢㆣㆄߔࠆߢࠈ߁ታ㓙⊛ߥ↢ᵴ ߦ㑐ߔࠆቇ⠌ 㧚⥄ᓞߒߚੱߣߒߡߩ⥄Ꮖߩ⏕┙
㧚ኅᣖ㧘⡯႐㧘ၞ␠ળߢߩ⽿છࠆ᭴ᚑຬߦߥࠆߎߣ 㧚ቇᩞ߿↢ᵴߩਛߢㆣㆄߔࠆ᭽ޘߥ⁁ᴫߩਛߢ㧘㗴ߦߟߡ⠨߃㧘ߘߩ⸃ᴺࠍߟߌࠆߎߣ 㧚ߔߴߡߩᢎ⑼㗔ၞ߆ࠄቇࠎߛߎߣ߿⚻㛎ߒߚߎߣߣᣂߒ⍮⼂ࠍធ⛯⛔วߔࠆߎߣ㧚ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᇦ ࠍㅢߒߡᣂߒᖱႎࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߚߦㆊߩ⚻㛎ࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣ 㧔c㧕 Ꮸ₸ߩะ 㧔d㧕 ਛㅌ₸ߣ⪭╙₸ߩૐਅ 㧔e㧕 ቇ⠌ߦኻߔࠆ‛ℂ⊛ᔃℂ⊛ߥ㓚ኂࠍขࠅ㒰ߊߎߣ 㧔f㧕 ⡯ᬺ㧘ਛ╬ᢎ⢒㧘ァ㓌߳ߩ⒖ⴕߩṖൻ ԙ ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߪ㧘ࡍࡄ࠹ࠬ࠻ߦࠃߞߡߪ߆ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆᨩࠍ߃ߡ㧘↢ᓤࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬࠍ⹏ଔߔ ࠆਥⷐߥขࠅ⚵ߺࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆߴ߈ߢࠆ㧚ቇ⠌ߩߚߩㅢߩࠦࠕߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘ᣇߩቇᩞߩࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖ ࠍ⸽ߔࠆߚߩోᎺⷙᮨߩቇᩞ⹏ଔࡊࡦߩ⏕┙ߣ㧘ޘߩቇᩞߢ↪ߐࠇߡࠆ⹏ଔࠍᒝൻߔࠆߚߩ ోᎺⷙᮨߩࠨࡐ࠻ߩᢛ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆ㧚 Ԛ ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߪ㧘ᣂߒኾ㐷⊛ߥᓎഀࠍណ↪ߔࠆ㕟ᣂ⊛ߥขࠅ⚵ߺ㧘⚵❱᭴ㅧߩᡷ㕟㧘ቇ⠌ߩㅢߩࠦࠕߩ ↢ᓤߩ㆐ᚑࠍଦㅴߔࠆᐲߩᚢ⇛ࠍᅑബߒ㧘ᡰេߔࠆߴ߈ߢࠆ㧚ౕ⊛ߦߪ㧘࠴ࡓࡢࠢߩᒻᚑߣᗧᔒ ቯߦ߅ߌࠆᩞ㐳ߣᢎᏧߩᣂߒᓎഀ㧘ኾ㐷⊛ߥ್ᢿߣ⽿છࠍଦߔ SBM ᣉ╷㧘ࠃࠅᄢⷙᮨߥⷫߩቇᩞෳട㧘᭽ޘ ߥᒻᘒߩ࠹ࠢࡁࡠࠫߩណ↪㧘ቇ⠌ᜰዉߩ⸘↹ߣታᣉߩߚߩቇ㓙⊛ߥ࠴ࡓߩዉߢࠆ㧚 ԛ ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߪ㧘ቇ⠌ߩᣂߒㅢߩࠦࠕࠍᡰេߔࠆ㓸⚂⊛ߥ㐳ᦼߩขࠅ⚵ߺࠍᆎࠆߴ߈ߢࠆ㧚৻ߟߪ㧘 ቇ⠌ߩㅢߩࠦࠕߩ ߟߩࠧ࡞ߣ㑐ଥ߇ࠆ↢ᓤࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬࠍ᷹ࠆ⹏ଔ࠷࡞ߩ㐿⊒ߣ㧘ޘߩቇᩞߦ߅ ߌࠆࠞࠠࡘࡓᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ⺃࿃ߣេഥࠍឭଏߔࠆࡊࡠࠣࡓߩᒻᚑߢࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘⹏ଔ࠷࡞ߩ㐿⊒ߦ㑐 ߒߡߪ㧘ߘࠇߦ㑐ࠊࠆ 6 ᐕ㑆ߩ㐿⊒ࠬࠤࠫࡘ࡞ࠍ␜ߒߚ㧚 ߎࠇࠄߩႎ๔ߣ൘๔ߪ㧘 ᐕ ߦᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ᆔຬળߩࠞࠠࡘࡓㇱળߦឭߐࠇߚ㧚൘๔ߩᄙ ߊߪ㧘․ᆔຬળߩࠞࠠࡘࡓㇱળߩᦨ⚳൘๔ߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃㧘․ߦ㧘․ᆔຬળߩᦨ⚳ႎ๔ߦ߅ߌࠆ㧘ቇ ᩞߦ㑐ߔࠆ ߟߩ⋡⊛㧘ోᎺⷙᮨߩ⹏ଔࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ㧘⹏ଔࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㐿⊒ߩߚߩ ᐕ㑆ߩ㐿⊒ࠬࠤࠫࡘ ࡞ߥߤߪ㧘⹏⼏ળߩႎ๔ᦠߩ൘๔߆ࠄ⋥ធߦᒁ↪ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆ㧚 ߟߩᆔຬળߩᵴേߪ㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠ Ꮊߩᢎ⢒ౣ↢ߣ߁Ꮊ⍮ߩࠝࡈࠖࠬߣ⼏ળ࠳ߩ㑆ߩหᬺߦߥࠅ㧘┙ᴺߩ․ᆔຬળߩᵴേࠍᡰ߃ࠆ ᒝജߥᩇߢߞߚߣ߃ࠃ߁㧚 5 2 ߟߩᆔຬળ߆ࠄߺߚ KERA ߩ․ᓽ ․ᆔຬળߪ㧘 ᐕ ߦᦨ⚳ႎ๔ᦠࠍᎺ⼏ળߦឭߒߡࠆ㧚ߘࠇߦᒁ߈⛯߈㧘․ᆔຬળߩᦨ⚳ႎ๔ߦၮ ߠߡ㧘Ꮊ⼏ળߩᴺዪ㧔Legislative Research Commission㧕ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߦࠃࠅ㧘ᦨ⚳ႎ๔ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߡࠆᡷ 㕟᩺ࠍᴺߣߒߡㆡಾߥⵙߦᢛ߃ࠆᦨ⚳⊛ߥ⺞ᢛ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚 ᐕ ਛᣨߦߥࠅ㧘ోᢥߢ 㗁ࠍ߃ࠆਅ㒮 ᴺ᩺ ߇ࠄࠇ㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߩ┙ቇᩞߩోࠍౣ᭴▽ߔࠆߣ߁ᦨ㜞ⵙ್ᚲߩⷐ⺧ߦኻߔࠆᑼߩ࿁╵ߣ ߒߡ ᐕߩᎺ⼏ળߩ┙ᴺߩ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߦឭߐࠇߚ㧚ᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪ㧘Ꮊ⼏ળߦ߅ߡᐞߟ߆ߩୃᱜ߇ട߃ࠄࠇ㧘 Kentucky Education Reform Act 1990 ߣߒߡᚑ┙ߔࠆߎߣߣߥࠆ㧚
KERA ߪ㧘ో☨ߢ߽ᦨ߽൮⊛ߢᄢⷙᮨߥᡷ㕟ߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇߡࠆ㧚ߚߣ߃߫㧘ޟ⎇ⓥ⠪߇➅ࠅߒᜰ៰ߒߡ ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺ߶ߤ㧘ᢙᄙߊߩᡷ㕟ᣉ╷ࠍ߹ߣߍ㧔trying to put all the pieces together㧕㧘ᡷ㕟ߦ
ᛩߒߚᎺߪ߶ߣࠎߤή߆ߞߚ㧚ߘߩὐߦ߅ߡ㧘ߤߩᎺ߽ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺߣหߓࡌ࡞ߦ߹ߢߪⴕ߆ߥ߆ߞߚޠ
(22)㧘Education WeekޟKERA ߪ㧘Ꮊ⼏ળߦࠃߞߡ⌕ᚻߐࠇߚᦨ߽൮⊛ߥᡷ㕟ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩ㧝ߟߢࠆޠ(23)㧘The
New York TimesޟKERA ߪ㧘Ꮊᐭߦࠃߞߡ⠨߃ߐࠇߚᦨ߽൮⊛ߥᢎ⢒ࡄ࠶ࠤࠫߢࠆޠ(24)ߥߤߪ㧘ߘߩ
ߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡࠃ߁㧚 KERA ߇ߎ߁ߒߚ൮⊛ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߚ⢛᥊ߦߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩߚߩ․ ᆔຬળߣቇᩞߩᢎ⢒᳓Ḱߩߚߩ⹏⼏ળߩ ߟߩᆔຬળߩᵴേ߇ࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ਔ⠪ߦᷓߊࠦࡒ࠶࠻ߒߡࠆ࠙ࠖ ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦᎺ⍮ߩᢎ⢒᭴ᗐ߽ࠅ㧘ᢎ⢒ᐲߩోߩ⋥ߒ߇ᡷ㕟ߩᦨ߽ၮᧄ⊛ߥᣇ㊎ߣߒߡߚߡࠄࠇߚ㧚 ࠙ࠖ࡞ࠠࡦ࠰ࡦᎺ⍮ߩᒝജߥ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ߽ߣߢ㧘⹏⼏ળߪ㧘⚻ᷣ⇇↥ᬺ⇇ߩઍࠍ⼏㐳ߣߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘 ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᢎ⢒ᐲߦ❈ࠄࠇߥ㕖Ᏹߦᛮᧄ⊛ߥᡷ㕟ࠍឭ⸒ߒߡߊ㧚⹏⼏ળߩឭ᩺߇ᛮᧄ⊛ߢᄢ߈ߥᣇ㊎ߩឭ␜ ߣߥߞߡࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘․ᆔຬળߩឭ᩺ߪ㧘⹏⼏ળߩឭ᩺ߣၮᧄ⊛ᣇะࠍหߓߊߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ࠆߪ㧘⹏⼏ળ ߩឭ᩺ౝኈߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘ࠃࠅౕ⊛ߥᡷ㕟ᣇ⇛ࠍ᭴ᗐߔࠆ߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆ㧚⹏⼏ળߩਛᩭ⊛ߥឭ᩺ߪ㧘․ᆔຬળ ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓዊᆔຬળߦㅍࠄࠇ㧘․ᆔຬળႎ๔ߩឭ᩺ߔࠆᡷ㕟ߩਛᔃࠍᒻᚑߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ㧚ਔ⠪ߩදߦ ࠃߞߡᡷ㕟ߪᒻࠄࠇߡ㧘KERA ߪ㧘൮⊛ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߣߒߡߩ․ᓽࠍ߃ߡߊߎߣߦߥߞߚߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ ࠆߛࠈ߁㧚 ߟߩᆔຬળߦࠃߞߡࠄࠇߚᡷ㕟ߪ㧘ߘߩਛᔃ⊛ߥㇱಽࠍߔࠇ߫㧘ࠞࠠࡘࡓౝኈߢߪߥߊ↢ᓤߩ₪ᓧ ߔߴ߈ࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬߩឭ␜㧘↢ᓤߩࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑߩᚻᲑߦ㑐ߔࠆቇᩞⵙ㊂ᮭߩᄢ㧔㧩5$&/ ߩណ↪㧕㧘 ⥄ᓞ⊛ߦᵴേߔࠆቇᩞߦኻߔࠆᐢ▸ߥᡰេߩឭଏߣ㊁ᔃ⊛ߥᬺታ〣߿ቇᩞᡷ㕟ዉߩଦㅴ㧘↢ᓤߩ㆐ᚑᐲࠍ᷹ቯ ߔࠆߚߩᣂߚߥ⹏ଔߩᒻᚑ㧘ߘ߁ߒߚ⹏ଔߦၮߠߊቇᩞߩࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ᭴▽ߣߞߚ⻉ὐߦ ࠆߣ߃ࠃ߁㧚ߎࠇࠄߩ⻉ὐߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ߇⁛┙ߒߚᡷ㕟᩺ߢࠆ߇㧘⋧ߦቅ┙ߒߚ߽ߩߣߪߥߞߡߥ㧚 ߟߩᆔຬળߩᵴേ߆ࠄߪ㧘ቇᩞ߇↢ᓤߦりߦߟߌߐߖࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆ ߟߩࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬ⋡ᮡߩ߽ߣ ߦ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩᡷ㕟߇߭ߣߟߩ♽ߦࠃߞߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇߡࠆߎߣ߇ℂ⸃᧪ࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ ߟߩ⋡ᮡ߇㧘 ቇᩞߩᣂߒࠞࠠࡘࡓߩၮ␆ߣߥࠆߣ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬࠍߤߩ⒟ᐲ↢ᓤ߇りߦߟߌߡࠆ߆ࠍ᷹ࠆߚ ߩᣂߒోᎺ⊛ߥ↢ᓤ⹏ଔࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ᔅⷐߣߐࠇࠆ㧚⸒ߔࠇ߫㧘↢ᓤ⹏ଔࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᒻᚑߩၮ⋚ߦ 6 ߟߩ⋡ᮡ߇ ߥߞߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘 ߟߩ⋡ᮡࠍߤߩ⒟ᐲ↢ᓤߦりߦߟߌߐߖߡࠆߩ߆߇ቇᩞߦ᳞ࠄࠇࠆᚑ ᨐߣߥࠅ㧘ߘߎ߆ࠄ㧘↢ᓤ⹏ଔߩ⚿ᨐࠍਛᔃߦߒߚࠕࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡆ࠹ࠖࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇᭴▽ߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߥࠆ㧚ߘ߁ ߒߚ↢ᓤ⹏ଔߩߚߦ ߟߩ⋡ᮡߦḰߒߚᎺ࠹ࠬ࠻ߩ㐿⊒߽߹ߚᔅⷐߣߥࠅឭ᩺ߐࠇࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ቇᩞ߇ ߟߩ ⋡ᮡࠍࠃࠅലᨐ⊛ߦ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߦ㧘ቇᩞ߇ሶߤ߽ߚߜߩ⁁ᴫߦߞߚࠞࠠࡘࡓ߿੍▚ߩ✬ᚑ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆߒ㧘ߘࠇߦ૬ߖߚ᭽ޘߥᡰេࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣ߽߹ߚⴕࠊࠇࠆ㧚 ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᡷ㕟ߩฦⷐ⚛ߪ㧘ޘࡃࡃߦ᭴ᗐߐࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬ⋡ᮡ㧩ቇᩞߩߚߩ ߟߩ ⋡ᮡࠍࠟࠗ࠼ߣߒߡ㧘ࠆߪ㧘 ߟߩ⋡ᮡ߇⚿▵ὐߣߥࠅ㧘ߘࠇߦߟࠅਅߍࠄࠇࠆᒻߢోߣߒߡᄢ߈ߥ♽ࠍᒻ ᚑߒߡࠆ㧚ᡷ㕟ߩฦⷐ⚛ߪ㧘 ߟߩࡄࡈࠜࡑࡦࠬ⋡ᮡࠍਛᩭߣߒߟߟ㧘⋧ߦ㑐ଥߒߚ߽ߩߣߒߡ᭴ᗐߐࠇߡ ࠆߣ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁㧚ࡈࠜࠬ࠲ߩޟᚒޘߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ ߩේೣࠍࠟࠗ࠼ߣߒߡ↪㧘ᣂߒᢎ⢒ ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩޘߩⷐ⚛ࠍ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ߇ઁߩోߡߩⷐ⚛ߣㆡวߒว㧘ᒝൻߒ߁ࠃ߁ߥᒻߢᒻᚑߔࠆߎߣࠍᰴߩ ߣߒߚߩߢࠆޠߣߩ⊒⸒ߪ㧘ߎߩߎߣࠍࠃࠅ┵⊛ߦ␜ߒߡࠃ߁㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥዷ㐿ߣ⢛᥊ࠍ⚻ߡ㧘KERA ߪ൮ ⊛ᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟㧩Systemic Reform ߣߒߡߩ․ᓽࠍᜬߞߚᡷ㕟╷ߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߚߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁㧚
એ㧘ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘KERA ߇൮⊛ߥᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߡߊዷ㐿ߣ⢛᥊ࠍ㧘KERA ߩᒻᚑߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍ ਈ߃ߚ ߟߩᆔຬળߩ߈ࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ⸃ߒߡ߈ߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘KERA ᒻᚑߩ⢛᥊ⷐ࿃ಽᨆߩߚߦߪᧄⓂߩᬌ⸛ ߛߌߢߪචಽߢߪߥ㧚ో☨ࡌ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩേะ߿㧘ࠤࡦ࠲࠶ࠠᎺ߇⟎߆ࠇߡߚ␠ળ⊛⚻ᷣ⊛ߥ ⁁ᴫ߿⺖㗴߽ᄢ߈ߊ㑐ଥߒߡࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߘߩὐ߽ߚᬌ⸛ࠍⴕߞߡߊᔅⷐ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁㧚߹ߚ㧘2 ߟ ߩᆔຬળߩឭ⸒ࠍ߹ߣࠆᒻߢឭߐࠇߚ․ᆔຬળߩᦨ⚳ႎ๔ߪ㧘ߘߩ߹߹ KERA ߣߥߞߚࠊߌߢߪߥ㧚ᦨ⚳ႎ๔ᦠ߇ਅ㒮ᴺ᩺ ߣߥࠅ㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߦ⼏ળߢ⼏ߐࠇࠆ߹ߢߦߪ㧘┙ᴺߩࡊࡠࠬߩਛߢ㧘᭽ޘߥࠕࠢ࠲ߩ㑐 ਈߩਅߢୃᱜ߇ട߃ࠄࠇߡࠆ㧚KERA ᒻᚑߩዷ㐿ࠍ⸃ߔࠆߦߪ㧘ߘ߁ߒߚ┙ᴺߩࡊࡠ߽ࠬᬌ⸛ߩରߦਸ਼ߖ ࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢࠈ߁㧚ߎࠇࠄߩ⺖㗴ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡㅊ᳞ߒߡ߈ߚ㧚 ⸼ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
㧔1㧕ࠪࠬ࠹ࡒ࠶ࠢࡈࠜࡓߪ㧘ߘࠇ߹ߢߩ⊛ᢿ ⊛ߥᡷ㕟ᣉ╷ߩታᣉ㧔Piecemeal Reform㧕ߦኻᲧߐࠇ ࠆ߽ߩߢࠅ㧘↢ᓤߩቇജะߣ߁⛔৻⊛ߥ⋡ᮡߩਅ㧘ߘࠇߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⻉ᡷ㕟ᣉ╷ࠍ㧘หᤨߦ㧘ߘߒߡ⋧ߦ㑐 ㅪߐߖߡታᣉߔࠆߣ߁ᒻᘒࠍណߞߡࠆ㧚ߘߩⷐ⚛ߦߟߡ㧘߃߫㧘Clune ߪ 5 ὐࠍߍߡࠆ㧚Ԙᢎ⢒ታ 〣ߣ⚵❱ᄌ㕟ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⏕ߥ⋡ᮡߩឭ␜㧘ԙ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑߦᔅⷐߥኾ㐷⊛⍮⼂ᛛ⢻ߩឭଏ㧘Ԛಽᮭ⊛ᡷ㕟ߣ㓸ᮭ⊛ ᡷ㕟ߩ૬ሽ㧘ԛ↢ᓤߩቇജะߣߘߩઁߩᡷༀߦ㑐ߔࠆ⏕ߥ⹏ଔࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߘߩߚߩലߥၮḰ㧘Ԝᡷ㕟ߩ ৻⽾ᕈߣᜬ⛯ᕈ㧚ԙߦߪ㧘ᡷ㕟ߩℂ⸃㧘ቇᩞᡷༀ㧘ࠞࠠࡘࡓ㐿⊒㧘ቇ⠌ᜰዉߣ⹏ଔߩᡷ㕟ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂㧘ᛛ ⢻㧘ᖱႎߩឭଏ߇ࠆ㧚Ԛߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘ቇᩞࠍᡷༀߔࠆജ㊂ߦᰳߌࠆቇᩞࠍᡰេߒ㧘ᤨߦߪߔࠆᮭ㒢߿ቇᩞ ߩᵴേࠍᣇะઃߌࠆࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦߩᚑߩ⽿છࠍᢎ⢒ⴕᯏ㑐߇ᜬߟߣ߁㓸ᮭൻߣ㧘ቇᩞ߳ߩᮭ㒢ߩᆔ⼑㧔 ߃߫ SBDM㧕ߣ߁ಽᮭൻߩਔ⠪߇ࠆ㧔Clune,W.H., Systemic Educational Policy㧦A Conceptual Framework, in Fuhrman, S.H., ed., Designing coherent education policy㧦improving the system, Jossey Bass, 1993, pp.127-130.㧕㧚ઁߦ㧘O'Day,J.A., & Smith,M,S., Systemic Reform and Educational Opportunity, in Fuhrman, S.H., ed., Designing coherent education policy:improving the system, Jossey Bass, 1993 ╬߽ෳᾖߩߎߣ㧚 㧔2㧕Cistone,P.J.,Introduction School-Based Management:Shared Decision Making, Perestroika in Educational
Governance., Education and Urban Society,21, 1989, p.363.
㧔3㧕Conley,S.C., "Who's On First?" School Reform, Teacher Participation, and the Decision-Making Process, Education and Urban Society,21, 1989, p.366.
㧔4㧕ᵿ↰ ඳᢥޟࠕࡔࠞߩቇᩞⵙ㊂ᄢᣉ╷ߩዷ㐿ߦࠆᩞ㐳⡯ߩᓎഀᄌኈߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻⠨ኤޠޡᣣᧄᢎ⢒⚻༡ቇ ળ ╙ 40 ࿁ᄢળ⊒⾗ᢱޢ2000, p.1.
㧔5㧕Cistone,P.J., op.cit., p.364.
㧔6㧕Fuhrman,S.H., The Politics of Coherence, Designing Coherent Education Policy: Improving the System, Proquest Info & Learning,1993.
㧔7㧕SBM ᣉ╷ߩᚑഞⷐ࿃ߥߤߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘ᩉᨋାᒾၳ ㇢ޟSchool-Based Management ╷ߣቇᢎ⢒ ᆔຬળߩᓎഀォ឵ޠᣣᧄᢎ⢒ⴕቇળޡᢎ⢒ⴕቇ⎇ⓥޢ╙ 24 ภ㧘2003 ߿ SBM ᣉ╷ߩ⹏ଔ⎇ⓥߥߤࠍෳᾖ ߩ ߎ ߣ 㧔 ߃ ߫ 㧘 WohlstetterPMohrmanSAand RobertsonPJSuccessful School-Based Managementin RavitchDed New School For A New Century ; The Redesign of Urban EducationYale University : WohlstetterPMohrmanSAVan KirkANand RobertsonPJOrganizing for Successful School-Based ManagementAssociation for Supervision and Curriculum Development AlexandrisVirginia USA 㧦 WohlstetterPand SebringPB School-Based Management in the United StatesThe Governance of Schooling 㧦RobertsonPJ WolstetterP and MohrmanSA Generating Curriculum and Instructional Innovations Through School-Based Management Educational Administration QuarterlyVol No August 1995, pp.375-404ߥߤ㧕㧚
㧔8㧕ၳ ㇢ ޟฦ࿖ߩᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߩേ߈㧙ࠕࡔࠞ㧙ޠޡቇᩞᢎ⢒⎇ⓥᚲᐕႎ ╙ 43 ภޢ 1999, p.49.
㧔9㧕Jacob F.A Jr., Resource Equity and Educational Adequacy㧘in Pankratz, R. S., & Petrosko,J.M., eds., All Children Can Learn, Jossey Bass, 2000,pp.29-30.
㧔10㧕 Pankratz,R.S., The Legal and Legislative Battles, in Pankratz, R. S., & Petrosko,J.M., eds., All Children
Can Learn, Jossey Bass, 2000, p.16.
㧔11㧕ᒰߔࠆⵙ್ߣ್ߦߟߡߪ㧘Council for Better Education,Ink. V.Collins, No.85-CI-1759, Franklin Circuit Court May 31,1988 㧦 Rose v. Council for Better Education, Ink., No.88-SC-804-TG,Kentucky. September 28,1989㧦Council for Better Education v. Wilkinson. No.85-CI-1759. Franklin Circuit Court,Div.I. May 31,1988.╬ࠍෳᾖ㧚
㧔12㧕Pankratz,R.S., op.cit.,p.17. 㧔13㧕Ibid.; pp.17-19.
㧔14㧕ᒰᤨߩᎺᴺߦ߅ߡᎺᢎ⢒㐳ߪ㧘ㆬߦࠃߞߡㆬߐࠇࠆㆬߩᢎ⢒㐳ߢߞߚ㧚KERA ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ᢎ⢒ 㐳ߪ⍮ߩછߦࠃࠆࠦࡒ࠶࡚ࠪ࠽߳ߣᄌᦝߐࠇߚ㧚
㧔15㧕Betty E.S., The Kentucky Education Reform –Lessons for America㧙, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc,1993, pp.3-4.ߥߤߢ߽㧘ᆔຬߩ᭴ᚑߦߟߡߪ◲නߦߢߪࠆ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚
㧔16㧕Foster,J.D., A New Vision for Public schooling, in Pankratz, R. S., & Petrosko, J. M., eds., Jossey Bass, All Children Can Learn, 2000, pp.48-49.
㧔17㧕David,J.L., School-Based Decision Making ; Kentucky's Test of Decentralization, Phi Delta Kappan, Vol.75㧔9㧕, 1994㧦Pankratz,R.S., op.cit.,㧦Foster,J.D., op.cit.,㧦Lasi,S.F., & Goldberg,P.D., A New Mission for The Department of Education, in Pankratz,R.S., & Petrosko, J.M., eds., Jossey Bass, All Children Can Learn, 2000. 㧔18㧕Pankratz,R.S., op.cit., p.19. 㧔19㧕Ibid.; p.16. 㧔20㧕Ibid.; pp.18-21. 㧔21㧕Ibid.; pp.21-22. 㧔22㧕Ibid.; p.3.
㧔23㧕Walker,R. Lawmakers in Kentucky approve landmark school reform bill. Education Week, 9㧔28㧕,1, 㧔1990, April 4㧕,pp.34-35.
㧔24㧕Starting over. The New York Times, Section 4A, 1990, April 8, p.35.
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