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(1)

βコース 第 21 講 比較 ①

1 空欄に入れるのに最も適当なものを一つ選びなさい。

1. She has made up her mind to read ( ) possible this summer vacation. ① as many books as ② books as many as

③ many of books as ④ many books as

2. This car is ( ) mine.

① not as expensive as ② not so expensive than ③ less expensive as ④ not as expensive so

3. She doesn’t have ( ) patience as you.

(2)

4. “Everything you cook tastes really good.”

“Thanks, but I don’t think I’m ( ) cook as you.”

① a good as ② as a good ③ as good a ④ good as a

5. Do you know that Japan once produced more silk than ( ) county? ① different ② other ③ another ④ any other

6. ( ) more pleasant than travelling.

① Nothing is ② Another thing is not ③ Anything is not ④ Not at all

7. We were taught, “No other mountain in the world is ( ) Mt. Everest.” ① not so high as ② as low as ③ so high as ④ high as

(3)

8. He is as great a scholar ( ).

① as ever lived ② than has ever lived ③ who never lived ④ as has never lived

9. She is the ( ) person I’ve ever met.

① more intelligent ② very intelligent ③ most intelligent ④ quite intelligent

10. Of all the new students, Asher seems ( ) reliable.

(4)

2 空欄に入れるのに最も適当なものを一つ選びなさい。

1. The population of Italy is about ( ) that of Tokyo.

① half as large as ② half less than

③ as half as ④ as half large as

2. Sapporo is the fifth ( ) city in Japan.

① as large as ② large ③ larger ④ largest

3. The population of San Francisco is ( ) that of Tokyo. ① less of one tenth than ② less than one tenth ③ less than one tenths ④ one tenth less

4. The number of people attending ( ) than I had expected. ① was more large ② was many greater ③ was much larger ④ was more greater

(5)

5. She was ( ) far the best singer in the class.

① as ② above ③ from ④ by

6. My brother has ( ) good books than I have.

① much more ② many more

③ very more ④ very much more

7. The next train will be ( ) crowded than this one.

① much ② a little ③ as ④ less

8. Health is more precious than anything else, but nothing is ( ) valued.

(6)

βコース 第 21 講 解答 比較 ①

1. ① as many books as 2. ① not as expensive as 3. ④ as much 4. ③ as good a 5. ④ any other 6. ① Nothing is 7. ③ so high as 8. ① as ever lived 9. ③ most intelligent 10. ② the most

1. ① half as large as 2. ④ largest

3. ② less than one tenth 4. ③ was much larger 5. ④ by

6. ② many more 7. ④ less

(7)

<資料>

1. 原級を用いた比較:要点整理

as+原級(~)+as…「…と同じくらいに~」 He is as tall as she[she is/her].He=she 基本の形

not so (as)+原級(~)+as…「…ほど~でない」 He isn’t as tall as she.He<she

倍数の表し方

倍数を表すには、as ~ as…の前に、half(半分)、twice(2倍)、three times(3倍)などのように倍数を表す語句をつける。

My house is half as large as his.

(私の家は彼の家の半分の大きさだ)

He has twice as many books as I have.

(彼は私の2倍の本を持っている)

as ~ as any「何(だれ)にも劣らず~」 She is as clever as any student in her class.

(彼女はクラスのだれにも劣らずよくできる)

慣用表現 as ~ as ever….

①「またとなく~、この上なく~」

He is as great a scientist as ever lived.(彼は古今稀な科学者だ)

②「あい変わらず~」

He works as hard as ever.(彼はあい変わらずよく働く)

2. 比較級を用いた比較

 比較級(~)+ than …「…より~」 Mary is younger than me[I (am)].

(メアリーは私より若い)

She was more active than her sister.

(彼女は姉より活動的だった)

基本の形 less+原級(~)+ than …「…ほど~でない」

=not so ~ as …

less は little の比較級。「…より少なく~」の意。 It is less hot today than yesterday.

= It is not so hot today as yesterday.

(今日は昨日ほど暑くない)

同一(人)物内での 比較

She is more clever than wise.

(彼女は賢明というよりむしろ利口だ)

 この文は同一人のもつ二つの性質(clever と wise)を比較して いる。この場合は、-er をつけて比較級を作る形容詞でも more を用いる。同一物の場合も同様である。

(8)

二者の比較

 the+比較級+ of the two =「2つ(人)のうち~の方」

比較級でもthe のつくことに注意。

Bill is the taller of the two boys.

(ビルは2人の少年のうちで背の高い方だ)

比較級を強める副 詞(句)

 比較級を強める副詞(句)

much, very much, far, still, even, a great deal, a lot, etc

His car is far more economical than mine.

(彼の車は私の車よりずっと経済的だ)

絶対比較級

 「A は B より大きい」の様に相対的に比較するのではなく、漠然と 程度の高いことを表す比較級を絶対比較級という。

The younger generation today need higher education.

(今日の若い世代には高等教育が必要である)

the upper class(上流階級)

a better-class restaurant(高級料理店)

参考 than 節中の省略:比較構文中の than は接続詞であるので、本来なら than の後には節が 来なければならないが、省略できるものは省略するのが普通である。

He has done better than (he did) last time. (彼はこの前よりよくやった)

参考 than 以下の省略:前後関係から、あるいは状況から何と比較されているかが明らかに分 かる場合には、than 以下は省略される。

Eat more meat.(もっと[今よりも]肉を食べなさい)

Come earlier tomorrow.(明日は[今日よりも]もっと早く来たまえ)

3. 最上級を用いた比較

基本の形

「(3者以上の中で)一番~」

Who is the fastest runner of all the boys in your class ?

(形容詞)

Who runs (the) fastest in your class ?

(副詞)

(君のクラスで一番足が速いのはだれですか)

同一物または人の性 質・状態について比較

(a) This is the deepest lake in Japan.

(これは日本で一番深い湖だ)

(b) This lake is deepest at this point.

(この湖はこの個所が一番深い)

 (a)は日本の他の湖と比較したものであるが、(b)は「この湖でここ が一番深い」ので、同一のものの状態についての比較であり、最

(9)

ex. She is happiest when she is listening to music. (彼女は音楽を聞いている時が一番幸せだ) 序数詞+最上級 最上級+but one  最上級は second、third などの序数詞と共に用いられると「・・・ 番目に~な」という意味を表すことができる。 the second [next] best policy(次善の策)

the third largest city in Japan(日本で3番目に大きい都市)

 <最上級+but one>は「2番目に~な」という意味を表す。

Bill is the tallest boy but one in his class.

(ビルはクラスで2番目に背が高い。〔1人を除いて1番背が高い〕)

Read the last chapter but two.

(最後から3章目を読みなさい。〔2章除いて最後の章〕)

最上級を 強める副詞(句)

 最上級を強める副詞(句)には、much、by far などがある。 Tokyo is much the largest city in Japan.

(東京は日本でずばぬけて一番大きい都市だ)

He is by far the tallest boy in his class.

(彼はクラスでとびぬけて一番背が高い)

 very が最上級を強める場合は、the の位置に注意する。 Tom is the very best player in our team.

= Tom is much the best player in our team.

(トムは私たちのチームではずばぬけて一番うまい選手だ)

 possible、imaginable なども最上級を強める。 the highest speed possible

(出し得る最高速度)

the greatest difficulty imaginable

(10)

絶対最上級  普通の最上級が「最も程度が高い」ことを表すのに対して、 単に程度が高いことを示す最上級を絶対最上級という。こ の用法ではthe をつけないのが普通で、また、-est によっ て最上級を作る形容詞でもmost(=very)によることが多 い。

They were the kindest people.

(彼らは最も親切な人々だった)

They were most kind people.

(彼らはとても親切な人々だった)

This is the most interesting book in his library.

(これは彼の蔵書のうちで一番おもしろい本だ)

This is a most interesting book.

(これは大変おもしろい本だ)

 以下のmost も最上級の意味ではないので注意。(a)(b)ともに 無冠詞。

(a)「たいていの、大多数の」

Most young people in this town work in the factory.

(この町のたいていの若者がその工場で働いている)

(b)「大部分、大半」

Most of the work was done by Jane.

(その仕事の大部分はジェインがやった)

Most of these books are Japanese novels.

(これらの本の大部分は日本の小説である)

発展  最上級に「~でさえも」の意味が含まれる場合がある。 The best student in the class couldn’t answer the question.

(= Even the best student...)

(11)

4. 最上級相当構文

比較級・原級を使った文で、最上級構文と同じ意味を表すことができる。例えば、 「ジャックはクラスで一番背が高い」という意味の英文は、以下のように表現でき る。

最上級 Jack is the tallest boy in the class.

Jack is the tallest of all the boys in the class. 比較級 Jack is taller than any other boy in the class. No (other) boy in the class is taller than Jack. 原級 No (other) boy in the class is so [as] tall as Jack.

5. ラテン比較級

[A]ラテン語に由来する形容詞の比較級はthan の代わりに to を用いる。数は少な

いので覚えておくとよい。 試験でよく問われるもの

senior (年上の), junior (年下の), superior (優れた), inferior (劣った)

その他

major (大きい), minor (小さい), prior (前の), posterior (後の)

ex.He is superior to me in literary ability, but in business ability he is inferior (to me).

(彼は文才では私よりすぐれているが、商才では劣っている) 特に、以下の書き換えは入試で好まれる。

He is two years senior [junior] to me.(彼は私より2才年上[年下]だ)

= He is my senior [junior] by two years. = He is two years my senior [junior].

※ただし、この意味での英文はHe is two years older [younger] than me.とするの が自然。

[B]形容詞ではないが、動詞prefer も前置詞 to をともなって使われる。prefer A to B で「B より A を好む」という意味になる。

(12)

I prefer riding to driving.(私は車の運転より乗馬の方が好きだ)

6 no more than など

no more than ・・・

「・・・しか」= only

He has no more than twenty dollars.

(彼はたった20 ドルしかお金を持っていない)

not more than ・・・

「多くとも・・・」 = at most

He has not more than twenty dollars.

(彼はせいぜい20 ドルしかお金を持っていない)

no less than ・・・

「・・・も」= as much as

He has no less than ten thousand dollars.

(彼は1万ドルも持っている)

not less than ・・・

「少なくとも」= at least

He has not less than ten thousand dollars.

(彼は少なくとも1万ドル持っている)

7 no more A than B など

no more A than B = not A any more than B

 「A でないのは B でないのと同じ」 「B でないのと同様に A でない」

※ A = B →両者をともに否定

A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.

(くじらが魚でないのは、馬が魚でないのと同じだ)

= A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is.

not more A than B

 「B 以上に A ではない」

He is not more hard working than you.

(彼は君以上に勤勉ではない)

no less A than B

 「B と同様に A である」「B に劣らず A である」 She is no less charming than her sister.

(彼女は姉に劣らず魅力的だ)

not less A than B

 「B にまさるとも劣らず A である」

She is not less charming than her sister.

(13)

8. 比較の重要表現

比較の単元は覚えるべき構文が多い。覚える場合は以下のものを優先するとよい。 not so much A as B「A というよりはむしろ B」

He is not so much a scholar as a journalist.

(彼は学者というよりむしろジャーナリストだ)

=He is a journalist rather than a scholar.

※ not so much A as B = B rather than A:A と B の位置の変化に注意。

the+比較級~、the+比較級…「~すればするほど、それだけますます…」 The more I knew him, the more [the better] I liked him.

(彼を知れば知るほど、ますます彼が気に入った。) ※1:この形では、主語・述語が省略されることがある。

The sooner, the better.(早ければ早いほどよい) The more, the better. (多ければ多いほどよい)

※2:all the+比較級+理由を表す句/節「~だから、それだけますます…」 I like him all the better for his faults.

(彼に欠点があるからなおさら[それだけますます]好きだ)

The story was all the more interesting because we knew nothing about it. (その話は、私達がそれについて全く知らなかったのでなおさら面白かった)

比較級+and+比較級「ますます~、だんだん~」 It is getting warmer and warmer day by day.

(日に日に暖かくなっている)

as many as ~「~も」、as many ~「(前出の数字と)同数の~」 As many as twenty people were injured.(20 人もの人がけがをした)

He wrote five books in as many years.(彼は5年間に5冊本を書いた)

much[still] more ~と much[still] less ~

He loves his enemies, much more his friends. 〔肯定文の後に用いる〕

(彼は敵を愛する、まして味方はなおさらのことだ)

He can’t read English, much less French.〔否定文の後に用いる〕

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