日本西蔵学会々報 (21) 006NAGANO Yasuhiko「PHONEMICS OF THE MULI LANGUAGE」

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PHONEMICS

OF

THE

MULI

LANGUAGE

by

Yasuhiko

NAGANO

O. Introduction

This _paperisintended to describethe _phonemic and tonal system of the Muli language. The location

of Muli isshown most clearly in `Konka _{Risumgengba, Holy} Mountain _{of the} Outlaws',by

Joseph

F. Rock, The ]Vational GeograPhic Magaxine, LX-1, _p.7,1931,Washington.The iNFoRMANT is Mr.

Thun-drub Sangpo, a native speaker of the language. He was borne at the town of Muli in1929,stayed there

tillhe was 18 yearsold and went to Lhasa in order to ]earn Buddhism in SeTa Monastery. He fled

intoIndia in 1959. The author studied the Muli ]anguage with him in India,in

January,

1974. The BiBLioGRApHrEs cencerning the Muli languageaTe; Bonin,Charles-Eudes,iVocabulaires' T`oungPao,ser. 2 vol.4,_pp.122-123, !903;

Johnston,

Reginald Fleming, From Peking to Mandalay, _pp. 892-396, I908; Mission d'O]lone,Langues des

_PeuPles

non chionois, 19I2;Nishidi, Tatsuo, A Study of the Tosu-Chinese

Vocabulary TOSU I-7U, 1978.

1, Phonemics

_(For

the_phoneticsigns used in this _papeT, see Pike, Phone,nics I947.)

1,1 THE pHoNEMEs are:lp, b, t,d,t,

d,

k, g,c, z, e,

j,

x, s, g,m, n, fi,fi,l,1,r, ', h,N, _y,w; i, e, U,6,u, o, e, al

1.2 NoN-Vocoms includethe following:

Phonemes Allophones Examples

!pl

lb! lt! ld!

ltl

ldl

lkl

lg!

lcl

!zl

lbl !Jl

[-p`]Lb:]rp]Lb]rt`]Ld4][-t][-d]rt`]LV]rt][rd]rk`]Lg`][-k][-g]r,i]Lc`][Tc]LE]r6`]Let]rt]

/ Pufrp`u]`year'

1'poboNl[.b`o-p6]"ice' IMbaal[-pa:]`father'

1'busu![,bu-su]

`peach' !+teN!['t`5]'he' !Smuutel["mu:-d`e]`bruise' 1'sudal[.zu'ta]`face' 1'dafibol[.dal-po]'donkey'

1'eeNtal[.e`e-t`a]

`goat'

!'tul[.t`u]

`six'

!-dudu/[-tu"tu]

`monkey' 1'dee![.qe:]`filth' 1'xokol[.xo-k`o]`penis'

1'kohal[.g`o-ha]

`littlefinger'

1'yaNgal[.y5-ka]

'branch' 1'geNl[.gE]`teacher' !-ce![-c`e]`fiea' 1'ce![.c`e]`pig'

lnzoNl[-c6]

`onion' 1'zil[.iil`cQme' INEoNbelre`6-be]`auturnn' !'ti1[,E`i]`grass' 1'Jeebe!["ee:.be]`summer' 10 -lxl

lsl

/Sl lml fn!

1fi1

1fi1

f}1

111

!rl

!'1

[-j]['x]Lx][-s]Lz]rg]LI][rm][-m][ntp]Lnl[-fi][-fi][-o][-o]r+]L+][-1]Ll]i-r][.r][-p][-fi]

1'jeel[.je:]

`tea'

IUxebal[-xe-pa]

`fart' 1'xanaN![.xa-n5]`sputum'

1"asoNl[.fia"s6]

`beaTd'

1'saril[,za-ri]

`mud' 1-geNbol[-Erpo]`tomorrow' 1'g2nUNI[.ZD-nU]`yesterday'

!-macil[-ma-cCi]

`lightning'

1'mafiil[.ma-fii]

`sky'

1-bDnUNIrpo-nfi]

`today' 1'nalel[,naMle]`morning' [fiuulrfiui]`silver'

1'fiagul[,fia'ku]

`turnip' 1-rtol[-oo]`five' 1'fiUNbuf[.oU-Uu]`oX' 1-+e/['le]`tongue'

1'+apiN![,+a-p'i]

`forehead' 1'gulul[.Zu-lu]`orange'

1'loNl[.16]

`sheep'

!-ra/Fra]

`a <sub>time'</sub> 1'ral[.ra]`corpsc' 1-'amalrPa-ma] `mother'

1"ool[.fio:]

fhorse

(big)'

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'

1-haya/[-ha-ya]`master' lel

[o]

1-bolrUp]`how _many'

lh!

rh]

!-wefi1[-wel]`horse

(little>'

lol

[o]

1-6o!re`o]`lake'

[-W]

lwl

'

[-w]

!'wool[.we:]

`heart'

lal

[a]

1-eal[-E`aJ

`a

set'

'

lyl

[-y]

IMyoNlry6]rvalley' !iif

[i:]

1-ai![-U`i:]`root'

Ly]

1'yaNga![.yE-kal

`cane'

IUU!

[U:]

1'tUUI[.tYtt:]

`pair'

INI

[V]

/uul

[u:]

!'tuul['Uu:]`power'

1.3 Vocoms include the fo]lowing: !eel

[e:]

INjeebel['6e:-be]`surnmer'

lil

[i]

!-Eilr6`i]`salt'

1061

[6i]

1-ji'O!rtO:]

`rioe'

/uf

[u]

!reil!re`u]

`you

(pl,)'

_lee!

_[D:1

_IJ'ool[-?e:]`there is'

1-im1[-Uu]

`cow'

loo!

[o:]

ISjoo![Seo:]

'dzo'

[u]

lu/

1-ee!['E`e]

`say' laal

.

[a:]

IM'aal["Pa:]

`to

me'

[e]

!el

/6/

[O]

1-lt61[-`O]`date'

2Syllable .

2.1 The syLLABLE isthe minimum unit of word structure. Every woTd consists of one or more syllables. Thc syllable-structures are: CV, CVV, CVC: CVCV, CVVCV, CVC"L'V, CVCCV, CVCCVV, CVCCVC,

CVCVC: CVCVCV, CVCNJVCV, CVCCVCV ･

2.2 /C-1==allthe Non-Vocoids except IN!:f-VV!=:allthe longVocoids:1-C!=lb, d,_g,m, fi,N, r!

3 Tone

'

3.1 The ToNEs are: -(high,55),'(rising, 24)and '<falling, _{52). In the CVstructure,} -and'are _found, and inthe rest structures of the menesyllables and of the dissyllables,thrce types are observed. The

tonal system of the trisyllables cannot be fixednow, because we have only three of them.

3.2 Examples.

(fl

isomittedhere.) CV -ra`a time''ra `corPse': CVV-m60 `of what] 'm66 'name' 'm66 `zvhat': _CVC 'giN`iron' 'reN `nailt 'SiN `know'; <sub>CVCV</sub> -cabo `hot' 'gowa `round'"ome `throat': _CVVCV

'riiri`gtobular' 'paadi `hatf' 'J'eebe `summer': <sub>CVCVV</sub> rrhafiii`listen''manee fdewfall'Slatee `road': CVCCV -sarba `new' 'taNbo `cold' 'coNbe `autumn': _CVCCVV -yohyii`Potato' 'fi6Ng66 `eagte' NJ"aNkee

`rain'

(vb.):

CVCCVC -eoNeofi`little' 'koNzom `barley''sefiyaN `three

sets': CVCVC -'agaN`Parcel'

'danuN `day' 'ga]ag `meal'

4 ExAMpLEs of the Muli words by 100-itemtest ]ist

_(cf.

Hyms, D.H.: `Lexicostatistics

so far' Current AnthroPology 1-1,1960, _pp.3-44>,which are written on the _phonemic signs shown inthis _paper.

Il

is omitted here,

1.1-'a 2. thou 'fie _S.

we "alu _4.this 'te _{5. that}-gDnaN 6._who 'hagi 7._zvhat -me 8._flot 'ma-J'maN _9,

atl 'tar _IO,

many 'maivo 11. _one -de l2,_two rfiii 13.big -6eNbo 14.tong -gaN 15.smatl -EoN 16,woman 'muNba 17.tnan 'tese _I8.

Person

'fii _19.

fislt

'ji _20. bird'6a _21.dog

-ki"a _22.louse'gig _28.tree-seN _24.barkrbaaba _25, leaf'lofia 26.

root -eii 27.seed -s6N 28.blood

-se

29,meat -g6 SO. shin Pbaba 31. bone 'raka 32.greaserculu 3S.egg 'ragu-･'koga _{S4. horn}

'rugu _{3S, tail}'magu _S6.feather-goba _{37. hair} 'koma _88.head'ko _S9.

ear 'naba 40. e),eSfi6d

41. nose 'fiaxaN 42.mouth 'ka 4S. tooth -Su 44.tongue -le 45. clatv 'reN _46.foot-te _47.knee

-ptttimo _48,hand 'gee _49.belly'bii _{50, nech} -geN 51,breast'pofigo _52.heart 'woo _5S.Iiver

-eiNba

54,drinh 'deN _55.bite'su '56.bite-haha 57._see -hado S8.hearMhafiii 59.ltnow 'giN

60. sleeP -gugu 61.die -gi 62.hitl"see 63.swim 'eee'ja _64.

fly

-beN 65.tvalh 'ridaa 'ka 'leN

･66.come 'zi _67. Iiengugu 68.

sit 'nusoN _69.

stand 'temifi _70.

give'keN _71,

say -teijMbud 72.

sun 'bu _78,

tnoon --i 74. star 'di _75,

water -Ji 76.rain 'gU 77.stone 'yathba _7S.sand 'bema _79.

earth -ja 80.cloud 'sareN _81.

smoke 'luu _82.

fire

'ma _{83. ash} 'tewa _{84. burn} 'daba _85.

Path

Slatee _86,

mountain "ogo _87.

red Lfieemo 88.green'jafigu 89. yellow'name 90.white-toomo 91.

btack 'naga _92.

night -eenaN-'manee 93.hot'cabo sc.cold 'tafibo _95.full'kafi

96.new -sarba

97.

_good

'yabo _98.round -riiri-.'gowa_99.dry 'towo _100.name 'mtib