Little nell and the aspects of emptiness
著者(英) Yuriko Takai
journal or
publication title
Core
number 7
page range 1‑30
year 1978‑03‑31
URL http://doi.org/10.14988/pa.2017.0000016382
1
L i t t l e N~l1 and t h e A s p e c t s
,o f E m p t i n e s s
Y u r i k o T a k a i
I
1t is still now
a
commonpIace in Dickens criticism to talk of Litt1e Nell as an exemplary expression of Victorian Iachrymosity. After the considerabJe decline in reputation,
so many of Dickens' novels have succeeded in recapitulating scholary attention. However,
The Old Curi・osz・tyShop seems slow to draw critics' serious attention. 1t Is Iargely due to the fact that the modern critics' major concern centres upon how to seek in Dickens' darker novels artistic unity and the mastery of his craft rather than find i ,nthe crude humours of his early novels points satisfying our inquisitive aesthetic taste.Does it hold true that Litt1e Nell remains merely to be an Instance of Victorial1 adult men's fascination over little girl ?faI1d their inca‑ p,acitヌtoconnect love and se草uality,"l>as Is suppose ,dto be the case witll Lewis Carroll and John Ruskil1? This view will persist as 1011&
I;lS we exclusive~y consider 1)ickens' depressive mental state over the death of his heroine an
. q
Quilp's sil1ister eagerness to threaten the child's virginity.I f
we are anxious to know only howNel1 could be a foI1d chi1d of Victorian male adu1ts,
she wi1l not be able to break the unwe1come c~)Ufinement of the al;>ove interpretation. . Pamela Hansfor ,d Johnson points out in her instructiv~ artic1e,The Sexual Life Dick‑2 Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness
ens's Novels
, "
that Dickens took much less reserve in the matter of sex in his early novels,
Oliver Twist,
Nicholas Nickleby,
and The Ola Curiosity Shop,
than he did in his later worksP To her illuminating observation may be added the other two indispensable factors of early Dickens,
that is,
laughter and violence. That Dickens was not so prig‑ gish does not only apply to his expression of sexual matters,
but also to his extravagant uses of laughter. This view wilI be confirmed by looking at Quilp who is truly a sexual athlete "3) and much more a comic monster. In his peculiar way of showing wicked glee we can discern symptoms of comic humour driven mad. W e wil1 hardly be able to respond ful1y to Quilpian laughter when it tries to replace or‑ der and equilibrium with anarchy:. .
he laughed as he went along until the tears ran down his cheeks; and more than once,
when he found himself in a bye street,
vented his delight in a shrill scream. . . greatly terrifying any lonely passenger . . . 刊 )In expressing his aver‑ sion he fuses the elements of comicality and monstrocity into one by wild flights of fancy: Don't be frightened,
mistress . . . 1 don't eat babies; 1 don't like 'em." 5)As Is revealed in the kind of laughter verging to cruelty and vio‑ lence in Quilpian manner of speech
,
comic sense in The Ola Curios‑ ity Shop has such depth and variety as to enable us to discern in it four di任'erenttypes at least. The four types of laughter are brewed and diffused separately by four characters in the novel,
Quilp,
Dick,
Kit
,
and Nell. Of the four mentioned,
Dick needs further qualification least,
since critics have poured their hearty approval most lavish‑ ingly upon him.ωKit and Quilp stand at two opposite poles, each diffusing comic spirit; Kit,
domestic,
peaceful,
childish type; Quilp,
Little NelJ and the Aspects of Ernptiness 3 savage
,
cruel,
diabo1ical type. As to the Iast of the four,
Little NeU,
it would be difficult to give her an important part of a comic char‑ acter without clarifying the meaning of the comic itself. It seems to go without saying that Nel1 like Oliver occupies the central part of the novel without any mark of individuality or any active perform‑ ance or projection of her own. She is too unsophisticated a character to play a self‑conscious comic role. So the comic sense peculiar to Nell is not of her own conscious invention
,
but readers find eleme司 nts of laughter in her unconscious behaviour and speech. She is de‑ picted scarcely able to laugh except at Ki ,tbut is oftner pensive,
grave
,
and startled. This fact partly accounts for the critics' over‑ looking the non‑pathetic facts about Nell.Angus Wilson sums up in three large categories Dickens' major coル
cern for children and chiIdhood. The first is the author's childhood experience and his later disentanglement of the initial obsession; the second
,
the metaphysical argument concerning child's innocence; the third,
the wrongs of children in a rapidly developing industrial society. 7) The role of Nel1 has the closest affinity with the second category. But to give her role a full appreciation,
some other concept is needed th乱nthe primary three. Her innocence does not stand a‑ lone with no connection with the world outside,
but is often demand‑ed a civil response from the not‑innocent people who crowd around her. The wide disjunction between the innocent and the not刷innocent remains to be a prominent feature in Dickens' novels; a few exam‑
ples wiIl be Paul Dombey and Mrs Pipchin
,
Pip andち1agwitchat the loneIy graveyard,
and Oliver and his uncouth companions. In The Old Curiosity Shop the same pattern repeats itself all too persistingly,
driv・4 Little Nell an ,dthe Aspects of Emptiness
ing N~ll to suttler troubles aIld lighte
. r
scrap~s than the fIerce dis‑ pleasure p!,"ovoked by Oliver's humble petition,1 want some more. "~t seems no considerate a manner to. dismiss the bla~~ oJ the central plot 01 NyJl as a meaningless vacancy. On the contrary
,
the innocence of Nell is not ~oo. pure and sacred to. be approached and violated,
for we so many times see her innocence under trial. Though宇heis des‑ tined to die an infanti1e death in the end,
in the fonner part of her pi1grimage, she is not represented with so much p,tahetic and over‑ affectionate language. There is left a considerable possibility for Dick‑ ens' language to generate comic scenes,
if not loui <
1aughter in its de‑ scription of Nell's innocence tmder tribulation. In this regard Nell's part induces a kind of laughter utter ly differel!t from those of the three other comic characters,
Quilp,
Kit,
and Dick. As Quilp's wicked glee does not appear in its naked form without being clothed deep in his singular comic rhetoric,
so the innocence of Nell is accompanied by the subtle,
but genuine comic lan~uage. My research focuses on the elements of laughter in TlJe 9ld Curiosi,ty Shop and centres a‑ round Nell,
seemingly the least comical heroine in Dickens' ,novels. The methQd adopted does n. o
t consicler the sig,nificl;lnce of Nell for the Victoriansand to the author,
but tries to seek what Nell possibly meansto us l;lpart from the a,uthor's personal attachment ,nd ta he Vic‑ torians' endearment. 1t is not altogether in order to know the、drift and the divergency of literary taste but to offer some other appreci‑ ation than the classical view of Nell that George Ford's opinion Nell is . . . worthy of resurrection 吋)holds valid.Little Nell and the Aspectsof Emptin:己58 5
E
The dual nature of Nell's innocence is revealed In projecting comic situations. Huchi1dhood vision loses sight of reality
,
and her infan~tile un:derstanding fails tocomprehend the ways of the wor1d correct~
1y. ChildhdOd vision 1S in itseH pdwerful to invoke fancyand give flights to IInagiuation: Pip deduces from theinscription on the tomb‑ stOne that his mother "was freckled and sickly
, "
or Oliver on his way to an excursion withSikes sees mirages of "strange objects in the gaunt trees,
whose branches wave:dgrimly to and fro,
as if in some fantastic joy at the desolationof the scene. "9) In The Old Cu‑ riosity Shop a crowd of happy chi1dren often appear who are inc1ined to enlarge and distort reality aI1d seek i11usions eagerly. They are not afraid of irnagining an unreal ghoast in the deserted Old Curios‑ ity Shop whete v: a
caI1cyand darkness predominate:A group of idle urc
h 1
ns had taken possess'ion of the door steps; some were 'plying the k:uocku and 1isfeiling with de‑ lighted dread to the hollow sounds 1t spT e
ad 、throUgh the disInantled hoUse; others wer'e clustered about the keyhole,
watching half in jest half iu earnest for 'the ghost,' which an hour's gloom. . . had already raised.10)
Others show warm passion for ficti'on
,
punch,
and musical instru鵬 ments:. . . boys beat upon the drum with their fists
,
and imitated Punch with their tender voices. . . theofiice‑window was rE!ll‑ dered opaque by flattened noses,
and the keyhoie of the street‑door luminous with eye告 ) 1 )6 Litt1e Nel1 and the Aspects of Emptiness
Once they are denied their best pleasure and passion
,
they manage to steal a few glimpses of the hidden glory as do the Gradgrind chil‑ dren: . . . at the back of the booth a number of children congregated in a number of stealthy attitudes,
striving to peep at the hidden glo‑ ries of the place. "12> 1t follows according to Dickens' argument in Hard Times that to disengage children from the fiction and its charm leads to undernourishment of their imagination and sickly mental con‑ stitution.. Gentle and modest as she is,
NeIl also has a child's delight in humorous deformity and superhuman action of puppets and the like. She is shown to be bursting into a hearty laugh in her exquisite en‑ joyment of his (Kit's) oddity, "
and seeing QuiIp,
the evil spirit,
she shows the capacity to laugh at his savage deformity:. ••
she was much inclined to laugh at his uncouth appearance and grotesque atti‑ tude. "13) All these instances represent children's hunger for fiction and its charm in their sunny aspect. On the other hand Dickens' novels abound in examples of horrors inherent in childish vision. The ghast‑ ly enchantment of dolls is most well demonstrated by Angus Wilson when he introduces Dickens' infantile,
horrid memories concerning the puppets at a Christmas festivity.w The chilhood vision which dis‑ figures,
distorts,
and magnifies reality and de1ights in the deformity itself does not work its pleasant magical speIl when a child perceives in the figure some vague object insinuating supernatural phenom‑enon
,
emptiness,
and even death. Angus Wilson explains Dickens' early fear of those inanimate objects in human shape according to Dickens' own somewhat vague association of them with death. But the discussion seems to go through some more arguments before it comes to a conclusion about the nature of this horror.Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness 7 As far as the boundary of research is confined within The OJd Cu‑ riosity Shop
,
the repeated use of the puppet symbol does not immedi‑ately signifies death
,
an extreme abstraction,
but gives the concrete notion of emptiness manifested amply in the novel. It is supposed that Nel1 is not so sickly a child as Dickens in his ear ly chi1dhood who awoke at night alI perspiration and horror 吋 め imagining a Mask reaching out to him. However,
Nell's imagination is soon to have the same kind of ordeal actually and symbo1ically in the course of her pilgrimage.Against this childish fear of puppets mightily counterpoise the vi‑ sionary world of fairy tales and its articles and companions Fairy tales convey a remote
,
happy idyl1ic world,
as when Nell's resting place amidst a noisy workshop is transfigur色dby the fairy tale cir‑ cumstances: The child. .. slept as peacefully as if the room had been a palace chamher,
and the bed,
a bed of down."16l Likewise Kit enters a beautiful cottage reposing in such a quietude that his fan‑ ciful notion builds up a giant cast1e" on the spot;. • •
he was sit‑ ting upon the box thinking about giants' castles,
and princesses tied up to pegs by the hair of their heads,
and dragons bursting out from behind gates,
and other incidents of the like nature . . ." 17) Dick Swiv‑eller
,
undoubtedly an adu1t youth,
hut with so many traits of a naugh圃 ty school boy,
satirically remarks upon the unwoman1iness of SaI1y Brass: he adroitly makes use of the two familiar items of fairy tales,
dragon and mermaid:
1 wonder whether she is a dragon by‑the hye
,
or something in the mermaid way. She has rather a scaly appearance.8 Litl:le Nell and the Aspeetso 'fEmptiness
B
t i .
t6 .
ennaids care foucl of lookihg at themselves in the glas:s,
whieh she can't be. And they have a habit of combing their hair
,
which she hasn'f. No,
she's a dragon. "18)Heseeks llelt in the iclyllic patterri of the fairy tales 1'0
6 .
odify出e too gtimand t.mtleasant reality of the underground kitcheri andits moisture; his words areresonarit of the rOlllantie echo evocative of fairy tales: You wi11 exむusemy wearing my hat,
but the palace Is damp,
and the marble floor is . . . if 1 may be allowed the expression . . . sloppy. "19)As Professor Frye shrewdly observes fairy tales in Dick色ns'fiction
,
for aU their imaginatively Inventive riature,
reflectively throws light upon sOlid reality,
as Is obvious in the cohtradictory terms of Dick Swiveller talkirig about the real disむomfort. In Professor Frye's words fairy tale modeof thinking is no ma:k'e駒believe~hut a method of under‑ st亙nding: Dickenssees inthe cult of factsarid statictIcs a threat . . . to the unf邑,tteredimagInation,
the mind that can respond to fairy tales and fantasy and uruf :
erstand their re I
evanee to reality."20)In the i
I n
aginary,
visioiJ.ary world of The Old Curidsity Shop fairy tales stand for thesuftny aspect of cruldten's wb'rld,
and the puppet symDol easts ifs evil sha、dowover this happy childhood realm arid<Iarkens itssutmy lahdseape. Handling Nell's vision under trial
,
Dick‑ ehs does riot 80 intimatelyspeaks of his personaI fear as he doesin the artiele匂uoぬdby Augus Wilson,
but his tnethod becomes foridly and affectionately remote towards NeIl facing the objects of riightmate. This is why the somewhat conspicuously unrealistic part of Nell's pil. grimage can be regardeu 'as a varIagated type of cOmic writiug. An‑ other point 'o'{ re'search Is how and by wh:at thedefightful magicalLittle NelI and 'the Aspects of Emttiness 9
spell Ioses its hoId uton children's
' i n
'ind. and turn rrierry dol1s to 1ife‑ less figures.E
NeIl's illusory vision is well il1u.sUate'd at her firstもencounterwith two itirierant show
: m
en engaged in the repair of Punch ilt a lonely grav'eyard. With a:1l :ihe familiar merri: m
eht arid gai己ty in Punch's face his body is 'exhibited utterly devoid of life and actioh. It is Nell's chiIdish point of view that tells of the wide corttradiction that is bet'weenthe fixed countehartce of fhe puppet and his disap‑ pointingly lifeless posture:. . . his body was dangling in a most uncomfortableposition
,
aIl loose and limp and 1ifeless
,
while his long peaked cap,
unequally balanced against his exceedingly slight Iegs
,
threatened every instant to bring him toppling down.2D
Nell Is to have another morrIentO! disilltIsion when she finds
. . •
hea:mirig Puhch utterly c:1evoid of spine
,
allslack and drooping in a dark box,
with his Iegs doubled up round his neck,
not one of his話ocialqualitIes rema'ining."22) The quofation sobn re
: m
inds Us of the very similar description of a cardboard niart" in Dickens' own piece of wrft:ihg in 、whichhe rerriembers Christ: m
as puppets a:nd toys sud‑ dertly imbueing him w'ith f:aint insinuation of death. Not only Dick回s 'descri.:lies in two diHerent places the ex:actIy sa: m
e figureof the pup‑pets
,
hut the emphasis iri the expression retains the same weight,
th:at is
,
the seuse 'oJ stningeness ih a humanshape performing a su‑ perhuman action. It is supposed that with Nell Dickens was enjoying10 Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness
re‑living his own childhood again
,
but with greatly less actual feeling of nightmare.Very often Nell's eyesight is at fau ,t1as when she takes two Stilt‑ walkers advancing with lofty strides" for "gaunt giants." Her sur‑ prise this time is no laughing matter; she is at first quite terrified."
She undergoes a severer trial of vision with the dogs in gaudy
,
human costume. Nell regards their miserable and servile gaudiness with sick倒 ening pity. Not only Nell is unable to find childish enjoyment in the comedian dogs,
but she faces the chilling reality of the comedians,
stripped of magical charm. These three instances have the affinity in that they are in some measure deviations from the normal human shape; Punch
,
a man made much smaller and unable to move of his own wiI1 ; the Stilt‑walkers,
men made taller superhumanly; dogs human only in their costume. As is the case with giants and dwarfs for exhibition,
every character startles Nell in their superhuman,
or under町 human way of living. What is still more striking is that the showmen cannot quit free of the fictional world of their profession in the very place of rest,
comfort,
and refreshments,
the Jolly Sandboys,
an old‑ fashioned provincial inn. Amidst the confusion of fiction and reality Nell is left completely puzzled with no clue to measure the exact amount of rea1ity in the visionary disorder around her. Like many other children in Victorian fiction,
r、~ellundergoes the trials of imagin‑ ation in a world where objects of fictional delight are turned inside out and pitilessly shows her the real vacancy that is usually conceal‑ ed behind. The failure at living on fantasy comes to her not as a sudden revelation like that of Jane Eyre when Jane comes to a sadden‑ ing realization about elves:Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness
. . having sought them in vain among foxglove leaves and bells
,
under mushrooms and beneath the ground‑ivy mantling old waI1‑nooks,
1 had at length made up my mind to the sad trut ,hthat they were gone all out of England to some savage country where the woods were thicker and wilder,
and the population more scant . • . 23)11
Thi5 dis
i 1 1
usion prepares Jane's rapid entrance into adu1thood,
and it also determines the general,
sober tone of the novel.Fortunately Nell does not receive the blow upon her・mentalfacu1ty in 50 blighting a manner
,
but百he finds herse1f in a strange world where a!l the objects of fancy are deprived of their animation and where reality and i1lusion intercept each other in so complicated a man‑ner that she is scarecely able to tell one from the other. Of this sin‑ gular quality of the novel
,
Professor Frye defines,
A frequent central theme of Dickens is the theme in Alice in Wonderland; the descent of a girl‑chi1d into a grotesque world.勺 り A .E. Dyson's observation that the worlds of Lewis CarroIl and Franz Kafka both seem near,
"25) or Angus Wilson's remark that Dickens Ieaps the century and speaks to our fears,
our violence,
our trust in the absurd "26) is indicative in its own way of fraud and mockery of our trust in vision. Dickens seems to have had a strong aversion to the sen5e of emptiness aroused by disenchantment; according to his own accounts,
to preserve the pleasant illusion entirely,
he careful1y shuns the moment of disillusion at Vauxhal1 Gardens viewed under the noonday sun: being afraid of rudely and harshly disturbing that veil of mystery... We shrunk from rom gomg... l!oimr. . . "27)There remains another point worthy of consideration about the sig‑
12 Little Ne!1 and the As'peCt$ of Emptiriωs
nificanceof NelI's pilgriniage among the itinerant showmeil.Nell's suspensi6n between the two extremes
,
fiction and gross reaIity,
pro圃 jects many niemorable scenes of cOInedy. Nell's trialof the eye and thinking is not always grim ancl sardonic,
but is oftner moclified by comic humours. Each itinerant showman embodies a versIon of emp‑tiness of their fictional world. The wide disparity between their gay exhibitionand theI'rsober viewof life is revealed in their confess‑ ional remarks. Mr Codlin
,
the exhibitor of Punch,
sums up the sense of erriptiness in his pioIession: Mr Codliil. . . cursed his fate,
and all the hollow thin'gs of earth Cbut Punch especially),
and limped along with the theatre on his back,
a prey to the bitterest chagrin." 28)When the sIlowmen are earnestly indebate旦bouttheir income
,
their dialogue strays far outside our 'norm of the reasonable and the sensihle,
verging to absurdity:If there was only one man with a wooden leg what a pro司 perty hぶdbe. . . if you was to advertise Shakespeare played entirely by wooden legs
,
it's my belief you wouldn't draw a sixpen:ce.29)Though enigmatic and baffling to the child
,
the conversation provokes a great deal of comic sense in the super‑realistic item and the speak‑ er、
absolute candour in uttering words of inhumanity. Another in‑ stance of comedy may be found in the stiIt‑walkers manner of salut‑ ation,
which they manage to perform upon their stilts:The young pe6ple being too high Up for theordinary salut‑ ations. saluted Short after their own fashion. The young gentleman tWIS旬dUp hi's right stilt and patted himon the
Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness 13 shoulder
,
and the young lady rattled her tambourines.30)Nell is represented like a child who unawares comes upon showmen having rest wIth no make‑up at all
,
and deplores the extinction of mルgical spell in their naked rea1ity. At each time Nell stands as a witness at a sight of the familiar things among strange circumstances.
N
Matters become internally comic with Mrs Jarley. Nell becomes not only the observer of the strange life of the showmen
,
but a temporary lodger at Mrs Jar1ey's wax‑work life. NeIl view8 her fictional world from inside and is demanded to play a part special1y alloted to her. Mr8 Jarley shows no sign of sp1itting reaIization of fiction and real‑ ity,
characteristic to CodIin who curses his profession and mournes the sense of emptiness. From the very first encounter Mrs Jarley baffles the incomplete understanding of Nell,
driving her into total perplexity and serious confusion. Our sense of fun is great when we see Nell quite at a los8 to deal with Mrs Jarley's self‑evidentf a .
cts of wax‑work Hfe. With Mrs Jarley Nel1's trials are not only those of vision but largely those of knowledge and manners. In arranging comic sItuations Nell functions as a blank sheet of pap~r where Mrs Jarley finds no one piece of decent answer or no right estImate of her pro‑ fession. The dialogue in their first meeting illustrates the comic scene where the question meets no substancial answer and falls into a meaningless pit. The instance is indicative in its way of the pattern of emptiness repeated throughout the nove l.Nell's lack of knowledge and Mrs Jarley's wrong ca1culation strike at the empty part of knowledge
14 Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness in each other:
, • • •
Who won the Helter.Ske1ter Plate,
child?' Won what,
ma' am? 'asked l、~eI l.'The He1ter‑Skelter Plate at the races
,
child . . . the plate that was run for the second day.'On the second day
,
ma' am?'Second day. Yes
,
second day,' repeated the lady,
with an air of impatience. Can't you say who won the Helter‑Skelter Plate when you're asked the question civilly? '3J)NeIl is observed to walk upon the pitfalI of adu1ts' hollow speech which is devoid of any bearings to re旦lity
,
and easily catches hold of unsuspicious Nell. To cIarify the comic element in the passage it may be more il1ustrative to cal1 this pattern 'a child at blunder on account of her own innocence', or 'a child entrapped in her own innocence.' Nel1's blunder induces our Iaughter in that with all her impeccable modesty and good manners she cannot pay decent respect to the rude question of the elder lady. The dialogue is a familiar kind of trial in which it is regarded as rude and impolite to telI the whole truth,
but we have to be perpetually alert not to disturb the imaginary world of others. The passage is not surcharged with sentimentality peculiar to the author who forgets this kind of light‑ hearted comic sense in describing PauI Dombey,
another child figure doomed to die in his early infancy. Not knowing Mrs Jarley's fierce disdain of Punch (Never go into the compamy of a filthy Punchワ
NelI unawares falls short of politeness:
1 never saw any wax‑work
,
ma' am. . . Is it funnier thanLittle Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness
Punch ?' 'Funnier!' said Mrs Jarley in a shriI1 voice. 1t is not funny at aIl. • • 1t's calm and‑what's that word again
‑critical ?‑no‑c1assical
,
that's it‑it is calm and classical.'32)15
When Nel1 succeeds in paying due respect to Mrs Jarley
,
she in‑ wardly wonders at the wide contradiction of her words and her deeds. Again Nell's innocence is active striking hard at the empty nature of Mrs Jarley's low appetite and bad sleep,
both of which symptoms Mrs Jar ley makes so much emphasis on as signs of good breeding. Nell tries to solve the riddle making conclusion in favour of what she really saw and heard,
but not thoroughly denouncing what the adult lady told her; Nell's innocence is revealed here pointing out the false‑ hood in the lady's words:'Have you had a bad night
,
ma' am?' asked Nell.'1 seldom have anything else
,
child,' replied Mrs Jarley,
with the air of a martyr. 1 sometimes wonder how 1 bear it.' Remembering the snores which had proceeded from the cleft. . Nell rather thought she must have been dreaming of lying awake.33)
Nel1 undergoes the trial of understanding
,
each time coming near the truth but leaving the mystery penetrated halfway. Adults' jokes and figurative speech also make blocks against 、t:Jell'ssimple way of reasoning. At hearing a man speaking of the combined weight of her and her grandfather,The weight of the pair, mum . . . would be a tri‑ fle under that of 01iver Cromwell, "
Nell tries to make out the 1iter副 al meaning of his metaphorical words,
and fal1s into a meditation con‑ sidering the enigma in his words: Nel1 was very much surprised16 Little Nell and the Aspects of l;':mptiness
that the man s,hould be号oa
, c
ctltatel,
y acquainted with the we~ght of one wh9m she had read of in books.. . . 勺UQuite unconsciously NeIl's innocence works to thwart the evil court‑ ship of Quilp:
How should you like to be my number two
,
Nelly?' To be what,
sir?'My nu~ber two
,
Nel1y,
my second,
my Mrs Quilp,' said the dwarf. The child looked frightened,
but seemed not to under‑ stand him.35)In the same fashion Nell meets Miss Monflathers' verbal attacks upon her naughtiness>> and unfemininity"
,
shielding herself in innocence,
and making the attacks aim at Miss Monflathers in stead. The fiercer the lady's attacks
,
the greater our fum:'And don't you think you must be a very wicked little child . . . to be a wax‑work child at a11?'
Poor Nell had never viewed her position in this light
,
and not knowing what to say,
remained silent,
blushing more deeply than before.36)We are told
,
rea~ing the p~ssage, that Nell's innocence has Innate capacity to tu~n unworthy attacks upon her into satire instlint1y.H ;
ere again Missl ¥ A
onf1athers plays foul to her own concept of gen‑ tility by heX own ung~nteel wan~er of speech. In describing sobbi¥lg Nell Dicke~s seems to be burdβned with very little pathetic feelings. This passage. wi1l be chosen as an evidence to prove that a child in distress does not always appeal directly to re1l.ders' sympathetic re‑ sponse司 Thetotal picture explicitly tells the町 ertedidea,
enab1inLittle Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness 17 us to be aware that the lovely innocence of Nell is making modest fun of the ugly figure and the hollow contents of Miss Monflathers' sか
called gentility. It is safely concluded that NeIl's innocence does not stand as a blank
,
but that it works in a positive way,
making fun of the irregulatity,
deformity,
and rudeness of the adults,
and at the same time offering various kinds of laughter. The origin of this kind of laughter provoked by a small girl may be attributed to the fact that Dickens writes the novel with no obvious didacticism and still less s邑rmonsand morals.The picture of a child making mistakes because of his innocence re‑ appears in one of Dickens' later novel. Though the narrative becomes much sober and simple
,
Pip,
confronting 1在agwitchat a dreary grave鴫 yard,
is playing a part resembling one of Little Nel1 against Mrs Jar1‑ ey's superative command of speeeh. The comic element Is found in the wide disjunction of the meaning intended by one and understood by the other. To make the distance between the innocent and the not‑innocent greater,
Dickens chooses a culprit to stand against Pip's simp1icity. Accordingly their dialogue betrays the two extreme dif‑ ferences in their understanding of the spoken words. Thence a eomedy occurs in the semantic level of the dialogue in which the conveyed idea of the speaker is accepted differently. Between Pip and Magwitch the word mother' underlies two possible understandings; while for Pip the word means the inscription on the tombstone,
for Magwitch it con‑ veys the real human figure:Now lookee here.' said the man. 'Where's your mother?' There
,
sir.' said 1.18 Little NeIl and the Aspects of Emptiness
He started
,
made a short run,
and stopped and looked over his shoulder.mThe comic element in the dialogue hasclose affinity to Nell per‑ plexed at Quilp's courtship
,
Mrs Jarley's highflown language,
and Miss Monflathers' undue chastisement. All these adults live in his,
or her imaginary sphere of single dominion. Their knowledge of themselves does not coincide with the appearance they offer. So to be sincere and candid is not appreciated highly unless one has learned to make concessions for the imaginary part of their self.爾esteem. The difficulty and the failure to live up to this standard are moulded into so many conversations in which she has to grapple with the non‑existent mat‑ t巴rs,
just as Magwitch is startled at Pip's mother who is actually the inscription on the tombstone.V
1t seems rather misleading to say that Nell remains a blank勺8)as compared with other characters' distinct personality. Even if Nel1 remains empty in contrast to the life of other characters in the novel
,
the emptiness is not an insignificant void. Dickens betrays his par‑ ticular concern for the child in many ways; her samll stature
,
for example,
can be a positive assertion of her innate capacity utterly unknown to herself. When Nell is ordered to read the inscription upon a large sheet by Mrs Jarley,
we can visualize her suddenly dimin‑ ished to a Lilliputian height. 1n the very brief passage where Nell reads the letters as she walわ ゆonthem,
Nell's diminutive height up‑ turns our notion of reading that is done usually by moving our eyes only. The sentence is strongly evocative of a Brobdingnag fantasy:Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness 19 Nell walked down it
,
and read aloud,
in enormous black letters,
the inscription,
]ARLEY'S WAX‑WORK . 吻 )Thus Nell's bodily trait,
even if she stands alone and is mute,
can be mightily expressive of the far deviation from the norm. Here is found another kind of comic writing in which Nell,
in her absolute simplicity,
makes normal things extremely abnorma. lIn the former chapter 1 have discussed with illustrations some modes of laughter found about Nell trying in vain to arrive at truth and catch hold of reality,
her eyesight and herbrain not being helpful for the enigma of the visionary disorder and semantic disjunction. However there are examples of simpler mode of comedy
,
which is the natural outgrowth of his initial determination declared in Preface 1848,1 had it always in my fancy to surround the lonely figure of the child with grotesque and wild... compaロー"40) lOns.
Though some may be rather trifIe
,
the examples are abundant. Nell is accidentally exhibited to us side by side with a group of notorious. bloody characters in history. Not only Nell's pretty figure stands off in clear contrast to the gross wax‑works,
but her youth,
life,
and activity make a lively fun of the immobile puppets. Enhancing the sense of comic still,
the sentences she has to learn by heart,
telling of the atrocious crimes of a puppet,
ridicules our modesty and pruder‑y in its exaggeration
,
itself a fair1y good example of so圃called sheer absurdity:That . . . is ]asper Packlemerton of atrocious memory
,
who courted and married fourteen wives,
and destroyed them allby tickling the soles of their feet when they was sleeping
20 Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness
in the consciousess of innocence and vittue... observe that his finger is cuiled as if in the act of tickling
,
and that his face is represented with a wink,
as he appeared when commit‑ting his barbarous murders.41l
Once we visualize Mrs Jar1ey as a school mistress and Nell an ea‑ ger school girl who is going through her exercise of recitation
,
the whole picture comes to inflict attacks upon our conventional manner of teaching. The language of Mrs Jar1ey when she speaks that wax‑work refined the mind
,
cultivated the taste,
and enlarged the sphere of human understanding, "
42) is chosen as an example of a pompous speech containing no truth at aU,
as has been discussed in the for‑ mer chapter.As Nell goes deeper into the life among the wax‑works. she comes to bear the fictional attribute on her
,
which is original1y a marked characteristic of Mrs Jar1ey. When Nell steps outside the caravan in her pure innocence,
the crowd of happy children in eager expect困ation for the arrival of the wax‑works takes her for one of Mrs Jarley's inanimate objects. The instance convinces us that her pur‑
ity and simplicitymake no blankness at all
,
but,
if seen through chil‑ dren's eyes. can be a visionary confusion of the two extremes:• . . Nell dismounted amidst an admiring group of children
,
who evidently supposed her to be an important item of the curi同 osities,
and were fully impressed with the belief that her grandfather was a cunning device in wax.43lWhen we visualize Nell accommodated with a seat beside a huge wax‑
work earnestly and innocently playing a part of the large
: B
rigand'sLittle Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness 21 miniature beloved" we are easily deceived by a curious illusion of fiction and reality
,
in other words,
a confusion of a human and a pup‑ pet:Nell was accommodated with a seat beside him
,
decorated with artificiaI fIowers,
and in this state and ceremony rode slowly through the town every morning,
dispersing handbi1ls from a basket,
to the sound of drum and trumpet.44lWhat is most striking in the picture is the way an organic life force is ordered to imitate a mechanical action of a puppet moved by simple clock‑work
,
and is forced to regulate her action in complete accord‑ ance to the mechanism itself. Nell,
the only figure a1ive in the whole picture,
is deprived of any human action and any signs indicating life. Accordingly she comes closer to mechanism and puppet. Mrs Jarley finds in her popularity a promising prospect of her commerce,
th巴n she treats Nell with her considerate way of handling one of her pup‑pets
,
not a little girl:too cheap
,
soon sent the Brigand out alone again,
and kept her in the in the exhibition room.ηωThere remains another mode of laughter aroused by Nel1's innocence. 可間lenMrs Jarley sees Nel1 at a horse race she draws the conclusion that the child must be int巴restedin the race. A child and a kind of gamble does not fit into any clear‑cut idea in our way of thinking
,
but the lady combines the two extremes with her pecu1iar logic with no regard for Nell's reason to have been at the scene of riot; thence her pecu1iar wp.y of asking
,
Who won the Helter‑Ske1ter Plate,
child ?"A child at a horse race with a view to winning a sum of money may
22 Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness
well make us frown for its objectionable nature. But if we imagine Nell going to a place of riot and gamble
,
the vision,
with its abrupt combination of too distant objects is able to cause laughter.Nell again becomes unconsciously a comic character when she wan‑
ders into a quite unbecoming world of rogues and inebriation. In acute discord to Nell's childish ditty
,
the rogues sing some un‑ariIstic song having no tune,
no words and terrifying the sleepers in the peace‑ ful district. Nell is treated in their friendly fashion,
and 0妊'eredbeer,
surely no good drink for a smal1 child. In all these instances Nell stands haph且zardly side by side with unbecoming
,
or objectionable things and persons.Dickens' delighted use of the absurd may hint at a possible deduc‑ tion that he was eager to quit free of the confinement and oppression of the prevalent educational theory and practice of his day. This view may be affirmed by Dick Swivel1er's apprenticeship under the Brasses; he reveals his irritation in writing on a sheet of paper violently scratching out nothing.ヲ Sowhat Professor Frye defines as creative
,
shaping absurdity of Dickens may be regarded as a manifestation of his secret longings to express his wild fantasies
,
trespassing far out‑ side the supreme reign of decency and propriety. 1t has long been taught that we should read Dickens' novels paying close attention to irregularity and deformity of each character. But today to our new‑found aesthetic cult it is more congenial to read into his fiction not only the irregular humours but also the author's strong impatience with the ideal human figure and the sovereign goodness of human nature. Checking the excess of the absurd before it leads to a moral chaos
,
Dickens reconciles the conflict of his uncontrollable genius with theLittle Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness 23 social requisites of the time. 1t is understood as the aftermath of the conflict that Nell's journey loses its dizzy spell and wild fancy and suddenly turns dingy after she steps into the industrial scene.
V I
For al1 the varieties of comic elements about Nell already pointed out
,
they are roughly grouped into four types according to their major functions. We notice that the four types of comic are basically moti‑ vated so many versions of emptiness. The first 1S the deceptive vi‑ sion in life1ess objects like the shapeless Punch with whom Nell ex‑ periences visionary disi1Iusion. The secound type is created by the sudden juxtaposition of life and lifeless objects; such as when Nel1 is taken for a piece of wax‑work,
or when she is ordered to play a part of a wax‑work. The moderate variation of the second type is the violent connection of the two unbecoming objects. To the third category,
instances of pompous language and its empty nature apply,
like that of Mrs Jar1ey's superb self‑esteem
,
or Miss Monflathers' fierce gentility.' The fourth type is the subtle,
but true comedy,
namely meaningless conversation between Nell and the unlovely adults. In the last part of Nell's journey
,
the comic life ceases to work. But the journey of Nell and her grandfather holds coherence and con‑ sistency in its ce且selessprojection of so many aspects of emptiness,
even after Nell steps into an industrial town
,
and comes rapidly to theend of her journey. Scenes of emptiness must have had a strong hold over the imagination of Dickens. In a piece of writing titled Morning" in Sketches by Boz we meet a cityscape in which every familiar thoroughfares are utter1y devoid of human figure and of move圃24 Little NeJl and the Aspects of Emptiness
ment as if frozen by a wand of a magician. Likewise Dickens' lan‑ guage works to convey the atmosphere of langour and sleepiness in the empty afternoon of a small town:
The streets were very clean
,
very sunny,
very empty,
and very dul l. A few idle men lounged about the two inns,
and the empty market‑place... Nothing seemed to be going on but the clocks,
and they had such drowsy faces,
such heavy lazy hands,
and such cracked voices,
that they surely must have been too slow.46lContinuing the pattern of familiar objects turning its inner vacancy
,
Nell's childhood vision confronts the uttermost view of emptiness when she looks at the naked landscape of an industrial town and hears the metallic sound of the machines. The blackened landscape shows no sign of 1ife:
. . . before
,
behind,
and to the right and left,
was the same interminable perspective of brick towers,
never ceasing in their black vomit,
blasting all things living or inanitimate,
shutting out the face of day
,
and closing in on all these hor‑ rors with a dense dark cloud.471Harsh
,
meta1lic sound is heard in the monotone of the machines' move‑ment
,
a sinister mockery of human figure and action:. strange engines spun and writhed like tortured crea‑ tures; clanking their iron chains
,
shrieking in their rapid whir1 from time to time as though in torment unenduarable,
ancl making the ground tremble with their agonies.481
Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness 25 Unlike the peaceful
,
sleepy vacancy of a city at noontime rest,
the industrial town attacks Nell's vision with its fierce version of emp‑tiness. Dickens' language heightens to a poetic intensity
,
figuring in a machine an animal suffering a bodily pain.It is to the point to say that the plot of NeIl's journey in The Old Curiosity Shop is based upon the ironical pilgrimage
,
as James R. Kincaid observes,
More horribly ironic still is the suggestion that they really don't go anywhere,
that they simply move from death to death."49) But it seems not enough to say that the starting point and the termination of Nell's journey coincide exactly in their total lifelessness. Bnt the journey and Nell's encounters function as a mighty suction pump which eclipses the visionary glory of Nell's child‑ hood realm and reduces to none the chi1d's life.To summarise this pattern in its extremity
,
the old wel1 in a church tower symbolizes the ever‑decreasing movement of the story of Nell. Obviously the sinking water in the well stands for the fai1ing life of Nell and her grandfather,
but at the same time it symbolizes the struc‑ tural coherency of the whole plot of Nel. 1 Her encounters with life‑ less objects,
a po1ite conversation making no sense at all,
shabby re‑ a1ity clothed in pompous language,
visionary glory hiding skeleton ma‑achinery behind
,
ect. are examples of how emptiness can be an active factor of comedy in this nove l. Dickens utilizes familiar articles,
bucket
,
code,
and water,
to visualize how our reliance on the matters‑of‑fact is deceived by the inherent void. If it can get rid of the old sexton and ailing Nell
,
the passage can tell a lively sense of comic,
based on the trick of the emptiness. To our eager ears the wel1 re‑ sponds with a hollow and dry sound of earth
,
in stead of the splash‑26 Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness ing sound of water :
In ten years more the well dried up; and now if you lower the bucket till your arms are tired and let out nearly al1 the code
,
you'l1 hear it of a sudden,
clanking and rattling on the ground below,
with a sound so deep and so far down,
th呂tyour heart leaps into your mouth
,
and you start away as if you were fal1ing in.50)In accordance to the dec!ine of Nell's health the old man increases mental disability. His insanity faintly signifies a human being dis‑ carding its vital attributes. And when he develops a maniac attach‑ ment to cards only and nothing else
,
his figure reminds us of a me‑chanical doll out of order
,
a real object of nightmare for Nell and for the author,
as he tells us in an article already quoted. The figureof the old man waiting for the advent of Nell resembles a cIock‑work puppet who repeats the self‑same action over and over again. The as司
sumption of Nell's journey as two Christians in search of a kingdom turns out meaningless when the old man Ioses his mental facuIty. In this way Nell's journey is ironically bereaved of its initial pur‑ pose
,
and leads to an anticIimax in the enfeebled old man and the pro‑ spective asylum. Another human being turned to an actual puppet is Quilp. Dickens' diction becomes metaphorical in describing the ugly death of the comic monster. His language emphasizes the fixed courトtenance of Qu日pin sharp contrast to his former gaiety and liveliness. In the somewhat theatrical overtone of the passage we perceive the author's personal horror of inanimate things set to i1logicaI motion:
It (the river) toyed and sported with the ghastly freight . . .
Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness
now dragging it heavily over rough stones and gravel
,
now feigning to yield it to its own element,
and... tired of the ugly plaything,
it flung it on a swamp... left it there to bleach.5D27
Though wide apart in fashion
,
Quilp's end and Nell's angelic death take place simultaneously. As James R. Kincaid points out52) Quilp's chase after the imaginary gold of the old man faces an emptiness,
when he realizes the real poverty of Nel1 and the old man. as poor as frozen rats."53) Consequent1y the motif of a journey failing to ac‑ comp1ish the initial purpose is repeated twice in the novel
,
first in Nell's journey in search of a kingdom,
and second in Quilp's futile chase after the imaginary gold. 1t is also incidental that both Nel1 and Quilp,
the seemingly two opposing characters in the novel,
do not es‑ cape death. 1n addition to the deaths of r、~ell and Quilp,
their disap‑ pearance is made complete in another respect. Just as Quilp's Bach同elor's Hall" is burned to ashes
,
the Old Curiosity Shop is literally effaced from the earth. 1t seems as if Dickens is throwing the final backward glance upon his old cherished idyllic world of Nell and her uncouth companions,
admitting his inability to counteract the surge of mighty improvement of the modern era:The old house had been long ago pulled down
,
and a finebroad road was in it芭 place. At first he (Kit) would draw with his stick a square upon the ground to show them where it used to stand. But he soon became uncertain of the spot
,
and could only say it was thereabouts
,
he thought,
and that these alterations were confusing.w28 Little NeII and the Aspects of Emptiness
Steven Marcus sees in The OZd Curiosity Shop the author's increasing uncertainty of hisidyllic wor1d attaining its culmination:
. the idy1lic vision has become a poignantly felt need
,
but begins to seem remote,
ambiguous and sentimenta. 1 This in‑ certitude comes to a climax in The OZd Curiosity Shop.55lWhat is truly notable is not Dickens' mourning over his paradies lost
,
but his creative instinct and his fertile imagination to shape his sense of loss into so many versions of emptiness in The Old Curiosity Shop.NOTES
1 Monroe EngeI, A Kind of AIIegory': The Old Curiosity Shoρ" The Interpretation of Narrative: Theory and Practice (Cambridge, M旦ssachu‑
S巴tts:Harvard Univ. Press, 1970), 143.
2. Pam巴IaHansford Johnson, "The SexuaI Life in Dickens's NoveIs," Dickens 1970 (London: Chapman & Ha ,Il1970), 173.
3. Ib丘三,p. 176.
4. Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, The Oxford IlIustrated Dickens CLondon: Oxford Univ. Press, 1951), p. 364.
5. Ibu1., p. 160.
6. The most exemplary work may be 1. B. Priestley's English Comic Char圃 acters.
7. Angus Wilson,Dickens on Children and Childhood," Dic加'lS1970, 202. 8. Georg巴H.Ford, Dickens and His Readers: Aspecお ofNovel Criticism
Since 1836 (1955; rpt. New York: Gordian Press, 1974), p. 55.
9. CharIes Dickens, The Adventures oJ Oliver Twist, The Oxford Univ. Oress, 1949), p. 156.
10. The Old Curiosity Shop, p. 107. 11. Ibu1., p. 274.
12. CharIes Dickens, Hard Times, The Oxford IlIustrated Dickens (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1955), p. 11‑12.
Little Nell and the Aspects of Emptiness 29 13. The Old Curiosiた・yShψ, p. 44.
14. Angus Wilson, The World 0/ Charles Dickens (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972), pp. 9‑12.
15. lbid., p. 10.
16. The Old Curiosity Shop, p. 332. 17. lbid., p. 169.
18. lbid., p. 271. 19. lbid., p. 429.
20. Northrop Frye,Dickens and the Comedy of Humour・s,"The Victorian Novel: lVIodern Essays iπ Criticism (New York: Oxford Univ., Press, 1971), p. 60.
21. The Old Cur・iosZシShop,p. 122. 22. lbid., p. 132.
23. Charlotte Bronte,ゐneEyre (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1969)ラp.20.
24. Northrop Frye, p. 62.
25. A. E. Dyson,The Old Curiosity Shop: Innocence and Grotesque," Dickens: Moder河Judgements(London: Macmil1an, 1968)ラp.60.
26. Angus Wilson, The World 0/ Charles Dic加lS,p. 15.
27. Charles Dickens, Vauxhall Gardens by Day円, Sketches by Boz, The Oxford I1lustrated Dickens (London; Oxford Univ. Press, 1957), p. 127. 28. The Old Curiosity Shop, p. 133.
29. lbid., p. 143. 30. lbid., p. 134. 31. lbid., p. 196. 32. lbid., p. 203. 33. lbid., p. 210. 34. lbidリ p.199. 35. lbid., p. 45. 36. lbid., p. 236.
37. Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, The Oxford Il1ustrated Dickens (London; Oxford Univ. Press, 1953), p. 2.
38. Gabriel Pearson, The Old Curiosity Shop," Dickens and the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), p. 79.
39. The Old Curiosity Shop, p. 202. 40. lbid., p. xii.
30 Little Nell and the' Aspects of Emptiness 41. Ibid., p. 214.
42. lbid., p. 215. 43. Ibid., p. 211. 44. lb払, p. 216. 45. lb以, p. 216. 46. Ibid., p. 211. 47. Ib以, p. 336. 48. Ibid., p. 335.
49. James R. Kinαid, Dickens and the~Rhetoric of Laughter CLondon; Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1971) p. 87.
50. The Old Curiosity Shop, p. 396. 51. 1古紙, p. 510.
52. Kincaid, p. 88.
53. The Old CuriosiたyShop, p. 465. 54. Ib試, p. 555.
55. St巴venMarcus, Dickens: Fト仰tPickwick To Dombey (New York: Basic Books, Inc., Pub1ishers, 1956), p. 140.