1 Introduction
F l u c t u a t i o n s i n t e r m s o f t r a d e have been c o n s i d e r e d a s an i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e i n g e n e r a t i n g v o l a t i l i t y and b u s i n e s s c y c l e s i n open and r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e c o n
〔1 m i 1 e s ,where p r i c e s o f import and e x p o r t goods a r c e x o g e n o u s l y g i v e n i n t h e wnr I d ma
比例and p a s s through r a t e i s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h . The q u e s t i o n o f how
日houldmonetary a u t h o r i t y i n a s m a l l open economy s h o u l d r e s p o n d t o c h a n g e s i n t e r m s o f t r a d e
うt h c rJ o r e
ぅlu出h
日'nan i m p o r t a n t t o p i c i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e .
T h i s pap
町r e v i s i t st h e c l
出 討i c a lq u e s t i o n i n t h e framework o f t h e s o ‑ c A l l c d New Open Economy M a r : r o e c o n o m i c s , h e n c e f o r t h NOEM.1 I n p a r t i c u l a r , we s t n d i
出 札 討m a l lopen economy m o d e l , where h o u s e h o l d s h a v e mad
田tpower i n wage s e t t i n g b e c a u s e l a b o r i s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a c r c s s h o u s e h o l d s . M o r e o v e r , w
℃叩 了
i s i d e rtwo t y p e s o f wege s e t t i n g : f l e x i b l e w a g e ‑ s e t t i n g and p r e d e t e r m i n e d we
告かs e t t i n g ; i n t h e f o r m e r environment h o u s e h o l d s a r c f r e e t o s e t wages w h i l e i n t h e l a t t e r h o u s e h o l d s h a v r t o s e t wages i n i n a lvam
氾I n a d d i t i o n , u n l i k e most l i t e r a l u r
℃i n w e l f a r e a n a l y s i s
《J fO J
》t i n
礼lmonetary p o l i c y i n which l i n e a r q u a d r a t i c and s e c o n d o r d e r appr x i m a t i o n
品目、a p p l i
,《d , 2 a p e c u l i a r p o i n t o f t h i
討pap
<、'ri
討t h ea p p l i c a t i o n o f R a m s < e y t y p e a n a l y s i s f o r o p t i m a l monrtary p o l i c y i n
日m a l lopen economy. S p e c 1
自c a l l y ,i n t h i s Raimηtype a p p r o a c h , t h e Ram
町p l A t m e r( i n t h i s pap
ぽ,t h e mon
凶 訂yι r n t . h c
《
:
h a r a ι
't e r i z et h e e q u i l i b r i u m i n t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , t h e r e s o u r c e c o n s t r a i n t
and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e c o n o m y . The Ramsey approach h a R bern a p p l i e d i n t h e s t u d y o f o p t i m a l p o l i c y i n dynamic mo
《Id
向。fc l o s e d c c o n o r n i
朗 自J r
i n s t a n c e , C h a r i and Keh
臼e( 1 9 9 9 ) w i t h i l c x
めlep r i c e s , Adao c t a l (
2003)札口d Khan e t a l (
2003)w
仙H
凶I
叫 川l i s t i cc o m p e t i t i o n and nominal r i g i d i t i e s .
A Ramsey t y p e
、appro
削h
心叩h a 8b
《ιms t u d i e d i n t h e c o n t e x t
口fNew Keynesian s m a l l open ecnnomy models with t h e work o f F a i a and Mona‑
1 T h
日l i t
町a t n r eh
剖g r o w nv e r y f o , t a f t
仁rt h e s c m m a l " n r k o f O b s t f o l d a n d R ρ g c
丑( 1 9 9 6 ) . S e c f
,凹i n s ta n
田L a n e ,P .
(2000)a m l S
叫 凶 ,L .
(2001)f o r s u r v
町S
2 T h i
回a p p r o a c hi s b u i l t o n t l
日W
旧ku f R
叫 目n b e r ga n d Wood
晶汀cl( 1 9 m )
c e l l i ( 2 0 0 6 ) . 3 I n t h i s p a p e r , i t i s shown t h a t home b i a s i n consumption
日a S U
伍c i e n tc o n d i t i o n f o r i n d u c i n g monetary p o l i c y makers o f s m a l l open e
<、o n ‑ omy t o d e v i a t e from s t r i c t markup s t a b i l i z a t i o n and have some d e g r e e o f exchange r a t e st.abili~at.ion. The major d i f f e r e n c e between t h i s paper and F a i a and Mona
叫l i( 2 0 0 6 ) i s t h
川 Wぞcon
討i <
t 1 o n and nommal n g 1 d 1 t y and < h
討t . o r t 1 o n
討fromt h e bhor r n ι i r k <
、tL〜'i L h
お《mie '
s r
コe c 1
白c a t i o n si n t h e u t i l i t y f u n c t i o n . we a r e a b l e t o s o l v e f o r t h e o p t i m a l l e v e l o f money s u p p l y a s a f u n c t i o n o f wage and exogenous terms o f t r a d e and conduct a n a l y t i c a l c o m p a r i s o n .
The f i n d i n g s o f t h i s paper i s a s f o l l o w s : u n d e 1 t h e f r e e w a g e ‑ s e t t i n g e n ‑ viromncnt
町monetaryp o l i c y can n o t a l i e c L t h e r e
はle c o n
りmyo r money 1
ポn e u t r a l i n t h i s environment a s u s u a l . By c o n t r a s t . . t h e p 1 e d e t e 1 1 n i n e d wage cnvuonrnent en
礼b l
、<st h e rnondary a u t h o r i t y t o i I 1 1 p < t c 1 t h e
、w , t lc
《onomy he
日目、w e l f a r e
うc o u l dbe i 1 1 1 p r n v
<冗I1 1 1
川na d i s t o r t e d f l e x i b l e wage a l l o c a t 1 o n s : and t h e o p t i m a l w e l f a . r e d o e s n o t dep
巳ndon l a b o r markc~t f r i c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s . N o n e t h e l e
間t h eway t o implement t h e o p t i m a l r n o n
巳t a r yp o l i c
うyr e s p o n s e
、depends c r u c i a l l y on t h e v a l u e o f e l a s t i c i t y o f s u b s t i t u t i o n between trndabk
、goods and no
山・ a d a b l eg o o d s . Optimal money s
叩p l yi n c r e
制 問 (deem
<附円)w i t h a f a l l i n t e r m s o f t r a d e when t h e e l
剖t i c i t yo f s u b s t i t u t i o n i s g r e a t e r ( l e
拙)than o n P . Moreover f o r t h e same t e r m s o f t r a d e 、 t h ew e l f a r e o f h o u s e ‑ h o l d
可i sa l w a y
凶h i
日h e rwhen t h e v a l u e o f e l a s t i c i t y o f s u b s t i t u t i o n between l r a d a b l c goods aud n o u t r
乱dabl e
目。odsa r c p ; r e a t c r .
However
ヲundera
討I
》c c i a l" ' " " where l a b o r H U J
ヰi l yo f h o u s e h o l d i s v e r 、
巳
l a s t i c
ヨ4
ヲW
巳f i n dt h a t t h e Rams
<、'YO J
》t i r n
礼lmoney
討l l j
》p l yi H i n d q i c n d e n L from t e r m s o f t r a d e i e g a r d l e
討so f t h e v a l u e o f e l
出t i c i t yo f
討n h s t i t u t . i o n . I n o t h e r w o r d s , a t t h e o p t i m a l p o i n t t h e monetaiy authmity u t i l i
男ぞ"t h Pp r c d " ‑ ten
日i n e c ¥wage environment and s u p p l i e s an e x t r a amount o f money t o nndo t h e d i s t o r t i o n c a u s e d by l a b o r m a r k e t " and l e t t h e g o o 1 1 s markets
。円h ' ef o 1
" I n t h e c o n l e x l o f l w υ c o u n t r ¥ 1 1
叫d e l' e e F
,刷出1 < lM o n a c e l h ( 2 0 ° ' 1 )
" 1 L a b υ z d i 8 ・ U
\】i l i t y
刊1 t . < ' 1 " Su t i l i t y f u 1 1 c Uυn
出l i n e a rf o r m . w h i c h c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s i n r l i v i s i b l c l a h o r
5 A c t u a l l y , m o n e t a r y a u t h o r i t y c a n r l o m o r e
もh a nu n d o t h e l a b o r m a r k e t d d o r t i o n b y
e
旺i c i e n ta l l o c a t i o n s i n r e s p o n s e t o f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t e r m s o f t r a d e .
The s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s paper i s a s f o l l o w s : s e c t i o n 2 d e v e l o p
日as m a l l open
CCOl!Oll
りYmodel w i t h l a b o r market f r i c t i o n s ; s e c t i o n : l d i s c u s s e s t h e f l e x i ‑ bk
、W
礼駅、H
ぅt t i n ge q u i l i b r i u m w h i l e s e c t i o n 1 < 1 1 1 a l y s c s t h e o p t i m a l monetary p o l i c y under t h e p r e d e t e r m i n e d wage e n v i r o n m e n t . S e c t i o n 5 c o n d n c l c s t h e p a p e r
2 A small open economy model
明、
c o n s i d e r a o m a l l open economy model with t r a d a b l c s e c t o r and n o n ‑ l r a d a l i
、弘s e c l o r .Th
ぞeconomyi s s m a l l and open i n L h e s e n s e t h
川i tt a k
ぞ'st h e f υ r e i p ; n c u r r e n c y
ドr i c e so f t r a d a b l c good
討andimported i u L , ・ r n w d i a t
巳goods
出 店
I
明、,n .I t M
礼N
'明v K
円・ n c s i < 1 . nmodd a s I . h e
、[, i b o rr u a r b , 1 i
村山、m , 1 1 1 dd r i vcn and w < 1 g c i s J
泊 円l e i( ' r i l l l t l C (
i.I n a d d i t i o n
『W C C i
川町d r
、r
礼ncconomv w h c ' r c ' t l w g o v c
、'rnmcnt( i n p a r t i c ‑ 1 1 1 " . r t h
れrnond
バ. r ya n t h o r i t y i n t h i
討I
川pm)b e h a v e s o p t . i n
凶l yt o
山x i r n t h e
、l u m s d 1
《i l d
『討札・ d f a r c
、"わt . h c
うR
企Hll
付《:y
土t p p r
、〈〉礼c h .
1寸h
企1 ti
討t . l u
うHam
討e yt y p
《?川
o r' t . a r y at . h o r
con
討t r a i n tand t o t h e c o r n
当t r a i
日t st h a t d e s c r i b e t h e e q u i l i b r i u m i n t h e p r i
、・ a t e
s e c t o r e
じonomyand t h e p r e d e t e r m i n e d wage c o n s t r
乱i n t .
2 . 1 Firms‑Productions 2 . 1 . 1 Non‑tradal
》l eGoods Sector
Non
←t r a d a b l e goods a r c
、producedby a technolo~y t h a t i s t h e C
仁i b bD
りu g l
払写lnndion o f con
l《)[[,爪マs :
Y: 、 J
二 AD代1 1
代 ︵ − ︶t a . k e ; 1 d v a n t . a g
uc o f r c n ! h a l a n
仁れ只i 1 1n l i l i l y f o n c t i o 1 1 t o i r n n r o v c h o 1 1 , c ¥ 1 o l d ' ' w < ' l f
九]'(' f. f ' l
九t c r
•' '
> h o w u i u t h e μ a p e r
where I i s t h e amount o f imported i n t e r m e d i a t e goods w i t h f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y p r i c e P
Ie x o g e n o u s l y g i v e n t o t h i s s m a l l open e c o n o m y . Labor i s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a c 1 o s s h o u s e h o l d s , which a l l o w s h o u s e h o l d s t o h
乱v emarket power i n W
礼g c s e t t i n g . Composite l a b o r i s de
且neda s f o l l o w s :
上 一 一
ψ
L ー 史
PI Il o
− −
L
( 2 )
where L( i ) i s l a b o r
吋1 1
o f s u b s t i t u t i
《m b
う《tw
'《""】l a b o r 、 r a r i e t i e s ;t h e higherφis t h e more c o m p e t i t i v e l a b
)《I'Ill礼rl宝《~t i
討Asa r e s u l t , t h e wage i n d e x i s d e f i n e d a s :
ψ
α
︐ 一 日阿川
ri II O
− −
R ︶ i t
a
︵
where W(i
)日t h enominal wage s e t by t h e h o u s e h o l d
i.T h e r e f o r
巳ヲp r o f i t so f a n o n ‑ t r a d a b l e goods
五rma r e :
日= PNYN W L 8P1l
( 1 ) N o n ‑ t r a d a b l e f i r m s maximize p r o
且t st a k i n g t h e
、nominalwage ~1/ awl t h e
、f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y p r i c e o f i n t e r m e d i a t e goods
PIa s
邑・ i v c nand 8 i s t h e nominal exchange r a t e .
Non t r a d a b l c f i r m
討c h o c
旧cl a b o r t o maximizes p r o f i t s
ヲwhicht h e g i v e s
l回t h e i m p l i c i t l a l
川rdemand a s f o l l o w s :
l ' ̲ t : r ̲ f
L ( i )\うf
W(t)
=山一一L l ¥
一一)L /( 5 )
U n d c r t h e c o m p e t i t i o n market assumption about nontraded goods w i t h f r e e e n t r y , t h e p r i c e o f nontraded goods i s determined a s :
~
α w (
SPI) 1 α
r N κーーす ︵ ︷ i︸ ︶
whereι =(古) 1α (~)α
τ'radable goods 2 . 1 . 2
E
礼c hh m r n c h o l d i n t h i s s m a l l open economy i s endowed w i t h a
且xcdamount
!JT
o f t r a d a b l e goods and t h e p r i c e o f t h e s e t r a d a b l e goods i s cxogcnon
討l y determined i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k c l s . ¥ V e normali~c t h e
、f o r e i g nc u r r e n c y p i i c e o f t r a d a b l e goods t o u n i t y h e n c e t h e d o m e s t i c p r i
<問。ft r n d > t h l e goods i s
口
q u a !t o t h e nominal cxchan
日C
I礼t . c S and t h e i r
日中r s eterms o f t r a d e i s e q u a l t o P
1・
Households
The economy c o r r n i s t . s o f t o t a l measure u n i t y h o u s e h o l d s , e a c h h o u s e h o l d h a s t h e
白 川ncp r c f o n m c e . R e a l b a l a n c e s e n t e r i n t o t h e h o u s e h o l ds p r e f e r e n c e and
2 . 2
t h e c o m p o s i t e consumption i n d e x i s a CES f u n c t i o n o f t r n d a b l c good
討 礼nd non t r
出1礼h i e
、広ood
討whc
、円、t h ee l a s t i c i t y o f s u b s t i t u t i o n b e t
仇'C c nt h e t
川T>t y p e
討o f good
日mightbe d i
古口r e n tfrom u n i t y .
The u t i l i t y f u n c t i o n o f t h e ho
出cho l d Mε [ 0 , 1 ] h a s t h e f o l l o w i
時f o r m :
川)三 ln(C(i))
+
xln(学) ~L ( i ) 2 ( 7 )
現ア
h e r e C( i )
目t h ec o m p o s i t e consumption o f t r a c l a b l c s and non t r a d a b l r n ,
(8)
出直
nedby a CES form a s f o l l o w s :
C
[三( 1
刊 ) 午 十 ( 州where
11i s t h e
、e l a s t i c i t yo f s u b s t i t u t i o n between t r a c l a b l e and n o n t r a c l a b l e g o ( ) ( b
山l
1r c p r
開e n t st h e r e l a t i v e p r e f e r e n c e o f nm
山a d a b l eg o o d s .
M (i ) i s t h e qn
礼n t i t y
。fr n a l b a l a n c e s o r t h e amount o f d o m e s t i c money h e l d by t h e
h o u s e h o l d i . The consumer p r i c e i n
品、x ( C P I ) P
ぅt i
川(、:f o r e
p= [ ( 1 1 ) ( P r ) 1 e +
(ゥ)(町)1 e ] 口
a s :
︶ ハ
ud
︵ ︶ A
U
I ︵
The h o u B c h o l d
ヲhf a c
<ラ→t h ef o l l o w i n g budget c o n s t r a i n t :
PC(i )
十M(i) = W ( i ) L ( i ) + M 0 ( i ) + T
十Syr + I I ( i )
WhE
刊J V / 0 ( i
)目t h ei n i t i a l a r n r n
川 口fr e a l h
山t r a n s f e r from t h e government ( t h e monetary au t h
川町ト川i d1 1 ( 1 ) d e
、 山Im t h e p r o f i t s o b t a i n e d from n o n t r a d a b l e good f i r m s . 6
The o p t i m a l i t y o f t h e h o u s e h o l d i i m p l i e s :
︶ 1i −Eム︵
M(i)
=
xPC(i)川)=(
1
1)(字)川) 1t 内ノ ︶i
︵
CN(i) =み) 。C(i) ︵ l − ︶
The h o u s e h o l d i f a c e s a downward s l o p i n g l a b o r demand c u r 、 ・ cg i v e n i n
t h e nominal wage
りfa m o n o p o l i s t i c l a b o r
日apply c q u a L i
仙(5
町)t h e r e f o r e ,
c l q
刊nd
討0 1 1whctlwr w a ) ! ; C i s f r c d y and s i m u l t n n e o u s l y
開torp r
刷l e t e r m i n e d . I f wage i s f l e x i b l y s e t
『t l wo p t i m a l wa
邑CI
討c h o
刷、1 1
出f o l l o w s :
( 1 4 )
ゆ¢
i'vl(i)竹下)ニ'I
1 φ 1
L(i)PC(i) =r 7
L(i)一一) (
Whiln i f wag
《'i sp r
《刊lckrmiu
刊lo r
"ぅ1i n adv
礼n e e
礼s l { / P t h e n , t h e eq 1 1 a t i o n ( 5 ) d e t e r m i
恥
1onetaryAuthority 2 . 3
The monetary auth
りr i t yi n t h i s s m a l l open economy c h o o s e s t l w l e v e l o f money s u p p l y 1
¥!Ja f t e r o b s e r v i n g t e r m s o f t r a d e P
1a r n l w < i g e 、 IP
、'i fi t i s p r c c k t c r m i u c c l o r s C ' I i n i r d v a m c .
In th e
泊meantime.t h e m o n e t a r > ・ authmit
、a l s o r e a l i z e s w
凡g ei s h e e l y and s i r n u l t a r n
"川討l y 町民 o t h
<、:r w i s c .I
n ei t h e r c
;掛川町t h e monetary a u t h o r i t y t r
凡n s
長、r
討 伐I Ig a i n
討f r
りmi
出u i
日目moneycq t r n l l y t o a 1 1 h o u s e h o l d s a s f o l l o w s :
(] 5)
M ( i ) M 0 ( i . )
。
Ia
出umet h a t e
乱c hm e a " l f e o f h u u , c h υ l d
日c t t h e s a m e
川n o u n !o f p r o h t o
2 . 4 Equilibrium
¥ V e f o c u s ou t h e s y r n r n c t r i
仁《"l u i l i h r i u r n 、 i uw h i c h :
C(i
)二 C,W(i
)二i V , L ( i
)ニL ,
f'vf(i
)二M
町f ' v f 0 ( i )
=A f 0V i
ε[l L l ] ( H i ) Then t h e wa
伴、日p i a t i o n( r i ) i m r
山出YMP町
¥ ¥ i
=山''~士特 v\iL=uY店、v( 1 7 ) l ¥ f o u c y market c l e a r i n g :
PC= λf
x ( 1
)宵N o n t r n c l a b l e goods market c l e a r i n g :
CN 二 r:~
( 1 9 )
These c
川f',,, ' "
ρ
、' ' ";¥1W L
士川(ニ)川町二白1(ニ)lu
p
x ( 2 0 )
Thi
、h
りu s e h o l c ll
川d g e t
〔りu st r
乱i n tb e c o m e s :
PC
二lVL+Sy1
︵ 7− 1 ︶¥ V e
可now 、 p r o c e e dt o c o n s i d e r t h e how wages a r e d e t e r m i n e d .
3 F l e x i b l e Wage Setting
F i r s t . we c o n s i d e r t h e
山s ewhere wages a r e f l e x i b l e o r h o u s e h o l d s a r e a b l e t o
肘twage f r e e l y
アand
丹i m u l t a n e o u s l y
丹u h j e c tt o t h e g i v e n downward s l o p i n g demand f o r l a b o r i n ( 5 ) . The o p t i m a l wage b e c o m e s :
I/
φ
w
ニ AfLI )( (
φ1) ( 2 2 )
ト
f o t i c < ?t h a t t h e c b s t k i t y o f s u
ト. s t i t u t i
白nb e t
札?刷苫nlabm v a r i
<,斗't i
引討φen t e n
づu
山t h e
羽アa g ed c t e
弘r m i r
b e t 、 w e e
、nl a b o r
旧1
出川t h el o
恥FいI t h e
山 削n a lwa
日ci s .
H e n c e , t h e e q u a t i o n s t h a t d e s α i h c s t h e
、日p 1 i l i b r i 1 1 r ni n t h i
討晶、x i b l nwage s e t t i n g s m a l l open
日o u o r n ya r c
出f o l l o w s :
lvf 1‑'C
=
x PN
可。NI W L
= a'"Y(ニ)1 "I'
x
l'C
二WL+SyT η
ゆ 1¥=
w, 二一一一一~NIL' x
(φ 1 )
S i n c e CPI c a n be e x p r e s s e d a s :
I'=
S ' [ ( l
←1(f l l υ l
:工=
f'N[b+ ( J
ヴ)(三:)' θl己 百 a n d :
1
N' "「
A s
1 '1 1 ~
()日二|()
α
( ) Iー|N l κ w I ' 1
」( 1 2 ) ( 1 6 ) ( 1 7 ) ( 1 8 )
( 2 : l )
( 2 4 )
( 2 5 ) I n o t h e r w o r d s ,
I', 争
La r e a l s o a f u n c t i o n o f t h e nominal exchange r a t e S and wage l e v e l W, r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e r e f o r e , f o r a g i v e n l e v e l o f money s n p I カ M and terms o f t r a d e P r , e q u a t i o n s ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 6 ) , ( 1 7
)司(1 8 )w i l l d e t e r m i n e consumption
ぅl a b o r w a g e ,and t h e nominal cxchan
駅、r a t e C , L 、 w
句S , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Proposition
1Under t h e f l e x i b l e wage s e t t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t , money i s
川
o u t r α
,Ii n t h i s s m a l l op ε n economy, i . e . , t h e monet α r y α u t h o
門: t y α c n n o t α f
f e e t t h e h o ' L J . < e h o l d s ' w e l f a κ which i s howe
開γimp
αc t e db y t h e t e
γrr1.1o f t r a d e
j f o c t u α t i o n s .
P r o o f : F i r s t . s
山s t i t u t c( 1 2 ) . ( 1 8
)凶o( 1 7 ) , we o b t a i n :
where.
,リ士一旦旦一〜
x
(φ1)
Jvf
w
ア2
r でて−;−
+
S,1/1X
"~J J V I
1¥2 二 lvf2 (~ y1~)
/刊
s¥ 1/2
W = M ( ニ 仰
T‑;:‑;)¥X
J V Iノ
Second
町s u b s t
巾t c( 1 2 ) , ( 1 6 ) , ( 2 0 ) , ( 2 1 ) i
[
1
一 白7
1+(1
1l [~(長)α(占)1 r " e 二 XY1
ヲA1
。
( 2 6 )
( 2 7 ) F i n a l l y , s u b s t
山t cwage TV f r o m ( 2 2
)凶o( 2 3 ) we o b t a i n
乱 町i u a t i o nf o r r a t i o
量制[ 1
I十(1 怖い(よYrti)-~'\*)1-"r-e] 二 四
TM s ( 2 8 )
wh
凶i m p l i e st h a t t h e r a t i o 長 i sa l w a y s p i n n e d down by t h e e x o g e n o u s l y g i v e n i n t e r m e d i a t e goods p r i c e P r ・
Aa r e s u l t , when wage a r e f l e x i b l y s e t , t h e nominal e x c h a n g e r a t e S i s a l w a y s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e money s u p p l y l e v e l
Mi n e q u i l i b r i u
日LF u r t h e r m o r e , t h e u t i l i t y o f h o u s e h o l d can be w r i t t e n a s f o l l o w s :
U =ln(C) + x z n
)(主 ~L2 二(1 刊)Zn (主) ̲ ~L2( 2 9 )
F ¥ " o m ( 1 9 ) , ( 2 1
)、(2 2 ) ,t h e l o g o f r e a l b a l a n c e
当l n (
菩)can be e x p r e s s c d
品ln(~)二 ln (予)-古川1 一山(守)1 。)
=ln(主)- ~zn(1 一山[~(~ −吋)守哨
I n a d d i t i o n , i n t h i s C
町i r o m n c n t ,from ( 1 8
)う(2 2
う)t i
山en e
瓦p r e s s e da s :
L W
1 fψs ¥ 1/2
二 二
1 ψ
日T
J'lj! !¥If ψ\
x
f¥IIJ( 3 1 ) Eqr
凶i o n s ( 2 5
)可(2 6 ) ,( 2 7 ) i m p l i e s t h a t h o u s e
!叫dうsu t i l 町 o rw e l f a r e i s a f u n c t i o n o f f r ,
I可うl
悶en
亡i s s h o
鴨'1 1 above t h a t 長 i sa f u n c t i o n o f P 1 .
T h e r e f o r e . we can c o n c l u d e t h a t under t h e
且c x i h l ewa
且cs c t t i n ) ! ; e n v i r o n m e n t . monetary a u t h o r i t y um n o t
礼f f
町tt h e
、u t i l i t yo f hon
刷、h o l d , J . C .
町1 1 1 0 1 1 <
、y i s n e u t r a l f o r t h i s s n m l l
りp r
、Il( ' C : O I H H i l Y . T
弘、h o n s d r o l d
ゲw e l f a
問 lil(川Ill》!l d " 1 y a f f e c t e d by t h e movement o f
問 。genou
討t
円mso f 1 . r a .
仇P 1 .
N o t i c e t l M t t h e
、hem
出、' 1 1 o l dw c d f a r n depends on parameterφthat r e p r e s
<ふn t s t h e monopoly power o f l a b o r s u p p l y . The more c o m p e t i t i v e t h e l a b o r market i s ( ! 時 h e r φ
)t h e h i
巴h e rhems
巳h o l dw e l f a r e
日Although f o r a g i v e n money s u p p l y A f . t h e CPI a l w a y s i n c r e a s e s when t h e i n v e r s e t e r m s o f t r a d e n g o e s
叩 Rr~quation( 2 4 ) i m p l i e s t h a t t h e nominal exchange r a t e S can a p p r e c i a t e , d e p r e c i a t e o r s t a y c o n s t a n t f o r 0
>L
)(く Lo r e
= 1可r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n t u i t i v e l y 、 whent r a d a b l e g c
〕odsand no
日t r
削l a h l
《ヨ 巨ood
日a r es u t
》s t i t e ( ( )
> 1)う剖il
日e r e
>泊C i n i n
中o r t . c c li n t c
、r n
P r i n
【l u c e sh i g h e r
且on t r
副: ! a b l egoods p r i c e s
うwhichmakes consumers demand more t r a d a b l e g o o d s , h e n c e 、 l c a c l st o <Ul i n c : r u
出ci n d o m e s t i c c u r r e n c y p r i c e o f t r a d a b l c goods t h a t i
ぉt . h c
討a r n ca H n o r n i n
礼lc x c : h a n ) ! ; e r n t c i n onr modd S . Dy c o n t r a s t . , when n o n t . r a d a b k g c
附d
ぉandtradablθgood a r
巳c o r n p l e r r w n t . i . e .
くI。Lan i n c r
刊lS
巳i nn o n t r a d a b l e
呂oodsp r i c e s i n d u c e d f
rom an i n c r
間 関i n imported i n t e n m e d i a t e goods f o r e i g n c u r r e n
ぞYp r i c e l e a d
行t ol
剖S d e n 1 a n d s on on b o t h n o n t 1 a d a b l e and t r a d a h l e goodsh e n c e . nominal exchange r a t e
りr dome
尽t i cc u r r e n c y p r i c e o f t r a d e d goods S f a l l s . ¥Vhcn t l w nominal e x c h
札且g e r a t e S f a l l s . t h e d o u w s t . i c c u r r e n c y p r i
何o fi n t e r m e d i a t
ぞ日oodsSP,b e e
りlllPSl e s s e x p e n s i v e and w h c 1 1 ( } =
1うt h e l . W ( J c f
ト!c:t.討canedc a c ‑ h o t h e r o n t ' "
Ih a t .
巳
v e n t u a l l ynominal c x c l r n n
日C r a t e S nn
ぐh
礼n g c d .
F i g u r e l a n c l 2 show t . h c
、r e s p o n s e
出 。ft h e
、nominalc x c h
川i g e
I川(、s
『CPI
P
町c o m p o s i t ec : o n s n r n r
此1 0 n
C, and川n p l o y r n c
:、n t .w l a : n t h e r e
川'.'ef l n c : t . r n i . t i o n s
i n f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y p r i c e o f i n t
巳Imediate
呂ood
昔;P r und
う《rB=L5
仙1 1
《l
}(ニ())i . r
附pe
仁t i v e l y . I t i s s h r
〕玖m t h a t when
乃g c
附up
『t
九H札7凶
0
く1( ( }
>1 ) . The r e a s o n i s t h a t when
P1 gc
附up t h e1 1 0
巳
x c h a n p ; er a t e o r d o m e s t i c p r i c e o f t r a d a b l e goods 8 i n c r
巳a
ぷe sw i t h ( } >
l
司h e
う1 1
《:《九hmrn
,《}i《i i
《1
討'i n c r e a s e s . S i n c e CPI r i s e
比hou
州、h o l d
凶cans u b s t i t u t e con
討nmp t i o n wi t , h l e i
日i r eh e n c e s u p p l y l
仁討sl a b o r . I n c o n t . r a s L i f ( }
く1 , 8 f a l l
討,hou
開h o l d
討incomed e e r
印 刷 民 社i c r d o r cwhc
、:nmoney s n p い l yi s k e p t f i x e d . h o u s e h o l d s need t o s u p p l y more l a b o r t o c o r n 1
附n
出i t . cl e s s incmnc from t h e t r a d a b l e endowment.
F i g u r e 3 p r e s e n t s t h e r e s p o n s e o f w e l f a r e when t h e r e a 1 e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n i n t e r m e d i a t e goods p r i c e . v V e l f a r e d e c r e a s e s w i t h an i n c r e
乱s ei n P r r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e r e l a t i v e 、 a lue o f ( t ) o
l.However
町w e l f a r ei s a l w a y s h i g h e r f o r
IJ> 1
c o r n p a n : d t o t . h c
同meP
1u n d e r ( }
<l c a s e .
4 Predetermined Wage Setting
N<川町、〜
ec o 1 1 s i d c r t h e
白 山 出cwhere wages a r e p r e d e t e r m i n e d
司i . e . ,wages a r e s e t l
円'I
川刷、:ho
!山山礼山山:c .¥ V e
、心且肘a(sym
日1 e t r i c )e q u i l i b r i u m . g i v e n p r
問。
fimport
<光Ii n t e r m e d i a t e
日o o c l s
P1, endowment :Y ‑ r , i n i t i a l money h o l d i n g
」M o ,
パ
nda mon
、《t、旧v r u l
o f p r i c
、e s{ ・ l ¥
アp『S P r v , P
}討1l、けht h a t . :
:l.
Hot
附h o l d ss e t wage
WP,i n a d v a n c e :
2.Finns maximize p r o f i t
町3.
Households maximize t h e i r u t i l i t y o v e r c o n s 1 1 m 1
北i o nand r e a l l m l
川lCCS
出u b j e c tt o e x p o s t budget c o n s t r a i n t s :
4.
The monev market c l e a r
円凡f
=
凡l o
十T ( 3 2 )
5 . The n o n t r a d a b l e goods market c l e a r s :
Y , y
二C
N( 3 3 ) U ndcr t h i s p r e d e t e r m i n e d wage
問t t i n ge n v i r o n m e n t , e q u a t i o n s t h a t c h a r ‑
actcri~cs cqmlibrium a r e
削f o l l o w
日PC
二 Mx p" , , , M
W L=α γ
(コ)l "p
x
PC
一一WL
ヤ」S y ' }
\¥ ニ
WP t h e s e e q u a t i o n s t h e n imply
( 1 2 ) ( 1 6 ) ( 1 7 ) ( : 3 4 )
With p r e d e t e r m i n e d W", from t h i s e q u a t i o n we
りb t . a i nt h e nominal c
、x change r a t e S a s a f u n c t i o n o f money s u p p l y l
vfand t h e p r i c e o f import
<、:d i n t e r m e d i a t e goods P r o r t h e i n v e r s e o f t e r m s o f t r
刷l e
、出五Jl l o w
討S
二F(M
:ぅWP
うfう)( 3 6 ) Then w i t h t h e nominal exchange r a t e o r p r i c e o f t r a d a b l e g o o d s ,
S,known, we can s o l v c f o r o t h e r pri《《ぅ lc:v•οls s u c h a
弓PN、
P;and from t h e money market c l c a r i n
日《o n d 1 t i o n ,we ohtam t h e l e v e l o f consumption
C, which in t u r n g i v e
可CT,CN
旧i demployment
£.Proposition 2 ・ I na sm α l l open economy w i t h t h e p r e d e t e r m i n e d w α μ s e t t i n g , money s u p p l y c a n α f j e c t employment and t h e n o r n i n o . l wrdwngc mtc i s α n i n c
問 削i n gf u n c t i o n o f money
山p p l y .
lフ
γ o a f : I n t h e Appendix.
T h e r e f o r e
町u n l i k
巳undert h e
自e x i b l cwa
伴、Hdtingenvironment where money i s n c n t r n L monetary p o l i c y can a f i c c t employment, c o n s u m p t i o n , h e n c e , and t h e h o n s e h o l d ' s w e l f a r e when wa
民 同 礼r ep r e d e t e r m i n e d , which i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l Keynesian t h e o r i e s .
Next
司wec o n s i d e r t h e Ramsey‑type problem f o r t h e monetary a u t h o r ‑ i t y
,可i . e . ,t h e monetary authm i t y c h o o s e s t h e o p t i m a l morn
うys u p p l y i
'vft h a t m a x i m i > o c s hou
問h o l d
司sw e l f a r e s u b j e c t t o
《りn s t r n i n t st h a t c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e e q u i l i l
江i i
日ni n t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r economy and t h e p r e d e t e r m i n e d wage l e v e l . Form
礼l l y ,t h e monetary a u t h o r i t y c h o o s e s M t o m a x i m i z e :
s n b j e c t t o :
J v [ 1 J ?
!日(C)十
xln( ) L
乙p
2
]¥/[
PC=
x
PM'
, , M W L =
川(」ニ)'" ー
p
x
P C 'H'L十SνT
1¥=W"
(37)
( 1 2 ) ( 1 6 ) ( 1 7 ) ( 2 7 ) Proposition 3 The ο p t i m . 1 1 . l money s u p p l y i s p r o p o r l i o n a . l t o p r c d e t e r mined
叩α q e α ndi s 1 1 f o . n c t i o n o f terms o f t n α d e .
Ifο
?optim α J m o η
巴U
訓t p p l y1
♂sponse depends on ll回,val似 ο•ff!: M
日 間c r e a s i n g ( d e e r .
問 問1 . g
)川: t hP 1
ザ)(>1 ( 0
<l ) , J ' v 1 r c m . 1 1 . i n s r : o n s t α
川 町hen( )
l.From ( 1 2
)司(1 7 )a
吋(2 7 ) ,we can c x p r n
田l a b o r L
剖1 lvf
L
=ー ナ ( 8 1 / T )
H p X ( 3 8 )
T h e r e f o r e , we can r e w r i t e t h e p l a n n e r ' s problem a s c h o o s i n g }
vft o ma
ェi ‑
IIllZ (~
J v
[ 円Z n (
) 一̲̲'I̲
ーヲ(Syr)2
} ' 2 ( 1
十χ J w r 2 x ( 3 9 )
s u b j e c t t o
心山中]
J ' v l
=y8yr 間
S i n c e .
P = [ ( 1 1 ) S ' o
+吋 01 , ~θ ニ S[(l 1)十ハ心円
1ii 仰L e t
『s< k n o t
引s
唱" r/¥S
1 ,i1・θ
(ニ
) l
υ= | ( )α(l , " I
言G(S)
ん
l κ fVP h
」 (41)n ︐ ︑
I
L
P
二S [ ( I 1
)トコ−1 1
'百G(S)
( 4 2 ) l n t h e Appendix we show t h a t unckr o p t i m a l p o l i c y t h e money s u p p l y A I a r n l t , h c nominal exchange r a t e S must s a t i s f y two f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n
同II
; ' l , J
I
2 C : : S y , )
Mx ( χ
十 l)Wp/ 白"I ¥
J¥1¥ ヮ十( 111−一一一一一−−'−−
) ゥ
一一C ( S ' ) J
I= ' 、 . ;d l l T
︶ − l ︵
(44)
R P w r i t e
、(:H
)出HU
北pl
y−
−
UF
︶ 一
Ei
一
+一 リ hN
一 γ 一
︐TS
︐ ム
咽4LVS I Y
νA
2 ィ ー
司 ル
( J S )
Thi
出店i v e
汚e
ペ(x
ル
︵ ぷol ︶S u b s t i t u t e
(32)and
(37)i n t o (
:lfi).we o b t a i n S
川f u n c t i o no f P
1 川t c l w , ,
a s :
[ i
‑
~·」=~!Iぷ正司」(i i1 /
ト1x−(弘司:)ゴNot
町 山tl
川i sc a
田a tt h e 0 1
p
日med
巾W
日by P r and o t h e r p a 1 am
《't
う《r
討D
:《n o t et h i s f u n c
七i o na
おH
(乃)、W
《、c , i n w r i t
Lc:
̲ v v ; E , l , = H ( P r ) 8=H
ネH ( P r ) Note t l
川H ( I ' 1
)山i n c
ゐn
、"'討i n g( d ( I i
く l)( 4 8 )
S u b s t i t u t e ( 3 9 ) back t o ( : 3 7
)we o b t a i n t h e o p t i m a l mo
町t a r ys u p p l y
川 内f u n c t i o n o f l
》r e d e t e r m i n e dwage and l 『
I・
( x y r H
(乃))2
ト川( 4 9 )
I
'日i(
4D)i t M
討t r a
目礼