Regional Disparities and Reform of Local Public Finances
著者 Tsuruta Hiromi
journal or
publication title
Kansai University review of business and commerce
volume 10
page range 87‑104
year 2008‑03
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10112/12114
Regional Disparities and Reform of Local Public Finances Hiromi Tsuruta
I . Regional Disparities and Local Public Finances 1 . The trend of regional d i s p a r i t i e s
R e c e n t l y , the p u b l i c ' s concerns over economic i n e q u a l i t y and n o ¥ i v r e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t y are stronger than e v e r . The possible i n d i c a t o r s t o measure economic d i s p a r i t i e s could be income, consumption, a s s e t s , employment and wages. To measure the r e g i o n a l economic gaps there are various kinds o f indexes a v a i l a b l e depending upon the p o i n t o f view o f the problem. For example, Hatta & Tabuchi (1994) has pointed out s i x main causes of the u n i p o l a r concentration i n Tokyo which were as f o l l o w s : 1 ) economies o f s c a l e ; 2 ) economies o f scope;
3 ) economies of l o c a l i z a t i o n ; 4) economies o f u r b a n i z a t i o n ; E i ) c e n t r a l i z e d government system; and 6 ) i n t e r n a t i o n a l and r e g i o n a l d i v i s i o n o f l a b o r . These s i x main causes have also been the primary f a c t o r s o f r e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t i e s 1 . Thus, not only the economic but also p o l i t i c a l and other f a c t o r s have l e d t o the r e g i o n a l i n e q u a l i t i e s . However, t h i s paper i s not intended t o focus on t h i s i s s u e , but r a t h e r t o confirm the f a c t s o f recent r e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t i e s by using several i n d i c e s .
F i r s t o f a l l , according t o the OECD, Japan ranked 24th among the 26 member countries surveyed i n terms of the s i z e o f r e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t i e s . This r e s u l t shows t h a t the d i s p a r i t i e s i n Japan are c o n s i d . e r e d as the smallest among a l l the other countries (See Table 1 ) .
Figure 1 shows the t r a n s i t i o n o f the G i n i c o e f f i c i e n t o f p r e f e c t u r a l income per c a p i t a from 1955 t o 2003. This f i g u r e demonstrates t h a t r e g i o n a l gaps increased from 1955 t o 1961, and then declined during
* This research was supported by the grant from Kansai U n i v e r s i t y .
1 H a t t a , Tatsuo and Takatoshi Tabuchi ( 1 9 9 4 ) , Causes o f Unipolar c e n t r a l i z a t i o n t o Tokyo and i t s Countermeasure, i n H a t t a , T . ( e d . ) , Economic Analyses of Unipolar C e n t r a l i z a t i o n t o Tokyo, Nihon K e i 2 : a i Shinbun Co.
87
88
Table 1 Regional d i s p a r i t i e s ( 2 0 0 3 )
G i n i G i n i
Rank c o e f f i c i e n t o f
Rank c o e f f i c i e n t o f p e r c a p i t a p e r c a p i t a
GDP GDP
Turkey 1 0.27 I t a l y 14 0.13
Mexico 2 0.26 Germany 15 0.12
Slovak Republic 3 0.22 Spain 15 0.12 Belgium 4 0.19 Czech Republic 15 0.12
Hungary 4 0.19 Denmark 15 0.12
Poland 6 0.18 Norway 19 0 . 1 1 Korea 6 0.18 France 19 0 . 1 1 I r e l a n d 8 0.17 F i n l a n d 21 0.10 U n i t e d Kingdom , 0.16 Netherland 21 0.10 Canada 10 0.15 A u s t r a l i a 21 0.10 A u s t r i a 10 0.15 Greece 24 0.09 P o r t u g a l 12 0.14 Japan 24 0.09 U n i t e d S t a t e s 12 0.14 Sweden 26 0.05 OECD Average 0.15 ( S o u r c e ) OECD, Region a t a Glance: 2007 E d i t i o n , p . 5 9 .
F i g u r e 1 T r a n s i t i o n o f G i n i c o e f f i c i e n t o f per c a p i t a p r e f e c t u r a l income (1956‑2003)
1 3 . 6 7
1 4
ー Ginicoefficient multipliedb y
1001 2
1 0
8
9 . 1 0
7 . 5 2
7 . 1 5 7 . 5 1 7 . 4 8
6
6 . 6 8
1 9 5 5 1 9 5 9 1 9 6 3 1 9 6 7 1 9 7 1 1 9 7 5 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 7 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 3
( S o u r c e ) K a j i , Y o s h i t o ( 2 0 0 6 ) , The T r a n s i t i o n o f Regional D i s p a r i t i e s and i t s Background, Reference, V o l . N o . 4 .
the period of r a p i d growth of the economy u n t i l 1975, having s l i g h t l y
increased around 1970. After a gradual r i s e up t o 1990 i t then began
t o decrease, and i t has s t a r t e d t o r i s e again since 20012. This r e s u l l t i n d i c a t e s t h a t the t r a n s i t i o n o f r e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t i e s correspond t o t h ≪ 3 major stages of economic developments a f t e r World War 1 1 3 .
There are many i n d i c e s , except per c a p i t a income, mentioned above t h a t can be used when v e r i f y i n g r e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t i e s . Table 2 describes a t r a n s i t i o n o f population by r e g i o n s . The number o f p e o p l t 3 moving i n t o the three major metropolitan areas o f Japan continued t o increase d r a m a t i c a l l y a f t e r World War 1 1 . However, since the l a t e 1970s people have begun t o move out o f the Osaka metropolitan a r e a , and even the Nagoya area population s l i g h t l y decreased durin!~
t h a t t i m e . I n the 1980s, the Tokyo metropolitan area was the only place where people continued t o move i n and showed a consistent increase i n p o p u l a t i o n . When l o o k i n g c l o s e l y a t the Tokyo Metropolis
Table 2 Trend o f p o p u l a t i o n by r e g i o n s
' 1 9 7 5 I 1 9 8 0 I 1 9 8 5 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0
( % )
2 0 0 5 H o k k a i d o 4 . 8 4 . 8 4 . 7 4 . 6 4 . 6 4 . 5 4 . 4
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
T o h o k u 1 0 . 5 1 0 . 3 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 9 . 9 9 . 8 9 . 5
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
K a n t o ‑ K o s h i n 3 1 . 7 3 2 . 2 3 2 . 8 3 3 . 5 3 3 . 8 3 4 . 2 3 4 . 7
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
H o k u r i k u 2 . 6 2 . 6 2 . 6 2 . 5 2 . 5 2 . 5 2 . 4
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
T o k a i 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 5 1 1 . 6 1 1 . 6 1 1 . 7
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
K a n s a i 1 6 . 7 1 6 . 5 1 6 . 5 1 6 . 4 1 6 . 3 1 6 . 3 1 6 . 3
・ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
C h u g o k u 6 . 6 6 . 5 6 . 4 6 . 3 6 . 2 6 . 1 6 . 0
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ・ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ・
S h i k o k u 3 . 7 3 . 6 3 . 5 3 . 4 3 . 4 3 . 3 3 . 2
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
K y u s h u 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 0 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 6
>If~ii; ニ~;::!: 1 1 1 l i i l : l : : ; ! 1 1 ! I l l :;III~!iii~!:!
・ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
R u r a l A r e a
T o t a l 5 5 . 5 I 5 5 . 3 I 5 4 . 8 I 5 4 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0
( N o t e ) On M a r c h 3 1 , e a c h F i s c a l Y e a r .
5 4 . 1 I 5 3 . 6 I 5 2 . 9 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0
( S o u r c e ) A s s o c i a t i o n o f L a n d & G e o g r a p h y , H a n d b o o k o f P o p u l a t i o n b y B a s i c I n h a b i t a n t L e d g e r .
2 K a j i , Yoshito ( 2 0 0 6 ) , The T r a n s i t i o n o f Regional D i s p a r i t i e s and i t s Background, Reference, V o l . No.4.
3 Tanizawa, H i r o k i ( 1 9 9 8 ) , The Trend o f Regional D i s p a r i t i e s and Regional Development P o l i c y ,
inHokkaido‑Tohoku Finance Corporation ( e d . ) , Q u a r t e r l y Report Tohoku, No.50.
9 0
Table 3 Trend of unemployment r a t e and e f f e c t i v e r a t i o of job openings t o job
applicants ( % , people)
2 0 0 5
T h e :
: Workforce u n e m p l o y e d :
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‑0
‑‑ ‑‑‑.
‑‑6
‑‑6
‑6
‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑.
‑‑8
‑0
‑‑‑‑‑.
‑‑8
‑‑4
‑‑‑---—• ---•---
1 3 9 , 2 3 6 ! 2 , 0 5 4 , 1 4 6 K y u s h u 2 . 3 3 . 2 3 . 3 4 . 6 3 . 7 4 . 6 0 . 5 7 5 . 1 0 . 4 8 6 . 7 0 . 7 0 4 4 4 , 5 5 0 ! 6 , 6 5 3 , 0 1 9
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑---•---‑‑‑‑‑‑‑Okinawa 4 . 0 8 . 1 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 7 1 0 . 3 0 . 1 8 9 . 4 0 . 2 8 1 1 . 9 0 . 4 3 7 5 , 3 7 2 ! 6 3 5 , 8 4 9 3 M a j o r M e t r o . A r e a s 1 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 3 . 4 3 . 1 4 . 7 0 . 5 0 5 . 0 0 . 5 5 6 . 0 1 . 1 1 1 , 8 4 5 , 4 1 2 ! 3 0 , 9 1 9 , 8 9 6 T o k y o A r e a 1 . 3 2 . 3 2 . 4 3 . 2 2 . 9 4 . 6 0 . 4 8 4 . 8 0 . 5 5 5 . 6 1 . 1 1 9 9 0 , 2 7 3 ! 1 7 , 6 7 8 , 1 1 1
‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
---•---N a g o y a A r e a 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 9 2 . 5 2 . 5 3 . 6 0 . 6 8 4 . 0 0 . 7 2 4 . 6 1 . 6 0 2 2 4 , 1 1 0 ! 4 , 8 5 4 , 5 6 0
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑