Unit Seventeen
Shorui o nakusanaide kudasai.
Please do not lose the documents.
In this unit you will learn about:
How to offer to do something for someone
How to make the verb nai-form ([V-nai]) from the masu-form how to make a negative request politely
how to say ‘must’ and ‘do not have to’ Noun (time) made ni: ‘by’ or ‘before’ Kanji of the unit 17
Dialogue 1
Please do not move that desk.
-Mrs Kaneko and Mr Gregory work for the same company. He is currently helping her to set up a room for a meeting.
かねこ : グレゴリーさん、そのいすを ここに もってきてください。 グレゴリー : はい。このつくえも そこに もっていきましょうか。 かねこ : いいえ、そのつくえは うごかさないでください。 グレゴリー : はい、わかりました。 かねこ : それから、このしょるいを 10まい コピーしてください。たいせつな かいぎの しょるいですから、なくさないでください。 グレゴリー : わかりました。
Kaneko : Guregirī-san, sono isu o koko ni mottekite kudasai. Guregirī : Hai. Kono tsukue mo sokoni motteikimashō ka. Kaneko : Īe, sono tsukue wa ugokasanaide kudasai. Guregirī : Hai, wakarimashita.
Kaneko : Sorekara, kono shorui o 10-mai kopī shite kudasai. Taisetsuna kaigi no shorui desu kara, nakusanaide kudasai.
Guregirī : Wakarimashita.
Vocabulary
うごかさないでください ugokasanaide kudasai please do not move うごかします ugokashimasu to move (something) ~ないでください ~naide kudasai please do not (do)
しょるい shorui document
たいせつ(な)(na-adj) taisetsu (na) important
かいぎ kaigi meeting
なくさないでください nakusanaide kudasai please do not lose
Write 〇 if the statement agrees with the dialogue. Write× if not.
1. ( ) Mrs Kaneko asked Mr Gregory to bring the desk to her.
2. ( ) Mrs Kaneko asked Mr Gregory not to lose the important document.
Language Points
Offering to do something for someone
‘Verb stem + mashōka’ is used when one offers to do something for someone. To reply
positively, you say ‘onegaishimasu’ the literal meaning of which is ‘request’.
Q: kuruma o ugokashimashō ka. (Shall I move the car?) A-1: Hai, onegaishimasu. (Yes, please.) A-2: Īe, kekkō desu. (No, no thank you.)
Exercise 1
Complete the following sentences correctly.
1. ドアを (Shall I open the door?)
2. にほんごで なまえを
(Shall I write my name in Japanese?) 3. くるまを (Shall I move my car?) 4. ごみを (Shall I throw away the rubbish?)
Vocabulary ---
ごみ gomi rubbish; trash; litter
すてます sutemasu to throw away
Verb Nai-form: How to make the “Nai-form” verb [V-nai]
Like Te-form, the Nai-form verb is also used to convey various meanings such as a negative request (please do not do…) or obligation (must do …), etc. The following shows how to make the Nai-form from the Masu-form verb.
masu-from stem nai-form kaerimasu kaer imasu kaer + anai kaeranai kakimasu kak imasu kak + a kakanai nomimasu nom imasu nom + anai nomanai yomimasu yom imasu yom + anai yomanai
Note that for Group 1 verbs that end with aimasu’, imasu’, or oimasu’, you need to add ‘-w’ to the stem before adding “-anai”.
masu-from stem nai-form kaimasu ka imasu ka + w + anai kawanai aimasu a imasu i + w + anai awanai
masu-form stem nai-form tabemasu tabe masu kaer + anai tabenai misemasu mise masu kak + a misenai nemasu ne masu nom + anai nenai oikimasu oki masu yom + anai okinai
masu-form nai-form
shimasu shinai
kimasu *Nai-form of ‘kimasu’ is ‘konai’ not ‘kinai’.
Exercise 2
Using the verb list below, put the verb group number in the brackets and write its Nai-form on the line. Example たべます (2) たべない 1. なきます ( ) ________ 6. コピーします ( ) ________ 2. しんぱいします ( ) ________ 7. なくします ( ) ________ 3. にげます ( ) ________ 8. すてます ( ) ________ “-imasu” to “-anai” kaer + anai kak + anai nom + anai yom + anai add “-w” + “-anai” ka + w + anai a + w + anai
Group 1 verbs: Replace ‘-imasu’ to ‘-anai’ to the stem
Group 2 verbs: Replace ‘-masu’ to ‘-nai’ to the stem
“-masu” to “-nai” tabe + nai mise + nai ne + nai oki + nai konai
4. さわります ( ) ________ 9. まちがえます ( ) ________ 5. おくれます ( ) ________ 10. わすれます ( ) ________
Vocabulary
とおります tōrimasu 1 to go through
なきます nakimasu 1 to cry
ぬぎます nugimasu 1 to remove (shoes); remove/take off (clothing)
さわります sawarimasu 1 to touch
おこります okorimasu 1 to get angry
おとします otoshimasu 1 to drop (something)
うごきます ugokimasu 1 to move (someone/something) かぜをひきます kaze o hikimasu 1 to catch a cold
おくれます okuremasu 2 to be late
にげます nigemasu 2 to run away; escape
まちがえます machigaemasu 2 to make a mistake or error わすれます wasuremasu 2 to forget
コピーします kopī shimasu 3 to make a copy しんぱいします shinpai shimasu 3 to worry わすれものをします wasuremono o
shimasu
3 to leave something behind
Verb Nai-form (1): The Polite negative request
‘[V-nai] de kudasai’ is an expression you use to make a negative request in a polite way.
a. Kaigi wa 10-ji ni hajimarimasu kara, okurenaide kudasai.
(The meeting starts at 10 so please do not be late.) b. Kore wa taisetsu na e desu kara, sawaranaide kudasai.
(This is an important painting so please do not touch it.)
Exercise 3
Make a sentence, using ‘nai de kudasai’ as in the example.
Example Q: Koko de tabetemo ī desu ka. A: Sumimasen ga, tabenaide kudasai.
1. Q: Koko ni sawattemo ī desu ka. A: Sumimasen ga,
Verb-Nai
de kudasai
May I? No
2. Q: Koko ni gomi o sutetemo ī desu ka. A: Sumimasen ga, 3. Q: Kono michi o tōttemo ī desu ka. A: Sumimasen ga, 4. Q: Koko ni kuruma o tometemo ī desu ka. A: Sumimasen ga,
Dialogue 2
I must study Japanese this weekend.
-Mrs Kaneko has invited Mr Gregory to her home this weekend.
かねこ : グレゴリーさん、こんしゅうまつ うちへ ごはんを たべに きません か。 グレゴリー : ざんねんですが、ちょっと…。らいげつ にほんごの しけんを うけま すから、こんしゅうまつは にほんごを べんきょうしなければなりませ ん。 かねこ : そうですか。むずかしい しけん ですか。 グレゴリー : はい、しけんのひ までに かんじを 300 おぼえなければなりませ んから、まいにち かんじを れんしゅうしています。 かねこ : グレゴリーさんは たくさん かんじを しっていますから、しんぱいし なくてもいいですよ。
Kaneko : Guregirī-san, konshūmatsu uchi e gohan o tabe ni kimasen ka.
Guregirī : Zannen desu ga, chotto… Raigetsu nihon-go no shiken o ukemasu kara, konshūmatsu wa nihon-go o benkyō shinakereba narimasen.
Kaneko : Sō desu ka. Muzukashī shiken desu ka.
Guregirī : Hai, shiken no hi madeni kanji o 300 oboenakereba narimasen kara, mainichi kanji o renshū shite imasu.
Kaneko : Guregorī-san wa takusan kanji o shitte imasu kara, shinpai shinakutemo ī desu yo.
Vocabulary
しけん shiken exam
うけます ukemasu to take (an exam)
べんきょうしなければなりません benkyō shinakereba
narimasen
must study ~なければなりません ~nakereba narimasen must
ひ hi day
しけんのひ shiken no hi the exam day
~までに ~madeni by (a certain time)
れんしゅうします renshū shimasu to practise
しんぱいしなくてもいいです shinpai shinakutemo ī desu do not have to worry ~なくてもいいです ~nakutemo ī desu do not have to
Write 〇 if the statement agrees with the dialogue. Write× if not.
1. ( ) Mr Gregory will study Japanese at Mrs Kaneko’s house this weekend.
2. ( ) Mr Gregory must learn 300 Kanji by the time he takes a Japanese exam next month.
Language Points
Verb Nai-form (2): obligation ‘[V-na(i)] + kereba narimasen’
‘[V-na(i)] + kereba narimasen’, which is equivalent to the English ‘must’ or ‘have to’, is used when you need to express that one must do something. The literal translation of this pattern is ‘if one does not do (that), it is no good’. This expression is often used when one has no choice but to do something (sentence a) or is obliged to do because of
regulations/law (sentence b).
a. Ashita shiken ga arimasu kara, konban benkyō shinakereba narimasen.
(I have an exam tomorrow so I have to study tonight.) b. Nihon de wa, uchi no naka de kutsu o nuganakereba narimasen.
(In Japan, one must remove their shoes in the house.) Because of its nature, this expression may sound harsh when it is addressed to someone directly. In such a case, ‘[V-te] kudasai’ is more appropriate.
c. Mainichi nihongo o benkyō shite kudasai. (Please study Japanese every day.)
Exercise 4
Make a ‘Verb-nakereba narimasen’ sentence, using the right object from below.
Example (tabemasu [eat]) ringo o tabenakereba narimasen
1. (renshū shimasu [to practice]) _____________________________________ 2. (nomimasu [to drink; take]) _____________________________________ 3. (nugimasu [to take off]) _____________________________________ 4. (sutemasu [to discard])) _____________________________________ 5. (orimasu [to get off]) _____________________________________
densha kutsu ringo kusuri gomi katakana
Exercise 5
kereba narimasen
What does Tsutomu have to do tonight? Write the answer as in the example.
Yoshiko Tsutomu
Example Watashi wa konban tegami o kakanakereba narimasen.
1. 2. 3.
Verb Nai-form (3): don’t have to…‘[V-na(i)] + kutemo ī desu’
‘[V-na(i)] + kutemo ī desu’, the literal meaning of which is ‘it is ok even if one does
not do (something)’, is an expression to state what one does not have to do.
a. Watashi no koto wa shinpai shinakutemo ī desu.
(As for me, you do not have to worry.) b. Q: Kanji de namae o kakanakereba narimasen ka.
(Do I need to write my name in Kanji?) A: Īe, kanji de kakanakutemo ī desu. (No, you do not have to write in Kanji.)
Exercise 6
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese as shown in the example. Note that the sentences which start with ‘you’ should not use ‘you’ in Japanese.
Example You do not have to change the train. [norikaemasu]
Densha o norikaenakutemo ī desu. 1. You do not have to go to school today. [ikimasu]
2. You do not have to bring an umbrella today. [mottekimasu] Konban nani o shinakereba narimasen ka. Example write a letter. 1. go to the library 2. dispose of rubbish 3. wash my clothes
kutemo ī desu
Verb-na(i)
+
3. You do not have to remove your shoes in this building. [nugimasu] 4. You have time so you do not have to hurry. [isogimasu]
Noun (time)+ made ni: ‘by’ or ‘before’
a. Shiken no hi madeni kanji o 500 oboenakereba narimasen.
(I must learn 500 Kanji by the exam day.) b. Ka-yōbi madeni shukudai o shinakereba narimasen.
(I must complete the homework by Tuesday.)
Exercise 7
Mariko, a Japanese student, is writing a letter to her friend, Amy, who used to live next to her house but has returned to the UK. Read the text and draw a ○ if the statement agrees with it and draw a × if not.
エイミーさん こんにちは。げんきですか。わたしは げんきです。せんげつは てがみと こうちゃを あ りがとうございました。ともだちと いっしょに そのこうちゃを のみましたが、とても おいしかったです。 ところで、イギリスの がっこうは もう はじまりましたか。にほんの がっこうは こん げつから はじまりました。まいにち たくさん しゅくだいを しなければなりませんから、 とても いそがしいです。それに、わたしの うちは がっこうから とおいですから、まい あさ はやく おきなければなりません。あさは まだ くらいですから、ほんとうに たい へんです。エイミーさんは まいあさ なんじに おきますか。はやく おきなくても いい ですか。 エイミーさんの イギリスの せいかつを おしえてください。 じゃあ、また。 まりこより 1. ( ) Mariko has been busy because she has a lot of homework to do.
2. ( ) Mariko does not have to wake up early every morning because she lives near the school.
Vocabulary ---