௧ 䠏 ᖺ ᗘ
୍ ⯡ ධ Ꮫ ヨ 㦂 䠄 ๓ ᮇ 䐠 䠅 ၥ 㢟
እ ᅜ ㄒ 䠄 ⱥ ㄒ 䠅
( ⸆ Ꮫ 㒊 䞉┳ ㆤ Ꮫ 㒊 䞉 ᗣ ་ ⒪ ⛉ Ꮫ 㒊 䞉ᚰ ⌮ Ꮫ 㒊 䞉ᅜ 㝿 ┳ ㆤ Ꮫ 㒊 )
ὀ ព 㡯
1. ၥ㢟Ꮚ䛿䠈ヨ㦂┘╩⪅䛾ᣦ♧䛜䛒䜛䜎䛷㛤䛔䛶䛿䛔䛡䜎䛫䜣䚹 2. ၥ㢟Ꮚ䛸ゎ⟅⏝⣬䠄䝬䞊䜽䝅䞊䝖䠅䛿ู䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹
3. ゎ⟅⏝⣬䛻䛿ゎ⟅ḍ௨እ䛻ୗグ䐟䡚䐢䛾グධḍ䛜䛒䜛䛾䛷䠈┘╩⪅䛾 ᣦ♧䛻ᚑ䛳䛶䛭䜜䛮䜜ṇ䛧䛟グධ䛧䠈䝬䞊䜽䛧䛺䛥䛔䚹
䐟 Ặྡḍ Ặྡ䛚䜘䜃䝣䝸䜺䝘䜢グධ䛧䛺䛥䛔䚹
䐠 ཷ㦂␒ྕḍ ཷ㦂␒ྕ䠄ᩘᏐ䛚䜘䜃ⱥᏐ䠅䜢グධ䛧䠈 䛥䜙䛻䛭䛾ୗ䛾䝬䞊䜽ḍ䛻䝬䞊䜽䛧䛺䛥䛔䚹
䐡 ヨ㦂✀ูḍ 䛆୍⯡๓ᮇ2᪥┠䛇 䛻䝬䞊䜽䛧䛺䛥䛔䚹 䐢 ᩍ⛉䞉⛉┠ḍ 䛆እᅜㄒ䠄ⱥㄒ䠅䛇 䛻䝬䞊䜽䛧䛺䛥䛔䚹
4. ゎ⟅䛿䠈ゎ⟅⏝⣬䛾ゎ⟅ḍ䛻䝬䞊䜽䛧䛺䛥䛔䚹
䛘䜀䠈 10 䛸⾲♧䛾䛒䜛ၥ䛔䛻ᑐ䛧䛶 䐡 䛸ゎ⟅䛩䜛ሙྜ䛿䠈
ḟ䛾 [] 䛾䜘䛖䛻ゎ⟅␒ྕ10䛾ゎ⟅ḍ䛾 䐡 䛻䝬䞊䜽䛧䛺䛥䛔䚹
[] ゎ⟅
␒ྕ
ゎ ⟅ ḍ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 10 䐟 䐠 䖃 䐢 䐣 䐤 䐥 䐦 䐧 䒩
5. ヨ㦂㛫䛿䠈60ศ䛷䛩䚹
䊠 ḟ䛾ⱥᩥ䜢ㄞ䜣䛷タၥ䛻⟅䛘䜘䚹
Gesture to (1) reinforce ideas.
OK, so you’re sitting across the desk from (2) an unenergized person who’s delivering a series of dull, boring messages and you’re wondering when the police will be there to outline his body with chalk. A real *1stiff.
Has this person been *2embalmed already or is it just someone not using their non-verbal communications skills?
(3)[deliver] the spoken word, whether presenting across the desk or in front of a big group, should be an orchestration of every communication tool available to you: the brain, the voice and the body. And we mean the whole body...facial expressions, arm and hand gestures and the position of the *3torso. Social scientists tell us that audiences (anyone looking at and listening to you) will derive more meaning from your ( 4 ) than from your ( 5 ).
Our work has proven that gesturing, the use of any and all body parts (within reason, of course) comes directly from enthusiasm and passion.
(6) They should come from your natural style and your willingness to let your body do some of the talking. Keep your arms loose and your hands in front of you lightly clasped so you can use them openly and freely when you want. Stand erect but not *4stiff. Be aware that every part of your face...eyebrows, cheeks, mouth and eyes can gesture. Your body language should reinforce your words. When you say something like: “the entire portfolio,” then use open arms to illustrate something all-encompassing.
When you say: “we have ( 7 ),” then use your hand gestures to show something that’s small. Practice by standing in front of a full-length mirror and observe your gestures. It’ll teach you a lot.
And be careful not to penalize yourself by keeping your hands in your pockets, or crossed in front of you or *5twiddling a pencil.
Good communication will come from alertness and the ability to let your face and your body language help sell your points.
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䠄ὀ䠅 *1 stiff: Ṛయ *2 embalmed: 㜵⭉ฎ⌮䜢䛩䜛 *3 torso: ⬗
*4 stiff: 䛣䜟䜀䛳䛯 *5 twiddle: 䛟䜛䛟䜛ᅇ䛩
ၥ㸯 ୗ⥺㒊 (1) 䜢䛾⾲⌧䛻⨨䛝䛘䜛䛸䛝䠈᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 1 䐟 reproduce 䐠 strengthen 䐡 relocate 䐢 weaken
ၥ㸰 ୗ⥺㒊 (2) 䛜♧䛩ෆᐜ䛸䛧䛶᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 2
䐟 ⏕䛝⏕䛝䛸䛧䛯ከᵝ䛺䝯䝑䝉䞊䝆䜢㏦䛳䛶䛟䜛ே
䐠 ఱ䜙䛛䛾௳䛻ᕳ䛝㎸䜎䜜䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯ே
䐡 䛩䛷䛻㜵⭉ฎ⌮䜢䛥䜜䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯ே
䐢 ゝእ䛾䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁⬟ຊ䜢䛳䛶䛔䛺䛔ே
ၥ㸱 (3) [deliver] 䜢ᩥ୰䛻㐺䛩䜛ᙧ䛻┤䛩䛸䛝䠈᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 3 䐟 Delivering
䐠 Delivered
䐡 Being delivered 䐢 Delivery
ၥ㸲 ✵ᡤ ( 4 ) 䛸 ( 5 ) 䛻ධ䜜䜛䛾䛻᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺⤌ྜ䛫䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 4
䐟 ( 4 ) : messages ( 5 ) :facial expressions 䐠 ( 4 ) : visual image ( 5 ) :words
䐡 ( 4 ) : facial expressions ( 5 ) :messages 䐢 ( 4 ) : words ( 5 ) :visual image
ၥ㸳 ୗ⥺㒊 (6) 䛜♧䛩ෆᐜ䛸䛧䛶᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 5
䐟 our work 䐠 gesturing
䐡 any and all body parts 䐢 enthusiasm and passion
ၥ㸴 ✵ᡤ ( 7 ) 䛻ධ䜜䜛䛾䛻᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 6
䐟 gross profits 䐠 tight margins 䐡 large audience 䐢 a good time
䊡 ḟ䛾ⱥᩥ䛸䜾䝷䝣䜢ㄞ䜣䛷タၥ䛻⟅䛘䜘䚹
The world’s consumption of raw materials is set to nearly double by 2060 as the global economy expands and living standards rise, placing twice the pressure on the environment that we are seeing today, according to a new Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report.
A preview of The Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060 released today sees global materials use rising to 167 Gigatonnes in 2060 from 90 Gigatonnes today as (1) the world population soars to 10 billion people and average global income
*1per capita rises to *2converge with the current OECD level of USD 40,000.
Without concrete actions to address these challenges, the projected increase in the extraction and processing of raw materials such as biomass, fossil fuels, metals and non-metallic minerals is likely to worsen pollution of air, water and soils, and contribute significantly to climate change. The increase comes ( 2 ) a shift from manufacturing to service industries and continual improvements in manufacturing efficiency, which has lessened the amount of resources consumed for each unit of GDP. Without (3) this, environmental pressures would be worse.
The projection also takes account of flattening demand in China and other
(4) emerging economies as their infrastructure booms end.
The preview report, presented at the World Circular Economy Forum in Yokohama, Japan, by OECD Deputy Secretary General Masamichi Kono, says the biggest rises in resource consumption will be in minerals, including construction materials and metals, particularly in fast-growing developing economies.
Non-metallic minerals, such as sand, gravel, limestone and crushed rock account for more than half of total materials consumed today in Gigatonne terms. Adding other materials, the total raw materials consumed by an average family in a day would fill up a bathtub. These volumes will only become larger between now and 2060.
The recycling industry, currently a tenth the size of the mining sector in terms of GDP share, is likely to become more competitive and grow, but it will remain a ( 5 ) industry than mining primary materials.
The report’s global environmental impact analysis of the extraction and production of seven metals (iron, aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, nickel and
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manganese) plus building materials, concrete, sand and gravel shows significant impacts in areas like acidification, air and water pollution, climate change, energy demand, human health and toxicity of water and land.
Within this group of metals and minerals, copper and nickel tend to have the greatest per-kilo environmental impacts, while iron, steel and concrete have the highest absolute impacts due to the large volumes used.
The extraction and burning of fossil fuels and the production of iron, steel and building materials are already major contributors to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. In the absence of new emissions-cutting policies, the report says overall emissions from materials management will grow from 28 to 50 Gigatonnes of CO2-equivalent by 2060.
䠄ὀ䠅 *1 per capita: 䠍ேᙜ䛯䜚 *2 converge: ᮰䛩䜛
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ၥ㸯 ୗ⥺㒊 (1) 䛾᪥ᮏㄒヂ䛸䛧䛶᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 7 䐟 ୡ⏺୰䛾ேཱྀ䛜100൨䜎䛷ᚎ䚻䛻ቑຍ䛧䛶䛔䛟
䐠 ୡ⏺ྛᆅ䛷ேཱྀ䛜10൨䛪䛴ቑຍ䛩䜛 䐡 ୡ⏺䛾ேཱྀ䛜ᛴቑ䛧䛶100൨䛻㐩䛩䜛 䐢 ୡ⏺ேཱྀ䛜ᖺ㛫10൨ே䛾ྜ䛷ῶᑡ䛩䜛
ၥ㸰 ✵ᡤ ( 2 ) 䛻ධ䜜䜛䛾䛻᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 8
䐟 though 䐠 despite 䐡 however 䐢 insteadof
ၥ㸱 ୗ⥺㒊 (3) 䛜♧䛩ෆᐜ䛸䛧䛶᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 9
䐟 pollution of air, water and soils 䐠 manufacturing efficiency
䐡 the amount of resources 䐢 each unit of GDP
ၥ㸲 ୗ⥺㒊 (4) 䛾ᩥ୰䛾ព䛸䛧䛶᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 10
䐟 ᪂⯆ᅜ⤒῭
䐠 Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖ䛾⤒῭
䐡 ༴ᶵⓗ䛺⤒῭
䐢 ⌧Ꮡ䛩䜛⏕ែ⣔
ၥ㸳 ✵ᡤ ( 5 ) 䛻ධ䜜䜛䛾䛻᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 11
䐟 more important 䐠 still larger 䐡 much smaller 䐢 far better
ၥ㸴 ᮏᩥ䛺䜙䜃䛻䜾䝷䝣䛾ෆᐜ䛻ྜ䛖䜒䛾䛿ḟ䛾䛖䛱䛹䜜䛛䚹 12
䐟 ⌧ᅾ䠈ୡ⏺䛾ேཱྀ1ேᙜ䛯䜚䛾ᡤᚓᖹᆒ䛿4⡿䝗䝹䜎䛷㐩䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹
䐠 䝁䞁䜽䝸䞊䝖䛺䛹䛾ᘓ⠏㈨ᮦ䛿㕲䛺䛹䛾㔠ᒓ䜘䜚䜒⎔ቃ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜘䜚䛝䛺ᙳ㡪䜢䛘䜛䚹 䐡 ▼⇞ᩱ䛾᥇᥀䛿Ẽởᰁ䛸 ᐊຠᯝ䜺䝇䛾ฟ䛾䛺ཎᅉ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛿ゝ䛘䛺䛔䚹
䐢 2060ᖺ䛻䛚䛡䜛ୡ⏺䛾ཎἜᾘ㈝㔞䛿⌧ᅾ䛸䛝䛟ኚ䜟䜙䛺䛔䛸ண䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹
䊢 ḟ䛾ྛၥ䛔䠄ၥ㸯䡚ၥ10䠅䛾✵ᡤ䜢⿵䛖䛾䛻᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䜢䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜ୗ䛾 䐟䡚䐢䛛䜙୍䛴 䛪䛴㑅䜉䚹
ၥ㸯 As some members can’t come today, we’ll have to 13 the meeting until nextmonth.
䐟 have 䐠 hold 䐡 postpone 䐢 keep
ၥ㸰 The website provides more people 14 opportunities to communicate with eachother.
䐟 for 䐠 with 䐡 to 䐢 of
ၥ㸱 Our dishwashingmachineseemsto need 15 .
䐟 repaired 䐠 repairing 䐡 to have repaired 䐢 torepair
ၥ㸲 I don’t knowmuch aboutour bossbecauseshe 16 talksaboutherself.
䐟 frequently 䐠 usually 䐡 no 䐢 seldom
ၥ㸳 17 isoften thecase inwinter, some studentshavecome lateforschool.
䐟 As 䐠 Since 䐡 There 䐢 It
ၥ㸴 You must walk 18 fifteen minutes to get to the main gate of the stadium.
䐟 more 䐠 further 䐡 another 䐢 other
ၥ㸵 19 ofthe automobilesinthe parking lot were made inJapan.
䐟 Almost 䐠 Most 䐡 Mostly 䐢 Nearly
ၥ㸶 Last year, Jeffseriously considered 20 thecompany.
䐟 quit 䐠 to quit 䐡 quitting 䐢 quitted
ၥ 㸷 Meg asked her patient to keep his mouth 21 many times while examining histeeth.
䐟 opening 䐠 open 䐡 toopen 䐢 openly
ၥ10 My son told me that 22 out of the window, he saw a few birds flying toward thesea.
䐟 looking 䐠 to look 䐡 looked 䐢 to belooked
䊣 ḟ䛾ྛၥ䛔䠄ၥ㸯䡚ၥ㸳䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜ୗ䛾 䐟䡚䐣 䛾ㄒྃ䜢୪䜉᭰䛘䛶✵ᡤ䜢⿵䛔䠈ᩥ
䜢ᡂ䛥䛫䜘䚹䛯䛰䛧䠈ゎ⟅䛿 23 䡚 32 䛻ධ䜜䜛䜒䛾䛾␒ྕ䛾䜏䜢⟅䛘䜘䚹
ၥ㸯 䜿䝡䞁䛿እᅜ䛻⾜䛛䛺䛡䜜䜀䠈Ẽ䛻䛺䜙䛺䛛䛳䛯䛰䜝䛖䚹
If Kevin 23 , 24 have gotsick.
䐟 wouldn’t 䐠 hadn’t 䐡 abroad 䐢 he 䐣 gone
ၥ㸰 ⚾䛯䛱䛿ิ㌴䛾୰䛻⮬ศ䛯䛱䛾Ⲵ≀䜢⨨䛔䛶䛔䛛䛺䛔䜘䛖ඛ⏕䛻ᣦ♧䛥䜜䛯䚹
We 25 26 baggageinthe trainbythe teacher.
䐟 instructed 䐠 leave 䐡 were 䐢 our 䐣 not to
ၥ㸱 䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖䛾䛚䛛䛢䛷ከ䛟䛾ሗ䛾ඹ᭷䛜⡆༢䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹
The Internet 27 28 a lot of information with ease.
䐟 to 䐠 you 䐡 allowed 䐢 share 䐣 has
ၥ㸲 䛭䛾Ꮚ౪䛿䝔䝺䝡䝀䞊䝮䜀䛛䜚䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹
The 29 30 videogames.
䐟 does 䐠 play 䐡 but 䐢 nothing 䐣 child
ၥ㸳 䛭䛾♫䛿୍ᗘ䛻ໃ䛾ᚑᴗဨ䜢ゎ㞠䛧䛯䛣䛸䛷ᙉ䛟ᢈุ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹
The companyis strongly 31 32 all atonce.
䐟 many 䐠 criticized 䐡 firing 䐢 employees 䐣 for
䊤 ḟ䛾ᑐヰᩥ䛾 33 䡚 37 䛻ධ䜜䜛䛾䛻᭱䜒㐺ᙜ䛺䜒䛾䜢䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜ୗ䛾 䐟䡚䐢 䛛䜙୍
䛴䛪䛴㑅䜉䚹
ၥ㸯 A: Whatwill youtakenextsemester?
B: Well,I’m thinkingI’ll takea psychologyclass.
A: Oh,me too. 33 B: ProfessorLeslie’s.
䐟 Whendoesthe classstart?
䐠 Wheredid youbegintolearnit?
䐡 Whoseclass will youbein?
䐢 Howis theprofessor?
ၥ㸰 A: Excuseme. Canyoudirect meto SakuraStation?
B: 34
A: Canyoushow me thewayto Sakurastation?
B: Sure.
䐟 Youcanask me somequestions.
䐠 Wouldyouspeak moreslowly?
䐡 Will youtell mehowto getthere?
䐢 I’msorry I’ma strangerhere.
ၥ㸱 A: Willyouturn offyourcellphone duringthemeeting?
B: 35
A: Thankyouvery muchfor yourcooperation.
䐟 Will youturniton?
䐠 I’msorry. Sure.
䐡 MayI returnit afterthat?
䐢 You’llturnout tobe right.
ၥ㸲 A: CanI havea spicycheese hamburgerand acup of coffee?
B: 36
A: No,that’s all.Thankyou.
B: Haveagood afternoon.
䐟 Ofcourse. Anything else?
䐠 Sure. Isthatallyouwant?
䐡 Will youneedyour coffeesoon?
䐢 I can’tunderstand youlike it.
ၥ㸳 A: Twoticketsforthe threeo’clock show,please.
B: 37
A: Oh,that’s too bad. Well,what timeisthe nextshow?
B: Fivethirty.
䐟 The lastshow was reallygreat.
䐠 Youdon’thaveto getthetickets.
䐡 Wouldyoulike tosit onthe seat?
䐢 All theticketsfor thisshow are soldout.
