??反身代?的第二?言?得考察

??反身代?的第二?言?得考察

著者 ? 勇

journal or

publication title

静言論叢

volume 2

page range 123‑142

year 2019‑03‑29

出版者 静岡大学言語学研究会

URL http://doi.org/10.14945/00026420

㘏

㘏 ࣷ

ީ䭤䈃φ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇˈ⇽䈝ᖡ૽

1.

ᕋ䀶

Chomsky (1981)

ᨀࠪ㓖ᶏ⨶䇪 (Binding Theory) ԕਾˈሩҾ৽䓛ԓ䇽˄ֻྲˈ

㤡䈝˖

≹䈝˖㠚ᐡˈԆ㠚ᐡ˗ᰕ䈝˖ ⮬ศ㸪ᙼ⮬㌟˅Ⲵ⨶䇪⹄ウᡀѪ❖⛩䈍

仈DŽ䲿⵰৽䓛ԓ䇽⨶䇪Ⲵਁኅᆼழˈ৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ⹄ウҏᡀѪ✝䰘䈍仈DŽ

൘⹄ウ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇⲴݸ㹼⹄ウѝˈԕ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵Ѫሩ 䊑ˈᒦфӵ⹄ウ≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽˄bare reflexivesˈֻྲ˖㠚ᐡ˅ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇⲴ

⹄ウᖸཊDŽ⇽䈝ᱟަԆ䈝䀰Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵ˈԕ৺ޣҾ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ཊᖒᘱⲴݸ㹼⹄

ウᖸቁDŽᵜ⹄ウԕ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵઼⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵Ѫሩ䊑ˈ㘳 ሏ≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽઼≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽˄

ˈֻྲ˖Ԇ㠚ᐡ˅ཊ ᖒᘱⲴㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇDŽഐѪᰕ䈝઼㤡䈝Ⲵ৽䓛ԓ䇽ᴹਟ∄ᙗˈ≹䈝઼ᰕ䈝Ⲵㆰঅ৽

䓛ԓ䇽઼㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ᖸн⴨਼ˈնᱟ≹䈝઼ᰕ䈝Ⲵ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽઼㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽 ᖸ⴨լDŽ

ᡁԜ൘৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵ⇽䈝Ґᗇԕ৺ㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ䗷〻ѝˈ䈝⌅Җѝ䜭нՊᨀ৺৽

䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵᡰᤷ䰞仈ˈᆖҐ㘵ҏнՊᗇࡠԫօᤷሬᡆᨀ⽪ˈᡰԕ৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴҐᗇ৽ᓄ ҶᡁԜ޵൘䈝䀰⸕䇶Ⲵањቲ䶒DŽҏቡᱟ䈤ˈ৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴҐᗇ⹄ウ㜭ᴤྭⲴ᧒ウᲞ

䙽䈝⌅

ᱟ੖ሩㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ䎧֌⭘DŽᲞ䙽䈝⌅ᱟݯㄕཙ⭏ާ

༷Ⲵᶴᡀ䈝䀰Ґᗇ㘵Ⲵࡍ࿻⣦ᘱˈᱟа⿽བྷ㝁ާᴹⲴо䈝䀰⸕䇶⴨ޣⲴ⢩ᇊ⣦ᘱDŽ ݯㄕ⭡Ҿާ༷Პ䙽䈝⌅ˈᡰԕ൘ਚ㜭᧕䀖㛟ᇊ䇱ᦞ

㘼⋑ᴹ੖ᇊ 䇱ᦞ (negative evidence) Ⲵᛵߥлˈҏቡᱟ䈤ˈᰕᑨ䈝䀰᧕䀖ѝ⸕䚃৽䓛ԓ䇽ਟԕ

ᤷੁ䈱ˈնᒦ⋑ᴹ৽䓛ԓ䇽н㜭ᤷੁ䈱Ⲵ䈝䀰᧕䀖⣦ᘱлˈݯㄕҏ㜭↓⺞⨶䀓઼Ґ

1ᵜ⹄ウᱟ᪥ᮏᏛ⾡᣺⯆఍⛉◊㈝ᇶ┙◊✲ (C) ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࠕ↷ᛂ⾲⌧➨஧ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ◊✲̺୰ᅜㄒ࣭᪥ᮏ ㄒ࣭ⱥㄒࢆ୰ᚰ࡟̺ࠖ㸦◊✲௦⾲⪅㸸㘏ࣷ㸪ㄢ㢟␒ྕ㸸17K02968㸧Ⲵа䜘࠶DŽ

≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ㘳ሏ

ᗇ৽䓛ԓ䇽DŽㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇᱟ੖ҏ઼⇽䈝Ґᗇаṧˈ൘⋑ᴹ䏣ཏⲴ䈝䀰᧕䀖Ⲵᛵߥ лҏ㜭ҐᗇDŽণˈᲞ䙽䈝⌅㜭੖ҏਟ৺ࡠᡀӪⲴㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇˈᱟㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ⹄

ウⲴ䟽⛩ѻаDŽᵜ⹄ウѫ㾱ᜣ䀓ߣԕлࠐњ䰞仈˖

ձ ᰕ䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽઼≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽⢩ᖱа㠤ˈ㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽઼≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽 на㠤DŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵ᱟ੖∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵ᇩ᱃ Ґᗇ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽˛

ղ ⇽䈝ሩㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇウㄏᴹӰѸᖡ૽˛⇽䈝઼ㅜҼ䈝䀰⢩ᖱа㠤ᱟ੖Պ

↓䗱〫׳䘋Ґᗇˈна㠤ᱟ੖Պ䍏䗱〫䱫⺽Ґᗇ˛

ճ ݯㄕཙ⭏ާ༷Ⲵ䈝䀰ࡍ࿻⣦ᘱⲴᲞ䙽䈝⌅ሩㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇᱟ੖䎧֌⭘˛

2.

≿䈣θᰛ䈣θ㤧䈣ਃ䓡ԙ䈃

ᖃᡁԜੜࡠ

⢩ᵇᲞ

䘉њ਽ᆇᰦˈ⋑ᴹԫօ䈝ຳᡁԜ傜кቡՊ⸕䚃઼⨶䀓DŽն ੜࡠ“ himself ”ᰦˈᡁԜ䲔ҶঅᮠㅜйӪ〠⭧ᙗѻཆˈᒦн⸕䚃ަᡰᤷDŽ൘“ John

䘉ਕ䈍ѝˈ

Ⲵᡰᤷ䙊䗷ݸ㹼䇽

“ Tom ”ᶕᇎ⧠DŽChomsky (1981)

ᢺ“ himself ”䘉ṧ䴰㾱ݸ㹼䇽Ⲵ䇽䈝㔏〠Ѫ➗ᓄ䈝

(anaphor)

DŽ➗ᓄ䈝ᗵ享൘

䘉њ㇑䗆䈝ฏ

޵ਇ㓖ᶏˈഐ↔“ himself ”ਚ㜭ᤷ“ Tom ”ˈн㜭ᤷ“ John ”ˈഐѪ“ Tom ”൘㇑䗆䈝ฏ

ѻ޵ˈ㘼

൘㇑䗆䈝ฏѻཆDŽ

䇔Ѫ䘉㊫㓖ᶏ⧠䊑ᱟ䈝䀰ⲴᲞ

䙽㿴ᖻˈ〠ѻѪ㓖ᶏ⨶䇪DŽ

Chomsky (1981)

ᨀࠪ㓖ᶏ⨶䇪ԕਾˈ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵᤷੁ⨶䇪⹄ウᡀѪ✝䰘䈍仈DŽ

≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽઼ᰕ䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ᱟ䇘䇪ᴰཊⲴ䈝䀰DŽഐѪ≹䈝઼ᰕ䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ᴹо㤡 䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽⴨਼Ⲵа䶒ˈҏᴹᆼޘн਼Ⲵа䶒DŽ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽઼ᰕ䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽൘㔃 ᶴᖒᘱк࠶Ѫ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽઼ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽DŽ㤡䈝ਚᴹ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽DŽ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ 䇽ˈ∄ྲˈ㤡䈝Ⲵ

㸦ྩ㸧 㠚ᐡ”ˈᰕ䈝ⲴNjᖬ㸦ᖬྣ㸧㠚 䓛nj DŽㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈ∄ྲˈ≹䈝Ⲵ

㠚ᐡ

ˈᰕ䈝ⲴNj㠚࠶nj DŽ

ᱟ≹䈝ˈᰕ 䈝ˈ㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴֻᆀDŽ

˄1˅ ᕐй

䇔Ѫ [ ᵾഋ

⴨ؑ 㠚ᐡ

˄

˅ ᙇ୕

ࡣ

ᮤᅄ

ࡀ ⮬ศ

ࢆ ಙ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

2 ྠ୍ᣦḷᰦ⏝┦ྠⱥᩥ➢ྕ⾲♧DŽྲ᷌㤡᮷ㅖਧࡽ࣐*ˈ㺘⽪нਟԕ਼ᤷDŽ

˄

˅

˄4˅ ᕐй

䇔Ѫ [ ᵾഋ

⴨ؑ Ԇ㠚ᐡ

˄

˅ ᙇ୕

ࡣ

ᮤᅄ

ࡀ ᙼ⮬㌟

ࢆ ಙ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

˄6˅ ᕐй

㔉Ҷ ᵾഋ

аᕐ 㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ ➗⡷DŽ

˄

˅ ᙇ୕

ࡣ ᮤᅄ

࡟ ⮬ศ

ࡢ෗┿ࢆ ࠶ࡆࡓࠋ

˄8˅ Zhangsan

˄

˅ ᕐй

㔉Ҷ ᵾഋ

аᕐ Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ ➗⡷DŽ

˄

˅ᙇ୕

ࡣ ᮤᅄ

࡟ ᙼ⮬㌟

ࡢ෗┿ࢆ ࠶ࡆࡓࠋ

˄ԕкㅄ㘵䙐ਕ˅

ֻਕ

ᱟᴹ䲀༽ਕ

ˈ

ᱟৼᇮ䈝অਕ

DŽ䙊䗷

઼

Ⲵֻᆀˈਟԕ⸕䚃≹䈝Ⲵ

㠚ᐡ

ˈᰕ䈝ⲴNj㠚࠶nj઼

㤡䈝 (3) наṧˈнㅖਸ

Ⲵ㓖ᶏ⨶䇪ˈਟԕᤷੁ㇑䗆䈝ฏѻཆ Ⲵ

ᕐй

DŽᡰԕ≹䈝Ⲵ

㠚ᐡ

ˈᰕ䈝ⲴNj㠚࠶nj৸㻛〠֌ਟԕ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ

distance binding)

Ⲵ৽䓛ԓ䇽DŽ↔ཆˈ(6) ઼ (7) ҏ৽᱐Ҷ≹䈝Ⲵ“㠚ᐡ”ˈᰕ䈝Ⲵ

Nj㠚࠶nj઼㤡䈝

наṧˈ≹䈝Ⲵ

㠚ᐡ

ˈᰕ䈝ⲴNj㠚࠶njਚ㜭ᤷੁѫ䈝ˈ㻛

〠Ѫѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗ (subject orientation)ˈն㤡䈝 (8) Ⲵֻᆀˈѫ䈝઼ᇮ䈝䜭ਟԕᡀ Ѫ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵݸ㹼䇽DŽ㲭❦≹䈝઼ᰕ䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽઼㤡䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵᡰᤷ

на㠤ˈնᱟ (4)ˈ(5)ˈ(9)ˈ(10) Ⲵֻᆀˈਟԕⴻࠪ≹䈝઼ᰕ䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽઼

㤡䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽ᡰᤷа㠤DŽ৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴᡰᤷоަᖒᘱᶴᡀᴹааሩᓄⲴޣ㌫DŽ ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽㜭䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁˈ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽ਚ㜭ተ䜘ᤷੁDŽㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵݸ㹼 䈝ਚ㜭ᱟѫ䈝ˈ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵݸ㹼䈝ਟԕᱟѫ䈝઼ᇮ䈝

DŽ㺘

ᙫ㔃Ҷ≹䈝ˈᰕ 䈝ˈ㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ᡰᤷᔲ਼DŽ

3 㲭↛୍லᏛ⪅ᥦฟ஢୍ல཯౛ˈᵜ⹄ウѝ֯⭘Ⲵਕᆀо䘉Ӌ৽ֻᰐޣˈᒦнᖡ૽ᵜ⹄ウⲴ㔃᷌DŽ

⾲

≹ᰕ㤡৽䓛ԓ䇽ᡰᤷᔲ਼

৽䓛ԓ䇽㔃ᶴᖒᘱ ᴹ䲀༽ਕ ৼᇮ䈝অਕ

⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝 䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝 ѫ䈝 ᇮ䈝 ㆰঅ

৽䓛ԓ䇽

≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ࠐ ࠐ ࠐ ™

ᰕ䈝ࠕ㠚࠶ࠖ ࠐ ࠐ ࠐ ™

༽ਸ

৽䓛ԓ䇽

≹䈝

“

Ԇ㸦ྩ㸧㠚ᐡ

ࠐ ™ ࠐ ࠐ

ᰕ䈝

ࠕᖬ 㸦ᖬྣ㸧 㠚䓛ࠖ

ࠐ ™ ࠐ ࠐ

㤡䈝

“himself / herself”

ࠐ ™ ࠐ ࠐ

3.

ਃ䓡ԙ䈃⨼䇰⹊ガфㅢӂ䀶䈣Җᗍ⹊ガ

≹䈝઼ᰕ䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ᱟ䘍㛼

㓖ᶏ⨶䇪Ⲵ➗ᓄ䈝DŽ䈝䀰ᆖ㘵⹄ウⲴ䟽⛩

ቡᱟྲօ䀓ߣ䘍㛼

㓖ᶏ⨶䇪Ⲵ➗ᓄ䈝DŽᴹⲴ䈝䀰ᆖ㘵䈅മ൘ਕ⌅к䀓ߣˈ а䜘࠶ᆖ㘵䇔Ѫ䮯䐍⿫৽䓛ԓ䇽н኎Ҿ➗ᓄ䈝ˈᓄ䈕ᖂ኎ҾᯠⲴа㊫਽䇽

and Stillings, 1984; Mohanan, 1982)

ˈа䜘࠶ᆖ㘵䙊䗷〫սሶ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ䖜Ѫተ䜘㓖

ᶏ (Battistella, 1989; Cole, et al., 1990; Cole and Sung, 1994; Huang and Tang, 1991)ˈ а䜘࠶ᆖ㘵ሶ㇑䗆䈝ฏᢙབྷ

ˈа䜘࠶ᆖ㘵䇔 Ѫн䙊䗷〫ս㘼ᱟᖒᡀ䈝䬮֯ѻਟԕ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ

Nishigauchi, 2014;

㾯ී޵

DŽ

൘㓖ᶏ⨶䇪ѻࡽҏᴹሩҾ৽䓛ԓ䇽ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇⲴݸ㹼⹄ウˈն⭡Ҿ㕪ቁ⨶䇪

ṶᷦˈᡰԕሩҾ㔃᷌Ⲵ䀓䟺ᒦнݵ࠶DŽ

ᨀࠪҶ㇑䗆䈝ฏ

৲ᮠॆ (Governing Category Parameter)DŽԆԜᡰᇊѹⲴ㇑䗆䈝ฏᴹӄњ৲ᮠ٬ˈ䘉 ӄњ৲ᮠ٬㓴ᡀ৲ᮠࡇˈ㤡䈝৲ᮠ٬ᴰሿˈ㇑䗆䈝ฏԕѫ䈝Ѫ⭼ˈ≹䈝઼ᰕ䈝Ⲵ৲

ᮠ٬ᴰབྷˈ㇑䗆䈝ฏਟԕᢙኅࡠᴹᰦփⲴṩਕ (root clause)ˈ᜿བྷ࡙䈝ˈ״䈝ˈߠዋ 䈝࠶࡛ԓ㺘ѝ䰤Ⲵйњ৲ᮠDŽ↔৲ᮠࡇо

Ⲵ㓖ᶏ⨶䇪а䎧ᖒᡀᲞ䙽䈝⌅ѝ Ⲵаᶑ㿴ᖻDŽ࡙⭘䘉а⨶䇪䘋㹼৽䓛ԓ䇽ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇⲴ⹄ウᖸཊ (Finer and

Akiyama, 2002)

DŽᴰᰙṩᦞ㓖ᶏ⨶䇪ᶕ⹄ウ৽䓛ԓ䇽ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇⲴᱟ

Broselow (1986)ˈԆԜ㘳ሏҶ6

਽⇽䈝ᱟ丙䈝Ⲵ㤡䈝ᆖҐ㘵ྲօҐᗇ㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈ

ѻਾ

৸໎࣐Ҷᇎ傼㘵ˈᤷࠪᲞ䙽䈝⌅ᱟਟ৺ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇⲴDŽ

(1990)

㘳ሏҶ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ㤡䈝ᆖҐ㘵ྲօҐᗇ㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈҏѫᕐᲞ䙽䈝⌅ਟ

৺ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇDŽ

൘

ᨀࠪ㇑䗆䈝ฏ৲ᮠॆѻਾˈത㔅㇑䗆䈝ฏ࣭ѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗ࣭

৽䓛ԓ䇽㔃ᶴᖒᘱй㘵ޣ㌫Ⲵ⨶䇪нᯝࠪ⧠DŽᲞ䙽䈝⌅ѝㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽ᴰབྷⲴ⢩⛩

ᱟਟԕ䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁ઼ਚ㜭ѫ䈝ᤷੁˈ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽ਚ㜭ተ䜘ᤷੁ઼ѫ䈝ˈᇮ䈝ᤷੁ

䜭ਟԕDŽᖸྭ䀓䟺䘉Ӌ৽䓛ԓ䇽⢩⛩Ⲵ⨶䇪ᱟ

ᨀࠪᶕⲴ䙫䗁〫ս

࠶᷀ˈѻਾ

઼

ሩ↔нᯝᆼழDŽ䘈ᴹ

(1992, 1993)

ᨀࠪⲴн䴰㾱〫սⲴ⴨ሩॆѫ䈝࠶᷀DŽ

䙫䗁〫ս࠶᷀ᢺㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽࠶᷀Ѫ

ˈ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽࠶᷀Ѫ

৽䓛ԓ䇽ᱟѝᗳ䈝

ণ

ˈ਼ᰦӾ

ࡠ

〫սᱟӾѝᗳ䈝ࡠѝᗳ䈝

〫սˈᡰԕㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽൘䙫䗁ᔿ

ѝ〫ޕ

ˈ❦ਾ޽Ӿ

ࡠ

䘋 㹼䘎㔝ቲ㓗〫սDŽ䙊䗷〫ս䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏਈᡀተ䜘㓖ᶏˈ֯䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁਈѪਟ㜭DŽ਼

ᰦˈѫ䈝䴰㾱оѝᗳ䈝

؍ᤱа㠤ˈᡰԕㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽ਚ㜭ѫ䈝ᤷੁDŽ༽ਸ৽

䓛ԓ䇽нᱟ

ˈᡰԕн㜭࡙⭘

䘋㹼ѝᗳ䈝〫սˈഐ↔ਚ㜭ተ䜘㓖ᶏDŽ༽ਸ৽

䓛ԓ䇽ᱟ

ˈ䱴࣐൘

кˈਇѫ䈝઼ᇮ䈝Ⲵ

㔏ࡦˈᡰԕਟԕᤷੁѫ䈝઼ᇮ䈝DŽ

⴨ሩॆѫ䈝࠶᷀ѫᕐˈ൘ሩ㇑䗆䈝ฏⲴᇊѹѝˈㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵѫ䈝ᱟ

ˈ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵѫ䈝ᱟ

DŽㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽ਟԕᢺ㇑䗆䈝ฏᢙኅࡠਕѝⲴㅜ

ањ

ˈ❦ਾо

Ⲵ

ѝⲴㅜањ

ѫ䈝DŽ

ਟԕоਕѝަԆⲴ

㢲⛩ᖒᡀ䈝䬮DŽ䙊䗷䈝䬮ˈㆰ অ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵ㇑䗆䈝ฏׯᢙኅࡠҶṩਕˈਟԕ᧕ਇ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏDŽ⭡Ҿо

Ⲵ

˄ণѫ䈝˅਼ḷˈਚ㜭ᤷੁѫ䈝DŽ㘼༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵ㇑䗆䈝ฏн㜭ᢙኅˈਚ㜭ተ䜘 㓖ᶏDŽ਼ᰦ⭡Ҿᱟ

ˈਟԕᤷੁѫ䈝઼ᇮ䈝DŽ

䙫䗁〫ս࠶઼᷀⴨ሩॆѫ䈝࠶᷀ᕪ䈳Ⲵᱟˈa. 㔃ᶴᖒᘱᱟㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈ䮯䐍

⿫㓖ᶏ઼ѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗа㠤˗

㔃ᶴᖒᘱᱟ༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈተ䜘㓖ᶏ઼ѫ䈝ᇮ䈝䜭ਟ

ᤷੁа㠤DŽㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ䗷〻ѝྲ᷌н਼㔃ᶴᖒᘱ৽䓛ԓ䇽ҏ㺘⧠ࠪ㇑䗆䈝ฏ઼ݸ 㹼䇽ᤷੁⲴа㠤ᙗˈ䈤᰾Პ䙽䈝⌅䎧֌⭘DŽޣҾ䘉аᯩ䶒Ⲵ৽䓛ԓ䇽ㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ

⹄ウ䜭ᱟᴹ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ⢩ᖱⲴ䈝䀰ˈ∄ྲˈ≹䈝ˈᰕ䈝ˈ丙䈝ㅹ (Thomas, 1991ˈ

ˈ

哴ㅹ

ᴭˈ

DŽ

Thomas (1991)

ԕ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ㤡䈝ᆖҐ㘵઼⇽䈝ᱟ㾯⨝⢉䈝Ⲵ㤡䈝ᆖҐ㘵Ѫ

ሩ䊑䈳ḕҶ㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ҐᗇDŽྩਁ⧠⇽䈝наṧնሩ㤡䈝৽䓛ᑖԓ䇽Ґᗇᖸ⴨լˈ ᡰԕ⇽䈝ᒦ⋑ᴹᖡ૽ㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇˈ㘼ф䈝䀰Ґᗇ〻ᓖሩㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇҏ⋑ᴹᖡ૽DŽ

Thomas (1995)

䈳ḕҶᰕ䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽Nj㠚࠶njⲴㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇDŽа㓴䈳ḕሩ䊑ᱟ઼ᰕ

䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽аṧᴹ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ⢩ᖱⲴ⇽䈝ᱟ≹䈝ˈ⇽䈝ᱟ丙䈝઼⇽䈝ᱟ⌠䈝Ⲵᰕ䈝 ᆖҐ㘵ˈа㓴䈳ḕሩ䊑ᱟ⇽䈝Ѫ㤡䈝Ⲵᰕ䈝ᆖҐ㘵DŽ㔃᷌ਁ⧠

䐍⿫㓖ᶏˈަѝ

Ӫ䘈᧕ਇᇮ䈝Ѫݸ㹼䇽DŽྩ䇔Ѫ䘉ӋᆖҐ㘵ਟ㜭ᢺ৽䓛ԓ䇽Nj㠚

࠶nj䈟ԕѪԓ਽䇽ˈഐѪԓ਽䇽ᤷੁᗵ享൘㇑䗆䈝ฏѻཆDŽնᙫփкˈྩ䇔ѪᲞ䙽 䈝⌅䘈ᱟሩㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ䎧֌⭘DŽਖཆˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘ᇮ䈝ݸ㹼䇽⨶䀓к⋑ᴹ᰾ᱮ ४࡛ˈᡰԕ઼

Ⲵ㔃᷌аṧˈ䇔Ѫ⇽䈝ᒦ⋑ᴹᖡ૽ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇDŽ

Yuan (1998)

⹄ウҶ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝઼⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵Ґᗇ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽

“

㠚ᐡ

ⲴᛵߥˈԆਁ⧠⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵ᴤᇩ᱃ Ґᗇ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽

㠚ᐡ

ˈᡰԕ䇔Ѫ⇽䈝ᖡ૽ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇDŽ哴ㅹ

Ⲵ⹄ウҏ

ਁ⧠аṧⲴ㔃᷌DŽ䘉а㔃᷌о

Ⲵ⹄ウ㔃᷌н਼DŽਖཆˈYuan (1998) 㔃᷌ਁ

⧠䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏоѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗ⋑ᴹ⴨ޣᙗDŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵઼⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ

≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵⨶䀓≹䈝৽䓛Ⲵԓ䇽Ⲵѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗ䜭ᴹഠ䳮DŽ

઼

аṧˈ䇔 Ѫє㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽“㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇѝᒦн䘍㛼Პ䙽䈝⌅DŽ

ᴭ

⹄ウҶ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵Ґᗇ≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽

㠚ᐡ

઼༽

ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ⲴᛵߥDŽ㔃᷌ਁ⧠⇽䈝㤡䈝ᖡ૽ᖸབྷˈ⇽䈝↓䗱〫׳֯ᡀ࣏Ґ ᗇ઼⇽䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽⴨լⲴ

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ˈն䍏䗱〫䱫⺽Ҷ઼⇽䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽⴨ᔲⲴ

㠚ᐡ

DŽ

4.

ᇔ䇷⹊ガ

4.1

⹊ガᯯ⌋

≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇݸ㹼⹄ウѝˈѫ㾱⹄ウ≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴҐᗇˈ

⹄ウ≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽ҐᗇⲴᖸቁˈ䘉ṧᖸ䳮ޘ䶒ᦼᨑн਼㔃ᶴᖒᘱ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ґᗇ ᛵߥDŽਖཆˈѫ㾱ԕ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵Ѫ⹄ウሩ䊑ˈᴹн਼⇽䈝Ⲵ∄䖳ˈਟԕᴤ

࣐ޘ䶒᧒ウ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇDŽᵜ⹄ウԕ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵઼⇽䈝 ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵Ѫ䈳ḕሩ䊑ˈഐѪ㤡䈝઼ᰕ䈝ᴹਟ∄ᙗDŽ⹄ウⲴ䈳ḕᶀᯉᱟ≹

䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽઼༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴㅜҼ䈝䀰ҐᗇDŽ

⍻䈅ਕᆀྲ

㠚ᐡ

ᴹ䲀༽ਕˈ

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ᴹ䲀༽ਕˈ

㠚ᐡ

ৼᇮ䈝

অਕˈ

྇ˈޡ

ਕDŽਖཆ䘈ᴹަԆਕරⲴਕ

ᆀ

ਕˈ䈳ḕ䰞ধаޡ

ਕDŽᨀ⽪ᯩ⌅ྲ

ᡰ⽪Ⲵ䟿㺘䈝⌅ࡔᯝ⌅DŽ

ਕ൘䰞

ধ䈳ḕѝᱟ䲿ᵪᧂࡇDŽѪҶᯩׯࡍ㓗ᆖҐ㘵ˈ⇿њਕᆀк䶒䜭ḷ⌘Ҷ᤬丣DŽ

(11)

ਕර

˖

㠚ᐡ

ᴹ䲀༽ਕ

ᕐ

zhāng

й

sān

㿹

jué

ᗇ

d e

ᵾ

l ǐ

ഋ

s ì

ሩ

duì

㠚

z ì

ᐡ

j ǐ

⋑

méi

ؑ

xìn

ᗳ

xīn

DŽ

“

㠚ᐡ

ਟԕᤷ

㛟ᇊਟԕ བྷᾲਟԕ བྷᾲнਟԕ 㛟ᇊнਟԕ

“

ᕐй

˛

“ᵾഋ”˛

(12)

ਕර

ሿ⦻ ⸕䚃 ሿᵾ 䇘় Ԇ㠚ᐡDŽ

ਕර

ᕐй 㔉 ᵾഋ ⴻҶ 㠚ᐡ Ⲵ ➗⡷DŽ

ਕර

⡨⡨ 䛞㔉 ሿ᰾ аਠ Ԇ㠚ᐡ Ⲵ ㅄ䇠ᵜ⭥㝁DŽ

⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵

਽ˈᇎ傼䈳ḕ൘ѝഭབྷ䱶઼俉⑟ᇎᯭDŽᶕࡠѝഭ

ᆖҐ≹䈝

ᒤˈ൘ࡍ㓗≹䈝ᆖҐ⨝Ⲵ⇽䈝Ѫ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵

਽ˈᆖҐ≹䈝

ᒤˈ൘ѝ㓗≹䈝ᆖҐ⨝Ⲵ⇽䈝Ѫ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵

਽ˈ䘈ᴹ൘ѝഭ⭏⍫

ᒤԕкⲴ

⇽䈝Ѫ㤡䈝Ⲵ儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵

਽DŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵

਽ˈᇎ傼䈳ḕ൘ѝഭ

઼ᰕᵜᇎᯭDŽᆖҐ≹䈝

ᒤˈ൘ࡍ㓗≹䈝ᆖҐ⨝Ⲵ⇽䈝Ѫᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵

਽ˈ

ᆖҐ≹䈝

ᒤˈ൘ѝ㓗≹䈝ᆖҐ⨝Ⲵ⇽䈝Ѫᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵

਽ˈᆖҐ≹䈝

ᒤ

ԕкˈᴹ䗷⮉ᆖѝഭ㓿শⲴ⇽䈝Ѫᰕ䈝Ⲵ儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵

਽DŽ↔ཆˈ31 ਽⇽䈝Ѫ≹

䈝Ⲵ⇽䈝䈍㘵֌Ѫ᧗ࡦ㓴৲࣐Ҷᇎ傼䈳ḕDŽ㔉ᡰᴹ৲࣐ᇎ傼䈳ḕⲴॿ࣋㘵᭟ԈҶᝏ 䉒䍩DŽ

4.2

ᮦᦤ༺⨼

䰞ধкⲴ䘹亩“㛟ᇊਟԕ”䇑ޕ

ᇊнਟԕ

䇑ޕ

ˈ䘋㹼㔏䇑DŽণˈᴰ儈ᱟ

ˈᱟ䈳ḕ㘵䇔Ѫᴰਟԕ᧕ਇⲴ৽䓛ԓ䇽 ݸ㹼䇽ˈᴰվᱟ

ཊ䟽ỰᇊDŽ

4.3

㔉᷒ૂ࠼᷆

4.3.1

ᴿ䲆གྷਛ≿䈣ć㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍ㔉᷒

≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ᱟᰒਟԕ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ৸ਟԕተ䜘㓖ᶏⲴ৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈᡰԕ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝

઼⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝䜭ਟԕᱟݸ㹼䇽DŽᰕ䈝ᖃѝⲴ৽䓛ԓ䇽ࠕ⮬ศ઼ࠖ≹䈝“㠚ᐡ”⢩ᖱа

ṧˈն㤡䈝Ⲵ৽䓛ԓ䇽

઼≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

⢩ᖱнаṧˈਚ㜭⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝DŽྲ᷌ਇ ࡠ⇽䈝ᖡ૽ˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ሶՊ∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ᴤ࣐ᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝

“

㠚ᐡ

DŽ䘉⿽ᛵߥл亴⍻Ⲵ㔃᷌ᱟ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ሩҾ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖՊ

∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵儈ˈ਼ᰦ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ሩҾ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖՊ儈DŽ

㺘

ሩҾᴹ䲀༽ਕ“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵݸ㹼䇽᧕ਇ㔃᷌

ࡍ㓗 ѝ㓗 儈㓗 ≹䈝

᧗ࡦ㓴

ᐞ

ᰕ䈝

(ḷ߶

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

ᰕ䈝

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

ᰕ䈝

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

䮯䐍⿫

ѫ䈝

1.77 (0.27)

1.79 (0.18)

1.45 (0.28)

1.57 (0.25)

1.64 (0.21)

1.94 (0.34)

2.82 (0.19)

⸝䐍⿫

ѫ䈝

1.93 (0.15)

1.95 (0.29)

2.18 (0.08)

2.11 (0.20)

2.09 (0.19)

2.13 (0.24)

1.84 (0.61)

㺘

ᱟє㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘“㠚ᐡ”ᴹ䲀༽ਕ⍻䈅ਕѝ䘹ᤙݸ㹼䇽Ⲵ᧕ਇ㔃᷌DŽє㓴ᆖ Ґ㘵൘䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖк䜭о≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴ᴹᐞᔲ

ˈ൘⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ ਇᓖк઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴⋑ᴹᐞᔲ (p > .05)DŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵䲿⵰≹䈝≤ᒣⲴᨀ儈ˈ ሩҾ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖᒦ⋑ᴹ໎儈DŽնᱟ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵䲿⵰≹䈝≤ᒣⲴᨀ 儈ˈሩҾ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖᴹᡰ໎儈DŽ㘼фˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵ሩҾ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝᧕ਇᓖ 㾱儈Ҿ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝DŽ㔃᷌ⴻࠪ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ᒦ⋑ᴹ∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ᴤ ᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

DŽ

4.3.2

ᴿ䲆གྷਛ≿䈣ćԌ㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍ㔉᷒

൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝ≹䈝“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ਇࡠተ䜘㓖ᶏˈ᧕ਇ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ〻ᓖ㾱儈DŽо≹

䈝

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

аṧˈᰕ䈝 ࠕᙼ⮬㌟઼ࠖ㤡䈝

䜭ᱟਇተ䜘㓖ᶏⲴ৽䓛ԓ䇽DŽྲ᷌

ਇࡠ⇽䈝ᖡ૽ˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖ䜭ᓄ䈕儈DŽ

㺘

Ѫє㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ᴹ䲀༽ਕ⍻䈅ਕѝ䘹ᤙݸ㹼䇽Ⲵ᧕ਇ㔃᷌DŽє㓴 ᆖҐ㘵ሩҾ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖ䜭儈Ҿ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝DŽሩҾ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝᧕ਇᓖᴰվⲴ ᱟ⇽䈝Ѫᰕ䈝Ⲵ儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵

ˈ∄≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴ᴤ࣐н㜭᧕ਇ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝DŽ൘

⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖкˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵѝ㓗ᆖҐ㘵઼⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵѝ㓗ᆖҐ㘵վҾ

≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴 (p < .05)DŽӾ㔃᷌кⴻˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘ࡍ㓗ᆖҐ䱦⇥ਇࡠ⇽䈝Ⲵ↓䗱〫

ᖡ૽ˈݸ㹼䇽ᤷੁ઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴а㠤DŽѝ㓗ᆖҐ㘵Ⲵݸ㹼䇽㔃઼᷌≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴н਼ˈ 䈤᰾൘ᆖҐᙍ㘳䗷⑑ᖃѝˈݸ㹼䇽ⲴᤷੁнっᇊDŽࡠҶ儈㓗ᆖҐ䱦⇥ˈ৸ᚒ༽ࡠҶ

઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴аṧⲴ㔃᷌DŽ

㺘

ሩҾᴹ䲀༽ਕ

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵݸ㹼䇽᧕ਇ㔃᷌

ࡍ㓗 ѝ㓗 儈㓗 ≹䈝

᧗ࡦ㓴

ḷ߶

ᐞ) ᰕ䈝

(ḷ߶

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

ᰕ䈝

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

ᰕ䈝

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

䮯䐍⿫

ѫ䈝

1.41 (0.13)

1.62 (0.22)

1.25 (0.18)

1.51 (0.18)

1.09 (0.17)

1.54 (0.20)

1.58 (0.12)

⸝䐍⿫

ѫ䈝

2.09 (0.11)

2.15 (0.16)

2.02 (0.15)

1.97 (0.33)

2.13 (0.22)

2.25 (0.18)

2.52 (0.19)

4.3.3

ਂᇴ䈣ঋਛ≿䈣ć㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍ㔉᷒

൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝˈ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ާᴹѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗˈሩҾѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖᖸ儈DŽᰕ䈝

ࠕ⮬ศࠖ ઼≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

аṧ൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝާᴹѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗˈ㘼㤡䈝

⋑ᴹѫ 䈝ᤷੁᙗˈѫ䈝઼ᇮ䈝䜭ਟԕ֌Ѫ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵݸ㹼䇽DŽᡰԕྲ᷌ਇ⇽䈝ᖡ૽Ⲵ䈍ˈ

⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵Պሩѫ䈝᧕ਇᓖ儈Ҿᇮ䈝ˈ∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹

䈝“㠚ᐡ”DŽ

㺘

Ѫє㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘

㠚ᐡ

ৼᇮ䈝অਕ⍻䈅ਕѝ䘹ᤙݸ㹼䇽Ⲵ᧕ਇ㔃᷌DŽ൘ѫ 䈝᧕ਇ㔃᷌кˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵࡍ㓗ᆖҐ㘵઼ѝ㓗ᆖҐ㘵о≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴ᴹᐞᔲ (p

< .05)

ˈ儈㓗ᆖҐ㓴઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴⋑ᴹᐞᔲDŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘ሩѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖ

ко≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴⋑ᴹᐞᔲDŽ൘ᇮ䈝᧕ਇᓖкˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵վҾ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝

ⲴᆖҐ㘵

ˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵࡍ㓗ᆖҐ㘵վҾ≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴

DŽ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡

䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘ѫ䈝᧕ਇᓖк䲿⵰≹䈝≤ᒣᨀ儈㘼ࠪ⧠ᨀ儈䎻࣯ˈ൘ᇮ䈝᧕ਇᓖк੸

⧠л䱽䎻࣯ˈᡰԕ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵䙀⑀䎻ੁ≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴DŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵

∄≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴ᴤ䳮᧕ਇᇮ䈝֌Ѫ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵݸ㹼䇽DŽ䘉а㔃᷌ਟԕ䈤ਇࡠ⇽䈝ᰕ䈝

Ⲵ↓䗱〫ᖡ૽DŽ

㺘

ሩҾৼᇮ䈝অਕ

㠚ᐡ

Ⲵݸ㹼䇽᧕ਇ㔃᷌

ࡍ㓗 ѝ㓗 儈㓗 ≹䈝

᧗ࡦ㓴

ḷ߶ᐞ

ᰕ䈝

(

ḷ߶

ᐞ)

㤡䈝

ḷ߶

ᐞ)

ᰕ䈝

ḷ߶

ᐞ)

㤡䈝

ḷ߶

ᐞ)

ᰕ䈝

ḷ߶

ᐞ)

㤡䈝

ḷ߶

ᐞ)

ѫ䈝

(0.09) 2.42 (0.08)

2.60 (0.21)

2.41 (0.30)

2.73 (0.14)

2.65 (0.17)

2.93 (0.06)

ᇮ䈝

(0.19) 1.49 (0.05)

0.78 (0.21)

1.30 (0.13)

0.77 (0.22)

1.19 (0.14)

1.41 (0.18)

4.3.4

ਂᇴ䈣ঋਛ≿䈣ćԌ㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍ㔉᷒

≹䈝“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝˈᰒਟԕᤷੁѫ䈝৸ਟԕᤷੁᇮ䈝DŽᰕ䈝ࠕᙼ⮬

㌟઼ࠖ㤡䈝

ҏᱟᰒਟԕᤷੁѫ䈝৸ਟԕᤷੁᇮ䈝DŽᡰԕˈྲ᷌ਇࡠ⇽䈝ᖡ

૽ˈᡁԜᵏᖵє㓴ᆖҐ㘵䜭ਟԕᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

DŽ

㺘

ᱟє㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕ⍻䈅ਕѝሩҾ≹䈝“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”Ⲵݸ㹼䇽᧕ਇ㔃᷌DŽ ሩҾѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖє㓴ࡍ㓗 ࣭ ѝ㓗 ࣭ 儈㓗ⲴᆖҐ㘵䜭઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴⋑ᴹᐞᔲ

DŽ նᱟሩҾᇮ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖкˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘਴њ≤ᒣк䜭վҾ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ ᆖҐ㘵ˈҏվҾ≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴

DŽ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵѝ㓗ᆖҐ㘵ሩҾᇮ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖ վҾ≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴ˈն⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵࡍ㓗઼儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴⋑ᴹᐞᔲDŽ⇽䈝 ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵࡍ㓗ᆖҐ㘵ਇࡠ⇽䈝㤡䈝ᖡ૽ˈ઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴㺘⧠ࠪҶаṧⲴݸ㹼䇽᧕ਇ 㔃᷌DŽ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵѝ㓗ᆖҐ㘵ࠪ⧠Ҷ㔃᷌ⲴнっᇊˈնࡠҶᆖҐ≹䈝Ⲵ儈㓗䱦⇥

৸઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴аṧˈਟԕ䈤䘋ޕҶањっᇊҐᗇ≹䈝ৼᇮ䈝অਕ“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”⣦ᘱDŽ

⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵䲿⵰ᆖҐ≤ᒣⲴᨀ儈ˈҏ⋑ᴹ䗮ࡠ઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴а㠤Ⲵ㔃᷌DŽ

⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵᧕ਇѫ䈝㾱儈Ҿᇮ䈝DŽ䙊䗷⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵Ⲵ㔃᷌ˈᡁԜ ਟԕ䈤ᱟਇࡠҶ⇽䈝Ⲵ↓䗱〫ᖡ૽ˈն⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵Ⲵ㔃᷌ˈত⋑ᴹਇࡠ⇽

䈝↓䗱〫ᖡ૽DŽ

㺘

ሩҾৼᇮ䈝অਕ

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵݸ㹼䇽᧕ਇ㔃᷌

ࡍ㓗 ѝ㓗 儈㓗 ≹䈝

᧗ࡦ㓴

ḷ߶

ᐞ) ᰕ䈝

(ḷ߶

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

ᰕ䈝

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

ᰕ䈝

ᐞ

㤡䈝

ᐞ

ѫ䈝

(0.12)

2.21 (0.33)

2.28 (0.42)

2.51 (0.28)

2.58 (0.19)

2.19 (0.42)

2.73 (0.11)

ᇮ䈝

(0.21)

1.89 (0.28)

1.25 (0.49)

1.30 (0.12)

0.89 (0.27)

1.66 (0.15)

1.93 (0.22)

4.3.5

ᴿ䲆གྷਛ≿䈣ć㠠ᐧĈૂćԌ㠠ᐧĈⲺ㔉᷒∊䖹

൘≹䈝ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝˈ

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

൘ݸ㹼䇽ᤷੁкⲴ⴨਼⛩ᱟ䜭ਟԕ⸝䐍

⿫ᤷੁˈн਼⛩ᱟ“㠚ᐡ”ਟԕ䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁˈն“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”нਟԕDŽ

മ

ᱟ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁ∄䖳DŽਟԕⴻࠪ

Ԇ㠚 ᐡ”нਟԕ䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁкˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴а㠤ˈնᱟ൘“㠚ᐡ”ਟԕ䮯䐍⿫

ᤷੁкˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴ᴹᐞ䐍DŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵઼⇽䈝ᱟ 㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵ˈ“㠚ᐡ”䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁ儈Ҿ“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁDŽ䈤᰾є㓴ᆖ Ґ㘵䲿⵰ᆖҐ≤ᒣᨀ儈ˈ䘈ᱟᴹ

㠚ᐡ

ਟԕ䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁնᱟ

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

нਟԕ䮯䐍⿫

ᤷੁⲴ⨶䀓ٮੁDŽ

മ

ᴹ䲀༽ਕ

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝ᤷੁ∄䖳

1 2 3

ೖ

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

㓴

฾䈝ೖ䈝 ฾䈝ӵ䈝

≹䈝

ࣙހ䮯ړ㩄क䈝 ଠࣙހ䮯ړ㩄क䈝

മ

ᱟᴹ䲀༽ਕѝ

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ⸝䐍⿫ᤷੁ∄䖳㔃᷌DŽ

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

䜭ਟԕ⸝䐍⿫ᤷੁˈն“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ਚ㜭⸝䐍⿫ᤷੁDŽ䙊䗷㔃᷌ਟԕⴻࠪˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵 䜭ᖸྭⲴ᧕ਇ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝DŽ

മ

ᴹ䲀༽ਕ“㠚ᐡ”઼“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”Ⲵ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝ᤷੁ∄䖳

4.3.6

ਂᇴ䈣ঋਛ≿䈣ć㠠ᐧĈૂćԌ㠠ᐧĈⲺ㔉᷒∊䖹

≹䈝ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝˈ

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵݸ㹼䇽ᤷੁ⴨਼⛩ᱟ䜭ਟԕ᧕ਇѫ䈝ˈ

н਼⛩ᱟ“㠚ᐡ”ਚ㜭ᤷੁѫ䈝ˈн㜭ᤷੁᇮ䈝ˈ㘼“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ѫ䈝઼ᇮ䈝䜭ਟԕᤷੁDŽ

മ

ᱟৼᇮ䈝অਕѝє㓴ᆖҐ㘵ሩҾ

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵᇮ䈝ᤷੁ᧕ਇ㔃᷌DŽ

㔃᷌ਟԕⴻࠪˈ൘“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵᇮ䈝᧕ਇᓖкˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵᆖ Ґ㘵઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴ᴤн㜭᧕ਇᇮ䈝DŽ൘

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵᇮ䈝᧕ਇᓖкˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵᆖ Ґ㘵ҏ∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴᧕ਇᇮ䈝ᓖվDŽ

0 1 2 3

ೖ

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

㓴

฾

䈝

䈝

䈝

䈝 ≹䈝

ࣙހ

䈝

䈝

മ

ৼᇮ䈝অਕ

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵᇮ䈝ᤷੁ∄䖳

മ

ᱟৼᇮ䈝অਕѝє㓴ᆖҐ㘵ሩҾ

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵѫ䈝ᤷੁ᧕ਇ㔃᷌DŽ є㓴ᆖҐ㘵઼᧗ࡦ㓴⋑ᴹᐞᔲˈ“㠚ᐡ”઼“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”䜭ਟԕ᧕ਇѫ䈝DŽ

മ

ৼᇮ䈝অਕ“㠚ᐡ”઼“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”Ⲵѫ䈝ᤷੁ∄䖳

5.

㔲ਾ㘹ሕ

5.1

∃䈣Ѱᰛ䈣ⲺᆜҖ㘻ሯӄ≿䈣ć㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍ

ᰕ䈝ࠕ⮬ศ઼ࠖ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ᰐ䇪൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕ䘈ᱟৼᇮ䈝অਕѝݸ㹼䇽ᤷੁᱟᆼ

1 2 3

ೖ䈝ॵ㓗ೖ䈝஦㓗ೖ䈝߶㓗ӵ䈝ॵ㓗ӵ䈝஦㓗ӵ䈝߶㓗 ߉੏㓴

฾䈝ೖ䈝 ฾䈝ӵ䈝

≹䈝

ࣙހ

ᇮ䈝

ᇮ䈝

0 1 2 3

ೖ

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

䈝

㓗

㓴

฾

䈝

䈝

䈝

䈝 ≹䈝

ࣙހ

䈝

䈝

ޘаṧⲴDŽᡰԕྲ᷌⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘⨶䀓≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

Ⲵਕᆀᰦˈᢺ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ᖃᡀ⇽䈝ѝⲴࠕ⮬ศࠖᶕࡔᯝᰦˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵࡍ㓗࣭ѝ㓗࣭儈㓗≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵൘ݸ 㹼䇽ᤷੁкᓄ䈕ࠪ⧠઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴аṧⲴٮੁDŽ նᱟˈ 䙊䗷㺘

઼മ

Ⲵ㔃᷌ⴻࠪˈ

⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝᒦ⋑ᴹ઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴аṧˈሩҾ≹䈝“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵ䮯 䐍⿫ѫ䈝᧕ਇн儈DŽӾ䘉а㔃᷌ᶕࡔᯝⲴ䈍ˈ⇽䈝ᰕ䈝ࠕ⮬ศࠖᒦ⋑ᴹᖡ૽ࡠ≹䈝

“㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇDŽн䗷ˈ䙊䗷㺘4

઼മ

Ⲵ㔃᷌ⴻࠪˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘ৼᇮ䈝

অਕѝ઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴аṧሩҾѫ䈝Ⲵ᧕ਇᓖᖸ儈DŽӾ䘉а㔃᷌ᶕⴻˈ⇽䈝ᰕ䈝ࠕ⮬

ศࠖ৸↓䗱〫ᖡ૽ࡠ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇDŽ䘉䟼ቡ㾱ᴹањ⯁䰞ˈѪӰѸ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕ ѝˈ⇽䈝⋑ᴹᖡ૽ࡠҼ䈝Ґᗇˈն൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝˈ⇽䈝ᖡ૽ࡠҼ䈝Ґᗇ˛

൘ݸ㹼⹄ウѝˈаӋ⹄ウ᭟ᤱ⇽䈝ᖡ૽ㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ (Yuan, 1998; 哴ㅹ, 2005˗

ᴭ

ˈаӋ⹄ウн᭟ᤱ⇽䈝ᖡ૽ㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇ

DŽնᱟˈᵜ

⅑䈳ḕⲴ㔃᷌ᱟ൘н਼ਕරк㺘⧠ࠪᶕⲴн਼㔃᷌ˈ䘉ᱟ㠚⴨⸋⴮Ⲵ㔃᷌DŽ ᰕ䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽䲔Ҷࠕ⮬ศࠖ ˈ䘈ᴹ઼ࠕ⮬ศࠖ 䶎ᑨ㊫լⲴࠕ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࠖ DŽ ࠕ⮬ศ⮬

㌟઼ࠖ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

н਼ˈ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝਚ㜭ᤷੁ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝ˈᒦнᱟ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝DŽ

൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝˈ ࠕ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࠖ ઼ ࠕ⮬ศࠖаṧާᴹѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗDŽᡁԜᖸ䳮࠶䗘ࠪ⇽

䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘⨶䀓≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ᰦˈᱟᖃ֌ࠕ⮬ศࠖᶕ⨶䀓ˈ䘈ᱟᖃ֌ࠕ⮬ศ

⮬㌟ࠖᶕ⨶䀓DŽн㇑ᱟᖃ֌ࠕ⮬ศࠖᶕ⨶䀓ˈ䘈ᱟᖃ֌ࠕ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࠖᶕ⨶䀓ˈ൘ৼ ᇮ䈝অਕк䜭Պ᧕ਇѫ䈝˄㺘

മ

˅ DŽ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝˈє㘵ቡՊߢケˈྲ᷌ᖃ֌

ࠕ⮬ศࠖᶕ⨶䀓ቡਟԕ᧕ਇ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝ˈྲ᷌ᖃ֌ࠕ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࠖᶕ⨶䀓ቡՊ᧕ਇ⸝

䐍⿫ѫ䈝ˈҏ䇨䘉⿽ߢケˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵Ⲵ㔃᷌ᒦ⋑ᴹ઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴аṧDŽ 䙊䗷ԕкⲴ࠶᷀ˈᡁԜਟԕⴻࠪ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ሩҾ≹䈝“㠚ᐡ”䮯䐍⿫㓖 ᶏⲴҐᗇᴹ䳮ᓖˈণ֯≹䈝儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵ҏ⋑ᴹᗇࡠ઼≹䈝᧗ࡦ㓴аṧⲴ㔃᷌DŽնᱟ ሩ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

Ⲵѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗҐᗇ⋑ᴹ䳮ᓖDŽᵜ⹄ウᒦ⋑ᴹਁ⧠䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏоѫ䈝ᤷ

ੁⲴ⴨ޣᙗDŽ

5.2

∃䈣Ѱᰛ䈣ⲺᆜҖ㘻ሯӄ≿䈣ćԌ㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍ

≹䈝

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ˈ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝᤷੁ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝ˈ൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝᰒਟԕᤷੁѫ 䈝৸ਟԕᤷੁᇮ䈝DŽᰕ䈝 ࠕᙼ⮬㌟ࠖ ઼≹䈝ާᴹаṧ⢩ᖱDŽྲ᷌⇽䈝ᖡ૽≹䈝Ґᗇˈ

⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ᓄ䈕ᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

DŽӾ㺘

઼മ

Ⲵ㔃᷌ਟԕⴻࠪˈ

⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘⨶䀓ᴹ䲀༽ਕ≹䈝“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ᰦˈਟԕᆼޘ᧕ਇ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝DŽ ᡰԕӾ䘉а㔃᷌ˈ⇽䈝ᰕ䈝↓䗱〫ᖡ૽׳䘋Ҷ≹䈝

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇDŽնᱟӾ㺘

ˈ മ

ˈമ

Ⲵ㔃᷌ਟԕⴻࠪˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕ≹䈝

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ⨶

䀓кᴤ࣐᧕ਇѫ䈝ˈ൘᧕ਇᇮ䈝Ⲵ〻ᓖкᖸվDŽ㘼фࡍ㓗࣭ѝ㓗࣭儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵ᱟа

ṧⲴٮੁDŽӾ䘉а㔃᷌ᶕⴻˈ൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕкˈ⇽䈝ᰕ䈝ᒦ⋑ᴹ׳䘋≹䈝

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇDŽᡰԕˈ⇽䈝ᰕ䈝ᆖҐ㘵൘≹䈝“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇкˈᇩ᱃᧕ਇѫ䈝˄वᤜ⸝

䐍⿫ѫ䈝˅ ˈնᖸ䳮᧕ਇᇮ䈝DŽ

5.3

∃䈣Ѱᰛ䈣ⲺᆜҖ㘻ሯӄ≿䈣ć㠠ᐧĈૂćԌ㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍᙱ㔉

⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏⲴҐᗇˈ≹䈝༽

ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵᇮ䈝᧕ਇⲴҐᗇкᴹ䳮ᓖDŽ൘≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽

㠚ᐡ

Ⲵѫ 䈝ᤷੁᙗ઼≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵѫ䈝᧕ਇк⋑ᴹ䳮ᓖDŽ

⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ҐᗇⲴ㔃᷌⴨਼Ⲵᱟˈ䐍⿫

㠚ᐡ

઼“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ᴰ䘁Ⲵѫ䈝ˈᇩ᱃㻛⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵᧕ਇ˄മ

DŽ൘ᴹ䲀༽

ਕѝˈ䐍⿫

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ᴰ䘁Ⲵᱟ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝ˈ൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝˈ䐍⿫

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ᴰ䘁ⲴᱟਕᆀⲴѫ䈝DŽ൘ਕᆀ⨶䀓Ⲵᗳ⨶ᆖᇎ傼ѝˈᨀࠪ䀓᷀ಘ

൘䈫䀓ਕᆀᰦˈՊ䘀⭘ѫ䈝Ոݸ⨶䀓⁑ᔿ઼ᴰ䘁ᯩ⮕ (the most recent filler)DŽণˈ൘

⨶䀓ਕᆀᰦˈՊ䚥ᗚ仈ݳՈ䘹ㅹ㓗

ˈ仈ݳѝⲴᯭһ

઼㓿 һ (experiencer) ᴹՈݸ䎻࣯ˈਇһ (patient) ㅹ㓗վҾᯭһ઼㓿һDŽՈݸ䎻࣯ቡਟ ԕ㺘⧠൘ᯭһ઼㓿һѫ䈝Ⲵٮੁкˈ㘼нᱟਇһᇮ䈝DŽᴰ䘁ᯩ⮕ᱟᤷٮੁҾᴰ䘁Ⲵ

ᯭһ઼㓿һDŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘⨶䀓≹䈝“㠚ᐡ”઼“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”Ⲵਕᆀᰦˈਟԕ䈤

֯⭘Ҷѫ䈝Ոݸ⨶䀓⁑ᔿ઼ᴰ䘁ᯩ⮕DŽ≹䈝儈㓗ᆖҐ㘵൘ᆖҐ䗷〻ѝⲴ䭉䈟ܥॆˈ ሬ㠤൘⨶䀓≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ᰦˈ઼ࡍ㓗࣭ѝ㓗ᆖҐ㘵аṧ䟷⭘а㡜䇔⸕ਕᆀ⨶䀓ᯩ⮕

ᶕ䘹ᤙ৽䓛ԓ䇽ᤷੁDŽ

5.4

∃䈣Ѱ㤧䈣ⲺᆜҖ㘻ሯӄ≿䈣ć㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍ

≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ˈ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝˈᰒਟԕ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ৸ਟԕ⸝䐍⿫㓖ᶏˈնᱟ㤡䈝

Ⲵ

ਚ㜭⸝䐍⿫㓖ᶏDŽ൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝˈ≹䈝“㠚ᐡ”ਚ㜭ᤷੁѫ䈝ˈ㘼㤡䈝Ⲵ

himself

ᰒਟԕᤷੁѫ䈝৸ਟԕᤷੁᇮ䈝DŽ⇽䈝㤡䈝䍏䗱〫䱫⺽⵰≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇDŽ

㺘

ਟԕⴻࠪˈ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕ“㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇѝˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵᧕ਇ

䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝䘈ᱟഠ䳮ⲴDŽ䙊䗷㺘

ˈമ

ˈമ

Ⲵ㔃᷌ˈ൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕ

㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇ ѝˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵䲿⵰ᆖҐ≤ᒣᨀ儈ˈ൘≹䈝“㠚ᐡ”Ґᗇкᴹ઼᧗ࡦ㓴䎻ੁ

а㠤Ⲵٮੁˈᤷੁѫ䈝᧕ਇᓖਈ儈ˈᤷੁᇮ䈝᧕ਇᓖਈվDŽᡰԕˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵᆖ Ґ㘵ˈሩҾ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝“㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇкᴹ䳮ᓖˈնᱟ൘ѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗ“㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇк

⴨ሩᇩ᱃DŽ

5.5

∃䈣Ѱ㤧䈣ⲺᆜҖ㘻ሯӄ≿䈣ćԌ㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍ

≹䈝“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ˈ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕѝˈਚ㜭ᤷੁ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝ˈ઼㤡䈝Ⲵ

а㠤DŽ

൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕѝˈ≹䈝

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

઼㤡䈝Ⲵ

аṧˈᰒਟԕᤷੁѫ䈝ҏਟԕᤷੁ

ᇮ䈝DŽྲ᷌⇽䈝㤡䈝↓䗱〫׳䘋ҐᗇⲴ䈍ˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝Ⲵ“Ԇ 㠚ᐡ

DŽ

㺘

઼മ

ਟԕⴻࠪˈ൘ᴹ䲀༽ਕ“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇѝˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ

㘵᧕ਇ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝DŽ㺘

ˈമ

઼മ

Ⲵ㔃᷌ᱮ⽪ˈ൘ৼᇮ䈝অਕ

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇ ѝˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵਼ᰦ᧕ਇѫ䈝઼ᇮ䈝֌Ѫ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵݸ㹼䇽DŽᡰԕˈਟԕ 䈤⇽䈝㤡䈝↓䗱〫׳䘋Ҷ≹䈝Ⲵ

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇDŽ

5.6

∃䈣Ѱ㤧䈣ⲺᆜҖ㘻ሯӄ≿䈣ć㠠ᐧĈૂćԌ㠠ᐧĈⲺҖᗍᙱ㔉

൘ᖸཊݸ㹼⹄ウѝᤷࠪ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵൘Ґᗇ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽

㠚ᐡ

ᰦˈ䮯

䐍⿫㓖ᶏ઼ѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗᱟҐᗇ䳮⛩DŽᵜ⹄ウⲴ㔃᷌ᗇࠪ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵൘

≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽

㠚ᐡ

䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏк઼ݸ㹼⹄ウⲴ㔃᷌аṧˈᱟҐᗇ䳮⛩DŽնᱟ൘≹

䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗкˈᒦнᱟҐᗇ䳮⛩DŽ

൘≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇкˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ਇ⇽䈝㤡䈝Ⲵ↓

䗱〫ᖡ૽ᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”DŽ

5.7

∃䈣Ѱᰛ䈣ⲺᆜҖ㘻ૂ∃䈣Ѱ㤧䈣ⲺᆜҖ㘻Ⲻ∊䖹

ᵜ⹄ウ䈳ḕⲴ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ᴹԕл⢩ᖱ˖

≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽

㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫

ѫ䈝ᤷੁ઼⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝ᤷੁ˗

≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗ˗

≹䈝༽

ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ⸝䐍⿫ѫ䈝ᤷੁ˗

≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

Ⲵѫ䈝઼ᇮ 䈝ᤷੁDŽ

൘

⢩ᖱⲴҐᗇкˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏк䜭

ᴹ䳮ᓖDŽ൘

⢩ᖱкˈє㓴ᆖҐ㘵䜭∄䖳ᇩ᱃ҐᗇDŽ൘

⢩ᖱкˈ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ

≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵ሩҾ“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”Ⲵᇮ䈝ᤷੁᖸ䳮᧕ਇDŽ

є㓴ᆖҐ㘵䜭൘≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽

㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏкᴹ䳮ᓖˈն൘≹䈝ㆰ অ৽䓛ԓ䇽“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗкᇩ᱃ҐᗇDŽᡰԕ䙫䗁〫ս࠶઼᷀⴨ሩॆѫ䈝࠶᷀

ᕪ䈳Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ઼ѫ䈝ᤷੁᙗа㠤кˈᡁԜᒦ⋑ᴹⴻࠪ⴨ޣᙗDŽ

൘

ѝᗇࠪ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵

ᴤᇩ᱃᧕ਇ

㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏˈ䇔Ѫ䘉ᱟᰕ䈝⇽䈝ⲴՈ࣯DŽնᱟᡁԜⲴ㔃᷌ᒦ⋑

ᴹᗇࡠ਼а㔃᷌DŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵઼⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵䜭൘Ґᗇ䮯䐍⿫ѫ䈝

кᴹ䳮ᓖDŽ

ᤷࠪ൘ݯㄕⲴㅜа䈝䀰Ґᗇкˈ㲭❦ݯㄕ൘㠚❦䈝ᯉ

ѝ㜭᧕䀖ࡠ

㠚ᐡ

Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏˈնᱟ䘉а⸕䇶Ґᗇ∄䖳㕃ធˈޝ኱Ⲵݯㄕӽнཚ ᧕ਇ“㠚ᐡ”Ⲵ䮯䐍⿫ᤷੁˈ䘉䈤᰾ণ֯ᴹ㛟ᇊ䇱ᦞˈ㧧ᗇㆰঅ৽䓛ԓ䇽䮯䐍⿫㓖ᶏ

⸕䇶䴰㾱䖳䮯Ⲵᰦ䰤઼ᴤཊⲴ䈝䀰᧕䀖DŽ

൘≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇкˈ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵∄ᰕ䈝ᱟ⇽䈝Ⲵ ᆖҐ㘵ᴤᇩ᱃ҐᗇDŽ⇽䈝ᰕ䈝⋑ᴹ׳䘋≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

൘ᇮ䈝᧕ਇкⲴ Ґᗇˈն⇽䈝㤡䈝׳䘋Ҷ≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇDŽ

ᵜ⹄ウ䈳ḕⲴ⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽Ґᗇ㔃઼᷌ᴭ

Ⲵ㔃᷌

а㠤DŽ⇽䈝㤡䈝׳䘋Ҷ≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇˈն䱫⺽Ҷ≹䈝ㆰঅ৽䓛 ԓ䇽

㠚ᐡ

ⲴҐᗇDŽ

ᵜ⹄ウ䟽⛩ᜣ㾱᧒ウⲴᕅ䀰ѝ߉ࡠҶйњ䰞仈˖ձᰕ䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽઼≹䈝৽䓛ԓ 䇽⢩ᖱа㠤ˈ㤡䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽઼≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽на㠤DŽ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵ᱟ੖

∄⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝Ⲵ≹䈝ᆖҐ㘵ᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽˛ղ⇽䈝ሩㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇウㄏ ᴹӰѸᖡ૽˛⇽䈝઼ㅜҼ䈝䀰⢩ᖱа㠤ᱟ੖Պ↓䗱〫׳䘋Ґᗇˈна㠤ᱟ੖Պ䍏䗱

〫䱫⺽Ґᗇ˛ճݯㄕཙ⭏ާ༷Ⲵ䈝䀰ࡍ࿻⣦ᘱⲴᲞ䙽䈝⌅ሩㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґᗇᱟ੖䎧

֌⭘˛

䙊䗷ᵜ⅑䈳ḕˈሩҾㅜањ䰞仈Ⲵഎㆄᱟ⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ᒦ⋑ᴹ∄⇽䈝ᱟ 㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵ᴤᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽DŽ৽㘼⇽䈝ᱟ㤡䈝ⲴᆖҐ㘵∄⇽䈝ᱟᰕ䈝Ⲵ ᆖҐ㘵ᴤᇩ᱃Ґᗇ≹䈝༽ਸ৽䓛ԓ䇽

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

DŽ

ㅜҼњ䰞仈Ⲵഎㆄᱟ⇽䈝ᰕ䈝ѝ⢩ᖱна㠤Ⲵ৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵᆈ൘ˈ֯ᗇ≹䈝৽䓛 ԓ䇽ⲴҐᗇ༽ᵲॆˈ⢩ᖱа㠤Ⲵ↓䗱〫׳䘋ҶҐᗇˈն⢩ᖱна㠤Ⲵ䱫⺽ҶҐᗇDŽ

⇽䈝㤡䈝↓䗱〫׳䘋Ҷ“Ԇ㠚ᐡ”ⲴҐᗇˈնᱟ䍏䗱〫䱫⺽Ҷ䮯䐍⿫৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴҐᗇDŽ ᡰԕ⇽䈝൘аᇊ〻ᓖкᖡ૽ㅜҼ䈝䀰ⲴҐᗇDŽ

ㅜйњ䰞仈Ⲵഎㆄᱟˈ㲭❦є㓴ᆖҐ㘵൘≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴḀӋ⢩ᖱкҐᗇᴹ䳮 ᓖˈնᱟ൘аӋ⢩ᖱкᇩ᱃ҐᗇˈᡰԕᲞ䙽䈝⌅൘аᇊ〻ᓖк䘈ᱟਟ৺ㅜҼ䈝䀰Ґ ᗇDŽ

䙊䗷䘉⅑䈳ḕˈᡁԜਁ⧠਼ᱟ≹ᆇ䈝䀰ѻ䰤ⲴҐᗇᇩ᱃ਇࡠ⇽䈝ަԆഐ㍐Ⲵᖡ

૽Ӿ㘼ᒢᢠ৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴҐᗇˈ∄ྲˈ⇽䈝ѝަԆⲴ৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈᡆᱟѫ䈝Ոݸ⨶䀓⁑

ᔿ઼ᴰ䘁ᯩ⮕ㅹа㡜䇔⸕⨶䀓ᯩ⮕DŽնнᱟ≹ᆇ䈝䀰ѻ䰤ⲴҐᗇнᇩ᱃ਇࡠ⇽䈝ަ

Ԇഐ㍐Ⲵᖡ૽ˈ⇽䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽Ⲵ↓䍏ᖡ૽ⴤ᧕֌⭘ࡠ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴҐᗇDŽ

൘ሩཆ≹䈝ᮉᆖкˈሩҾ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ˈᡁԜ䲔Ҷᨀ׋㛟ᇊ䇱ᦞⲴਕᆀѻཆˈ

ҏቡᱟ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

ਟԕᤷੁⲴਕᆀѻཆˈ䘈㾱൘ᮉᆖѝ⌘᜿ᨀ׋੖ᇊ䇱

ᦞⲴਕᆀˈণ≹䈝

㠚ᐡ

઼

Ԇ㠚ᐡ

н㜭ᤷੁ䈱ⲴਕᆀDŽ䘉ṧਟԕ䚯ݽ઼䱢→൘ᴰ

ࡍᆖҐᰦⲴ䰞仈ণ֯ࡠҶ儈㓗ҏ䳮Ҿᦼᨑˈӗ⭏䭉䈟⨶䀓ܥॆ⧠䊑DŽ

৸㘹ᮽ⥤

すᇉෆὈ௓ 2012. ᰕᵜ䃎ȃ޽ᑠ㺘⨮ǽ䱫→ࣩ᷌㸪ࠗ⚄ᡞᯇ㝜ዪᏊᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ◊✲⣖

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すᇉෆὈ௓ 2014. ࢚ࣥࣃࢩ࣮࡜㜼Ṇຠᯝ㸫ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢ᮰⦡࡜ࠕどⅬᢞᑕࠖ㸫㸪ࠗゝ ㄒ◊✲࠘

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哴ᴸഝˈᶘ㍐㤡ˈ儈・㗔ˈፄᐼӞ

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ᴭ㦹 2012. ⇽䈝Ѫ㤡䈝Ⲵ⮉ᆖ⭏ሩ≹䈝৽䓛ԓ䇽ⲴҐᗇ⹄ウˈljॾ᮷ᮉᆖо⹄ウNJ

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ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪୰ᅜㄒࢆᏛ⩦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒẕㄒヰ⪅࡜ⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ㸪

୰ᅜㄒࡢ༢⣧෌ᖐ௦ྡモ࡜」ྜ෌ᖐ௦ྡモࡢ⩦ᚓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ᪥ᮏㄒ ࡢ෌ᖐ௦ྡモ࡜୰ᅜㄒࡢ෌ᖐ௦ྡモࡣྠࡌ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡘ୍᪉࡛㸪ⱥㄒࡢ෌ᖐ௦ྡモ ࡣ㸪୰ᅜㄒࡢ」ྜ෌ᖐ௦ྡモ࡜ࡢࡳྠࡌ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡕ㸪༢⣧෌ᖐ௦ྡモ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ

᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆ♧ࡍࠋㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ḟࡢᅄࡘࡢ⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋձ᪥ᮏㄒẕㄒヰ⪅ࡀ㸪 ⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅ࡼࡾࡶᐜ᫆࡟୰ᅜㄒࡢ෌ᖐ௦ྡモࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡣᚓࡽࢀ

࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸹ղ୰ᅜㄒ༢⣧෌ᖐ௦ྡモࡢ㛗㊥㞳᮰⦡ࡢ⩦ᚓ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪୧ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ

Ꮫ⩦⪅࡜ࡶ࡟ᅔ㞴ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸹ճ᪥ᮏㄒẕㄒヰ⪅ࡣ㸪」ྜ෌ᖐ௦ྡモࡢ┠ⓗㄒᣦྥ

ࡢ⩦ᚓ࡟ᅔ㞴ࢆ♧ࡍ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ㸹մẕㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚₎Ꮠࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙ

ྜ㸪෌ᖐ௦ྡモࡢ⌮ゎࢆᕥྑࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪▱ぬࡢ᪉␎㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㏆

࠸ࣇ࢕࣮ࣛࡢ᪉␎㸧 ࠊ୺㢟ᙺ๭ඃඛ᪉␎࡞࡝ẕㄒ௨እࡢせᅉࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ୍᪉㸪ẕㄒ

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