ϗၥၖय़ࣳݖɭ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌
ŅϺᬚ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ᬠѥɴ့ဣˁȡɩɩŅ
ᑊǵᅒǵ༚ǵਚ*
Coastal Zones of the Arid Tropics and Pastoral Systems:
Focusing on Human-Camel Relationships
Nawata Hiroshi*
The purpose of this paper is to establish a general framework within which to consider pastoral systems in the coastal zones of the arid tropics, focusing on human-camel relationships. Points at issue were determined by reviewing literature related to three topics: 1) pastoral systems in the arid tropics; 2) pastoralists living in its coastal zones; 3) human-camel relationships.
As a results of these analyses, I set up twelve topics for discussion: 1) What kinds of water do one-humped camels and camel pastoralists drink to live in the coastal zones of the arid tropics? 2) Which species of plants do one-humped camels graze there? 3) What are the differences in pasture utilization between one-humped camels and other livestock there? 4) Which species of biological resources in addition to plants do camel pastoralists utilize there? 5) How do the coastal physical environments determine biological resource utilization of camel pastoralists? 6) What kinds of niches do one-humped camels occupy in the coastal ecosystems in terms of resource patch accessibility and availability? 7) How do camel pastoralists refer to the physical environments and how do they classify them? 8) How do camel pastoralists refer to the biological environments and how do they classify them? 9) How do camel pastoralists refer to the one-humped camel and how do they classify them? 10) Which species of biological resources of the coastal zones of the arid tropics are traded, and to what extent are they traded? 11) What roles do one-humped camels play in the broader network building and inter-ethnic relationships? 12) How do the natural environments and pastoral systems of the coastal zones of the arid tropics affect the survival of ethnic groups?
Finally, I summarize my discussion on some basic data from a case study of the Beja on the Red Sea coast in Eastern Sudan, and propose a direction for my study of pastoral systems in the arid tropics.
* ᴚ߂ϗၥܩድ́Ͳ̊ͻ⏋Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University 2004 ॷ 10 22 ؝Њ⏋2005 ॷ 1 14 ؝ჿ
1̝ѡ̙ъ̙ѳ̙ѝ
ೣዣɹᇿᇕɻ⏋Ϻᬚ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ᬠѥɴ့ဣˁȡɩɩ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴȲȿʳ႑ᅨ ˹˽̘͌ˁᓒ࢘ɐʳɴȡɛɤɩɹ⏋ድែএˁரኍɐʳɄɭɴȡʳ⏏ೣዣɫȋ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ȍ ɭɌɩៜȦᝠɐՕഓࢪᢒɭɻ⏋ܧഀɹࢃᅨᒴɭШᐏᇕɲఔ႑ܩ⏋ɇʰɴɻɗɄɴಬʰɌɩȷɛ ϺʃɭɹࡔܧˁմரɭɌɛȩȭɫ⏋ᅊᏙ⏃Υࡴܩݖɹลкɹᒴᮃɭံลᇕᄩޅ⏆ɭɌɩɹ үᯆɴᇿɌɩ⏋႑ᅨɭȦȩᅊি⏃Ϻᬚɫɻሁஞɴ༥ُؚɐʳɄɭȵܐᮑɲඨ႒ሂˁ⏋ ࢃᅨɭȦȩࠬЂˁᦲɍɩϖʦᔀɭȦȩ০ɴழɌɩᰩ႒ɭɌɩգᅎɐʳɄɭɴʭʱଁʱጓɦᅊ ি⏆ˁɭʰȭɛݭغɹԃкᇕɲкᏙিɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁʠȽʳድɴȲȦɩ⏋ፆᓔȵᇿɐʳᠶဣɭɻ⏋Гάɹ 3 ဣɴ ȡʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɴɻ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁఌȭʳᕶးᄩޅɹݜᇻɻлȴɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁȋॶᰩᏙȍɭʛʳȴȋᯃॶᰩᏙȍɭʛʳȴɭȦɤɛᡴᠶɴཉȼȴȴ ʼʳکᰍɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɴɻ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨɴɭɤɩɹᅊࡔɹݜᇻɻлȴɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ ɛɭȭɽ⏋႑ᅨɹ႕ᣒˁȋᅊ႑ᅨȍɭȋڧ႑ᅨȍɭɴՕȿɩᓒȭʳɄɭȵ߹য়ɲɹ ȴɭȦɤɛکᰍɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 3 ɴɻ⏋ȋϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ȍɹ႕ᣒˁܩݖᇕɴʭʱܯΥᇕ ɲʢɹɭʛɲɐȴ⏋ʭʱᅵਸȵᲞȦʢɹɭʛɲɐȴ⏋ɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ៜȦழȭʶɽȋϗၥ ၖय़ɹࣳݖȍˁȋϗၥၖय़ȍɹΥܩݖɭɌ⏋ȋϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ȍɴȲȦɩȡȼʚɫ ʢ⏃ёᇕɲ⏆ΥϟёɭɌɩȭɽȦȦɹȴ⏋ɭȦȩکᰍɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉʶʰɹ 3 ɦɹ᥍ɴȲȿʳ᠗ᡫᠶΫɹሂ᧓ɴɻ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁɭʰȭɩȦȼ ȩȭɫ⏋ᓒȭሁɇɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦȼɹکᰍဣˁɻʰ˃ɫȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴʚ ɑ⏋1⏆ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁɰȩʛʳȴ⏋2⏆ϗၥၖय़ࣳݖɹᅊᇕ႕ਸɭ႑ᅨɹ ȴȴʼʱ⏋3⏆Ϻᬚɭ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹȋᬠѥਸȍȵکȦȴȿʳʢɹ⏋ɭȦɤɛ 3 ɦɹүᯆȴ ʰӴድˁʚɭʠɩکᰍဣˁ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋ԍкᇕɲᠩᰍˁࡴɌɛȦ⏏ɦȹɴ⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳആ ᨆ⏋Ꮮ༠ࣳ̾˻͑ɹϟёՕഓȴʰ⏋ɗʶʰɹᠩᰍʍɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁ᠅ʛʳ⏏ɴ⏋ɗʶ ʚɫɹᡴᠶȴʰࢷȷՏɇʶɛᠶဣˁʢɭɴ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁʠȽʳᓒ࢘ɹɄʶȴʰ ˁࣙɌɩʛɛȦ⏏2̝ߣ೫വѠႂගҧҩҶӐ҄ћиѱѽн
ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ 1968⑯74 ॷɴ˵ͻ̼͡ܩݖɫॵɽɦȵᐚȦɩȦɛɄɭˁጩᐷɭɌɩ⏋ȋቆྴ (desertification)ȍɹᬿȵᐳਸ਼ɴʱᏼʞʏȷγᅠᇕᠩᰍɭɌɩጓɠჼʶɛ⏏ȋܕᦹቆྴ ЦᡴȍɴȲȦɩɻ⏋႑ᅨȵఔ႑ܩˁԊɐʳкըˁɭɤɩȦʳɄɭȵȋቆྴȍˁȩɲȵ ɐឹ܍ɭɲɤɩȦʳɭȦȩՠుɹʢɭɴ⏋ɗɹкըˁըᭉɲȦɌៗкɐʳɄɭȵᇿฌɴȴȴɁ ʰʶɛɹɫȡʳUNCOD 1977; ᬐʓȴ 1991⏏ɗʶˁ؝ȿɩ⏋႑ᅨɴʢɤɭࢃᅨˁެɇɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩఔ႑ܦˁཝʰɐɛʠɹధȼɹ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȵࡸɇʶɛʢɹɹ⏋߂ȷɲଁ ഗˁȡɁʳɄɭɲȼᏺʼɤɛʢɹȵȦɭៜʼʶʳ⏏ᦏॷɹˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩȋቆྴȍˁϺ ဤᇕɴވ३ɇɓɛឹ܍ɹ 1 ɦɻ⏋γᅠ᪃ɲɰɹܕ᭬ลᬠɭүᡉܕɹ᠗ᡫɹᅆɇɭȲɅʱ ȵᅊʛɞɌɛకፑ⏃ܤܩɹԃᯆᇕɲኽɭࢃᅨᅊᅋɹڧˁឹິ⏆ȵံଫՠɴࡸేɇʶɛ ɭɄʸɴȡɤɛɭɇȭ୭ɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛDyson-Hudson 1991; Little 1994; иᚹ 1995; Fratkin 1997; ߄ᅒ 1998⏏ ɗɹʭȩɲμɫ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ɴᬠɐʳᅊᇕɲድȵɐɐʞɴɦʶɩ⏋Ʉʶ ʚɫɴጓ൜ࡸేɇʶɛᬖᇍకፑȵᠶɭɌɩȷɛᓒȭɴᆄکȵହɁȴȿʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤ ɛ⏏ʭʱԍкᇕɴៜȭɽ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᗳܩɻఔ႑ȵʼʶɛɛʠɴᗷঘɌɩȷɛɭՠు ɐʳ᭬ɹዀᇕˁரњɐʳȋᄩޅؚࢅ႑ (carrying capacity)ȍɹෙਥɭ⏋ఔ႑ܩɹ ᅊᏙˁȋॶᰩᏙ (equilibrium grazing system)ȍɭʛɲɐჿᠶᇕݜᇻȵԗද២ɇʶɩȦʳ [Hjort 1981; Sandford 1983; Ellis and Swift 1988; Behnke and Scoones 1993; Ellis et al. 1993; Behnke 1994]⏏ ਃഀɫɻ⏋႑ݭᐁۊᓔɴິʠʰʶɩȷɛɹɻ⏋ȋᄩޅؚࢅȍɹ៎ਥɴݜɧȷ⏋᧦ውɐʳඨ ႒ᒴᮃɭᗳᰩ֪႒ɹᰩܦɭɹᬚɫ̫͞Ͳ˽ˁɭʳɄɭɫȡɤɛ⏏ȋᄩޅؚࢅȍɭȦȩᓒȭ ȵմரɭɌɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ፀ 1 ɴ⏋ඨ႒ɹଁᬏˁఌȭɩȦʳ႒ჿᇕႥɻປᥒᇕࡴ।ɫȡʳ ɭЕࡴɌ⏋ɗɹȩȭɫᗳᰩ֪႒ɴʭʳ༥ᢹȵඨ႒ɹ̫˓ˠ͇˽ˁըᭉɌ⏋ᦥɴᰲషɹգᅎخᔨ ਸȵᏺᇕɴɻᗳᰩ֪႒ɹ҅кᒴɹଁᬏˁᐏըɐʳɭȦȩ͐̚͡ɫȡʳ⏏ඨ႒ɭᗳᰩ֪႒ɹᬚ ɴɄɹʭȩɲሂϣсᅎˁࡴɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ɄɹᅊᏙˁȋॶᰩᏙȍɭʛɲɐɄɭɴʓȴɲ ʰɲȦ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹȼɹ႑ᅨܩݖɴȲȦɩᭇᮒᩄɻ࡚፲ᇕɴʢܩݖᇕɴʢ߂ȷȼ֪ɐʳ ɭȦȩϟࡸɻ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲฌྈᇕɲȋᄩޅؚࢅȍɹෙਥˁೣᇕɴԗᓒɐʳɄɭˁᦗʳ⏏ɐ ɲʼɠ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɫɻᅊ႒ᬚ⏃ඨ႒ɭ֪႒ᬚ⏆ɹሂϣсᅎʭʱʢ⏋ᯃᅊ႒ᇕɲɫȷɅɭ⏃ᭇ ᮒ⏆ɹұᇍᇕɲ֪ɹʓȩȵ⏋ɄɹᰩᏙɹႥˁʭʱȼըᭉɌɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ʉ ɹʭȩɲຩҌИɹάɫɻ⏋֪႒ɹ҅кᒴɻඨᅊˁըᭉɐʳɹɭؾɹᇕɲ႒ჿᇕឹ܍ɴ ʭɤɩଵըɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ȋॶᰩᏙȍɴБʼɤɩȋᯃॶᰩᏙ (non-equilibrium grazing system)ȍɭȦȩᓒȭȵςɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ȋॶᰩᏙȍɭȋᯃॶᰩᏙȍˁՕȿʳᭇᮒᩄɻ⏋ϗၥɭץϗၥɹޅˁɲɐॷॶܯ 400 mm մɫȡʳɭኍڗɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˭̢ˏᨆɹ̜˕͡ˡ̠ܩ (300⑯ 400 mm) ɻȋᯃॶᰩᏙȍɭеᒞɧȿʰʶʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏᨆɹ̠̓͞ܩ (400 ⑯700 mm) ɻȋॶᰩᏙȍɭʛɲɌȩʳɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ភధॷɴʼɛʱॵɽɦȵᦹᐚɐ ʳᰈɻ⏋ᓔɫɻ 20 ॷᬚɴ 1 ɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩմᓔɫɻ 5 ॷᬚɴ 1 ɹւغɫᇍᅊɌ ɩȦʳ [Ellis et al. 1993; Coppock 1993]⏏ॷᬚᭇᮒɹ֪რ (CV) ȵ 30⎾ɭȦȩғˁᣳȭʳݭ
ଘ⏃ȲȲʭɗෑϗၥϗၥܩय़ɴሂয়ɐʳ⏆ɫɻ⏋˹˽̘͌ɹᬏೝɹ̶̮˝ͻ͇Ͳ˽ˁᓒȭʳ ɛʠɴɻ⏋ᭇᮒɹॶܯғʭʱʢɗɹᅵਸɴᇿɌɛʓȩȵᖪȦɄɭɻ⏋ˠͻ˽̜͞͠ˏɹϗ ၥܩݖ⏃ॶॷᭇᮒᩄ 250 mm⏆ɴȲȿʳຩҌ⏋ඨ႒⏋̯̓˻⏋ˡͲˤ͡ͻɹᬚɹሂϣсᅎɴᬠ ɐʳድȴʰʢ୭ɇʶɩȦʳ [Caughley et al. 1987]⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ܧഀɹᩃᅊ֪႒ɭඨᅊɭɹ ᬚɴ࿃ܧᇕɴॶȵࡔܧɌɛ́ͤͲ˰̘ˑɲɰɹ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ˵ʹˎͲ̠ᅊᏙ⏃ॶॷᭇᮒᩄ 500⑯1,000 mm⏆ȵ⏋րɲࢃᅨᅊᅋɴʭɤɩࡴਸˁ߉ȦᗷঘɌɩȷɛɭ୭ɇʶɩȦʳϟ [Lamprey 1983] ɻ⏋ȋॶᰩᏙȍɴȲȦɩɹʛଁጓɐʳᡴᠶɭჿៗɌɲȲɐɄɭȵɫȷ ʳɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɲድȵɐɐ˃ɫȷɛᐄഗ⏋ᦏɹܕᦹᄩޅᅙɹݬٚೆ [UNEP 1997; 1999] ɫ ɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳȋቆྴȍɹςឹɲឹ܍ɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫᬏȼᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛఔ႑ʭʱ ʢ⏋ᭇᮒɹᅵਸɭᬏೝɹॵɽɦɫȡʳɭɇȭςɇʶʳɴȦɛɤɩȦʳ⏏ ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ɴࢪɌɩரᣱɇʶɛȋॶᰩᏙȍɭȋᯃॶᰩ Ꮩȍɹᠶϝˁද២Ɍɩʛʳɭ⏋ȡʳմரИˁံଫՠɴ᧟ᅎɌɩȦʳɄɭɴ⏋߂ȷɲکᰍဣɹ 1 ɦȵࡔܧɐʳɄɭɴຩɧȼ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ॶᠦɭᯃॶᠦɹɰɠʰʢȵ⏋ᭇອᩄɭඨ႒ɹ̫˓ ˠ͇˽ɹᬚɴɻɹሂᬠȵȡʳɄɭˁȼЕࡴɌɩȷɛɭɄʸɴȡʳ⏏ተȴɴ⏋ࢮᩄ⏋ཧ ⏋ᭇອᩄɲɰ⏋ᅊᏙɹΥ๖ᅊᅋˁៀࡴɐʳຩᢒឹ܍ɹȩɠ⏋ᭇອᩄȵʢɤɭʢᩂឹɫȡ ʳɄɭɴᬚ᧓ȦɻɲȦ⏏ᗳᅊᏙɫɻ⏋ᏤΥ๖ᅊᅋᩄɹॷ֪ɹᏝ 90⎾ɻ⏋ᭇອᩄɹॷ ֪ɴʭɤɩᠦ౩ɇʶʳIPCC 1996; ࢸʓȴ 2000⏏ɭʱʼȿ⏋ॷᭇອᩄ 500 mm Гάɹϗ ၥܩɫɻ⏋ॷᭇອᩄɹɭඨ႒ɹᏤΥ๖ᅊᅋᩄɭɹᬚɴɻʓʖሁᐻᇕɲປёᬠѥȵࡔܧɐ ʳɭ⏋ЁɫɻإԎᇕɭɲɤɛᅊԃᖔˁɤɛᘿсɹμɫʢȼʱᦐɌៜʼʶɩȷɛLieth 1973; ˠ̋͌ 1975; ́˓̒̊ˡͻ 1979; ̴ˏͲˡ 1980⏏ ɭɄʸȵ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹμɫʢࣳݖɴȲȦɩɻΫ៨ɹЕࡴɴȡɩɻʚʰɲȦᖂ٢ཉȦϟࡸ ȵݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏏˽ͻ̋ͲആᨆᏞ༠ε᭙ܩݖɴȲȦɩ⏋1973 ॷȴʰ 1990 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ 5 ɦɹ LANDSAT ̚ͻ̊⏃MSS ́Ͳ˵⏋multi-spectral scanner⏆ɴݜɧȦɩᘽᯆዩ୭ధ (LAI, Leaf Area Index) ˁ୭ฌɴɌɩϗᩄɹ̫˓ˠ͇˽ɹ֪ȵՕഓɇʶɛᐄഗ⏋ϗၥӃكɴȡʳ ࢹɲȦᭇᮒɹಁɴɻ̫˓ˠ͇˽ɹཝࢹȵተ᠗ɇʶɛ [Krzywinski et al. 1996]⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࣳݖ ɹݾਸྂܩɴȲȦɩɹʛ⏋ؾɍಁೝɴ̫˓ˠ͇˽ɻᦥɴވ֓ˁኍɌɛ⏏ɗɹჿᅓɭɌɩ⏋ȋᭇ ᮒȵཝࢹɌ༡ᦩȵཝɤɛɄɭɴʭʱݾਸܩݖɹॕᨾȵάȵʱ⏋ݾᅊඨ႒ɹȦȼɦȴȵݾᰖʍ ɹћࡔˁȼኍɌɛȴʰɫɻɲȦȴȍ[Krzywinski et al. 1996: 69] ɭៗᨾɇʶɛ⏏ɛɞɌܒ [Krzywinski 1993] ȴʰᠧʛʶʳᭉʱ⏋ȋࣳݖɹݾਸྂܩȍɭៜɤɩʢ⏋༠ࣳᐻɹɐȽ᭬ɫ ɻɲȼ⏋ధמ km Ԓ᭜ɴԂɤɛᦇʱȵʢɤɭʢ̫˓ˠ͇˽ȵވ֓ɌɩȦʳʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ ɻ⏋ᭇᮒɭඨ႒ɹᬚɹʛɲʰɑ⏋ඨ႒ɭ֪႒ɹᬚɹሂϣсᅎˁᓒȭȡʼɓʳɲʰɽ⏋̫˓ˠ͇ ˽ȵཝࢹɌɛЈܩݖɭؾɴᰩܦɹΫȵϜཀྵɇʶʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ɰȩɌɩ̫˓ˠ͇˽
ɹཝࢹɻᣱɄʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏋ɭȦȩʭȩɲᆄکȵਖးᇕɴᅊɍɩȼʳ⏏ჼᢒɹ܍ഗ ᬠѥˁɰȩៗᨾɌɩȦȼȴɭȦȩဣɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ћးɭɌɩέ౩ርɲȼɹᆄکဣȵዩʛɇ ʶɛʚʚɫȡʳɭៜʼɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏ ɭɻȦɤɩʢɄɹݬٚɴʭɤɩ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɻ⏋ȋॶȍȴȋᯃॶȍȴ ɭȦȩᠶϝȵմரɭɌɩȦɛᭇອᩄɭඨ႒ɹᏤΥ๖ᅊᅋᩄɹሂᬠɹȩȭɴɻଁʱጓɤɩȦɲȦ ܩݖɫȡʳخᔨਸȵᲞȼɲɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ᭇອᩄɭඨ႒ᅊᅋɭȦȩүᯆȴʰʛɩ⏋Јɹϗ ၥܩݖɭɻᅵɲʳᅊᇕɲ႕ਸˁʢɤɛࣳݖˁࢪᢒɴɌɩ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ȵᇍ ᧒ɌɩȦʳɹȴˁᏳɴɭʰȭɩȦȼɄɭɻ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁఌȭʳᕶးᄩޅɹݜ ᇻˁᓒȭɩȦȼȩȭɫ⏋ʭʱȼɹኍڗˁήȭɩȼʶʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏
3̝ߣ೫വ܌ࠝڮѠസฦຝњႂගႿѠннҁѼ
༠ɭ᭜ɭɹஞဣɫȡʳ༠ࣳɻ⏋༠ʦ᭜ɭປʏɩʼɑȴɲᯆዩˁװʠɩȦʳɴɐȹɲȦʢɹ ɹ⏋ჼܧ⏋γᅠϺؤɹ 37⎾ɻ༠ࣳᐻȴʰ 100 km ГԒɴ࣎зɌɩȦʳɭៜʼʶʳ [Cohen et al. 1997; MaGinn 1999]⏏᭜ݖɭ༠ݖɭȦȩᅵɲɤɛ 2 ɦɹᅊᏙɹ˛˱̜ͻͲ⏃ውय़⏋ውय़⏋ ྻውय़⏆ɭеᒞɧȿʰʶʳࣳݖɻ⏋ܩݖʦಁБɴਝɍɩ⏋ྫௗ⏋ᦅᓚ⏋ႵჃᮃɲɰ ዛǾɹᅊিˁʢɤɛϺʃɭȵ༎֪᯿ݖɭɌɩȷɛɄɭȵሾʰʶɩȦʳࢸ 1992; ᩃೣ 1995; ᅒٮ 1997⏏ ɭʱʼȿ⏋̫˓ˠ͇˽ʦᅊ႒ਸɭɹȴȴʼʱȴʰᇿɇʶɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ၖय़ϩၖय़ ܩݖɹࣳݖɫȡʸȩ⏏ၖय़ϩၖय़ܩݖɹȩɠ⏋ʓʖᑅ 30 ɭᑅ 30 ɹ፴ܑԒɴɻ⏋ ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ᅊᏙʦ˵Ͳ˳ኂᅊᏙɭȦȩࣳᅊᏙȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ᅊᏙɴȲȦɩɻ⏋༠ɹᅊᏙ⏋᭜ɹᅊᏙɴɦȽፀ 3 ɹᅊᏙɭ٧ɽʶʳ ʓɰ⏋ɲᅊ႒ɹᰩ႒ᦹȵᑵʱঃɁʰʶɩȦʳμμᢽ 1998⏏ɇʰɴ⏋˵Ͳ˳ኂ ɴᅊਖ਼ɐʳᅊ႒ɹਸɴʢᇿˁឿʳʢɹȵȡʳ⏏˵Ͳ˳ኂɻȼɹඨ႒ံᔯඩ֪႒ ᰖɴെɭᅊਖ਼ݭଘˁήȭɩȦʳɹɫȡʳីॶʓȴ 1995⏏െՕɴϋɌȦၖय़ϩၖय़ ɹ༠ɹμ⏋˵Ͳ˳ኂɻܑٞɴປʏෑጩɴᲞȦᅊ႒ᅊᅋჼࡔᩄˁ᠔ʳ⏏ᩃᅊ֪႒ɹ̫˓ˠ͇˽ ɹ߂ғɻ⏋˵Ͳ˳ኂɹ˵Ͳ˳ᛚᢤᰖᅔຐᰖᰖɲɰɹ 20 gm-2⏃ϗᩄ⏆ɫȡʳဈକ 1992⏏ ၖय़ϩၖय़ɹࣳݖɹᅊ႒ᣂ྇⏋ɭȼɴ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ܩय़ɹඨ႒ʦ˵Ͳ˳ኂ༠ݖɹЂ ᰖˁࢪᢒɴ⏋ϺᬚɻɇʚɊʚɲ০ɹᣂ྇գᅎˁɤɩȷɛ⏏ᦏɫɻ⏋ɗɹ୫ᐚᇕգᅎˁخ ᔨɴɐʳɛʠɹ፬ჿʦѳԃɹങᏼʛȵฐᏮɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ [Salm and Clark 1984]⏏ ࣳݖˁЦᅊዷᬚɭɌɩɭʰȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ᅊ႒ɹԗᅊᅋล෯ʦɗʶˁᣂ྇ɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȷ ɛϺʃɭɹЦʦయɹࡸɹவȵິʠʰʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳؤ 1998; ᅒμ 1999; ᧑ 1999; MaGinn 1999⏏ᏳɲϟёȵᙢዩɇʶɩȷɛΥ⏋ܩჿᇕɴɻആˏ˻ˏʦˠ́ˏ̢ˏɲɰɹྂ࿅ၖय़ܩ ݖɹࣳᅊᏙɹᣂ྇գᅎɴድࢪᢒȵᭉࡴɇʶȵɠɫȡɤɛ⏃ɛɭȭɽ [Kunstadter et al. 1986]⏆⏏ϗၥၖय़ܩݖɴᇿˁكȿʳɭ⏋кᏙᇕɲᠭീድɹέɹ៎ɻوʠɲȦʭȩɴਲ਼ʼ ʶʳ [Clough 1993]⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ؾɍ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ᅊᏙʦ˵Ͳ˳ኂᅊᏙɫʢ⏋ȋෑጩɲၖय़ᄩ ޅȍ [Sheppard et al. 1992] ɭ০ࢅɇʶʳϗၥܩݖɹࣳݖɫɻ⏋ྂ࿅ၖय़ܩݖɭɻᅵɲʳᕶး ᅊᏙȵᅊɍʳɄɭɴ⏋ʚɑᅥઝɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ ྂ࿅ၖय़ܩݖɹ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸കɻ⏋ཁອɹ༑Ԃɭܤɹໍዩȵᰒᘿɲໜाɹά༑ݖˁμਕɴ ߂ᯆዩˁʢɤɩᇍ᧒Ɍ⏋лዛᰖʢɹ෯ଁปዛȵ᭜үȴʰ༠үɴय़ႥɴՕ॒ɐʳ⏏ɗʶɭࢪ၇ᇕ ɴ⏋ϗၥܩݖɴȲȦɩɻปዛధȵధዛɴཝࢹɌ⏋ቆिʦ˵Ͳ˳ኂɫܑʚʶɛԒཱྀɲɰˁȲʢɲ ᅊᔒܩɭɐʳ⏏մᓔɻໜؤ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸⏋ᓔɻ˵Ͳ˳ኂ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ɭʢ٧ɽʶɩȷɛࢸ ा 1974; كᲞ 1980; ػᖪ 1983; ࡾݐ 1986⏏ϗၥܩݖɫɻ 4 ዛɹ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ȵሾʰ ʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹܩݖɫɻ̯͡˧͇̋˹ (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) 1 ዛɹʛɫ ෯ଁɇʶʳ [Sheppard et al. 1992]⏏̯͡˧͇̋˹ɻ⏋ᲞȦ༠ອɹݾᰖ⏋ࢸᭉɹཁອɹ༑ Ԃ⏋ෑጩɲຩཧɹᲞжȵȡʳʭȩɲܩݖɴʢୟȵʱ⏋ȡʰʪʳ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ඨ႒ɹμɫᑅΫ ʢᐁΫʢʢɤɭʢঃȦ፴ܑɴՕ॒ɐʳ⏏ܤޚݾᰖȵ 90ŖɹᲞɇɴȲȦɩʢݬٚɇʶɩ Ȧʳȵ⏋ࡸᱻࡻɫɹድɻ 10⑯20Ŗȵ̯͡˧͇̋˹ɹଁᬏɴɭɤɩ᧟ɫȡʳɭኍɌɩȦʳ [Scholander et al. 1962; Tomlinson 1986; Clough 1993; Tuan et al. 1995]⏏
ɗɹΥ⏋˵Ͳ˳ኂɹ০ଁ༠ݖɻ⏋ຮೝˁᦲɍɩኂ০ଁȵᐙᐚɌɛਕݖɭ⏋ᬚຮೝɴɲɤ ɩȴʰኂ০ଁȵࠃʚɤɛٞᦇݖɴՕȿʰʶʳ⏏ਕݖɫɻݧኂʚɛɻᮐኂ⏋߂μɴɻᄩኂ ȵᮃμɌ⏋ٞᦇݖɫɻបኂɭɗɹүɴ˛̺ͦͲኂ⏋߂μɴɻשኂȵᮃμᇕɴՕ॒ɌɩȦ ʳݞ 1980; 1990⏏ٞᦇݖɴيʚʶʳၖय़ϩၖय़ɹϗၥܩݖɴᇍ᧒ɐʳʢɤɭʢΥᖔᇕɲ ኂɹ̊˓̺ɻបኂɫȡʳ⏏ᦹᐚਸɹʭȦኂȵ᭜ˁᑉʱ⏋᭜ܩɭኂɹᬚɴɻອཉɹ༓Ȧኂ ྲྀኂˁʢɦ⏏ȼʼȭɩ⏋߂᭜ᑉᦇᨆɴȲȿʳ˵Ͳ˳ኂ০ଁɻϗၥܩݖɴᭉࡴɇʶʳɄɭʢ ᇿɇʶʳ⏏ྂ࿅ܩݖɹ߂᭜ᑉᦇᨆɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ໜा༑Ԃɴʭʳ༠ອɹॕᨾ⏋ໜाɴʭʱெ ɇʶɛܤቆʦ༝ᧉ႒ɴʭʳ߄᭞ӵɹᦩɹᭀɲɰȵ܍ɭɲɤɩ⏋˵Ͳ˳ኂȵᇍ᧒ɌɴȼȦ ȴʰɫȡʳᲞย 1988⏏ ɦʚʱ⏋ϗၥܩݖɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ȋ᭜ɹܤቆˁ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ȵ̜̺̒͞ɐʳɄɭɫᦩ౩ɲ༠ɴ ᅊਖ਼ɐʳ˵Ͳ˳ኂɹᄩޅȵѳ៷ɇʶ⏋ɗɹΥɫ˵Ͳ˳ኂȵɹ༛ˁɇȭȹʳɄɭɫᯁ ȴɲ༓༠ȵɫȷ⏋͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ɹଁጓȵخᔨɴɲʳɭȦȩሂជȩᬠѥȍࡾݐᗞ 1995ȵ ʭʱଁጓɌʦɐȼɲɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɗɄɫ⏋ܩܒΫɴϗၥܩݖɭၖय़ɹ༠ˁ႕ਐɧȿʳ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ɭ˵Ͳ˳ኂɹՕ॒ݖˁغʼ ɓɩʛɛ⏏ɐʳɭ⏋ᯃ।ɴᖂ٢ཉȦɄɭɴ⏋ϗၥܩݖɭ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸˵Ͳ˳ኂݖɻ⏋ˏ͍͠ ˡ߂᭜ʦˠͻ˽̜͞͠ˏ߂᭜⏋ɗɌɩីˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ⏋ᨆՕᇕɴɌȴஞɌɩȦɲȦɄɭȵ౩ʰ
ȴɴɲɤɛ⏏3 ᓔȵᦹᐚɌɩᩂɲʱஞɐʳՕ॒ݖɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ˭̢ˏᨆȴʰ͇̅͠ˏɲ ɰɹആˏ̶͠ˡˁʍɩᏞ༠ˁʱܑʞԃݖ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏץऄɹܕǾ⏋ɗɌɩ̿͡˹ˏཱྀɴᯆɌ ɛ̮˥˽̊Ͳ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴᕸʳ፴ܑɹʛɴࣙᬖɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏ ГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋ȋၖय़ϩၖय़ɹϗၥܩݖɹࣳݖȍɐɲʼɠȋϗၥၖय़ࣳݖȍɫɻ⏋̯ ͡˧͇̋˹ˁӦװዛɭɐʳ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸കɭបኂˁμਕɭɌɛ˵Ͳ˳ኂȵԊࡔɌ⏋͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ ̸ᅊᏙɭ˵Ͳ˳ኂᅊᏙȵሂϣɴᬠѥɌغȩ႕ɹࣳᅊᏙˁᇍ᧒ɇɓɩȦʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ ༠ᅊɹങᏼʛȴʰɻ⏋ྫௗɹ༎֪ˁμਕɴϺᬚɴʭʳɗʶʰɹᅊ႒ᣂ྇գᅎɴᬠɌ ɩೣൔᇕɲᓒ࢘ȵ֓ȭʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɩȦʳ [Edwards and Head 1987; Sheppard et al. 1992]⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ࣳݖɻʚɛ⏋᭜ΫᅊᏙɭɹ˛˱̜ͻͲɫʢȡʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋႑ ᅨɹඞʛݭଘɫʢȡʳɄɭˁឿᘺɭɌɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ ɄʶʚɫɹድرΫ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ႑ᅨȵɰɹʭȩɴࣳݖɭȴȴʼʱˁʢɤɩȷɛɹȴ ɭȦȩဣɻ⏋ȦȼɦȴɹӴᱤᇕݬٚȵʼʶɛʢɹɹكᲞ 1980; ك 1988; ႅ҄ 1995⏋ȡʚʱᬠਕȵଡʼʶʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹȩȭ⏋ԍкᇕɴɰɹʭȩɲᣂ྇ˁࢪᢒɭ ɌɛգᅎˁɤɩȷɛɹȴɭȦȩဣɴɦȦɩʢ⏋кᏙᇕɲ៨ᦚɻɲɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛɭៜȭ ʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ћးɭɌɩೡᬖୖɹՕᩃɹʚʚʱɇʶɩȷɛድങᏼʛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ద 1 ̙ߣ೫വ܌ࠝڮ ᣧೠ 1994; μμᢽ 1998; ݞ 1990ˁʢɭɴсଁ ᣧ᧑ ˵Ͳ˳ኂՕ॒ݖ ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸Օ॒ݖ ϗၥܩݖ
ɗɄɫʚɑ⏋͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸գᅎˁᰍೳɭɌɩ⏋ࣳݖɴȲȿʳϺᬚɭࢃᅨɹᬠѥˁஜɤɩʛ ʭȩ⏏ϗၥၖय़ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ȵᩂឹɲᣂ྇ɭɲʳɄɭɻ⏋ȼȴʰ୭ɇʶɛ⏏ ుႅᇕɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹգᅎᇿᇕʢ⏋ᚩ⏋লೳ⏋ࢃᅨɹɲɰɭࣦɴʼɛʳɄɭʢሾʰʶɩ Ȧɛɹɫȡʳ [Chapman 1976]⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ԍкᇕɲϟёȴʰɗɹЦᅊᏙɭɌɩɹࡸˁኍ ɌɛӴᱤᇕݬٚɻ⏋͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ඨകɹɛʠɹݜኄᠭീɭɌɩɲɇʶɛكʰɹΥᦹɹድˁ ʚɛɷɽɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏ ᖂ٢ཉȦɄɭɴ⏋Ϻᬚ༎֪ɹ৯ᯱȴʰ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸കݖȵୟ߂ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵተ᠗ɇʶɛ⏏ ˏ̸͞᱔ᬏܕᦹ᧷˗Ͳ͌ˏ͡⏮ˡ˓ͩ˓Ͳ (Umm al-Qaywayn) ɴȲȿʳ̯͡˧͇̋˹ɹՕ ॒ଁᔒႥɻ⏋1960 ॷБʭʱ 1980 ॷБɹȵᖪ߫ɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹჿᅓɻၚషȵቄໞɴ ʼʱᚩɹɛʠɹФȵɲȼɲɤɛɄɭɴິʠʰʶɛࡾݐ 1986; ك 1988⏏ʚɛ⏋˓͞Ͳ ࣳɹ́͌̀͡༠ࣼɴȡʳ˭˹͖͌ऄɴȲȦɩɻ⏋̯͡˧͇̋˹ɹป০ȵ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɴ ʭʳᰩܦɭϺᬚɴʭʳᮃܦɹؘȴʰៀࡴɇʶʳɄɭȵ៎࢘ɇʶɛɹɫȡʳكᲞ 1980; ك 1988⏏̯͡˧͇̋˹ɹป০ˁϺဤᇕ৯ᯱɭ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹᰩɹᬠѥȴʰɭʰ ȭɛᲞଁᏛɻɄɹʭȩɴᦚʏɛكᲞ 1980: 82⏏ ᐶȡʈʶʳʼɛɌɛɠɹܕɫɻ⏋༠ࣳɻ⏋ʢɤɭʢඨ႒ɹϋɌȦݭଘɹʁɭɦɭᓒȭʰʶɩ Ȧʳ⏏ɭɄʸȵ⏋ɰɄɴɤɩʢඨ႒ɹϋɌȦɄʶʰɹܩɫ⏋ʢɤɭʢඨ႒ɴʠȽʚʶɩ Ȧʳɹɻ⏋ઝɴʢ༠ࣳɞɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛܩɹϺʃɭɻ⏋ݜೣᇕɴɻ႑ᅨɹɫ ȡʳ⏏ȴʶʰȵ⏋ඨ႒ɹᢌɲ༠ࣳɴзʛɦȦɛɹɻ⏋য়းɹɄɭɞɤɛɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ ɛɞ⏋ʼɛɌɛɠɻ⏋ӴԂ៎ɹɛʠɴ⏋ɗɹɄɭɴຩȵɦȼɹɴʚʼʱ᧑ˁɌɲȼɩɻɲʰ ɲȴɤɛ⏏ ɗɌɩ⏋ȋɄɹʭȩɲ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ɭࢃᅨɭɹᐄʃɦȷˁᅊɭɐʳˡ̍͑͡ͻɻ⏋ϜГ ΫɴʁʸȼՕ॒ɌɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴȍɭɌɩ⏋ɄɹድՕᩃɹʁʸȵʱˁࣙɌɛ⏏ ɛɞɌ⏋ɗɹɻ⏋͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ɹഘᘽˁ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ʦɗɹЈɹࢃᅨȵᰩɌɩȦʳɭȦ ȩݬٚɻވȭɩȷɛʢɹɹ [Field 1995; Miyamoto and Al-Wetaid 1996; Hogarth 1999]⏋ϗၥၖ य़ɹࣳݖɴȲȿʳ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋႑ᅨɭɹᬠѥɹԃкਸɴʚɫՖʱᦉ˃ɫȦȼድʍɭᇍ ࣙɌɩɻɄɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
4̝కࠔњӂҸңӆәҟҰѠ͎ࠖऐ͏оჲжнуѽѴѠ
ϗၥၖय़ɴȲȿʳШᐏᇕɫᧉ႑ᇕɲ႑ᅨᅊᏙ (nomadic-pastoral ecosystem) ɹᅊᇕɲล ᔨˁѝɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋˛̦͡˧ͻɹ༑ʶɹ̮̊ͻͲʦ෯ᦶˁࡴᩄᇕɴՕഓɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ᐏغ ᇕɲങᏼʛɭɌɩ֟ɲɹ 1 ɦɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˭̢ˏីᨆɹ̜˕͡ˡ̠Ц (Ngisonyoka Turkana) ɫɻ⏋Ϻᬚɹᰩష˛̦͡ ˧ͻ༥ᢹɹ 76⎾ɻ⏋ࢃᅨɹᔀ⏋ϖ⏋ᝐɫȡʳɄɭȵԍкᇕɴʼȴɤɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ࢃᅨɹ ެɭ႒Ǿϯழɴʭɤɩ⏋͐ͦ˱˹⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋ቆᏋȵʰʶʳɛʠ⏋ԃᰩష˛̦͡˧ͻ ɹ 92%ɻ⏋ሁஞᇕɴʢɌȼɻᬚஞᇕɴᅨᅋ႒ɴᅓഀɌɩȦʳɭɇʶʳ⏃ʱɹ 8%ɻᩃᅊ֪ ඨ႒ȴʰȼʳ⏆⏏ɗɹᐄഗɭɌɩ⏋ϺᬚɴɭɤɩʢɤɭʢᰉʱȵȦɹȡʳ˛̦͡˧ͻɹ༑ʶ ɻ⏋ೠೣඨ႒ȴʰ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹϖʍɭȦɛʳ༑ʶɫȡʳɄɭȵኍɇʶɩȦʳ [Coughenour et al. 1985]⏏ ɦʚʱ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲЦᅊᏙɴȲȿʳᣂ྇գᅎɹᩂឹɲ෯ଁឹᏬˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩ⏋˛̦͡ ˧ͻɹ༑ʶˁࡴᩄᇕɴՕഓɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋֪ਸȵᲞȦϗၥၖय़ɭȦɤɛᄩޅʍɹᅊ႑ᅨ (subsistence pastoralism) ɹᅊᇕ᧟ਝɹԍкᇕȵவɇʶɩȷɛɭៜȭʳ⏏ ɗɹΥ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡʦആˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᅨЦɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ܩݖᇕڧᐨɹμɫЗЂڧ Ϻɴʭɤɩৄɇʶʳࢃᅨɹࡔܧȵ⏋ᅊ႑ᅨˁࡴɇɓʳឹ܍ɴɲɤɩȦʳɄɭʢ୭ɇʶ ɩȷɛ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ȼɹᅊ႑ᅨ⏃̠̓͞⏋˵Ͳ̸͡⏋̜˕͡ˡ̠⏋͇˵˓⏋ͤͲ̚ˑͻͤ⏋ ˤ̸͞ɲɰ⏆ɴɭɤɩᅘɻ⏋ࢃᅨˁެɌɩᦅᅋ႒⏋ᮊᢪ⏋ჼᩆɲɰɹέˁӱɐʳݭଘɫ ɌȴɲȦɭеᒞɧȿɛȩȭɫ⏋иᚹѩɻɄɹʭȩɴᦚʏɛ [1993⏧48-49]⏏ ᅊ႑ᅨɭȦȩʭʱʢڧ႑ᅨɭȦȩʏȷ⏋ˤ͠ɹʭȩɲˁឿȦɞɐɄɭȵɫȷ ʳ⏏մᓔɻ⏋ᧉ႑ɭȦȩᅊˁˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑͻɹᩂឹɲឹᏬɭɌɩ⏋႑ᩃɴݏ໗ɐʳȴ ɹʭȩɲᅊ༎িˁɦȼʱȡɁɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᓔɻ⏋˓˽͌͞ఠᇕѝғˁԊɌȡɤɩ ᧉ႑ɭڧˁភغɌɛᅊ༎িˁɦȼʱȡɁɩȦʳ⏏ ˤ͠ɹڧ႑ᅨɻ⏋ڧɴ႕ɌɛᅘڧϺʓɰɴɻڧɹᠶჿɴɌɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ ȴɭȦɤɩ⏋ᅊ႑ᅨʓɰɴɻܩᑉʦՏᕶɹᠶჿɴɇʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏৳ʰɹ ᅊ༎ɴɻθɹᠶჿȵᏼʛᦉʚʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲᅊ༎িˁθᓔɹ଼ ᝥɇʶɛʢɹɭɌɩჿៗɐʏȷɫɻɲȼ⏋ʞɌʸႶᕶɹᅊ༎িɭɌɩჿៗɐʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ ڧ႑ᅨɭȦȩෙਥˁࡴɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋႑ᅨᇕܩݖЦɹភغ෯ᦶˁʭʱΥࣝៗ౩ɫ ȷʳʢɹɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ ˤ͠ɻ⏋ᮃᘺɭᅘɭˁᦹᐚɌɛᅊ༎ዷᬚɭʛɲɌ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲЦɴȲȦɩɻ⏋̯̜˱̸͞ ˪̋ˁμਕɭɌɛ႑ᅨɭڧˁᐄغɇɓʳ႑ᅨ০ȵࡔܧɐʳɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏႑ᅨɹ႕ਸ ˁᓒȭʳȩȭɫ⏋ȋڧȍɭȦȩឹᏬɹᩂឹਸɴᇿˁكȿʳਖឹȵኍɇʶ⏋ȋڧ႑ᅨȍɭȦȩ ႑ᅨ০ɻܩݖЦˁᓒȭʳɛʠɴέخ๕ɲүᯆɫȡʳɄɭȵரᣱɇʶɛɭៜȭʳ⏏ ɛɌȴɴ⏋˵ͻ̼͡ܩݖɭ˛˻̺̜ˁᐄʉᩂឹɲϯ౫ᤉɫȡɤɛȦʼʪʳŋ40 ɹ᧑Ōɴ
ȲȦɩ⏋μγȴʰᦏБɴȦɛʳʚɫ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋᭢ڧˁۊɌɩȷɛϺʃɭɹȡʱˁឿ ʶɽ [Asher 1984]⏋৳ʰɻ౩ʰȴɴȋᅊ႑ᅨȍɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋ȋڧ႑ᅨȍɭ٧ʉɄɭɹ ȵʭʱ᧟ՖɫȡʳɭȦȩᢒˁȩȿʳ⏏ȋڧ႑ᅨȍɭȋᅊ႑ᅨȍɭɌɩ⏋႑ᅨɹᅊ༎ িˁᏳՕɐʳᓒȭɻ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹЈܩݖɴȲȦɩʢয়ɩɻʚʳ֟ɲෙਥɫȡʳʭȩɴʢਲ਼ ʼʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ঃȼϗၥၖय़ɹɗɹЈɹܩݖ⏋ɭʱʼȿ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ˁᰲɐʳ႑ᅨ ɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛܩݖᇕɴɻϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴᇿˁكȿɩʛʳɭ⏋Ёɻᦥɴ⏋ڧᇕɲឹᏬˁ ʢɤɩȦɲȦ⏃ڧˁμਕɭɌɛᅠɭɹɦɲȵʱȵॕᚚɲ⏆ȋᅊ႑ᅨȍˁឿɦȿʳɄɭ ɹȵᮑɌȦɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ᅊ႑ᅨɭɗɹЈɹᅊɹᐄʃɦȷ⏋ɇʰɴɻ⏋ڧɭɹ ᐄʃɦȷɻ⏋ໆɌɩხɌȦɄɭɫɻɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏ʞɌʸ⏋ɗʶʰɻ႑ᅨɭȦȩᅊিɹμ ɫɐɫɴΥкɭɲɤɩԒܧɌɩȦʳʢɹ⏃Ԓ׃ɇʶɩȦʳʢɹ⏆ɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ ɛɭȭɽ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏץऄɹ̿͡˹ˏཱྀࣳɴȲȦɩʢ⏋̝̾˗ˑͲȵྫௗʦሎჳɹᮃɴᬏ ʰȼਃϟɌɩȷɛرɴӵȵȡɩʰʶ⏋ᅊɹភغਸ⏋ʚɛ⏋ϯ౫ڃɹᅊᅋɭȦɤɛүᯆȵᠶ ɍʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ႅ҄ɻ⏋ȋȦʚɻ⏋᪃ɹᰄˁɌɩȦʳӯሎჳɭʱɻ⏋Ȧʚɫʢ໔ྴɴᱱᱬ ˁᇑᰄʓɰᰲɤɩȦɩ⏋ᱱᱬɹϖˁᰰ˃ɞʱɲɦʠʦɌˁᰩʏʳᅊ༎ˁɌɩȦʳ⏏ᖛ⏋ᒫ⏋ᱱ ᱬ⏋ɲɦʠʦɌȵͩͲ̜́̒ɴɲɤɛᅊ༎ˁɌɩȦɛʼȿɫȡʳȍɭᦚʏɩ⏋ȋອ᭜θඞɹᧉ ႑ȍɭ٧˃ɞႅ҄ 1995: 8, 28⏏ ႑ᅨɭɻ⏋Ϻᬚɫɻሁஞɴ༥ُؚɐʳɄɭȵܐᮑɲඨ႒ሂˁ⏋ࢃᅨɭȦȩࠬЂˁᦲɍɩϖ ʦᔀɭȦȩ০ɴழɌɩᰩ႒ɭɌɩգᅎɐʳɄɭɴʭʱଁʱጓɦᅊিɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵ ʰ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴȲȿʳϺᬚɭ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹᬠѥɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲࡴᒶ ɴʭʳ႑ᅨ⏃ᅊ႑ᅨ⏆ɭȦȩങᏼʛɞȿɫɻɭʰȭʰʶɲȦɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ȴɭȦɤɩȋڧ ႑ᅨȍɭȦȩˡ̘˳͠ͻɹμɴᬔɍᦉʠʳɄɭȵ᧟ՖɫȡʳɭʢᓒȭʰʶɲȦ⏏ ɗɄɫ⏋ᅊ႑ᅨɹүᯆˁᩂែɐʳਃഀɹȋ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ȍɭȦȩങᏼʛɞȿɫɲȼ⏋Ϻᬚ ɭࢃᅨɹȋᬠѥȍȋᬠѥਸȍɴᇿɌɩȦȼˏ̺ͦͻ̍ȵʭʱᩂឹɴɲɤɩȼʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ᢆ [1979] ɻ⏋ᅊɭɻ⏋Ϻᬚɹᅊ༎ᐣ୫ɹɛʠɴɭʱʞɐʉ⏋Јᓔ⏃ඨ႒ɲʱ⏋֪႒ɲʱ⏋ ঃȼᕶးᇕЈᓔ⏋ɇʰɴɻϺᬚᇕЈᓔ⏆ɭɹᬠѥɹȩȭɴଁʱጓɤɛဤɫȡʳɄɭˁࡴᒶɌ ɛ⏏ɗɹȩȭɫ⏋ᅊςкɭᅊࢪᢒɭɹሂϣᇕɲᬠѥȵ⏋ࢪᢒˁ႑ᅨࢃᅨ⏃ᗳᰩਸɹᒴ࣎ਸ ˁʢɦᤛᰖ⏆ɴɭɤɛɭȷɭ⏋ЈɹʢɹˁࢪᢒɴɭɤɛɭȷɭປᥒɌɩ⏋ʢɌȼɻࢃᅨዛɹ ᧓Ȧɴਝɍɩ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲेᅵˁʢɦȴˁ⏋ԍкᇕɲϟёȴʰᠶɍɛ⏏႑ᅨɭȦȩᅊˁ⏋Ϻ ᬚɭ႑ᅨࢃᅨɭɹሂϣᇕɲᬠѥ֪ɹ 1 ɦɭɌɩʛʳែဣˁரኍɐʳɭؾಁɴ⏋ᅊࢪᢒɹ үɹɇʚɊʚɲ᧓ȦɴઝˁڽᣱɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɇʰɴክϥ [1987] ɻ⏋႑ᅨЦʍɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɭɌɩ⏋ࢃᅨɹүɭϺᬚɹүɹؘɹ႕ਸ ˁɦȷȡʼɓɩȋࢃᅨɭϺᬚɹሂϣᬠѥȍˁయᇕ႕ਐȴʰɇȽʳɄɭˁ᥍ɭɐʳɄɭˁଠɠ
ՏɌɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ࢃᅨɹ፬ჿкըˁ⏋ᒴʶ፬ჿ⏋ᅊຂ፬ჿ⏋ᅊᅋ፬ჿ⏋Ц፬ჿɭȦɤɛͤ ̾͡ɴʼȿɩɗɹᡉሂˁᐱࢌɴᦠɤɩȦȼɄɭɴʭʱ⏋႕ࡴ҅кɭɹᬠѥˁμਕɭɌɩ႑߅ȵ ᒴʶɹࢷˁɌɩȦʳɭȦɤɛ፬ჿଯȴʰ⏋ࢃᅨᒴɭࢃɹ෯ᦶȵࢪਝɌɩȦʳɭȦɤɛ Цᇕᢒਐᇕүᯆʚɫˁ⏋ࢃᅨŅϺᬚᬠѥɭȦȩែ៓ȴʰᐨᒧᇕɴჿៗɐʳɄɭȵخᔨɴɲɤ ɩȼʳɭɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋႑ᅨЦˁᅠɭɹភᮊɲሂϣсᅎɹ˹˽̘͌ɹΥᨆɭɌɩе ᒞɧȿ⏋ɗɹرᇕ֪ˁஜɤɩȦȼɭȦɤɛرɭɹԊؾсʍɹ᧑ˁՖʱୖȦɛ⏏ ɦʚʱ⏋ʚɑፀ 1 ɴ⏋ȋᬠѥȍȋᬠѥਸȍɭȦɤɛಁɴɻ⏋Υكᇕɲᬠѥɫɻɲȼ⏋θ كᇕɲᬠѥˁઝ٢ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵᠭɇʶʳ⏏ɄʶʰɹɴʭɤɩኍɇʶʳԒࢅɻ⏋̯̜˱̸ ͞˪̋ɻϺᬚȡɤɩɹ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋⏋Ϻᬚʢ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ȡɤɩɹϺᬚɫȡɤɩ⏋θᓔȵ ሂϣପ֖ᇕɲᬠѥˁʱᐄʃɲȵʰɗʶəʶȵЈɹ႕ਸɴ৯ᯱˁήȭʳɄɭˁᩂែɐʳˏ̺ ͦͻ̍ɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Јɹࢃᅨዛɭປʏɛݭغɴ᭬ɞɤɩȼʳ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɭȦȩࢃ ᅨዛɹɇʚɊʚɲ႕ਐɴᏳਕɹઝȵଡʼʶʳ⏏ɦȹɴ⏋ΥࡴɹಁዷᬚΫɴࡔܧɐʳᅊᏙɴ Ȳȿʳ˛̦͡˧ͻɹ༑ʶɹ̮̊ͻͲʦ෯ᦶɹμɴеᒞɧȿʰʶʳΥឹᏬɭȦɤɛᅊᇕүᯆȴ ʰɞȿϺᬚɭࢃᅨˁʛʳɹɫɲȼ⏋Цᇕʚɛయᇕүᯆʚɫʢʁɭɦɧȷɴ׃ୠᇕɴᓒȭ⏋ ȴɦ⏋ɗɹμɫʢయᇕүᯆȴʰϺᬚɭࢃᅨɹ႕ਐˁஜɤɩȦȼɄɭɴ⏋ʭʱᩂਕˁᒞȼˏ ̺ͦͻ̍ɭȦȭʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ᅠɭɹភᮊɲሂϣсᅎɹμɴȡʳɭȦȩرᇕ֪ˁᩂែɐʳ ˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁɭʳɭȦȩɄɭɻ⏋ᭉʰʶɛಁዷᬚΫɹჼᢒɫȡʳɄɭˁմரɭɐʳʭȩɲȦʼ ʪʳȋᬔᏙȍɭɌɩᓒȭʳɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋ȋᬖఔᏙȍɭɌɩϺᬚɭࢃᅨɹȋᬠѥȍȋᬠѥਸȍ ˁᓒȭʳɭȦȩɄɭɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ ɭؾಁɴ⏋Ʉɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɻ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴȲȦɩϺᬚɭࢃᅨɹᬚɹሂϣсᅎȵ ɲᅊ႒ዛɹԊࡔˁѦᦽɐʳЇᏼʛˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦɄȩɭȦȩࠒֳˁʢؾಁɴᝠɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗ ʶɻ⏋ȡʳܩݖɹɇʚɊʚɲᅊ႒ᒴᮃˁȋࢪȍɹᬠѥɹᐵкɭɌɩɭʰȭ⏋ᅊ႒ᬚɹᬠѥ ȵعᅊ႒ዛɹਸᣒˁៀࡴɐʳɄɭˁᩂែɐʳ⏋ȋᬠѥɹਸɹᅊȍा᧶ᨆ 1996ˁჿᠶ ᇕʱଘɴɌɩȦʳɭៜȦழȭʳɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋ᕶးᅠɴȲȿʳϺᬚɭȦȩࡔܧɴ ့ဣˁȡɩ⏋Ϻᬚɭ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹᬠѥˁ᥍ɭɐʳϺᰖᇕˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁᅎɌɩȦʳɹɫ ȡʳ⏏
5̝࣫രฦќݟൌњᆭ
Ʉɹʭȩɲݜೣᇕ᠗ᡫɴɛɤɩ⏋Ϻᬚ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ᬠѥɴ့ဣˁȡɩɩ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹ ࣳݖɴȲȿʳ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁɭʰȭɩȦȼਖឹȵȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏ ɗɹݭغ⏋ᅊ⏋Ц⏋య⏋رɭȦɤɛүᯆɴȴȴʼʳГάɹ 12 ဣɴመᇿɌɩȦȷɛ Ȧ⏏ʚɑ⏋ћးɭɌɩ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦɲȦᅊᇕɲүᯆɭɌɩɻ⏋ ⏃1⏆ ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɭ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋႑ᅨɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴᰰషອˁʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴඞʞɄɭȵخᔨɭɲɤɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ ⏃2⏆ ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɻ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴȲȦɩ⏋̯͡˧͇̋˹Гɹඨᅊˁௌᰩࢪᢒɭ ɻɌɲȦɹȴ⏏ ⏃3⏆ ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴȲȿʳ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ɴȲȦɩ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɭɗɹЈɹࢃᅨɭɹ ᬚɴɻఔ႑ܩգᅎɹ০ɴेᅵȵȡʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ ɭȦȩဣȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏ɦɧȦɩ⏋ϺᬚЦɹ႕ਐɴʭʳ৯ᯱȵɇʰɴᰒᘿɴʛʰʶʳүᯆɭ Ɍɩɻ⏋Гάɹ 3 ဣȵȴȴʼɤɩȼʳ⏏ ⏃4⏆ ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴȲȦɩ⏋ඨ႒Гɹɰɹʭȩɲᅊ႒ᣂ྇ˁգᅎࢪᢒɭɐʳɹȴ⏏ ⏃5⏆ ࣳݖɹ႒ჿᇕᄩޅɻ⏋Ϻᬚɴʭʳᅊ႒ᣂ྇ɹգᅎˁɰɹʭȩɴៀࡴɌɩȦʳɹȴ⏏ ⏃6⏆ ࣳᅊᏙɴȲȿʳᣂ̮྇̒̍ʍɹˏ˪́˽ਸʦɗɹգᅎخᔨਸɴȲȦɩ⏋̯̜˱̸͞ ˪̋ɻɰɹʭȩɲеᒞˁװʠɩȦʳɹȴ⏏ ʚɛ⏋Ϻʃɭȵ⏋ ⏃7⏆ ႒ჿᇕᄩޅɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲৢˁʢɠ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴՕᰖɌɩȦʳɹȴ⏏ ⏃8⏆ ᅊ႒ᇕᄩޅɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲৢˁʢɠ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴՕᰖɌɩȦʳɹȴ⏏ ⏃9⏆ ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲৢˁʢɠ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴՕᰖɌɩȦʳɹȴ⏏ ɭȦɤɛయᇕɲүᯆɭᅊʦЦɭɹᬚɹȴʰʚʱȡȦˁჿៗɐʳɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏ ɗɹȩȭɫ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴеᒞɐʳភధɹ˱̢͖̘͊ˑͻᬚ⏋ʚɛᅠɹγᅠɭɰɹ ʭȩɲɦɲȵʱȵȡɤɛȴɭȦɤɛرᇕ֪ˁៗ౩ɐʳɄɭȵᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ ⏃10⏆ ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴᅋɐʳᅊ႒ᣂ྇ɹȩɠ⏋ϯ౫ڃɫȡɤɛʢɹɻлɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛɰɹ ʭȩɲ፴ܑɫৄɇʶɩȷɛɹȴ⏏ ⏃11⏆ ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴȲȿʳ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɻ⏋ঃݖ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɹ০ଁʦᬚᬠѥɴ ȲȦɩɰɹʭȩɲ৲ւˁɤɩȷɛɹȴ⏏ ɭȦɤɛԍкᇕɲՖʱؤɫʢɤɩ⏋ ⏃12⏆ ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɭȦȩᕶးᄩޅԃᖔɭؾܩɫᇍ᧒Ɍɩȷɛ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ɻ⏋ɗɄɴಬ ʰɐɹᅊࡔɭȦɤɛϟᢒɴɰɹʭȩɲ৯ᯱˁؖʖɌɩȷɛɹȴ⏏ ɭȦȩ߂ȷɲ̘ͻ͇ɴʢՖʱᦉ˃ɫȦȼɄɭȵخᔨɴɲɤɩȼʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏ ГΫɴ୭Ɍɛ 12 ɹکᰍࡴˁʢɭɴ⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳആᨆ⏋Ꮮ༠ࣳ̾˻͑ᑊᅒ 2000b; 2002aˁϟёɭɌɛݜኄᇕ̚ͻ̊ɹரኍɭᡴᠶˁፆᓔɻჼܧ⏋ᐙᐚμɫȡʳ⏏ჼܩᠭീȴʰ⏋ Гάɹ႕ਐȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛ⏏ ʚɑፀ 1 ɴ⏋ݾອѢԂɹغʦ࡚፲⏒ॷɴʭʳᭇᮒᩄɹेɴਝɍɩ⏋ݾອɌɛ༓ϥକȵ ࢃᅨᅎɹᰰషອɭɌɩ֟რᇕɴգᅎɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ୭ɫȷʳ⏏ɛɭȭϺᬚɹգᅎɴɻȡ ɩʰʶɲȦອݭɫȡɤɩʢ⏋ອᣒɴਝɍɩ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ࢭᅎɹອݭ⏋͓˧̯̓˻μਕɹ ອݭɲɰȵࡔܧɌ⏋ɭȼɴݾອѢԂɲɰɴʭʱݾՕȵᲞȼɲɤɛອˁᰰʚɓʳɄɭˁ⏋̯
̜˱̸͞˪̋ᰲɹ႕ਐɭɌɩɭʰȭɲȲɐɄɭȵɫȷʳᑊᅒ 2004b⏏ɦȹɴ⏋ᐁᱻᇕɴ ᤹ɴɦȿɛඨ႒ɴࢪɐʳሾᡫˁɭɌɩ⏋ඨ႒ɹ႕ਸɴਝɍɛࢃᅨᬚɹې߫ਸɹेᅵɴᇿ ɐʳɭ⏋ȋץဌೠɹݾᅊඨ႒ˁ߫ʞ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ȍɭȋᗳೣʦץဌೠɹᅆᅊඨ႒ˁ߫ʞ͓˧⏋ ̯̓˻⏋˗˹ȍɭȦɤɛ႕ਐȵவɇʶʳᑊᅒ 2002d⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ࢃᅨɹௌᰩ֪ɭఔ႑ܩ գᅎɹ࡚፲ਸɭɹȴȴʼʱˁᦠɤɩȦȼɭ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɻݾᅊඨ႒ɭ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ɴћ ࡔɌɛௌᰩˁɭɤɩȲʱ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɴʭɤɩɹʛգᅎخᔨɫȡʳᗳܩဌೠܩȵᩂឹɲ ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȦʳɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲʳ⏏ГΫɹʭȩɲՕഓȴʰ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴȲȿʳ ϺᬚŅࢃᅨŅඨ႒ᬠѥɹ႕ਐɭɌɩ⏋ݾᅊඨ႒ʦ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ɭȦɤɛ༠ࣳඨᅊɴћࡔɌ⏋ȴ ɦ⏋Јɹࢃᅨȵˏ˪́˽ɫȷɲȦ᭠ᣱ˵Ͳ˳ኂऄɫௌᰩɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ˁμ ਕɴɐȭɛ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌⏋ɦʚʱ⏋ȋ༠ࣳඨᅊɴћࡔɐʳ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋႑ᅨȍɭȦɤɛ႑ᅨ ˹˽̘͌ȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵ୭ɫȷʳᑊᅒ 2002c⏏ ໔ྴˁው֪ɐʳɹɴӦʶɛ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɻʚɛ⏋࿈ᬚय़ʦ࿈ᬚय़άɹ༓ဈɴȡʳ᥉ᣒɹݜ ᣒʦᣒɹݜᣒɹܩ০ΫˁȼɄɭȵɫȷʳɛʠ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɴɌȴˏ˪́˽ɫȷɲȦ᭠ ᣱ˵Ͳ˳ኂऄɭȦɤɛᅊ༎ዷᬚȵᅊʚʶɩȼʳ⏏႑ᅨɹΥɫ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ˁᅎȦɩྫௗ ༎֪ʦᮃ༎֪ˁȩɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ࣳᅊᏙȵఌȭʳॎᢤʦᰖɭȦɤɛ֪႒ਸᰩష⏋༑ೠ ɲɰɹᅊ༎ԃᖔɴȴȴʼʳᅎڃʢ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ˁЂɌɩ՟ʠɩკȵخᔨɭɲʳɄɭȵ୭ ɫȷʳᑊᅒ 2000a; Nawata 2001⏏߂᭜ȴʰ᭠ᣱ˵Ͳ˳ኂऄʍɹˏ˪́˽ɹИˁද៷ɐ ʳɭ⏋ȋᰈᑢɴˏ˪́˽ɫȷɩᬏೝᬚɭɰʚʶʳऄऴȍ⏋ȋᰈᑢɴˏ˪́˽ɫȷʳȵቁೝᬚɌȴ ɭɰʚʶɲȦऄऴȍ⏋ȋዎɴɌȴˏ˪́˽ɫȷɲȦऄऴȍ⏋ȋԃȼˏ˪́˽ɫȷɲȦऄऴȍɴᰖ݀ ɇʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ༠ɴܑʚʶɛऄऴɗʶəʶɹ႒ჿᇕᄩޅɹ႕ਸ⏃˵Ͳ˳ኂܩ০⏋࿈ຶ И⏋ອݭɹံ⏆ɴਝɍɩؾɍऄऴɫʢᣂ྇գᅎɹ০ȵᅵɲʳဣɴᅥઝɌɲȿʶɽȦȿɲȦ Ʉɭ⏋ʚɛ⏋˵Ͳ˳ኂܩ০ɭ࿈ຶИɭȦɤɛ႒ჿᇕᄩޅȵ⏋Ϻᬚɭ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɴʭʳऄ ऴʍɹˏ˪́˽ɴըᏝˁήȭ⏋ᣂ྇գᅎɹЇˁៀࡴɌɩȦʳɄɭȵៗ౩ɇʶɛɹɫȡʳᑊ ᅒ 2001⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲݜኄᣂషˁʢɭɴ⏋႒ჿᇕᄩޅ⏋ᅊ႒ᇕᄩޅ⏋ࢃᅨɹᰩ֪ܞˁฐ িܒɴʚɭʠ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɭɹȴȴʼʱȴʰʛɛ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ᒴᘺɴБᝠɇʶʳᅊ႒ᣂ྇ ɹ̮̒̍ʍɹˏ˪́˽ਸɭգᅎخᔨਸɴᬠɐʳՕഓˁ᠅ʛɛᐄഗ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ˁЂɇɲȿ ʶɽɲʰɲȦɄɭȵИɭɲɤɩ⏋ࣳᅊᏙɴȲȿʳᅊ႒ᣂ྇ɹրɲգᅎˁᐄഗᇕɴըᭉ ɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɩȦʳɭȦȩែဣȵკɫȷɛ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲઝ٢ɴȲȦɩ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ˁ ᅎȦɛᣂ྇գᅎɹ႕ᣒɭɻ⏋ᕶးИάɴȲȦɩϺᬚȵᣂ྇ˁգᅎɐʳ᭬ɹ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɗɹʢ ɹɴԒܧɇʶɩȦʳ⏋րɲգᅎɴࢪɐʳȋଵըȍɹ৲ᇿˁഗɛɌɩȦʳɄɭȵኍڗɫȷʳ ᑊᅒ 2003b⏏ ࣳݖɹࢸܩؿɴɻ⏋ᯆᇕɲᕶးգᅎɴጓᔰɌɛಕ៎᠗ᡫȵᝠՏɇʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ɵȴ ʳ˃ɫȲʱᯃ।ɴྜྷʱʦɐȦᣒɹॵ࿄ɫ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɴώɤɩ༎֪ɐʳಁɹઝˁȩɲ
ȵɌɩȦʳ⏋ŋຩˁɦȿʸŌɭȦȩࢸܩؿȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ǿɹఔ႑ɹᖏدɭɲʳ༠ࣳॶᩃɴ ȲȦɩɻ⏋ŋᢤɹቆεŌŋቆɹɭɄʸŌŋݾɹɭɄʸŌɭȦɤɛʭȩɴܤᣒˁɭʰȭ⏋༲ʶाɹ ອȵ᭠ᣱ˵Ͳ˳ኂଝմɫŋ༑ʶɹཝɍʳɭɄʸŌɹᖪᣒɲ႑ᗳˁឿෑʠ⏋ŋ͓˧ɹᒴʶȵȼʳ ɭɄʸŌɭȦɤɛភధɹອݭɫɹࢃᅨɹᰰʛອɭɌɩɹգᅎˁेաɌɩȦʳ⏏ອݭɹஜᏮʦ ఔ႑ܩɹ᧧ିɭȦɤɛᯆᇕɲᣂ྇գᅎȵܩؿɴؙɇʶ⏋ࣝᇕɲᄩޅ᠗ᡫȵܩؿɴݏʠᦉ ʚʶɩȦʳɭȦȭʳᑊᅒ 2003a⏏ȴʼɤɩ⏋༠ړϖ֪႒ɴࢪɐʳؿɴመᇿɐʳɭ⏋Ⴕ Ⴣࢪᢒɫȡʳ˻͖˳Ͳɭ˓͡ˡɻ⏋ŋ༠ɹଁ͍˽˗˹Ōɭŋ༠ɹଁ͍˽͞˪̋ŌɭɌɩआաɇ ʶʳ⏏᭜ɹࢃᅨዛˁࢪ၇Ɍɦɦ⏋༠ɹᩃᅊ֪႒ˁࢪປɇɓʳɄʶʰɹؿɴɻ⏋˗˹ɭ̯̜˱ ̸͞˪̋ɹᬚɹЦᇕѝғɹሂ᧓ȵɌɞɇʶɩȦʳ⏏˻͖˳ͲɴɲəʰȭʰʶʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ ˗˹ɻທࡎᬠѥɹȵȼᔀᅎɭɌɩʢӦʶɩȦʳဣȵᩂែɇʶʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋˓͡ˡɴɲəʰ ȭʰʶʳɄɭȴʰ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɻȼɹᰄధɫᒴʶˁ০сʱώᅎɭɌɩʢᩂࡷɇʶʳဣȵ ᠭɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳᑊᅒ 2002b⏏̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹᇿᇕɲ༎ᅎɭѝғɹភధਸ ɭȦȩ៎ဣȴʰɗɹؿዌᒴˁද២ɐʳɭ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹພᖬᅵɴመᇿɌɲȵʰ⏋༠ࣳᄩ ޅʍɹ᧟ਝ⏋ϖᔨ⏋ώᅎᱢᅎʍɹᅎਸˁឿෑʠʳؿዌᒴˁᇍࣙɇɓɩȦʳɄɭȵჿ ៗɫȷʳ⏏҅кɹᏙᡮʦϯᨗᬠѥˁ᠗ᡫɌɦɦ⏋ᅎɴਝɍɩᅵɲɤɛ႕ਸˁʢɤɛ҅кˁᑢ ຂɇɓʳɛʠɹϯᨗ፬ჿˁȩ⏏ɗɹμɫ⏋ŋᇐŌɻ༠ࣳɫɹ༎֪ɴӦʶɩȲʱ⏋ŋᣧŌɻϖɹ ՏȵȦȦɭ৳ʰɻѝғɧȿɌɩȦʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴ⏋ᒴʶɴȲȿʳŋᇐŌɭŋᣧŌɹւغɻ⏋᭠ᣱ˵ Ͳ˳ኂऄˁςɲఔ႑ܩɴɐʳᒴʶɭ༠ࣳॶᩃˁςɲఔ႑ܩɭɐʳᒴʶɴʭɤɩᅵɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ ɲ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹఔ႑ܩɭȋᖬ৩ȍؿዌɴȡʰʼʶʳेᅵȵࢪਝɐʳɄɭˁ౩ኍɌɩȦ ʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳᑊᅒ 2004a⏏ კɇʶʳᅊ႒ᣂ྇ɹȩɠ⏋ॎᢤɹʈɛɹዛᰖ⏋ѝൔᦲڧ⏋֓ूьᅎɲɰ ˁᦠɤɩȦȼɭ⏋᱗షɭɌɩɹॎᢤɹʈɛɻঃݖɹϯ౫̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɹμɫৄɇʶ⏋ჼܧॵ ɽɦɴʭʳᰪ᰼ɴᗑɌʞϺʃɭɹჼᩆؚԂ྇ɴɲɤɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏ʚɛμγˏ̲͞ˏ رషɴݜɧȷ⏋̾˻͑ɴʭʳॎᢤɹʈɛɹȵؾܩɫرᇕɴᐙᐚɌɩȦʳɄɭȵተ᠗ ɇʶʳ⏏༠ᅋ႒ɹᅊᅋɴʭʳϯ౫༎֪ʍɹرᇕᬠήɭȦȩүᯆʢʚɛ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɹɹᅊ ࡔɴཉȼࢊήɌɩȷɛɹɫȡʳᑊᅒ 1995; Nawata 1997⏏ʚɛ⏋19 γᏛɹᏞ༠ࣳɫɻ⏋ ̯͡˧͇̋˹ɹഘᘽɻᗷᩃˁ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɫȦȼಁɹᰲషɭɌɩҺᙢɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ॻɻ႑ᅨ ȵཬɴ˃ɫᙜຩᖛɹၚషɲɰɭɌɩެᢷɇʶɩȦɛɄɭȵೆȷɇʶɩȦʳᑊᅒ թ μa⏏ɗɹΥ⏋ჼܧ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏץऄˁμਕɴˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖˁᐄ˃ɫ⏋ܕ᭬ᇕɲͤͻ ˽ᅎ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹᅊᅋɭϯ౫ȵᇵ˃ɫȡʱ⏋ˏ̸͌͞˽͌͠ɹঃݖ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ˁ০ଁ ɐʳ 1 ɦɹ᥍ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ͤͻ˽ɹെԢˁ֯ɠʳ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɻ⏋ሬᇍɴɛȿʳˏ ̲͞ˏץऄᅋɹ͍˽͞˪̋ɭ⏋୫χɴɛȿʳ˽ͻ̋Ͳᅋɹˠ˽͞˪̋ˁϯᨗɇɓɩᅊᅋɇʶ ɛڃዛɫȡʱ⏋ɲȴɫʢ̾˻͑ɹ̸˹͑ͻ͠ͻɭȦȩ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɻ⏋ɭʱʼȿቁᤂᮐᅎ
ɭɌɩؿުȵȡʳ⏏ͤͻ˽ᅎ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹᅊᅋɻɅȼᦏɴɲɤɩ༎ᇍɴɲɤɛჼᢒɫȡ ʳʢɹɹ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏץऄɭആˏ̶͠ˡɹ႑ᅨɹᬚɴឿʰʶʳЦᐁཕᇕᬠѥɴȲȦɩʢɤ ɭʢ႕ਐᇕɫȡɤɩȷɛɄɭɹ 1 ɦɻ⏋Ꮮ༠ˁɻɇ˃ɫлγᏛɴʢʼɛʱᐚȦɛ̯̜˱̸͞ ˪̋ˁμਕɭɌɛࢃᅨɹᅊᅋɭϯ౫ɫȡʳɄɭȵᇿɇʶʳNawata 2005⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ ॎᢤɹʈɛ⏋͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹϯ౫ɴʭʳঃݖ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɹ෯፷ɲɰɹ Ᏻˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ᅊ⏋Ц⏋య⏋رɭȦɤɛүᯆɹȴʰʚʱȡȦˁʁʢɭ ȷ⏋ϗၥၖय़ɹࣳݖɴಬʰɌɩȷɛ႑ᅨɹᅊࡔݜᇻˁᐵغᇕɴɭʰȭʳែဣȵரᣱɫȷʳ ɹɫȡʳᑊᅒǵթμ b⏏
6̝Ѳыѥ̟хѾнѻѠิၮ
ГΫɹʭȩɲϟёድˁʢɭɴ⏋ϗၥၖय़ࣳݖɴȲȿʳϺᬚɭ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɹᬠѥਸɴ ᬠɐʳჿៗɹങᏼʛɴᬠɐʳᡴᠶˁ⏋ɇʰɴཉɇɓɩȦȷɛȦɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ჼಁဣɴȲȦ ɩ⏋ፆᓔȵୃȦɩȦʳᡴᠶɹكਸɻɄȩɫȡʳ⏏ ϗၥၖय़ɴȲȿʳ႑ᅨɹμɫʢ⏋ෑϗၥϗၥɴȡɛʳܩय़⏃ץϗၥϗၥץྂ࿅ɫɻɲ Ȧܩय़⏆ɴȲȦɩ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋⏃ݭଘɴʭɤɩɻ̶̊˱̸͞˪̋⏆ɴ߂ȷȼћࡔɐʳ႑ᅨ ˁ⏋ɗʶГɹʢɹɭɻɤȷʱɭՕȿɩᡴᠶɐʏȷɫɻɲȦȴɭȦȩဣˁ⏋ʚɑȡɁɛȦ⏏ɗ ɹჿᅓɻГάɹဣɴȡʳ⏏ ʚɑ⏋ෑϗၥϗၥܩय़ɫɻ⏋ᭇᮒɴᬠɐʳಁዷᬚΫɹᅵਸȵෑʠɩᲞȦȵʪȭɴ⏋ᭇᮒ ɴ߂ȷȼृزɇʶʳඨ႒ɭɗɹȩȭɴଁʱጓɦࢃᅨɹ֪ȵέࡴɫȡʳɭʛɲɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ͠˽˪ˁɰɹʭȩɴ܌᧫ɌɦɦϺᬚȵᅊ༎Ɍɩȷɛȴˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦɄ ȩɭɐʳݭغ⏋ɗʶʰɹܩݖɴȲȦɩέܯᣒɲՕ॒ˁឿɓʳᭇᮒɭɻʚɛաɹ႒ჿᇕႥ⏋ɐ ɲʼɠˠˏ˹˽⏋ा⏋༠⏋ʢɌȼɻɗʶʰɹᏼغɓɭȦɤɛዷᬚᇕɲ෯ଁឹᏬɹࡔܧɴʢɤɭ ᇿɌ⏋ʞɌʸɗʶʰʍɹћࡔɹ০ˁஜɤɩȦȼɄɭȵᩂឹɫɻɲȦȴɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ᭇ ᮒŅඨ႒ŅࢃᅨŅϺᬚɭȦȩᏙᇕɲɦɲȵʱɹμɫɹʛᓒȭʳɄɭɻ᧟য়ɫɻɲȦɹɫȡ ʳ⏏ ɦȹɴ⏋ϺᬚɹᅊࡔɹݜᇻɭɲʳᰩషɗɹЈɹᣂ྇ɭȦȩүᯆȴʰȦɤɩ⏋Ʉʶʰɹܩय़ ɻ⏋ᅠɭɹɦɲȵʱɲɌɴӯഀȴʰଁʱጓɛɲȦغȵෑጩɴᲞȦܩݖɫȡɤɛɹɫɻɲȦ ȴɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ᦥɴࡔܧɌɲȴɤɛɹɻ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ˁμਕɭɌɛᏤᎭɲᅊ႑ᅨɹ ɫɻɲȦȴɭʢᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɗɹЈɹࢃᅨʦɗʶГɹᅋ႒ɹ ᦲڧ⏋ʚɛϺᇕϯ༑ɹࡸɲɰˁкᏙᇕɴᦠɤɩȦȼਖឹȵɫɩȼʳ⏏ɗɹ᭬ɴɻ⏋Ӵɴ୭ Ɍɛʭȩɲˠˏ˹˽ʦाɭȦɤɛᕶးᄩޅΫɹέܯᣒɲዷᬚɴ֓ȭ⏋ϺᬚȵсʱՏɌɛέܯᣒ ɲዷᬚɭ٧ʉʏȷᨊ॑ɭɹᬠѥʢែᩃɴԂʶɩȦȴɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴᓒȭɩȼʳɭ⏋ෑϗၥϗၥܩय़ɹμɫʢࣳݖɭȦȩʁɭȼȼʱɹᦹᐚɌɛዷᬚɻ⏋Ϻᬚɭ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɭɗɹЈɹࢃᅨȵᅊࡔɌɩȦȼЇᏼʛˁᓒ࢘ɌɩȦȼȩȭɫȴɲ ʱᩂឹਸȵᲞȦɭɄʸɭɌɩȩʏȷɞɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ࣳݖˁɲʳ 1 ɦɹʹˎ͠˛ͻ ˹͚Ͳɭʛɲɐɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ᕶးᄩޅΫʚɛЦᄩޅΫ⏋ਖɑέܯᣒɲዷᬚˁيʛ⏋ᅠɭɹ ᦹᐚਸɹȩȭɴɌȴଁʱጓɤɩɄɲȴɤɛෑϗၥϗၥܩय़ɹ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋႑ᅨɹ০ɹμ ɫʢ⏋ɗɹ႕ਸˁȡʳઝ٢ʢɤɭʢᰒᘿɴኍɌɩȦʳܩݖɹϟёɭɌɩᇿɌɛȵᖪȦɹɫ ɻɲȦɹȴ⏋ɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ࣳݖɹཬˁμਕɭɌɛ༠ɹγᅠɭɹɦɲȵʱ⏋ɇʰɴɻ༠ˁᦲɍ ɩঃȵʳЈɹܩݖɭɹɦɲȵʱ⏋ɲɰɭɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ɹȩȭɫ႑ᅨ˹˽̘͌ˁɭʰȭ⏋ȴɦɗʶ ʰɹܩݖɹɹᅊࡔɹݜᇻˁᓒȭɩȦȼɄɭȵ⏋ʭʱᇕተɲՕഓങᏼʛɭɲʱȭʳ⏏ Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ϗၥၖय़ࣳݖɴȲȿʳϺᬚ̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ᬠѥɭɻ⏋ᅊᏙɴȲȦɩΥឹ Ꮼɭɲʳ⏋ɲʳ 2 ɦɹ҅кᒴɹᬠѥɴɻɭɰʚʰɲȦ⏏̯̜˱̸͞˪̋ɻ⏋ϗၥၖय़ࣳ ݖɭȦȩЦᅊᏙɴȲȦɩ⏋ɲᅊ႒ᒴᮃɹᅊࡔˁఌȭɩȲʱ⏋ɗʶɲɌɴɻϺᬚᮃȵ ࡔᐚɐʳɄɭȵᮑɌȦ⏋ɭȦɤɛઝ٢ɫ⏋Ȧʼɽȃឹȅɹʭȩɲࡔܧɫȡʳɭៜȭʳɹɫɻɲ Ȧɞʸȩȴ⏏ ۀ̙ᄽ̙ည̙ज़ ᣧೠአ১⏏1994⏏ȏჿዀॷᝠᠧೣǵ໔ྴˤ˓̸̝̒˪ȑπڵ⏏ ᧑ಚড়⏏1999⏏ȋᅊϺᰖȴʰឿɛ͇Ͳ˫ͦͻ̸ɴȲȿʳଘณȍȏᅊᏙɴȲȿʳᕶးϺᬚԊࡔʍ ɹែဣȑೡഀᬖୖ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ȋܩჽᄩޅݬؚᮃɹɹተጓȍೣ୷ᖂЦ⏋7-10.
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