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(2) YOKOHAMA. 34 (34). BUSINESS. REVIEW. ， VO. ． XII ， No. ，. 1. (1991). (e)ゝhe‥amages『hih‖｀ember［ay｜ecome〕iable》o｝ay‖nd《hal｝ay respect｛f‥amage. done@ or@ caused@ by@ such@ steamsHp ， or@ by@ any@ person@ employed@ about@ the@ same ， to@ any harbour ， dock ， pier ， quay@ or@ works@ connected@ therewith ， or@ to@ any@jetty， buoy ， erection ，. submarine｛r｛ther…ab. Ⅰ. or｛ther’ixed｛r［ovable》hings『hatsoever ， whether…aused｜y. ，. negi ence@or@otherwie ， except@as@ P o Ⅴ ded@ for@in@Cause(c) ， In@ cases@where@the@damaged ， c ims@under@tRs@clause@shall@be@de3t@with@in@the@same@way property@bCongs@to@the@Member Ⅰ. Ⅰ. as（f《uch｝roperty｜Conged》o‖《tranger， but｛n for》he‘xcess｛f‖ny‖mount〉ecoverable by@ the@ Member@ under@ any@ other@ i surance@ there@ Ⅲ 2y@ be@ on@ the@ s3d@ property Ⅰ. As@a@matter@of@course,@no@reference@to@ol@pollution@can@be@found@in@the@above@Ru 17@(e) Whi the@shipowners ， liability@for@oil@pollution@caused@to@harbours ， docks ， etc ， might@be@covered@under@the Ⅰ. above@Rule. ・. Ⅰ. ， it@is@not@clear@whether@their@liability@for@such@damage@caused@to@marine@products@might. be@covered@under@the@above@Rule ， Further,@a@fine@for@discharge@of@persistent@oil@i to@a@prohi5ted@sea area@in@contraventi n@of@the@oil@@@ Na Ⅴ gab Waters@Act,@ 1955@cou not@be@covered@under@the Ⅰ. above@. Ru. ，. Ⅰ. 2.@ Amalgamation@. of@ the@ Protection@ and@ Indemnity@. Apart@from@the@man@subject@of@tHs@treatie Di ii ns@on@February@20 general@. annu3@. Ⅰ. meeti. ， the@am3gamation@of@the@Protection@and@Indemnty. ， 1959@@@ stated@in@the@noti. hCd@. g@. Ap. on@. Ⅰ. Divisions. e@dated@March@. 16 ， 1959@of@conveDng@the@88th. l@ 8 ， 1959.. In@ 1959@the@am3gamati n@of@the@both@divisions@was@held@not@only@in@the@Britann@@ C The@ United@ Ki gdom@ Mutu8@ Steam@ SHp@ Assurance@ Associ ti n@ and@ other@ major@ C. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. b@but@in bs@ 3so. Though@the@reason@for@such@am3gamation@is@not@c ar ， it@may@be@that@as@the@Club@members@entered Ⅰ ng@both@di Ⅴ si ns@separatCy all@of@thCr@ships@in@both@di Ⅴ si ns@at@that@time ， the@necessity@of@mantai Ⅰ. 4sappeared. ・. As@a@result， each@of@the@major@Clubs@became@a@single@Club@after@the@lapse@of@some@70@years@since the@ separation@ of@business@ i to@ the@ Protecti n@ and@ IndemHty@ di isi ns@ in@ 1886. The@pro. Ⅴ. sion@@@ the@Ru. di Ⅴ sions@was@inCuded@@@ of@the@Indem. Ⅰ. ty@Di ii. Ⅰ. Ru n. s@of@the@Britann@@ Ⅰ. C. 17@incorporati. ， whi. Ⅰ. b@for@risks@covered@after@the@am8gamation@of@both. g@both@Ru. ・. remaned@. 3.@ Measures@. unchanged@. 17@of@the@Protecti. @@ the@ 1960@ R. si. Ⅴ. n. n@Di. Ⅴ. sion@and@Ru. Ⅱ es@ as@. Ru. 17@(e). Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 22. ， The@Rule@17@(e)@of@the@1950. ， liability@for@damages@caused@to@harbours. Rules@as@mentioned@in@1@above@covering@shipowners etc. Ⅰ. h@was@a@long@and@complicated@pro. ， docks ，. ・. taken@by@ P &@ I Clubs@ to@ cope@ with@ Oil@ Pollution@ Incidents@ after@the@ "Torrey ・. ・. Canyon" Case After@the@"Torrey@Cayon"@case@@@. 1967 ， the@shipowners. ， li 5liy@for@oil@pollution@became@to@be. frequently@discussed@at@the@committee@of@the@Britannia@Club@as@well@as@other@P from@February@20. ， 1969@the@f0. Ⅰ. wing@pro. Ⅴ. si n@was@i. serted@@@. ， &:@I Clubs ， and@as ・. the@certiicates@of@entry@issued@by. the@ Britannia@ Club: "In@ the@ event@ of@any@ gs ti n@ coming@ into@ force@ anywhere@ @@ the@ wor duri g@ the currency｛f》Ⅱ s‘ntry‖ffecting》he｀ember ， s〕iabilti s’or・ ， the、ssociati n《hal have@ the@ ri ht@ to@ charge@ the@ Member@ an@ addti n3 premium " Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. or. "In the event of‖ny 8s ti coming i to force anywhere in the woFd du ng the currency@of@this@entry@affecting@the@Member ， s@liabilities@for@oil@pollution ， the@Association@shall Ⅰ. have@ the@ ri ht@ to@ i crease@ premium. ，". Ⅰ. n. the@ Member. Ⅱ. ， s@ rate@. of@contribution. ， or@ to@ charge@. an@ additi. n3.
(3) ， Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. It@seems@that@@@ the@background@of@the@i i ternati. oPni. n3@. the@ shipowners. Htherto@should@be@rep. ， li 5lity@ for@ Ol@ poluti. and (3)@ a@compu. charterers,@ etc ， for@ Ol@ po Further. ， @@ South@. Ⅱ. system@ shou. i surance@. ory@. Ⅰ. g@ol@p0. ti. Ⅰ. li 5lity@ for@ Ol@ i troduced. ti. po. n. ・. &@ I ， C. ・. bs@ must@. Ⅰ. between@. ・. P. 5lity@p. nCp. Ⅰ. &@ I ， Clubs@. In@the@mi. dle@of@the@19th@century. i troduced. ， @@ respect@of@wreck@. rep. ent@ li 5liy@ prinCp Ⅰ. Crcumstances. ， the@ extent@. As@regards@ol@po. as. and@to@i. Ⅰ. U. ，. g@oil@po. i to@ consi. ・. C. bs@o. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. bs@for@. Ⅰ. ， li 5lity@for. ， S $30@milli. n. ・. The. ・. eration. Sn3. Ⅱ. under@ p. Ⅰ. ce@. ， Docks@and@Pi. @@ other@ va. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. bs@orign3@@. w ， and@. Ⅰ. maritime@. ous@. by@ P. ・. &:@ I C ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. @@. Ⅰ. 4 ws@ 3so. bs@ was@. Ⅰ. se. Ⅰ. ， 1847@first p. subsequent. adhered@to@the@ne3i. and@d@@ not@cover@the@cost@of@c ani g@up@of@the@sea@waters@po ss@there@was@any@fa Ⅱ t@on@the@part@of@the@tanker acCdent,@un. not@a. rs@Clauses@Act. l@ 5lity@ prinCp. the@ common@. ，. owners. ， @@ there@was@no@faut@on. ss@or@damage@caused@by@a@sHp@d@@. Ⅰ. ， li bility@ covered@ C. i tended@to@cover@shi. Ⅰ. ， and ， therefore. li 5lity ， the@ absoute@. of@ shi owners ・. were. Ⅰ. and@ CRISTAL. ， the@Harbours. took@. ・. bil. many@. ，. ti n@and@the@severest. Ⅰ. mum@of@U. Ⅹ. by. ， the@sHpowners. Congress@ and@. ， subject@to@the@ma. &@I ， C. ・. hiherto@ Ⅰ. ti n@ damage@. Ⅰ. crease@the@limit@of@sRpowners. Ulity@prinCp. remov3@ as@. Ⅰ. ti. Ⅰ. 5lity@on@owners@of. e@tanker@acCdents. at@ the@ Feder@@. P ， &@I. ・. ti n@3so ， P &@I. Ⅰ. nCple@. Ⅱ. ， there@is@the@probability@of@causing@oil@pollution@not@only. ， however. of@ lia5lity@ prinCp. cement@. ew@of@successi. Ⅴ. 0l@ po. ti n@impoSng@the@absoute@li. Ⅰ. and@ TOVALOP@. ， the@li 5lity@of@P. owners. p. n｛nヾRpowners， LiaDlity・. have@ taken@ these@ ci cumstances@ ・. li Uliy@. i creased@@@ respect@of@ol@po. Ⅰ. were@severe@to@owners@of@sHps@causi. Ⅰ. li 5lity@on@the@base@of@the@negligent@li. neSi. 3s. Ⅰ. by@tankers@but@3so@by@other@types@of@shi the@part@of@shi. g. ， and@charterers@and@cargo@owners. Ⅰ. tourist@ resorts@ and@ coasts@ sufferred@. As@the@modern@ships@use@more@or@less@oil g3@. wi. Ⅰ. be@ i troduced@ to@cover@the@ li bility@of@shpowners. ・. 4.@ Relations@. Ⅰ. l. ti n@to@U S ， $450@for@each@ton@of@the@ship. Ⅰ. then@ P. d@be@substanti. In@the@U ， S ， A aso ， @@. one@was@to@adopt@the@absoute@l@ Ol@po. ， the@ negligence@. nCp. tion@ was@ acti Cy@ dicussed@. Ⅰ. All@of@these@Ul. ・. si n,@there@were@the@fo. Ⅴ. n. Afri a@ where@. Ⅰ. n. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. tanker@acCdents,@there@was@a@movement@for@ sHps@causi. Uliy@p. ， li Ulity「nder》he・. st@prece4ng@treatie@I@(2)@and@11-2)@sho. Ⅰ. (35)@35. (Takatada@Imaizumi). li bility@ for@ oil@ polluLon;. assume@. the〕imit｛f《hi owners. (2). K. ・. serti n@of@the@above@pro. ced@by@the@absoute@li. Ⅰ. should@jointy@. o@. Ⅰ. &@I ， Clubs@in@the@U. ns. (1)@ as@ regards@ a. ・. ・. Transition@of@Shipowners. of@ the. ce@. Ⅰ. simi. Ⅰ. Under@. ・. the. extended. ent@li Ulity@p. r. Ⅰ. ，. Ⅰ. nCp. Ⅰ. ted@by@escape@of@0l@due@to@tanker Th@@ attitude@of@P &@I C bs@gave ・. ・. Ⅰ. birth@to@ToVALoP@(Tanker@owners@Voluntary@Agreement@concerning@Lability@for@oil@Pollution. ，. 1969)@ (see@ my@ st@precedi g@treatie@ I@(16) Pri r@to@the@ 1969@ Li Ulity@Convent@ n@ (see@ my@ st precedi g@treatie@I@(6)@and@11-5)@and@the@ 1971@ Fund@Convention@(see@my@ st@precedi g@treatie@I (7)@ and@ 11-7) ， the@ seven@ major@ i ternati n3@ Ol@ compani s@ owni g@ rge@ tankers@ puUi hed@ i November@1968@a@p n@of@forming@ToVALoP@to@cause@the@members@of@the@scheme@to@endeavour@to espectlVeof Ⅵ，he her prevent@or@mii ate@oil@polution@which@occurred@or@was@threatened@to@occur, there@was@any@fault@on@the@part@of@the members‖nd》o…ompensate not｛n for》he…ost｛f… ani g up@of@the@ol@p0 ti n@i curred@by@the@members@but ， un ss@the@members@cou not@prove@that@there Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ⅠⅡⅠ. て. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. was@no@faMt@on@the@@ functi. part,@. for@such@cost@i. n@of@ToVALoP@was. ， therefore. and@the@cover@proVded@by@P 及 I.. Clubs covered. Ⅰ. ・. &@I C ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. curred@by@the@government@of@the@suffe. ， to@f@l@the@gap@between@the@actu3@. bs At@the@time@of@the@start@ofToVALoP ・. shipo Ⅵ，ners, legal liability for oiI pollulio)n. up. Ⅰ. Stuati. ng@state ， The. n@of@ol@po. ， i e October@1969 ・. ・. to U.S.814.4 million],. Ⅰ. ti. n. ， P， Ⅵh. Ⅱe.
(4) YOKOHAMA. 36 (36). TOVALOP@compensated@ c. n@up@to@U. ， VO. ， XII ， No. ，. (1991). 1. ， S $100@for@each@ton@of@the@gross@tonnage@of@tankers@entered@in ・. ， subject@ to@ the@ maXmum@. the@ scheme. REVIEW. shi owners@and@ the@ government@of@the@ suffering@state@for@the@ cost@of. aning@up@of@ol@poluti. Ⅰ. BUSINESS. of@ U ， S ， $10@ milli. (Note)@The@limit@of@cover@provided@by@P ws: f0. ， 8@:@I C@. n. ・. bs@was@subsequent. ・. increased@successively@as. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. U .S.625. m m m. U S $30. million. as. U ， S $50@ U ， S $100@ U ， S $200 U ， S $300@ U ， S $400@ U S $500. million@. as@ from@. February@. million@. as@ from@. February@. 20 ， 1979. mil. as. February. 20 ， 1980. February@. 20 ， 1981. U .S.615 U .S.620. ・. ・. ・. ・. ・. ・. ・. ・. ・. as. ⅠⅠ. ⅡⅡ on. as. 丁. rom. Feb. Ⅰ. ua. ⅡⅡ on. as. from. Feb. Ⅱ. uaF Ⅴ 20 ，. from. February. 20 ， 1976 20 ， 1978. Ⅰ. on. million@. om. February 20 ， 1973. ⅡⅡ on. from. as@ from@. Ⅰ. 20 ， 1974. y. 1975. million@ as@ from@ February@ 20 ， 1988 million as from February 20 ， 1990. and@the@limit@of@cover@proVded@by@ToVALoP also@ increased@. was@. U. ・. S $160 ・. for. subject@to@. each. from@ June@ 1978@. as@ of. ton. the@ maximum@. to. ship ， tonnage S ， $16.8@ million. the. ，. s. of@U. ・. The@extent@of@cover@provided@by@ToVALoP@oriSnal parts. ・. Owi. g@to@the@1969@Lia5liy@Conventi. gi Ⅴ ng@effect@to@the@above@Conventi on@June@ over. ， It@is@said@that@the@on. preventing@ol@poluti (by@P &@I Clubs) ・. 1969@Li. n@(see@my@last@precedi. ・. ・. Ⅰ. bility@Conventi. n@states@was@not@covered@by@P. g@to@the@Internati. n3@. aⅡ. Ⅰ. Clubs@in@some. ・. C. Ⅴ. ， 1971. ng@become@effective &@I. ・. bs. Ⅰ. bs@and@ToVALoP@became. Ⅰ. fact ， whether@the@cost@of. ，Ⅰ. &@I ， Clubs. ng@up@of@ol@p0. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. bs ， there@was@still@the@signiicance@of ， TOVALOP@became@to@cover@since. ti n@i Cudi. g@damages@to@the@vi. n@on@Tonnage@Measurement@of@Ships,@. the@ 1971@ Fund@Conventi. of@ any@. ・. S ， $16.8@milli. 1969@ Li 5lity@ Conventi. non@. ， &@I C ・. n@was@adopted@and@@@. effect@to@the@above@Convention@(see@my@ not@become@effecti above@Convention@d@@ Interim@ Supp was@. formed@. Ⅰ. ment@. tims. 1969@(see@my@ n. to@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. bs@and@ToVALoP. the@U. ・. K. ・. st. Ⅰ. ， when@ol@p0luti. n. n@ state. sue@at@that@time@was@how@to@cope@with@cases@where@the@amount@of@0l@. treatise@ I@ (14))@. C. ・. ， s@tonnage@(net@tonnage@plus@engine@room@space)@measured. Conventi. @@ the@ territori l@waters@. ・. ・. ・. damage@exceeded@the@amount@covered@by@P. measures. &@I. ・. ， &:@I C. 10) ， subject@to@the@maXmum@of@U. preceding@treatie@11-8@and@. Regarding@an@. ded@by@P. Ⅴ. ， Upon@consultation@with@P. An@important@i. ・. ， as@the@cost@of@cleaning@up@of@oil@pollution@in@the@territorial@waters@ofnon. ， S ， $160@for@each@ton@of@the@ship. occurred@. &@I. n@covered@by@P. di ference@between@these@covers@was. June@ 1978@as@stated@above@the@cost@of@c. accordi. ・. n@@@ case@of@it@being@threatened@to@occur@was@covered@(by@ToVALoP)@or@not. However. existence@of@ToVALoP. up@to@U. g@treatise@11-5)@ha. ，Ⅰ g3@ li 5lity@for@oil@poluti. ， and@the@most@parts@of@the@covers@pro. pped. Ⅰ. pped@that@of@P. Ⅰ. n@and@the@Merchant@ShipPng@(oil@Pollution)@Act. 19 ， 1975 ， the@extent@of@sHpowners. was@extended. over. Ⅰ. ・. po. In@order@to@so. the@Merchant@S. Ⅱ pPng@Act. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ti. n. e@the@i sue ，. ， 1974@gi. i. g. st@preceding@treatise@11-7)@was@passed However,@as@the e@until@as@ te@as@october@16.@ 1978.@CRISTAL@(Contract ・. Ⅰ. Tanker@. Liability@ for@ Oil@ Pol. Ⅰ. tion)@ (see@ my@. last@ precedi. in@January@ 1971@ and@ started@ operations@ in@ April@ 1971@. as@. g. interim. The@purpose@of@CRISTAL@was@to@compensate,@by@the@fund@contTbuted@by@the@owners@of. oil@cargo@(major@0l@compani s@in@the@woFd),@owners@or@demie@charterers@of@tankers@for@the@cost@of preventing@. or@. mitigating@ oil@pollution@ which@ exceeded@. a@. pollution@for@their@losses@which@were@otherewise@not@recovereable. $30@ million@ (increased@ to@ U ， S ， $36@ million@. as@. from@June@. specified@. sum@. and@ also@ victims@ of@oil. ， subject@to@the@maximum@of@U. ，S. 1978)@ in@ total@ per@ accident. Ⅰ. ．Ⅰ. ".
(5) TranS. on@of@Shi. Ⅰ. It@appeared@ ha. e@as@from@october@. &@I. ・. that@ the@ mission@ of@ CRISTAL@. ng@become@effecti. Ⅴ. ， Li biliy@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. owners. ．K ．. Clubs@in@the@U. ・. accomPished@. was@. 1978@as@menti. (Takatada@Imai. Li 5lity@ Conventi. ， on. n. Crcumstances,@CRISTAL@conti ter. ued@operati. li bility@whi. ， while@61@states@ratified@the. ，S. n@states@by@way@of@compensati. $160@for@each@ton. ded@by@ToVALoP. Ⅴ. ， i， e ，. ， S $16.8@milli. n). Under@. ・. the. ， subject@to@the@ma. ， subject@to@the@maximum@of@U. ・. g@sHpowners@for@thei. U ， S $160@for@each@ton@of@the ・. n@as@menti. ・. $@120@for@each@ton. ・. Conventi. Ⅰ. ， subject@to@the@maXmum@of@U. ference@between@U. Fund@. ns@Snce@June@ 1.@1978@@@ respect@of@oil@po ti n@@@ the. h@exceeded@the@limit@of@cover@pro. ship ， s@tonnage. n. ned@above,@but@the@number@of@the@states. ratiied@ the@ 1971@. tori l@waters@of@non@1971@Fund@Conventi. Ⅰ. di. 38@ states@. Ⅰ. コ. by@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Conventi. which@ratified@the@above@Convention@was@not@many@(as@at@the@end@of@1987 1969@. (37 37. umi). ned@above@and@3so@for@the. mum@of@U. Ⅹ. S ， $16.8@milli. n@(. ・. S ， $10@million@and@. tter@compensati. Ⅰ. U ，S. n@was@ca. Ⅰ. d. "Roll@ Back"). 5.@ 1970@ Rules Ru. Ⅰ. 20@(12)@of@the@. shipowners. 1970@Ru. s@of@the@Britann@@. Ⅰ. ， liability@ for@ oil@ pollution@ was@. C. b@which@cont3ned@the@pro. Ⅰ. si n@(b)@covering. Ⅴ. follows. as@. Damage. to Property (12)@(a)@Li 5lity@incurred@by@a@Member@for@. in@re. Ⅰ. Lon@to@any@harbour. ， dock. ss@of@or@damage@to ， or@for@i terference@with@Fghts. Ⅰ. ， pi r ， jetty@or@anything@whatsoever@moveab@@. or@immoveab. Ⅰ. not@bCng@another@ship@or@cargo@or@other@property@therCn@or@cargo@or@other@property@carri in@ an@ entered@ (b)@Li tor@. bility@incurred@by@a@Member@as@a@party@to@any@Agreement@whi ss ， damage@or@expense@inCudi. Ⅰ. the@. Member. ， s@ o5igati. (i)@there@ sh3l@ be@ no@ ， s〕i. h@re. g@expenditure@reasonab. ns@ under@. PROVIDED ALWAYS Member. under@ (a)@of@th@@ paragraph@ of@expendiure@. recovery@. se@to@the@li. Ⅱ. c3l@ or@ premium@. bility@under@(b)@of@th@@. C. Ⅰ. b. ・. Ⅰ. not@recoverab. paragraph. Clause. l970 Oil. and. l971. Ⅵ，as. as. g3@. Ⅴ. po. Ⅰ. ， but@to@the@extent@on. Ⅴ. surance@. upon@. that@such@loss. Ⅰ. the@sad@ property. ded@for@@@ the@above@Ru. but@in@the@oil. Ⅰ. sued@at@the@time@of@entry@of@each@s. ded@ @@ the@ above@ Ru. was@. Ⅰ. probab. to@. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. avod@. p@in@the frequent. with@ revisi ns@of@the@ limit@of@cover ， The@ Oil@ PO. Ⅰ. ti. n. 1971. &. ，M. liaUlity@ for@ol@. D. fol1o Ⅵ s. Pollution Clause 1970. With@effect@from@Noon@G Ⅰ. b@was@not@pro. s@ in@accordance@. Ⅰ. ed@ by@ the@ AssoCati. d@party. ate@of@entry@i. why@ it@was@ not@ pro. ， such@Agreement. l@have@paid@or@agreed@to@pay. ㍉. under@any@other@i. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. use@attached@to@the@certi@. The@ reason@. (see. property@bCon3ng@to@ the@ Member ， such from@ the@Association ， and@ the@ Association@shall@ have@ the. ， as@@@ such@property@bConged@to@a@thi. revisions@ @@ future@of@the@ Ru. party. d. tes@to@any@. Ⅰ. The@limit@of@cover@provided@by@the@C n@C. be@ requi. as@ may@. Ⅰ. POluti. ariSng@ out@ of@a a》hi. ). Ⅰ. (iii)@ @@ the@ ss ， damage@or@expense@re Member@shall@ be@ entitled@ to@ recover@ damage@or@expense@@@. on. such@ Agreement. sh3l@have@been@approved@by@the@Managers@and@the@Member@sh. same@Fghts. Ⅰ. accordance@wih. that:-. paragraph@ (17)@ of@ tⅡ s@ Ru (ii)@before@the@event@gi ing@ n3@. tes@to@oil@pollu. Ⅰ. i curred@@@. Ⅰ. under‖…ontract｛f（ndemnity｜etween‖Member‖nd. 5lity. such@ additi. d. ship. ・. T. ・. February@20th@. ti n@ @@ limited@. to@. 1970. U. ・. ， cover@in@respect@of@claims@arising@from. S ， $14,400,000@. each@ vessC. ， any@ one@. acCdent. Ss ti n…oming（nto’orce‖nywhere the『oFd‥uFng》he…urrency｛f》hi entry@affecti g@sHpowners ， liaUliti s@for@ol@p0luti n ， the@ri ht@is@reserved@to@increase@the@rate In》he‘vent｛f. of@ contri. The@ words p. Ⅱ. nCp. Ⅰ. uti n@ and/or@ an. ヤ. Ⅰ. to@ charge@. an@. ad6ti. n3@. premium. ・. Agreement" meantゝoVALoP‖t》hat》ime AsゝoVALoP”as‖doptedthe. of@li 5lity@on@fa. Ⅰ. cost@of@c. Ⅰ. ani g@up@of@ol@p0. ・. Ⅱ. t@with@a@revers@@ Ⅰ. of@the@burden@of@proof. ti n@i curred@by@governments@or@s. ， it@@@an@agreement@to@bear@the Ⅱ. powners@un. Ⅰ. ss@sHpowners@can.
(6) 38 (38). YOKOHAMA。USINESSヽEVIEW ， Vol ， XII ， No. prove@no@faMt@on@their@part. in@ order@ to@ cover@. It@seems ， therefore. ・. such@ cost@ by@ the@ C. ，. (1991). 1. ， that@the@provision@of@Ru. 20@(12)@(b)@was@i. Ⅰ. Cuded. b. Ⅰ. 6.@ Salvors ， Liability@ for@ Oil@ Pollution that@ si ce@ 1973@ there@ were@. It@appears@. s3vors ， li biliy@ for@ oil@ pol. ti. n. repeated@. dscussi. @@ each@ P. ns@. &@ I C. ・. ・. b@in@ respect@of. Ⅰ. ，. The@provision@of@section@3@(b)@of@the@Merchant@SHpPng@(oil@Po ti n)@Act ， 1971@ (see@my@ st preceding@treati e@11-5)@exempted@sa ors@from@the@@ li 5lity@for@oil@po ti n@ariSng@out@of@salvage Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. operati. ns@@@ order@to@enab. worrYng@about@li not@. them@to@acti. Ⅰ. inCuded@. where@the@Briti. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ss@. r@. Ⅰ. g@of@the@Britan Ⅰ. 3@@ Protecti. retroacti. e. carry@on@sa. Ⅰ. tion@being@imposed. not@app. to@sa. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. The@i. a@C. ・. ti. n. n@. and@ Indemnity@. ・. Cy@to@February@20. Cusi. n@of@Ru. the@sea@areas@where@the@above. ， 1975@to@i on@. Ju. h@was@as@stated@bCow. ・. Ⅰ. (1)@ in@ this@. "damage@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ors ，. meeti. g@of@the. 16 ， 1975@ and@ became@. effecti e. be@noted@that@the@s3vors. Ⅰ. ，. li bility@and@d@@ not@extend@to. g3@. liability. Salvors liability for 21A@. de@Rule@21A@to@cover@sa. Ⅰ. It@shou. lia5lity@covered@under@the@above@Rule@21@A@was@limited@to@thCr@ their@ contractual@. c. ， it@was@approved@at@the. 21@A@was@also@approved@at@the@gener3@. Ⅰ. of@ the@ Club@ hCd@. ， 1975 ， whi. sion@was. Ⅴ. bs@to@study@the@cover@of@s3vors'. Ⅰ. Under@the@circumstances. Ⅰ・. b@hCd@on@June@6. Ⅰ. ， such@pro. age@operations@carried@on@in@the@sea@areas. Ⅰ. ・. w@did@not@app. Ⅰ. age@operations@without. n. ,@it@was@necessary@for@P &@I C. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ， Incidentally. tion@in@respect@of@salvage@operations@carried@on@@@. Ⅰ. tish@ w@or@any@other@simi. li Ulity@for@ol@po Ⅰ. si n@d@@. Ⅴ. h@ ws@d@@ not@app. committee@meeti C. and@effecti. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. @@ the@ 1969@ Li 5liy@ Conventi. lia5lity@for@oil@p0 Ⅰ. e. bility@or@a@fine@for@ol@pol. However,@as@the@above@pro. B. Ⅰ. pollution. oil. r Ⅱ e;-. by@ p0. ti n"@ means@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ss@ or@. escape｛r・. damage@ caused@ by@ contaminati n@ resulti g@ from@ the n・ c di g‖ny［i ture…ont3nng・ Ⅰ. ship@ or@ other@ property; "associate"@means. ， @@ re. Ⅰ. ti n@to@any@Member. Ⅱ ch@@@. ， any@company@w. for@the@time@bCng@the. subsidiary｛r”olding…ompany｛f》hat｀ember｛r》he《ubsidiary｛f》hat｀ember ， s”olding company;. "vessel"@means@any@vessC@ references@. used@@@. to@ the@ sa. Ⅰ. na Ⅴ gati. age@ of@ its@ apparC. and@references@to@the@sa. U@. age@of@a@vessC@. Ⅰ. i c. Ⅰ. de. and@ wreck. ， cargo@. (2)@Notwithstanding@anything@contained@in@these@rules. ， the@Association@may@insure@a@Member. against@the@liabilities@specified@in@paragraph@(3)@of@this@rule@subject@to@the@terms@and@conditions contained tⅡ ru Ⅰ， s. @. (3)@ The@. li 5lii. s@ whi. h@ the@ AssoCati to@ pay@. imposed. damages@. respect｛f， damage｜y. @. insure@. n@ may@. (i)@ liability@ of@a@ Member@. p0. or@ Ⅰ. under@. compensation@. th@@ ru. for ，. Ⅰ. arising｛ut｛f‖nd. tion. are. or@ any@ in. fine@or@ penalty. the…ourse｛f》he. sa age@ by@ that@ Member@ of@a@ vessel; (ii)@liability@of@a@Member@to@indemnify@a@sub-contractor Ⅰ. ， servant@or@agent@of@that@Member servant or agent to pay damages or compensati n@for ， or@any@fine@or@pen3ty@imposed@@@ respect@of， damage@by@po ti n ariSng@out@of@and@@@the@course@of@the@s3vage@by@the@sub-contractor ， servant@or@agent@of. ag3nst any. li 5lity. of. the. sub-contractor. ，. Ⅰ. a. vessC. ;. and. (iii)@ the@cost@i curred@by@a@Member@of@any@measures@taken@by@any@person@for@the@purpose@of preventing@ Committee@. (4)@A@ Member@ (i). reduCng@. or@. menti ned. @. any@. such@ damages. sub-paragraph・ may@. in@ its@ absolute@. (ii). ， compensation. of》h@. discretion@. determine. shall@ not@ be@ insured@ under@ this@rule:-. save‖s｝rovided（n《ub-paragraph・. ， fine@. or@. pen3ty@. as@ are. paragraph》o《uch‘xtent｛n as》he Ⅰ.
(7) ， Li 5liy@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. li 5lity『hi h”e『ou i demnity@. gi en@ by@. ・. &@I Clubs@@@. the@U ， K. ・. TranSton@of@Shipowners. (Takatada@Imaium@@. ・. (39)@. 39. not”ave（ curred｜ut’or》he》erms｛f‖ny…ontract［ade｛r. Ⅰ. m;@. Ⅱ. or. (ii)@against@ any@ liability@to@ indemnify@ any@ sub-contractor ， servant@ or@ agent@ against@ any li 5lity『hi h》he《ub-contractor ， servant｛r‖gent『ou not”ave（ curred｜ut’or》he Ⅰ. terms@of@any@contract@made@or@i. (5)@Every@ C3m@. demnity@gi. en@by@the@sub-contractor. in@ respect@ of@ each@ s3vage@ of@ a@. ， servant@or@agent. sh3l@ be@ limited@ to:-. vessC@. ti n@at. (i)@ the@excess@of@such@sum@as@may@be@agreed@between@the@Member@and@the@Associ. the@ time@ when@. insurance@ under@ this@rule@ is@given@ or@ renewed;@ and. any@. (ii)@such@maximum@sum@as@may@by@agreed@between@the@Member@and@the@Association@at@the time when any insurance under this ru gi en or renewed is. Ⅰ. (6)@It@is@a@ condti. precedent@ of@every@ i. n@. insured@and@each@of@its@associ. thereafter witRn insurance@. tes@shall ， at@the@time@when@i. days. 30. ・. under@ this@ru. surance@. in@ the@ Associ. be8nni. before the. tion@every@s. n@ with@. surance@is@given@under@th@@. p0icy-year ，. each. of. g. Ⅱ p@of@whi. that@ the@ Member@. Ⅰ. h@ it@is@then@ the@owner. the@ sal age@ of@a@ vessC. app. and. Ⅰ. for. enter. to. Ⅰ. be. to@. ru. ， being@a@sh@@. used@or. i tended@. to@ be@ used@ @@ connecti. apPicati. n［ay｜e‖ccepted（n〉espect｛f《uch｛ne｛r［ore《hips‖s》he、ssoCati n［ay（n（s. that@ every@. absolute@. discretion@. ， on@ terms@. such. determine. (7)@The@insurance@of@a@Member@under@tRs@ru reason ceases to be insured respect. of. @. (8)@Subject@to@the@foregong@pro far@ as@ they@ are@ capa5e@. Ⅴ. a. sions@of@t Ⅱ s@ru. of@ apPi. ati. sh3l@i so@facto@cease@@@ that@Member@for@any. Ⅰ. n ， to@. sh@. by. every@. Associ. the. ， the@pro. Ⅰ. Ⅴ. ti. n，. si ns@of@these@ru. i surance@. 3ven@. under@. s@sh3l@app. Ⅰ. tⅡ s@. rue. ， so. Ⅰ. ，. 7.@The@ Britannia@Club@Letter@issued@ immediately@ after@the@ Effectuation@of@the@1969@ Liability Convention. In@the@above@Letter@issued@immediately@after@the@effectuation@of@the@ 1969@Liability@Convention (and@3so@the@Merchant@Shippi the@ above@ Conventi yet@. become@. n@. g@(oil@Po. ti n)@Act ， 1971)@on@June@. Ⅰ. and@ TOVALOP@and@. that@between@. In@ the@above@ stated@. the@ 1971@ Fund@ Conventi. effecti e@ at@ that@ time@ (effecti e@ on@ October@. 8.@ The@ Britannia@ Club@ Letter@ of@ December@ Letter@the@severe@attitudes@of@the@. 19 ， 1975 ， the@re. ti n@between. Ⅰ. n@. whi. 16 ， 1978)@ and@ CRISTAL@. h@d@@ not stated. are@. 1975 U K ・. ・. and@ South@ Africa@toward@oil@. pollution@are. as@ below. OIL@ POLLUTION Further@ to@ our@ note@ in@ Newsletter@ No ， 2@ on@ the@ position@ in@ Brazil UNITED@ KINGDOM@ Members@shou be@aware@that@BraZl@@@by@no@means@the@on country@whi h@imposes@very substanti3@ fines@ for@ oil@poluti n A@ recent@ case@ @@ BFt3n@ under@ the@ new@ poluti n Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. regu. Ⅰ. ti ns（llustrates》h@. caused@. an@ oil@ spill@ in@. poi. t，. A》anker｜Con3ng》o｛ne｛f》he［ajor｛l…ompani. U K ， terFtoF3@ ・. waters@. by@ f8ling@. to@ secure@. an@ oil@ tank@. lid. ・. s. The. pollution》hreatened］earby｜eaches‖nd…ost《ome▲30,000》o，ean「p The’ine『as‖ ・. further@. ｣25,000. SOUTH@AFRICA@. South@Africa@too@is@tightening@up@on@offenders@under@the@South@African. Oil￣0luti. aHng｛ffences”ave d》o’ines｛f・ ， ， A o@the@South@Afri an@Department@have@ru d that@any@tanker@wi hing@to@take@refuge@@@a@South@African@Port@must@put@up@a@guarantee before｜Cng‖ wed to《eek《hCter any bay・ South Afri an Coast; these guarantees@ are@ substanti l@and@ seem@ at@ present@ to@ be@of@the@ order@of@Rand@ 1,000,000 n、ct;〉ecent》ank… Ⅰ. ｣1,000)@and@8,000@rand@(approx. Ⅰ. ， ｣4,000). Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (｣500,000). ，. In@the@above@Letter@a@Britih@case@appeared@for@the@first@time. cost@of@c aHng@up@of@the@ol@po Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ， It@seems@that@@@ the@above@case. ti n@was@based@on@the@Merchant@SHpPng@(oil@Po. 1971@ and@the@fine@of@@@25,000@was@based@on@the@Preven. Ⅰ. on@of@oil@ Polluton@Act. Ⅰ. ， the. ti n)@Act ，. ， 1971@ (see@my@. Ⅰ. st.
(8) 40 (40. YOKOHAMA。USINESSヽEVIEW ， Vol ， XII ， No. Ⅰ. (1991). 1. ・. preceding@ treatise@ II@@6) 9.@ 1976@ Annual@. Report. In@the@annu@@. report@of@the@BFtann@@. C. b@dated@February@20. Ⅰ. ， 1976 ， some@desc. of@the@ 1969@ Lia5lity@ Convention@. and@ the@ 1969@ Public@ Law@ Conventi. treatise@ I@ (5)@ and@ 11-4)@ appears@. as@. pti n@@@ respect. Ⅱ. (see@ my@. n@. st@. Ⅰ. precedi. g. below. POLLUTION Conventi. The！nternati n3. n｛n，i il´i Ulity’or｛il￣0. Ⅰ. ti n．amage ， 1969・. into@force@on@ 19th@June@ 1975@and@has@now@been@ratiied@by@22@countri cent@ of@ total@ world@ tanker@ tonnage. procedur3 dificuti. s@ha. Ⅴ. ng@over@80@per. certiicates of u r@doubt still@ exists@ about@ the@ acceptability@ in@ certain@ countri s@ of@certiicates@isued@ by@ Conventi n. There. have. been. certain. regar4ng. s. the. issuance. financial@responsibility@to@be@hCd@on@board@in@accordance@with@the@CLC countri. countries whi. in. have. h. not. ti n@has@assisted@tanker-owners@in@overcoming@these@prob. when@. countries@. more@. the. In. registered. ships. to. s. Associ. U. ted. Ⅱ. ratified. of. In@parti. ・. the. Ⅰ. Conventi. ms@which@will@. Ⅰ. The. n，. ssen@as@and. Ⅰ. ratify. States there. support for the CLC. is. the. @. form. of‖. Bill. backed. the. by. administration@but@it@must@still@be@doubtfull@whether@the@United@States@will@ratify@the@CLC@in vi w@ of@ the@. of@ thCr@ own@. e Ⅹ stence@. p0. tion@. Ⅰ. law. The@. ・. lit@ defining@. hazardous@. p0luting. substances・ before@the@end@of@tHs@year@FMC@ol@po. ti n@certiicates， whi h@current have@to@be@carried@on board@all@ships@of@300@gross@tons@or@more@trading@to@US@waters ， will@have@to@be@replaced@by certiicates covering water polution by oil and HPS ， The P ， & I Clubs have urged the responsible@government@ agency@ to@ give@ adequate@ time@ for@ this@change@ to@ be@ undertaken but@ whatever@ procedure@ is@eventu3 deCded@ Members@ will@receive@ meximum smooth Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. assistance’rom》he、ssociation》o‖void‖ny｝roblems『hen》rading》oゞS『aters‥uring》he transitional@ Another@i. period ternati. n3@ convention@w. Ⅱ ch@came@i. to@force@last@year@is@the@Conventi. n@re. Ⅰ. ti g@to. T Ⅱ s“ives‖…oastal《tate》he right@to@intervene@and@to@take@measures@to@protect@its@coast3@ and@other@related@i terests@when@a expected@to@result@@@ grave@and@immi ent@danger@to@those@interests casu3ty@may@be@reasonab It@is@wi e@ @@ its@scope@ and ， with@ a@ few@ limited@ excepti ns ， apPi s@ to@ 3l@ seagong@ sHps Interventi. n｛n》he？i. hヾeas（n…ases｛f｛il￣ol. Ⅰ. ti n，asuⅠ ties ，. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 0. ・. In. The. Bri ぬ nnia. the. Club. Letter. Letter 2so ， the. above. ofJune. fo. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. wi. g. OIL@. We‖ppreci. 977. descripti. regardi. n. g・. po. Ⅰ. ti. appears. n. POLLUTION. that》Hs》oPc”as｜een frequent 4scussed｜ut（t…ont@ ues》o｛ccupy much@of@the@Managers ， time@and@remans@one@of@the@most@poiti 3ly@sensitive@and@vo ti te. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. risks@covered@by@the@Club as. ・. Th@@. undeLi. ed@with@uncomfortab. Ⅰ. regularity. Ⅰ. recent‘vents”ave《hown ， The｝eri d（mmedi tCy｜efore‖nd‖fter，hristmas『as. marked@. by@ a@ seri s@ of@inci. serious@ol@ spills， Amongst@ Ⅴ. importance@@@. rtu3. Ⅰ. the. who. Ⅰ. ents@ @@ U S waters@ wHch@ either@ threatened@ these@ was@ the@ tanker@"ARGo@ MERCHANT"@. of”er…argo. ・. ・. strandi. after. g. off》he. or@. produced. wHch@. sPlled. coast｛f｀assachussetts ， This. incident@has@had@a@tremendous@impact@on@public@and@official@opinion@in@the@United@States. occurri g@as@it@d@@ cl se@to@the@important@fishi. ，. g@grounds@and@off@the@coast@of@a@State. wHch”as’or［any【ears‘xpressed《eri us…oncern｛ver》hreats》o》he‘nvironment It（s ・. hard more. U. ・. S. ・. Ⅰ. surprisi g@therefore@that@eXstig@pol strongly enforced ，. Ⅰ. ti n@contros@throughout@the@U. REGULATIONS@A@first@essential@requirement@is@for@all@vessels@trading@in@U. ・. S，. are@bCng. ， S ， waters@of. three@hundred@gross@tons@or@more@to@have@on@board@a@copy@of@a@valid@FMC@Certificate@of Financialヽesponsibility・. ・. This…annot｜e｛btained‖t《hort］otice‖nd‘arly.
(9)
(10) 42 (42). YOKOHAMA@BUSINESS@REVIEW. ， Vol ， XII. ， No. ， 1@ (1991). to@the@i itiative@of@the@Presient@of@the@United@States@f0 wing@a@seri s@of@casuⅠ ties@off@the North@American@coast@ear @@ 1977.@TRs@Conference@adopted@Protoc0s@amending@two Internati n@@ Conventi ns@ whih@ pro Ⅴ de@ for@ the@ progressi e@ imp mentati n@ of Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. improved@safety@standards@for@tankers. n. ， Agreement@was@also@reached@on@tighter@inspecti. and@ certiication@procedures@ for@ tankers@ requi ing ， in@ ad4tion@ to@ peri dic@ surveys ， Governments@ to@ initiate@unscheduled@ inspection@ of@ tankers ， The@ AMOCO@ CADIZ i cident@ will@ i e Ⅴ tably@ impress@ on@ governments@ the@ urgency@ of@ ratifying@ these Conventions@so@that@the@new@requiements@can@be@brought@i to@effect@as@soon@as@possib and@ will@8ve@ added@ wCght@ to@ the@ resouti ns@ that@ had@ a eady@ been@ passed@ by@ the Conference@ setting@ target@ dates@ for@ these@ ratifications@to@ be@ effected The@ comments@ in@ the@ preceding@ paragraph@ have@ been@ restricted@ to@ the@ prob ms@ of pollution@in@relation@to@tankers ， but@it@should@not@be@overlooked@that@pollution@can@also Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. resu. from@the@spilage@or@leakage@of@bunkers@from@dry@cargo@ships. Ⅰ. It@is@vital,@therefore. ・. ，. that@the@owners@and@operators@of@dry@cargo@ships@should@re3ise@that@they@have@as@much responsi ility@as@tanker@owners@to@ensure@that@their@ships@are@proper m3ntained@and ， of ， that@ navigational@rules@ and@ traffic@separation@ schemes@ are@ rigidly@ observed Although@ Ol@ po ti n@ is@a@ prob m@ whih@ understandab attracts@ a@ great@ de3@ of Ⅰ. course. Ⅰ. publicity. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ， the@cost@to@the@Association@of@crew@claims@in@fact@considerably@greater. ・. Behind. these@ figures@ l@@ i numerab case@ Hstori s@ of@ human@ suffeFng@ and@ Ⅰ stress@ often invo ing@ dependants@ as@ well@ as@ the@ crewmember@ Ⅱ msCf Many@ accidents@ cou be Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. avoided@by@better@tr3ning@and@the@observance@of@proper@shipboard@procedures@and@some owners@have@had@remarka Ⅰ e@success@@@ keePng@accidents@to@a@mi imum Inevita5y@the Association@ on becomes@ invo ed@ after@ the@ inCdent@ has@ occurred@ and@ it@is@then ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. concerned@with@keeping@costs@down@by@recommending@the@use@of@reputable@hospitals@and doctors@and ， so@far@@@ possible， arranging@for@prompt@repatriation@of@the@sick@or@i jured crewmember@to@his@home@country@for@treatment ， Detailed@involvement@in@individual@cases each@ year by@ the@ Association@saves@ substantial@sums@ of@ money@ Repatri tion@of@a@crewmember@to@his@home@country@should@speed@ Ⅱ s@recovery@by@p Cng Ⅰ. him@ in@familiar@surroundings@close@ to@his@family@and@ friends@but@it@also@reduces@the li Ci ood@of@c ims@for@damages@bCng@brought@against@the@owner@on@the@ad ， There@are@many@such@. ce@of@ wyers. Ⅴ. Ⅰ. who@speci3ise@in@such@cases. Ⅰ. w@firms@in@the@UDted@States@and@thCr cases@ for@ longshoremen@ against@ Ⅰ. businesses@ have@ often@ been@ built@ on@ handling@ their emPoyers@and@sRpowners ， Chnages@@@ the@ w@(to@whi h@reference@@@ made@ ter@@@ tHs report)@appear@to@have@res Ⅱ ted@@@ less@opportuniti s@for@these@firms@and@they@are@tending to@concentrate@thCr@efforts@on@f ding@cases@to@fight@on@beha of@forCgn@seamen ， There@is e Ⅴ dence@ that@cert3n@firms@ have@ wCl-esta5i hed@ i ternati n@@ contacts@ and@ @@ the@ owner Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ㍉. has@connecti. n ，. however@slight. Ⅰ. ， with@the@U. Ⅰ. ted@States@the@crewmember@or@his@dependants. may@be@encouraged@to@b ng@substanti l@Cams@there@ag3nst@his@emp yer@even@though@he has@received@fⅡ l@compensati n@under@the@law@governing@his@contract@of@emp yment The number@ of@ such@ cases@ is@on@ the@ i crease@ and@ the@ situation@ needs@ to@ be@ watched@ very carefully@because@the@sums@of@money@involved@are@potentially@very@large It@is@preferable that@ the@ Association@is@involved@ at@ an@ early@ stage@ to@ ensure@ that@ proper@ releases@ are obt3ned@when@cl ims@are@sett d@under@the@apPi able@ w@to@ensure@that@there@are@the@best possible@ defenses@ to@ any@ claim@ brought@ in@ the@ United@ States This@ is@a@ disturbing Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. devCopment@. whi. h@ could@. increase@. P ， &@. I. costs@ materi. ・. lly@ @@ the@ years@. ahead. The@past@year@has@seen@a@number@of@successes@in@the@Courts@of@the@United@States@on@the dCi. eati n@of@the@standard@of@care@to@be@expected@. longshoremen@wor and@ wyers@. Ⅱ. ng@on@board@a@ship. from@a@shi. ， The@efforts@of@the@Associ. owner@@@ respect@of@the ti n ， s@correspondents. have@ been@ directed@ towards@ narrowi g@ the@ standard@ of@care@ by@ trYng@ to ensure@that@any@ne8i ence@on@the@part@of@the@ngshoreman@is@not@found@to@be@neSi ence on@ the@ part@ of@the@ ship ， thus@ confining@ the@ injured@ man@ to@ compensation@ benefits There@ have@ been@ many@ different@ interpretations@in@ the@ US@ Courts@ of@ the@ 1972 Amendments@to@the@Longshoreman@and@ Harbour@Worker ， s@Act@and@this@rather@vague situation@ is@expected@ to@continue ， However ， the@ stage@ has@ perhaps@ now@been@ reached Ⅰ. Ⅰ.
(11) n@of@S Ⅱ. where. ， Li. powners. it…an. good@. lity@ Laws@. Ⅰ. be《ad. conditi. that. and@ Changes@of@P. bs@@@. the@ ship ， s@ gear@ wCl@. m3nt3ned@. stevedore@employers@that@the@hatch@areas@are@their@concern any acci ent being found to be the responsi ility of Ag3nst@tHs. ， the@si. e@of@awards@made@@@. he@does@bring@a@successf@@. exposure . c. the@U. im@ag8nst@a@sh@@. Ⅰ. the@U. K. (Takatada@. ・. the《Hpowner［ant@ns‖ccessto. pro Ⅴ ded. n@ and@ keeps@. ， &@ I， Cl. ・. TranSt@. set. it@ c. ar@ to@ the. Ⅰ. ， then@there@is@a@good@chance@of the ngshoremen themsCves ， Ⅰ. continues@to@i. jured@. crease. still」ery”i h・. ngshoreman@if. Ⅰ. ， Thus@the@sHpowner. ng@lower@awards. Ⅴ. ements. Ⅰ. TOVALOP/CRISTALゝheゝanker｛wners ， VOuntary、greement…oncer Ⅱ ng´i Oil@Po. 5liy’or. ti n@(ToVALoP)@was@concCved@over@the@years@ago@as@a@voluntary@compensati. Ⅰ. scheme@. at@. Damage. ， 1969. ast@ until@ the@ Internati. Ⅰ. came i to force for@ clean-up@ costs@ and@. governments@. g-up@0l@sPl. ratiied｜y・ TOVALOP. Ⅰ. ， the｛l（. whi. h. TOVALOP@will@ thi d@party@c i vo. assumed@. provided an tanker-owners@. encourage@. is. rtu. Ⅴ. Ⅰ. imants@who@suffer@ol@po. Ⅰ. ed@ @@ dicussi Interim@. g@ an@. compensate. to. adopt@. to@. a@. positive. Ⅰ. CLC. as. have@ not@ adopted@. CLC. 1st. ， a@ li 5liy. ・. @. Ⅰ. ・. these@changes. ns@on@. Supp. s@ that@. of. Ⅰ. 3tered@with@effect@from@. Ⅰ. The most important change that ted@ to@Cean-up@costs@but@will@now@3so@compensate ti n@damage The@P &@I ， C bs ， who@have@been. same. no@longer@be@restri. Ⅰ. offer. June@1975@and@has@now@been l. @@ countri. the. ly. n. for@ Oil@ POluti. dustry”as｜een“i i g［uch》hought》o》he’uture〉o. by@ their@ tanker-owner@. Regardi. TOVALOP. ，. n. il@Lia5lity@. ， As@CLC@came@into@force@@@. 1978@ so@ that@ it@ will@ provide@. closCy@. n@ on@ Ci. As@a@result@the@Agreement@has@been@substanti. ・. framework. Conventi. n3@. (CLC). approach@to@Ceani. June@. ，s. that（t（s〕imited to‖’ew. expenSve@cases@whereas@previouSy@there@were@many@more@cases@invol or@. hatchways（. the. and@ makes@. ted@States@to@an@i. Ⅱ. (43)@43. Imaizumi). Members@. ment@. ue@ to@insure@the@o5igati. under@ the@ new@. to@ Tanker@. an・. Ⅰ. ・. ， will@conti. Lia5lity@. Agreement. ns. The@ Contract. ・. for@ Oil@ POluti. n@ (CRISTAL). de‖’urther《ource｛f…ompensati n’0 wi g｛l spills， was@also@amended@with@effect@from@ 1st@June@ 1978@to@mirror@more@closely@the@ 197 Internati n8 Fund Conventi (FC) The FC has not【et…ome force athough i. whi. h . Ⅴ. n. Ⅰ. it. ・. expected@to@do@so@before@the@end@of@1978.@CRISTAL@funds@will@be@av3 invo. ing@ 0l@ spills@ in@ countri. Ⅰ. s@. whi. h@. i ternati. conventi. n@@. and@cauSng@se. ous@ol@p0. Ⅱ. 1973@ Conventi. ns@in@rCati. n@. Ⅰ. ti n@to@the@B. for@the@Preventi. Protoco@. re Ⅴ. s@ to@. whi h@ were@. 5e@@@. adopted@ @@ 1978@ amendi Ⅱ. ttany@coast@seem@to@mean@(a)@the@. Ⅰ. n@of@Pol. Ⅰ. ti n@(see@my@. sed@ the@ 1973@ Conventi. Ⅰ. most@cases. the@ FC. n@to@the@"ACoMo@CADIZ"@inCdent@occur. and@ (b)@ the@ 1978@ Protoco@ to@ the@ 1974@ Conventi The@ former@. parti. are@ not@. The@ Protocos@ referred@ to@ @@ the@ above@ Report@. Ⅰ. st@precedi. two. g@. ng@@@ March@. 1978@Protoco@. 1978. to@the. g@treatise@ 1 (12)@and@ II@@8). n@. for@ the@ Safety@ of@Lie@ at@ Sea@ (SOLAS). n@. for@the@ Preventi. n@of@Po. Ⅰ. tion@ (see@my@. st. Ⅰ. preceding@treatise@I@(8)@and@11-8) ， imposing@on@the@specified@tankers@the@obligations@of@installing separate@ re Ⅴ. oUi. bal. Ⅰ. tanks@ and@ the@ system@. st@. sed@ the@ 1974@ Conventi. n@. g@gear. ・. The@Protoco@. Ⅰ. ani g@ up@ of@crude@. for@ the@ Safety@ of@Lie@. ati ns@of@instaling@radar,@coli. controli. of@c. i n@ preventi. whi. h@has@di. at@. Ol@ tanks ， and@ the@. Sea ， impoSng@on@. e@system@and@i. ect@connecti. Ⅰ. tter@. Protoco. the@ speCfied@ ships@ the. ert@gas@system@and@of@impro. n@with@my@present@treatie@@@. Ⅴ. ng. the@former. one. InCdenta ,@the@descⅠ pti n@@@ the@above@Report@that@3though@ol@po ti n@was@a@prob m@whi h attracted@ a@ great@ de3@ of@ publi iy,@ the@ cost@ to@ the@ Britann@@ Club@ of@ crew@ C3m@ was@ in@ fact Ⅰ. Ⅰ. consi erab@@ greater@. is@worthy@. of@ note ，. 12.@ The@ Britannia@ Club@ Letter@ of@September@ In@the@above@Letter@there@are@the@conCse@exp of@ TOVALOP@. and@ CRISTAL@. TOVALOP. &. Ⅰ. 1978 Ⅰ. nati ns@of@the@formati. n@and@subsequent@changes. and@ of@ oil@ pollution@ certificates@as@ follows. CRISTAL TOVALOP. and. CRISTAL. were. introduced. in. 1969. and. 1971.
(12) YOKOHAMA. 44@ (44). BUSINESS. REVIEW. ， Vol. ． XII. ， No. ，. 1. (1991). respecti e as」oluntary｛l（ dustry《chemes》o｝rovide‖…ompensation’ramework「ntil the@ 1969@Ci il@Li 5lity@Convention@(CLC)@and@the@ 1971@ Fund@Conventi n@(FC)@g3ned Ⅰ. widespread@. CLC@ CLC@. acceptance. domestic@. w@of@thi. Ⅰ. coastli. FUND@. ratiied@ by@ suffici nt@ States@ @@ June@ 1975@ and@ has@ now@. was@. ty-five@countri. es@ which@. s. not@ covered@. are@. However@there@. ・. been@ taken@ into@ the. are@ still@large@parts@of@the@wor. FC@ has@ recently@ been@ ratified@by@ countries@ Wth@ sufficient@oil. CONVENTION@. movements@to@bring@it@i. to@force@@@ October@. 1978.@Only@countri. s@that@have@rat@ied@CLC. ratify@ FC. may@. CHANGES@. As@an@i creasi g@number@of@countri s@have@fo wed@the@i ternati n3@ approach for｛l pol tion damage ， the｛il…ompani revi wed the Ⅰ. to〕i bility and…ompensation. Ⅰ. s. TOVALOP@and@the@CRISTAL@arrangements@to@deCde@whether@they@sho perhaps@be@adapted@to@s. Ⅱ. systems@of@compensati felt. many that. by. different@basis. possible， wor. a@. n ， The@re. n@had@become@comPi. Ⅰ. ti ns Ⅱ p@between@the@various. ated@and@@@ many@cases@uncertan@and@it@was were to continue shou be on. CRISTAL. and. it. uniform@ system@. of@compensation@. ， so@far@as. for@ oil@pollution@ damage@. ved@by@restructuri. throughout@ the. g@ToVALoP@and@CRISTAL@so@as@to@match. where@ the@ CLC@ and@ FC@ d@@ not@ app. gaps@. Ⅰ. TOVALOP@has@been@amended@to@mirror@CLC@as@closely@as@possible@and@will@be@a. bas@@ for@ de3i. with@ 0l@ poluti. g@. damages@. n@. @@ the@ waters@ of@countri. ratified，LC ， TOVALOP『ill’or》he’irst》ime｜e（nvolved . Ol@ po. tion@damage@as@well@as@. Ⅰ. CRISTAL@. has@ been@ amended@. much@Coser@to@the@. Ⅰ. pro Ⅴ si ns@of@FC. limits@ of@ liability@. provided@. as@. ， pro Ⅴ 4ng@the@sPl. d@ cargo@@@. Ⅰ. Owner｛r‖ny｛ther. ng@ToVALoP@tankers@@@. Ⅴ. CRISTAL. parties ，. any@country@where@FC@is@not@@@. of@$36@ million In@ cert3n@ instances@ToVALoP@is@wi characteristicshave｜een preserved For instance. b. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. curred@@@. s. i ci. @. force ， up@to@a@ma. TOVALOP. ・. actual. owned@by@a ents. Ⅹ mum. er@@@ scope@than@CLC@. ・. si g@on@b3last@voyages@and@expenses@i. avai. be. ，. are. ble@remedi. Ⅰ. funds『ill. t". which@. CRISTAL@Member@and@cl3mants@have@first@endeavoured@to@pursue@all@avai ag3nst》he. Ⅰ. for@ in@ CLC. provided@ funding@ arrangements@. to@ Thus. ・. Ⅴ ous@ro. ati g@@@ TOVALOP@will@accept@"stri. liability@ for@ 3l@ oil@ sPlls@ but@ with@ the@ same@. CRISTAL@. that@ have@ not. s@. compensating… imants’or. rCmburSng@clean-up@costs@which@was@its@pre. THs@change@means@that@tanker@owners@partii. and@ these. still…overs｜unker《Plls. "threat"@situati. ns@where@no@oil@has. been@ sPlt. Ⅰ. The@P@&@I@C and. a. Ⅰ. As@a@result@the@oil@companies@recommended@changes@to@establish. ・. the@ CLC@ and@ FC@ and@ to@ fRl@any@. i v0. d@continue@or. Ⅱ. t@the@current@situati. TOVALOP. @. ， THs@was@to@be@achi. Ⅰ. TOVALOP@. aⅠ. ，s. Ⅰ. by@ CLC. have. Ⅰ. bs@4scussed@the@proposed@changes@@@. confirmed that. tanker@owners@@@. they. pro Ⅴ. will. the. de. TOVALOP@to@cover@thCr@oUi. s g. ati ns@under@the@new@agreement. together@ with@ changes@ to@ CRISTAL. ， became@. POLLUTION. OIL. great@det3l@with@the@ol@compani i surance necessary for partici ati. effective@ CERTIFICATES. on@. ， whi. h，. 1st@June ， 1978. We@are@continuing@to@resist@the@effects@of@unilateral@oil@pollution@legislation@which@requires separate@. eⅤ. dence@. of@ finanC@@. responsibility@. parti ular@we@draw@your@attenti. n@to@our@ci. for@. indi Ⅴ dual@. countries@. cular@of@23rd@September. States. or@. ， 1977@@@. ・. In. wRch@we@set. out‖《uggested，use’or（ corporati n tanker…harterpartis THs， use〉e-affirms the@ dec red@ poicy@of@the@ P@ &@ I@C bs@ that@we@ will@on back@ FMC@ Certiicates@@@ the United@States@and@CLC@Certiicates@Csewhere@@@ the@wor Ⅰ・ In@practi e@C b@cover@is@wide Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. enough@to@cover@the@li prob. bility@pro. ms@arise@in@gi. Ⅰ. Ⅴ. ng@separate@e. coMd〉esut Ⅰ. ti. support@. Ⅴ. Ⅴ. du3@ countries@or@States. dence@of@financi. ， but@consi. l@responS5lity@to@many@di. ・. OPPOSITION@IN@PRINCIPLE@ po. sions@of@indi. of@ authorities The@ principal@ objections@. governments@. (b)@ We@. Ⅴ. eraUe ferent. are:-. (a)@An@incident@involving@more@than@one@country@or@State. a‥uPi ati n｛f’unds‘xceedi g》he， b・ Ⅰ. n〕imit｛f…over’or｛l. n， are@. strong. Ⅰ. the@ wider@. compensation@. against@ a@ adoption@. framework. uⅠ. Ⅰ. ter3@. of@ CLC@. approach@ as@. an@. to@ the@ problems@ of@oil@ po ti n@ and internati n2ly@ accepted@ liaUlity@ and Ⅰ.
(13) 。 Li 5lity@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. &@I. Cl. ・. bs@@@. the@U. ・. K. (Takatada@. ・. n@of@SHpowners. ・. TranSti. Imai. (45)@45. umi). (c)ゝhe‖dmi i trative｝rob ms｛f“etting，ertificates》o‖nd’rom《hips「nder》he：MC Ⅰ. and@CLC@arrangements@are@difficult@enough@without@adding@the@requirements@of@many coastal@States@who@wi. h@to@act@i. dependent. on@these@matters. Ⅰ. ， FMC@have@undertaken@a. huge‖dminitratie》ask（n…ontroling‖bout・. Ⅱ. ng《hips》radi. g（. US@waters ， If@other@countri s@attempted@tHs@task@as@wCl@the@admi istrati e@burden@for surers@wou be@immense@and@the@resUts@wou those@countries ， sRpowners@and@their@i Ⅰ. chaotic. be. Ⅰ. ・. (d)@The@ P@ &@@I@Clubs@ do@ not@conSder@ it@in@the@ interest@of@the@@ Members@ that@ the@ Club should@be@directly@exposed@to@action@by@claimants An@exception@to@this@principle@has@been made for CLC and FMC ， but this shou rem3n the excepti other than the rule FMC@ CERTIFICATES Members@ have@ a eady@ been@ advied@ by@ Crcu r@ that@ new@ FMC@ Certificates@must@ be appli d’or｜y・ ， 1978.ゝhe］ew，ertiicates『ill”ave‖」3i ity｛f》hree years@after@whih@they@must@be@returned ， FMC@have@p@ ced@a@termi ati n@date@on@the@new Certiicates@because@ they@ have@ found@ after@ eight@ years@ experi nce@ that@ changes@ i ownership and operati of vessCs are not reflected the Certiicates that hCd renewal@of@al@Certiicates@will@hCp@to@improve@the on-board ， They@hope@that@a@peLod@@ ・. n. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. n. From@the@above@Letter@@@. may@be@gathered@that@the@attitude@of@the@U. the@ 1969@ Li biliy@ Conventi. Ss. ti. Ⅰ. pollution. n@ was@. @. n，. S tuati. Ⅰ. ・. obstac. an@. and@ the@ 1971@ Fund@. n@. to@ the@ i ternati n3@. Ⅰ. ，S A ・. Conventi. cooperati. whi. h@d@@ not@ratiy@both. but@ adhered@. n@ n@. ・. to@ her@ own@. @@ respect@ of@ the@ prob. stri t. m@ of@ Ol. Ⅰ. ・. 13.@ The@ Britannia@ Club@ Letter@ of@ November@. 1978. In@the@above@Letter@the@fact@that@the@ 1971@ Fund@Conventi and@ the@ brief@ explanation@ FUND@. of@ the@ above@ Convention@. n@became@effecti. are@. e@on@october@ 16 ， 1978. stated@ as@ follows. CONVENTION Conventi. The！nternati n3. n｛n》he‘staUi hment｛f‖n！nternatin@. Fund’or，ompensa-. ti n@ for@ Oil@ POluti n@ Damage@ (FC)@ came@ i to@ force@ on@ 16th@ October@ 1978 Th@@ Conventi n@ pro Ⅴ des@ for@ a@ fund@ to@ be@ established@ by@ a@ vy@ on@ imports@. of@oil@ i to. Ⅰ. n…ountri s The those@ affected@ by@ oil@ po. conventi. fund. ・. pro Ⅴ si ns@of@the@. Shipowners@. 1969@C. ti. Ⅰ. Ⅴ. n@. to｜e. @. who@. used. are@. as. unab. l@La5lity@Conventi. additi. an Ⅰ. to@. n@(CLC). n3. source｛f…ompensati n. obt3n@ full@compensati. n@. for. under@ the. ， The@FC@is@aso@a@source@of@relief@for. from@ some@. of@ the@ burden@ imposed@ under@ CLC@ and@ if@certain@ conditions@ are complied@ with@ the@ Shipowners@ liability@ is@reduced@ from@ the@ approximate@ $160@ per@ ton provided@ for@in@CLC@to@approximate $120@per@ton The@FC@will@pro Ⅴ de@the@i ternati n3 regime@ to@ substtute@ for@ CR1STAL@ in@ the@ same@ way@ as@ the@ CLC@ has@ taken@ over@ from TOVALOP The@ FC@ may@ on be@ ratiied@ by@ a@ country@ whi h@ has@ also@ ratified@ the@ CLC Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. ・. The@ FC@will@incur@no@obligation@for@incidents@arising@before@ 13th@February@ 1979@ (120@days after・ October@. 1978). The@preCse@org3nzati present. Ⅰ. n@of@the@Fund@Conventi 6scussi. under. n@and@its@i. ter-re@. ti nship@wih@CRISTAL@i. n，. In@the@above@Letter@3so@there@@@ no@reference@to@the@Merchant@SHppi effect@ to@ the@ 1971@ Fund@. Convention. ，. 14.@ The@ Britannia@ Club@ Letter@ of@September@ In. the. above. (1)@the@ Internati. (2)ゝhe・. Letter the fo nal@ Fund@ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. g@Act ， 1974@whi h@gave. wi. aready@. g. reports. 1979 appear:. started@ activiti s@ under@. the@ 1971@ Fund@. Conventi. H. of》he《tates『hi h”ave〉atiied》he‖bove，onventi n‥eCded》o（ crease.
(14)
(15) Transiti. n@of@SHpowners. ， Li Ulity@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. ・. &@I. ・. C@. bs@@@ the@U. ．K ．. (Takatada@Imaizumi)@. (47)@. 47. A Member sh3l not be i sured under th@ rulC(i)@save@as@provided@in@sub-paragraph@(ii)@and@(iii)@of@paragraph@(3)@of@th@@ ru ， ag3nst@any not@ have@ i curred@ but@ for@ the@ terms@ of@ any@ contract@ made@ or li Ulity@ whi h@ he@ wou i demnty gi en by hm; or (ii)@aganst@any@li 5lity@to@indemnify@any@sub-contractor ， servant@or@agent@against@any@li 5lity. 21A(4). Ⅰ. Ⅰ. wh@. h@the@sub-contractor. ， servant@or@agent@would@not@have@i. curred@but@for@the@terms@of@any. made or indemnity given by the sub-contractor ， servant or agent 21A(5)@ Every@ claim@ in@ respect@ of@ each@ salvage@ of@ a@ vessel@ shall@ be@ limited@ to:-. contract. ・. (i)@the@excess@of@such@sum@as@may@be@agreed@between@the@Member@and@the@Association@at@the when any i surance under th@ rule given or renewed; and (ii)@such@maXmum@sum@as@may@be@agreed@between@the@Member@and@the@AssoCati. time. @. when@. insurance@. any@. under@. this@ ru. @@ given@. Ⅰ. n@at@the@time. or@ renewed. 21A(6) It（s‖…ondition｝recedent｛f‘very（nsurance「nder》his〉ule》hat》he｀ember》o｜e insured@and@each@of@its@associates@sh3l. ， at@the@time@when@insurance@@@. gi en@under@this@rule@and. thereafter@ wih@@. 30@ days@ before@ the@ beSnning@ of@ each@ poi y-year ， app to@ enter@ for i surance（n》he、ssoci ti n‘very《h@ of『hi h（t（s》hen》he｛wner， bCng‖《h@ used｛r intended@ to@ be@ used@ in@ connection@ with@ the@ salvage@ of@a@ vessel， on@ terms@ that@ every@ such apPication@may@be@accepted@@@ respect@of@such@one@or@more@sHps@as@the@Associ ti n@may@@@ its. absolute@. Ⅰ. discretion@. determine. 21A(7)@ The@insurance@of@a@Member@under@this@rule@shall@ipso@facto@cease@if@that@Members@for any@. reason@. 21A(8) app. ceases@. Subject to. to@ be@ insured@. ， so@ far@ as@ they@ are@ capab. Ⅰ. 16.@ Amendment@. @@ respect@. foregong. the. Ⅰ. of@ a@ ship@ by@ the@ Associ. pro Ⅴ si ns｛f》his. of@apPi. rul ， the. n ， to@ every@. ati. ti. pro Ⅴ si ns. insurance@. n. of》hese ru. given@. under@. Ⅰ. s. shall. th@@ ru. Ⅰ. in@ 1980@ to@ the@ Lloyd's@ Standard@ FoY Ⅲ of@ Salvage@ Agreement. yd ， s@Standard@Form@of@Sa age@Agreement@(known@as@L yd ， s@open@Form@or@LoF)@whi The@L had@been@adopted@@@ 1892@and@ subsequent had@ undergone@parti l@amendments@was@thorough re Ⅴ sed@ on@Ju 1 ， 1980.@ Though@ the@ mi utes@ of@the@ committee@ of@the@ B Ⅰ tann@@ Club@and@ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. h. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. BFtann@@. C. members@. of@ the@ above@ C. Associ. b@Letter@at@that@time@made@on. Ⅰ. ti n@(Bermuda)@Ltd. Club@ also@ issued@. a@. Ⅰ. ・. isued@a@ci. cu. Ⅰ. @@ avai b Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ， The@ Steamship@. r@as@stated@bCow@and@it@@@. Mutu@@. Underw. presumed@that@the@B. Ⅰ. ⅠⅠ. similar@ circular@ to@ its@members. テ. Managers Steamship 凡lutual Ⅳlanagement. V. ひ shinglon. PO. Box. 下. ⅣⅠ. Ⅰ. Lld. alI:. 447. Hamilton Te. (Bermuda). Bermuda. 5. phonC@. 5-4502. Telex: 3411 August. TO@ THE@ Dear. S 什s,. MEMBERS. ，. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. The Steamship Mutual w t ng Associatlon (Bermuda) Limited. Unde. the. brief@reference@to@the@LoF@1980@and@no@Crcular@to@the. b@ @@ th@@ respect@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 1980. ti. tanni. g.
(16) 48 (48). YOKOHAMA@. BUSINESS@. AMENDMENT OF. REVIEW. LLOYD. ， Vol. XII ， No ， 1@ (1991). ・. OPEN FORM. ，S. SALVAGE. OF. AGREEMENT pu Ⅰ ished an amended L yd ， Open Form of Salvage O ， F ， 1980 ， which@incorporates@amendments@providing@for@an excepti n@to@the@"no@cure-no@pay"@prinCp in@cases@of@attempted@sa age@of@laden@or@partly den・ Where ， without’aⅡ t｛n》he｝art｛f》he《a or ， such‖《a age（s『ho or. L. Ⅰ. yd ，. s. London. of. Agreement. now. have. ， to@be@known@as@L. s. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. partly@unsuccessful. Ⅰ. ， or@the@salvor@is@prevented@from@completing@the@salvage. Ⅰ. ， the@salvor@will@be. entitled@to@claim@from@the@owner@of@the@disabled@tanker@reasonable@expenses@incurred@by@the salvor（n》he…ourse｛f》he‖ttempted《alvage ， to》he‘xtent》hat》hese‖re］ot〉ecoverable｛ut of@the@v3ue@of@any@property@s3ved In@additi n ， the@s3vor@may@be@entitled@to@an@award@of@up ・. 15%@ of@ the@ expenses@ recoverable@ from@ the@ owner L ， O F 1980”as｜een｝ublished‖fter’ul…onsutati n『ith》he！nternati. to@. ・. n@. ・. Clubs. Group｛f￣，. &@！ ，. ， and@the@Association@has@extended@the@cover@available@to@Members@to@enable@them@to@be. indem. Ⅰ. fied’or…. ims｜rought｜y《a. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ors「nder》he‖mendments《ummarised‖bove ， The. Association@ ful supports@and@ recommends@ the@ use@of@L Masters@in@the@salvage@of@tankers@and@all@other@types@of@vessel Ⅰ. Further copies may. be. ・. 1980@ by@ Members@and@. Department. ， Lloyd. London. House. 6 ， London@. EC3R. ， s@ of@ London. ，. ，. Street ，. London. ，. 7AB faithfully. Yours. THE STEAMSHIP. ，. MUTUAL UNDERWRITINGASSOCIATION (BERMUDA)@. In@ this@ connection@. thei. ， A@copy@of@the@form@is@attached. from:. obtained Agency@. ，O ， F. LIMITED. Club@ Letter@ of@ September@. the@ Britannia@. 1979@ is@quoted@. below. SALVAGE Lloyd ， s@open@Form@(LoF)@is@under@discussion@at@the@moment@and@various@proposals@have. been［ade’or（ts‖mendment The（mpetus’or…hange”as｜een｝rovided｜y’ears》hat LOF@may@no@longer@provide@an@adequate@incentive@for@a@Salvor@to@assist@a@loaded@tanker@in ・. distress@and@that@v3ua5e@time might. be. Ⅰ. st. @. negoti. ，. ti. g. w Ⅱ ch@wou contract. a. have@been@better@spent@@@. Ⅰ. saving@the@ship. ，. ・. THOSE@ INVOLVED@ The@ parties@ mainly@ concerned@ in@discussions@at@ the@ moment@ are@ the Internation3@ Chamber@of@Shi pi g@(ICS) ， the@ Internati n3@ Sa age@ Union@(ISU) ， and the｛il，ompanies！nternation3 Marine：orum・ ，、 There（s・ Ⅰ. set@ up@ by@ the@ Committee@. of@L. Ⅰ. yd ， s@ and@ ch3red@. by@ Gerald@. DaFi. g@Q. ， C ， ， the@. ArUtrator ， to…onsi er…hanges LOF ， Sever@ governments‖re・ very@acti e@i terest@as@is@IMCo The@P ， &@I ， C bs@have@3so@been@consuted@on@an@i Appe8. ・. Ⅰ. Lloyd. ，s. ng‖. Ⅱ. form3. basis@and@the@Britannia@Committee@has@instructed@the@Managers@to@report@back@to@them@on the｝rogress｛f‥iscussions ， These‖re《till（n‖」ery‘arly《tage‖nd［any｛f》he｝rinciples which@ should@ underlie@ any@ change@ have@ yet@ to@ be@ agreed ， However@ it@is@possible@ to summarise@ the@ issues@ currently@ under@ discussion@ as@ follows:-(the@ rest@ is@omitted ， ). THE@. ISSUES@The@ recog. Ⅱ. duty@ to@ prevent@and@ mi imie@ 0l@ pollution@ is@a@factor@which@shou. sed@during@a@s3vage@operati. save@ ship@. n ， @@ addition@to@the@salvors@tra4tion@@. o5i. Ⅰ. be. ati n@to. and@ cargo. 17.@ 1981@ Rules As‖〉esult｛f》he‖doption｛f》he´oF・. 16‖bove， Rule・. Ⅰ.
(17) Club@ was@. the@ Britannia@. ・. ・. Transition@of@Shipowners ， Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P &@I Clubs@in@the@U， K. ・. (Takatada@Imaizumi)@ (49)@ 49. revised@ in@ 1981@ as@ follows. DAMAGE. TO PROPERTY 20(12)@ (a)@Liability@which@a@ Member@may@incur. for@loss@of@or@damage. ， i Cudi. g@inf. ， with@costs@and@expenses@incidental@thereto. ngement@of@rights. Ⅱ. ， caused@to@any@harbour. jetty ， land ， water@or@anything@whatsoever@moveable@or@immoveable or@ other@. cargo@. therein@. property@. carried@. or@ cargo@. (b)´iability『hch‖｀ember［ay（ cur. ， dock. ，. ， pi r ，. ， not@being@another@ship@or. in@ an@ entered@. ship. with…osts‖nd‘xpenses（ cidental》hereto， as‖｝arty h@rCates@to@ol@po ti n@(i ducing@a@Member ， s@liUlity@to@sa ors@under. to@any@agreement@whi. ，. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. the‘xception》o》he｝rinCp of・. C. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. use・. ， sヾtandard：orm｛f. Agreement@ (L O ， F 1980))@ for@ ss ， damage@ or@ expense@ i cluding@ expenditure reasonably@ incurred@ in@ accordance@ with@ the@ Member ， s@ obligations@under@ such@ agreement Provided always that:(i)@there@ shal@ be@ no@ recovery@ under@ (a)@of@th@@ paragraph@ of@expenditure@ aLSng@out@of@a party@ (see Member ， s@liability@under@a@contract@of@indemnity@between@a@Member@and@a@third@ S3vage@. ・. paragraph (17). of. tⅡ. ru. s. Ⅰ. ・. );. Ⅰ. (ii)@before@the@event@gi i g@Tse@to@the@liUlity@under@(b)@of@t. Ⅱ. s@paragraph ， such@agreement. shall@have@been@approved@by@the@Managers@and@the@Members@shall@have@paid@or@agreed@to@pay such@ additi. cal@ or@ premi. n3@. (iii)@@@ the@. m@. as@ may@. be@ requi. ed@ by@ the@ Associ. tioH. ss ， damage@or@expense@rCates@to@any@property@belonging@to@the@. Ⅰ. Member. ， such. Member@shall@be@entitled@ to@recover@from@the@Association ， and@the@Association@shall@ have@the same〉i hts ， as such｝roperty｜e nged》o‖》 ㌔ rd｝arty， but》o》he‘xtent｛n that《uch ss ， Ⅰ. damage@or@expense@. As@ the@ old@ LOF@ occurrence@of@se. s3vage@servi. Ⅱ. @@ not@ recoverab was@. Ⅰ. under@any@other@i. Ⅰ. surance@. based@ on@ the@ principle@ of@"no@ cure-no. ous@oil@po. Ⅰ. there. was. a. probability of. ti n@under@the@Crcumstances@where@s3vors@were@heStant@to@pro. Ⅰ. es@@@ case@of@a@tanker@@@ditress@bCng@fu. possibiliy@ of@success@ in@ sa. Ⅰ. the@ sad@ property. upon@. operati. age@. Ⅴ. de. ⅠⅠ den@with@crude@ol@and@there@bCng@litt. Ⅰ. ns. Though@the@LoF@1980@@@ aso@based@on@the@same@prinCp as@before ， it@admits@as@an@exceptin@that den@with@ol,@shipowners@assure@to@pay@to@s3vors@the@reasonab in@respect@of@salvage@of@tankers@ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. of@sa age@operati. expenses@ sa. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. operati. age@. Accordi excepti. ns@. Sy,@ Ru n3@. pro. not@. and@. si. n@. an@. increment@not@exceedi. successful,@ unless@ there@ is@ no@. 20@(12)@was@re. Ⅰ. Ⅴ. are@. ns@. Ⅰ. Ⅴ. @@ the@ LOF@. g@. 15%@ of@such@ expenses,@. negli ence@. sed@to@cover@the@members'@li. on@. i. even@. the@ part@ of@ salvors. Ulity@to@salors@under@the@above. 1980. 18.@ 1982@ Annual@ Report In@the@above@Report@of@the@Britann@@. C. Ⅰ. b@it@is@stated@that@whi. 1982@for@the@purpose@of@making@the@expression@clear@and@plain would. ， in@ substance. Ⅰ. the@Rules@would@be@revised@i. ， the@contents@of@the@revised@Rules. ， be@ left@ unchanged. fo wing matters are, i ter 3ia stated the above Report: (1)@both@the@1973@Convention@for@the@Prevention@of@Pollution@and@the@1978@Protocol@thereto@were expected@ to@ become@ effec ve@ in@ 1983@ Kn@ fact@ they@ became@ effec ve@ on@ October@ 2.@ 1983. The. Ⅰ. @. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (2)@the@works@for@reviSng@the@ 1969@Lia5lity@Convention@and@the@ 1971@ Fund@Convention@both@as amended@. @@ 1976@ started:@ and. (3)》he、ssembly｛f》he：und，onventi n‥ecided‖gainst（ncreasing》he〕imit｛f…ompensati n per@. incident. The@works@for@re. to@these@Conventi become@. effec. Ⅰ. ve. Ⅴ. sing@the@two@Conventions@as@stated@in@(2)@above@res. Ⅱ. ted@@@ the@ 1984@Protocos. ns@(see@my@ st@precedi g@treatie@1(14)@and@(15)),@but@these@Protocos@have@not@yet Ⅰ.
(18) 50 (50). YOKOHAMA。USINESSヽEVIEW ， VO XII ， No ・. (1991). 1. ・. 19.@ 1983@ Annual@ Report In@ the@ above@. Report@. the@ following@. (1)》he〉e Ⅴ si n｛f》heヽu. after@ha. Ⅴ. matters@. 18‖bove｜ecame‘ffective｛n：ebruary・ 1983. s‖s［entioned . Ⅰ. ng@been@approved@at@the@. inter@ 3i .@stated. are,@. general@meeti. g@of@the@members@of@C. ss@3-Protection@and. Ⅰ. Indemnity@ held@ on@ December@ 8 ， 1982; (2)@the@ 1973@ Convention@ for@ the@ Prevention@ of@Pollution@and@ the@ 1978@ Protocol@ thereto@ were expected@ to@ become@. effecti e@ in@ September@. (3)@the@works@for@revising@the@ amended@in@. Ru. 983 Ⅰ. became@. pollution. of. respectively. Ⅰ. and. 1969@Liability@Conventi. n@and@the@. 1971@ Fund@Conventi. 1976@made@a@further@progress@and@the@main@ponts@of@re. definition. 20.. 1983@. damage. and. increase. to. the. limits. of. n@both@as. si n@were@to@re. Ⅴ. Ⅴ. se@the. compensation. liability and. ・. RulIes 19@ (12)@ and@ (23)@ concerni effective@ on@ February@. g@polluti. n@. @@ the@revised@. Ru. Ⅰ. s@of@the@ B. 20 ， 1983@ as@ stated@ in@ 19@ above@ were@. as@. Ⅰ. tann@@ Club@which. bCow. 19(12)@ Pollution Liabilities@ which@ a@ Member@ thereto. any. f0. Damages@ po. substance. other. The@. wi. Ⅰ. incidental. ・. g@ shal@ be@. recoverab@. (A)@ Liability@ for@ damages@ Ⅰ. incur ， together@ with@ costs@ and@ expenses@. may@. ， as@the@result@of@an@escape@or@4scharge@or@threatened@escape@or@dscharge@of@oil@or. compensation@. or@. payab. to@ any@. Ⅰ. arising@ from. person@. ti n ，. Clean up@(B)@ The@costs@of@any@. reasona5y@taken@. measures@. ・. for@the@ purpose@of@preventing. ，. minimising@or@cleaning@up@any@pollution@together@with@any@liability@for@losses@or@damages aⅡ. si. g. from. TOVALOP@. any measures. (C)@ Li Ⅰ lity@ whi. i Cdent@@. taken. so. ・. h@ a@ Member@. may@. i cur ， together@. thereto ， as@a@party@to@The@Tanker@owners@Vo. for@ol@Pollution@(ToVALoP). Ⅰ. with@. costs@. and@ expenses. ntary@Agreement@on@Li. ， or@any@other@agreement@relating@to@oil@pollution. damage@or@expenses ， i cl di g@expen4ture@reasonab Member ， s@ obligations@under@ such@ agreement. Ⅰ. bility ， for@loss ，. incurred@in@accordance@with@the. Provided，ways》hat《uch‖greement”as｜een‖pproved｜y》he｀anagers‖nd》he｀ember has@pad@or@agreed@to@pay@such@addition@@ Association. C3l@or@premi. ed@by@the. m@as@may@be@requi. ・. Government@order@(D)@The@costs@or@liabilities@incurred@ as@a@result@of@compliance@with@any. order@or@direction@given@by@any@Government@or@authority@for@the@purpose@of@preventing reducing pollution. or. or. the. risk. pollution. of. ・. Provided@always@that@such@costs@or@liabilities@are@not@recoverable@under@the@Hull@Policies@on the@ Entered@. LOF. 1980. (E). SⅡ p Lia5lity. principle@ of@ "no@. whi cure-no@. h. a. Member. pay"@ in@ C. may i cur to s3vors under the excepti to the use@ 1(a)@ of@ Lloyd ， s@ Standard@ Form@ of@ Savage n. Ⅰ. Agreement@ (LOF@ 1980) h‖｀ember［ay（ncur’or》he｝ayment｛f’ines（n〉espect｛f｝o tion. FINES・. Ⅰ. @@ accordance@ with@ the@ provisi PROVIDED@. ALWAYS@. (i)》here《h2l be］o. ns@. of@ Rule@ 19@(19). THAT. recovery（n respect｛f〕ia6litis・. under@ this@Rule@ 19@(12)@ and@ all@recoveries@ hereunder@. liability@ set@ out@ in@the@ Certificate@ of@Entry;@ and (ii)》here《hall｜e］o〉ecovery「nder》hisヽule・. g｛ut｛f｝ollution｛ther》han. shall@ be@ subject@ to@. any@. limit@ of.
(19) Transition@of@Shipowners. whi. ， Liability@Laws@and@Changes@of@P. come. h. with@. the. provisions. Ru. of. ．K ．. &@ I Clubs@in@the@U. ・. ・. (Takatada@. 151@ 5. Imaizumi). Ⅰ. 19(17) (Cargo). Ⅰ. 19(23)@ Special@ Cover@ for@ Salvors. prCu4ce. Without li 5liti. the generaity ofヽu. to. 19(22). Ⅰ. together@with@costs@and@expenses@i. s，. connection@with@any@s3vage@ser. Ⅴ. Member. a. Cdental@thereto. may. ， whi. ce@or@attempted@savage@ser. Ⅴ. h@may@be@i. ce@provi. agai st. i sured. be. curred@i. ed@to@a@ship@by@the. Member｛r｜y‖ny《ub-contractor｛f》he Member｛r‖ny｛f》hCr〉espectie《ervants｛r agents. ・. The@. following@. be@ recovered. may@. Liabilities ， together『ith…osts‖nd‘xpenses（ncidental》hereto ， arising（n respect@of@the@Member ， s@interest@in@an@Entered@Ship@out@of@events@occurring@during@the. Salvage《hips・. period@of@entry@of@the@Ship@@@ Ship. the@Associ. ti n@and@@@. connecti. n@with@the@operati. Oil@pollution@(B)@Li 5lities， together@with@costs@and@expenses@inCdent3@ p0luti Ru. n@whi 19・. Ⅰ. (despite@. h@occurs@duFng@such@s3vage@ser. Ⅴ. the@ pro. si ns@ of@ Ru. Ⅴ. Li 5liti. gether@with@costs@and@expenses@i. such. paragraphs@(A)@or@(B)@above. si ns@of. Ⅴ. an・nteredヾhip. terest . 3(1)). Ⅰ. s， t. occurring duFng. events. thereto ， caused@by@ol. ces@@@ accordance@with@the@pro. respect｛f‖｀ember 、 s（. ， whether｛r］ot》hey‖re . Salvor's@liabilities@(C)@ by. n@of@the. ・. s3vage. ser Ⅴ ces. cident. whi. ， and. ， whether@or@not@they@are@@@. h. thereto. Ⅰ. ， caused. covered under. not. are. respect@of@a@Member. ， s@@ terest@i. Entered@ Ship@ (despite@ the@ provisions@ of@ Rule@ 3(1)). an@. PROVIDED ALWAYS. Specific@. THAT:. (i)@there@ sh3l@. cover@. be@ no@ recovery@. under@. th@@. Ru. un. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. has@ been. ss@ cover@. speCfic3 extended@in@wFting@by@the@Managers@and@the@Member@has@p@d@or@agreed@to Ⅰ. n@ C3l or premium as may be requi ed by the AssoCati (ii)@the@cover@given@under@th@@ Ru 19@(23)@in@connecton@wih@any@sa. additi. such. pay. Risks@covered@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. attempted@s3vage@ser. underヽu Ⅰ. Ⅴ ce@pro. 19・. Ⅰ. Ⅴ. age@or. Ⅰ. ded@to@a@ship@shal@be@in@3l@respects@the@same@as@that@gi. 19・. en. respect｛f》he｛peratin｛f・nteredヾRps，. e . save@that@in@the@case@of@cover@3ven@under@paragraphs@(B)@or@(C)@of@th@@. Ru. the@li. Ⅰ. ㌧. lity. need@ not@ have@ been@ imposed@ or@ incurred@ in@ respect@ of@ an@ Entered@ Ship Contracts of（ndemnity whi. h@wou. guarantee@gi agents. or. guarantee (iii)》here shal. or. not@have@been@@. Ⅰ. curred@but@for@the@pro. Associ. Managers. the. ss. Ⅰ. ti. (see. n. Condition@precedent@. shal. Rule. 19(15)). Ru. the》ime『hen（. approved. surance（s“i. y-Year. n@. with@ salvage@. n@. contract. in. ed@by. Ⅰ. operat@. surance@under@paragraphs. Associ. ted@Compani. to@enter@for@i ns ， on@. surance@@@. s，. sh3l ， at. 30‥ays｜efore》he. sヽule‖nd》hereafter『ith@. of@which@they@are@then@in@possession@or@control @@ respect@of@. such. precedent@of@every@i. en「nder》Ⅱ ， app. e@servants and the. advance n3@ Cal@or@premium@as@may@be@requi. have. that@the@Member@and@each@of@h@@. Ⅰ. beSnning@of@each@Po@ @@ connecti. demnity@or. ，. (i )@it@is@a@con・ ti. (B)@and@(C)@of@th@@. accepted@. any li 5lity. Sons@of@a@contract@of@i. en@by@the@Member@or@Hs@sub-contractor@or@any@of@thCr@respecti. ， un. Member@has@p3d@or@agreed@to@pay@such@additi the. Ⅴ. recovery against. no. be. the@Associati. n@every@shi. ， being@a@ship@used@or@intended@to@be@used that@. terms@. such@one@or@more@shi. every@. such@ apPi. ati. may@@@. thCr@di. s@as@the@ Managers@. be. n@ may@. creti. n. determine. As@seen@@@. th@@ re POi. y@. Ⅴ. the@above. ， the@. si n@ which@was@. form@ mi. 21.@ 1984@ Annual@. Ⅰ. ng@provisi. ns@were@re. Ⅴ. made@@most@at@the@same@. ht@ be@ same@. as@. that@ of@ the@. sed@@@. an@itemi. ed@and@clear@sty. time@as@ the@ overall@ re Ⅰ. tter@ re. Ⅴ. si. Ⅴ s. Ⅰ. n@. Ⅰ. ， The@@m@of. of@the@ L. Ⅰ. yd ， s@ S G ・. n. Report. the above Report ， the fo wing matters are stated: (1)@in@ the@ i em@ of@ "New@ Ru s"@ the@ i tenti n@ of@ the@ 1983@ revis In. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. (2)（n》he（tem｛f・. Ⅰ. ti n"》he’acts》hat . August・. Ⅰ. n@. of@ the@ Ru. Ⅰ. s@ Ⅰ. @@ rCterated er"‘xp. Ⅰ. ded.
(20) YOKOHAMA BUSINESSヽEVIEW ， Vol. 52 (52). XII ， No. ・. ・. (1991). 1. and broke（n》wo］ear，apeゝown『hilst｛n‖’@ den voyage『ith…rude・ Ⅰ. of@her@ bow@ secti. remov3@. (3)（n. the. item. of. remai. n@. afloat@. Ⅰ ng@. that》he. Ⅰ. made@ under@ LOF@. was@. "InternationalConventions" the f0lowing desc. (a)@the@ 1973@ Protoc0@ to@ the@ 1969@ Publ@@ Law@ Conventi to@the@cases@where@serious@ol@po Convention@was@to@app. 1980@. ptions. Ⅰ. are@ appea. stated;@ and Ⅰ. (while@ the@ 1969@ PuU@@ Law tion@mi ht@occur,@the@cases@were extended by the 1973 Protocol thereto to include those where serious pol tion might be us@substances@than@oil)@and@the@1978@Protoc0@ to@the@1973@Conventi n@for caused@by@other@noxi n@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. the@ Preventi. n@. of@ P0. ti n@ became@. Ⅰ. effective@ on@ March@. 30 ， 1983@ and@ October@. 2，. 1983. respectively@(the@text@of@the@1973@Convention@for@the@Prevention@of@Pollution ， Annex@I@thereto (regu tions@ for@ the@ preventi n@ of@ol@ pol t@ n)@ and@ Annex@ II@ thereto@ (regu tions@ for@ the tion@ caused@ by@ other@ noxious@ substances@ @@ bu than@ oil)@also@ became prevention@ of@ p0 effective@ on@ October@ 2 ， 1983 ， though@ this@is@not@ stated@ in@ the@ above@ Report); (b)》he・ e eaFy・ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. fact@ it@became@. Ⅰ. effective@ on@. December@. (c)‥ificⅠ ti. s. Convention@. and@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Convention. were. ， however. 1 ， 1986);@ and. ，. being. still. fCt. the. in. works. for. re. Ⅴ. si. the. g. LiaUlity. 1969. 22.@ The@ Britannia@ Club@ Letter@ of@July@ 1984 In@ the@ above@ Letter@ the@ adoption@ in@ May@ 1984@ of@the@ 1984@ Protocols@ to@ the@ 1969@ Liability Conventi n@ and@ the@ 1971@ Fund@ Convention@ (see@ my@ last@preceding@ treatise@ III)@and@ the@ man revisi ns@ by@ these@ Protoco. are@. Ⅰ. Oil￣ollutionゝhe，iil´ia. stated@ as@ bCow n・ Some@of@the@more@important@revisions@can@be@summarised@as. lity，onvention・. been@substantially@revised fo ws. ・. Ⅰ. LIMITATION-SHIPOWNERS LIABILITY (CLC) Speci3@. Drawing@. Rights@. (SDR@. current. Ⅰ. (1)、. valued@. @ni. um. Ⅹ. matCy@. at@ appro. liability. U. ・. S. of. $1.04@. ・. 3. Ⅲ. each)@. llion for. ships@ not@ exceeding@ 5,000@ tons (2)、n‖ddition3SDR・ SDR@. 59.7@ million. This@represents@a@substanti l@increase@in@the@limis@set@in@ 1969@(parti u r for@sm3 r tankers)｜ut｛wners‥o”ave》he‖dvantage｛f‖’irmer〉i ht》o〕imit》hCr〕iability》han Ⅰ. under@. the@ present@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. convention. COMPENSATION@FROM@CARGO@INTERESTS@(FC)@A@flat@ceiling payable under CLC ， of SDR 135 million increaSng. SDR. to. ， which@includes@amounts 200 mill@ when the n. ，S ，A ratifies@the@ Convention ， ) A］ew｝rocedure『as‖lso‖greed’or‖mending》he’inanci3 amounts（n》he’uture,｜ut（t seems@unli Cy@that@these@ test@re Ⅴ si ns@will@be@ in@force@ much@before@the@end@of@thi. contributing@oil@of@the@Fund@reaches@600@million@tons@(in@other@words@when@the@U. Ⅰ. decade. ，. DEFINITIONS Ships carriers. to. which. the Conventions apply. Wll. in. future include combination. ，. The@ definiti n@ of@ol@ now@ non-persistent oil. exCudes@. wha. 0l@ but@. Ⅰ. more@. signiicant. Ⅰ. does@ not@ include. ・. Pollution@ damage@now@includes@ damage@caused@by@bunker@as@ tankers@and@ has@been@expanded@ costs of reasonab measures Ⅰ. well@as@cargo@spills@ from. to@cover@environmental@damage@claims@but@"limited@ of. rC nstatement. ・. ". to. Geographical@scope@has@been@extended@to@the@Exclusive@Economic@Zone@of@a@Contracting State@ or@ not@ more@. than@ 200@ nauti. 3@ mi. Ⅰ. s.
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