Title
The Echinoderm Fauna (Asteroidea, Echinoidea, and
Holothuroidea) of Indonesia's Shallow Waters
Author(s)
Arakaki, Yuji; Janny D. Kusen
Citation
名桜大学紀要 = THE MEIO UNIVERSITY BULLETIN(5): 1
-20
Issue Date
2000-12-14
URL
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12001/8632
名指:大学紀要 2000MeioUnlV..Okinawappト 20
イ ン ドネシア浅海域 に於 ける頼皮動物相
(ヒ トデ類 ､ウニ類 ､ナマコ類 )
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YujiArakakiland Janny D.Kusen2
1DepartmentofTourism,Faculty ofInternationalStudies,Meio University,
Nago,Okinawa,Japan;2Faculty ofFishery,Sam Ratulangi University,Manado,
North Sulawesi,Indonesia
要 約
本論文は､1992年 8月か ら1993年11月にイン ドネシア浅海域で行 った頼皮動物相に関す る報告である｡
械皮動物 3綱 (ヒ トデ類､ウニ類､ナマ コ類 )で27科47属78種が同定 された｡最 も種 数 の多 か った地域
はAmbonlslandで､43種が観察 され､一一万､最 も少 なかった地域 はBalikpapanとPelabuhan Ratu
で､それぞれ 8種 が観察 され た｡ ヒ トデ綱 で は､ 8科 12属 14種 が 同定 され､ 最 も種 数が多 い場所 は
AmbonTslandで､ 9種が観察 された.･一方､最 も少 ない地域はBaliIslandで､ 1種 (P.nodosus)が 観 察 された｡ ウニ綱 で は､ 】6科 29属 38種 が 同定 され た｡ 最 も多 くの種 が観 察 され た地 域 はSumba lslandの24種で､最 も少 なかった地域 はBintanlslandで､3種が観察 された｡ ナマ コ綱 で は､ 3科6
属26種 (3種 は属 レベルでの同定 )が同定 された｡最 も多 くの種が観察 された地域 はAmbon lslandの 14種類 で､最 も種数の少 なかった地域 はBalikpapan､Surnbalsland､Balilslandの3地域で､それ ぞ れ 1種が観察 されなかった｡ ヒ トデ類 とナマ コ類のそれぞれの種数は､Clark&Rowe(1971)がEast lndiesに生息するとする種数のそれぞれ16.10/Oと16.80/Oに相当 し､ウニ類では､45.2%に相当 した｡それ で､最 も割合の高 いウニ類の各地域での出現種数 を基 に15調査地域 の類似 度 (Sorensen'scoefficient)
を計算 し､クラスター分析 を行 った結果､15調査地域は3亜群 に分 けることが で きた｡ 第一亜群 は イ ン
ドネシア東側の9調査地城 ､第二亜群は西側の3調査地域 ､第三亜群は南側の3調査地域 である｡本調査
では､調査地域 間の調査量 にはば らつ きがあ り､今後､更 なる調査が期待 される｡
Abstract
Thispaperisareportoftheechinoderm faunaresearchcarriedoutinlndonesia'sshallow watersfrom August,1992toNovember,1993.Inthethreeclasses(Asteroidea,Echinoidea,and Holothuroidea),78speciesbelongingto47generaand27familieswereidentified.Thenumber ofspecieswasthemostabundantatAmbonIsland,whichhadforty-threespecies;bycontrast,
theleastnumberofspecies,whichwaseightspecies,wasfoundatBalikpapanandPelabuhan
Ratu. In theclassAsteroidea,14species,12genera and9families were identified. The numberofspeciesforthisclasswasthemostabundantatAmbonIslandalso,whichhadnine species.,andtheleastnumberofspecieswasfoundatBaliIsland,which had onespecies,P.
nodosus. [ntheclassEchinoidea,38Species,29generaand16familieswereidentified. The number ofspecies for this class was the most abundant at Sumba Island,which had twenty-fourspecieswhereastheleastnumberofspecieswasfoundatBintanlslalld,whichhad threespecies. IntheclassHolothuroidea,26species(threespeciesbeing identified to genus
1-level), 6 genera and 3 families were identified. The number of species for this class was the most abundant at Ambon Island, with the least number of species being found at Balikpapan, Sumba Island, and Bali Island, each of three regions affording only one species. The number of species for the classes Asteroidea and Holothuroidea is equivalent to 16.1 % and 16.8% of the number of species for these classes described in the shallow waters of the East Indies by Clark and Rowe (1971), respectively. On the other hand, the number of species for Echinoidea is equal to 45.2% of that described for the same region by the same authors. Therefore, the Echinoidea species was chosen for a cluster analysis based on the similarity of the species composition among the fifteen regions using Sorensen's coefficient. Fifteen regions are clustered into three subgroups. The first subgroup consists of nine regions in the east of Indonesia; the second one is composed of three regions in the west of Indonesia; and the third one is comprised of three regions in the north of Indonesia. However, the volume of research is not the same in all regions. It is hoped that thorough research will be conducted in the future.
Introduction
Indonesia is an archipelagic nation spread in a wide arc from the main island in southeast Asia to New Guinea. The expanse of the nation is approximately 5,000 kilometers from east to west, and 2,000 kilometers from north to south. The islands are dotted with volcanoes, covered with thick tropical vegetation and surrounded by coral reefs. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic nation in the world with 13,677 islands, more than 80,000 kilometers of coastline, and 3.1 million square kilometers of territorial waters (Pickell, 1992).
The Indo-West Pacific has the most abundant echinoderm fauna in the world (Clark & Rowe, 1971; Irimura, 1974; Kozato, 1974; Oguro, 1974; Shigei, 1974). The shallow water (i.e., shore line to 20 meters deep) echinoderm is the most abundant in the East Indies (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Christmas Island and Cocos-Keeling Island and adjacent regions) within the Indo-West Pacific (Clark & Rowe, 1971).
The authors conducted a field survey on the distribution of three classes of echinoderms: Asteroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothuroidea in Indonesia from August, 1992 to November, 1993. During this period, the authors visited fifteen regions, from North Sulawesi in the north to Sumba Island in the south, and from Nias Island in the west to Biak Island in the east. In this paper, the species composition of the echinoderms in each region is reported; and based on these data, classification of these regions is discussed.
Materials and methods
A survey was conducted in the intertidal to upper sublittoral zone by walking, snorkeling, or scuba diving. Fifteen surveyed regions were selected to represent all of Indonesia (Fig. 1), and seventy-nine research sites were located in these regions (Table I). Animals encountered in the field at each site were photographed and/ or collected for identification. All specimens of the classes Asteroidea and Holothuroidea were identified by photograph only, whereas specimens of the class Echinoidea were identified by both photograph and samples. The identification was carried out by the following persons; class Asteroidea (No.'s 1 to 11, No.'s 13 and 14), Mr. Saba; No. 13, authors; class Echinoidea (No.'s 15 to 24, 26 to 39, 43, 45 to 47, 50, and 51), authors; No.'s 25, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49, and 52, Dr. Shigei; class Holothuroidea (No.'s 53 to 78), Dr. Shigei. Those species listed with a question mark have been difficult to identify but probably belong to the identified species.
-INDIAN
1000Krn
...
PACIFIC OCEANFig. 1. A map of Indonesia. Figures in the map indicate regions where research was conducted. 1, North Sulawesi; 2, Balikpapan; 3, Ujung Pandang; 4, Buton Island; 5, Ambon Island; 6, Kei Kecil; 7, Sorong; 8, Biak Island; 9, Sumba Island; 10, Komodo Island; 11, Bali Island; 12, Pelabuhan Ratu; 13, Nias Island; 14, Bintan Island; 15, Seribu Islands.
Table 1. Research sites in each region and their abbreviations. The letters "B", "Cp", "I", and "Is" indicate abbreviations for "Beach", "Cape", "Island", and "Islands", respectively.
Bk Bok Ab Arn Pa Mlo Wkr II'gp Kpd Sitt; Abbreviation Melolo Walokiri Waingapu Kapundok Region Biak I. Biak Bosnik B. Ambroben Arnamu Parai Sumba I. Kei Kecil Londalima Lda Rua R Marossi Mrs P"ro__ Po Komodo 1. Lob Liang
Bal i 1. Nusa Oua NO
Kuta R K
Lovina B. Lv
Amed - - - - -Ad
Pelabuhan Ratu Ujung Genteng LG Karang Traje KT Cikambang C Karang Aung KA Ni as 1. Gunung 5i 1.01i GS Sifahandro B. Sf Fowa B. Fo Garno Go Teluk Oalam TO Sorake B. Sk .\10'ule B._._---.---.\10' Bin'an I. Malaugrapat M Lagoi Lgi Brakit Cp. Bt Soreh I. Sr Woha 1. Wha
~~-;;-~~~~--;; Lick~I::o.~~~___,L,-,i~~ Sorong Kasuari Cpo
Bintan 1. Mapur I. Mp
_.. ~_ ...5~anUl'._..__~~SlJ.. _
Seribu Is. Kotok Besar Kotok Site Abbreviation Bunaken I. Buk Siladen I. S Malalayang Mal Kolongan B. Kol Buloh Blo Tasik Ril1 TR Mangatasih Mgs Kumu Ku Amurang A Molas Mo Wod II' Korakora KK (Tondano) Likllpang Lkp Tangkoko Tko Bitung Bit Sangkeles SkI Jumalai Cp. J Stal Kuda SK Teritip T Manggar Mgr Regi.on BIIlolI T. Amboll I. Kei Keci I Balikpapan
Ujung Pandang Kapoposang I. Kp Samalona 1. Slo Barrang Caddi BC Lum Lum LL North Sulawesi Bau Bau BB Sulaa SuI Makassar I. Mk Nirwana B. Ni -_.__._-_.._-_.•.._ - - - ~ - - ~ .-_.---Batu Capeu BCp Namalatu B. Na Poka P NatsepaB. \b Batu Duo BD Whaihuru B. Wai Ohilitir 0 Fair P' lI'atran Wat Ngilgof Ng Elar Er ____._' _ _.~~~~_'l"'J~"'i""na"'l.:J:lg"'a"'S __'L"'g"'s _ ~3~
Results
All of the identified species in the three classes totaled 78 species belonging to 47 genera and 27 families (Table 2). The distribution of these species is presented in Table 3. The most abundant species, i.e., forty-three species, were found at Ambon Island (region 5), and the least abundant species, i.e., eight species, were found in Balikpapan (region 2) and Pelabuhan Ratu (region 12), respectively.
In the class Asteroidea were identified 14 species belonging to 12 genera and 8 families. The most abundant species, i.e., nine species, were found at Ambon Island, and the least abundant species, just one species, P. nodosus, was found at Bali Island (region II). No species was found at Balikpapan, Komodo Island (region 10), Pelabuhan Ratu, and at Bintan Island (region 14). The most observed species was L. laevigata, which was found in nine regions; and the least observed species were A. polyacanthus, P. regulus, P. hybridus ?, P. alveolatus ?, T. catalai, and I. longimanus, which were all found
In just one region.
In the class Echinoidea were identified 38 species belonging to 29 genera and 16 families. The most abundant species, Le., twenty-four species, were found at Sumba Island (region 9), and the least abundant species, three species, were found at Bintan Island. The next most abundant number of species was seven species observed at Balikpapan, Pelabuhan Ratu, and Seribu islands. Thus, the number of species at Bintan Island was especially few. The most observed species was D. setosum,
which was found in all of the regions, with the least observed species being P. gratiosa, E. cyclostomus,
C. humilus, B. latecarinatus, L. elongata, and B. australsia, which were all found in just one region.
In the class Holoturoidea were identified 26 species (3 species being identified to the genus level) belonging to 6 genera and 3 families. The most abundant species, i.e., fourteen species, were found at Ambon Island; and the least abundant species, just one species, was found at Balikpapan, Sumba Island, and at Bali Island. No species was found at Komodo Island and Pelabuahan Ratu. The most observed species was H (H) atra, which was found in eleven regions; and the least observed species were S.
horrens ?, S. noctivagus ?, S. varigatus, Stichopus sp., A. lecanora, H fuscopunctata, H (S.) flavomaculata
?, H (T.) turricella, B. argus ?, B. vitiensis, Bohadschia sp., T. ananas, S. media, and Opheodesoma sp.,
which were found in just one region.
Condition of the region and observed species. North Sulawesi
In North Sulawesi, field surveys were conducted at sixteen sites: the northwestern coast facing the Sulawesi Sea, Buanken Island, Siladen Island, Wori, Molas, Malalayang, Kolongan Beach, Buloh, Mangatasih, Tasik Ria, Kumu, and Amurang. At the northeastern tip of the island, Likupang and Tangkoko were researched. And the southwestern coast facing the Maluku Sea, Bitung, Korakora (Tondano), and Sangkeles were researched.
Buanken Island and Siladen Island are located just two to three kilometers apart from the main island of North Sulawesi, but the depth of the sea between them reaches 200 meters. Due to this depth, these islands are less affected by terrestrial runoff from the main island. Both islands are surrounded by fringing reefs which drop off almost perpendicularly into the deep sea. The substrates from moat to reef flat are covered mainly by white sand originating from organismal debris, such as coral and foraminifera, and seagrass growing on these substrates. At the reef edge, delicately formed branching corals and foliaceous coral flourish. These two islands are less affected by wave action. Kolongan Beach does not have coral reefs due to river flow near the coast. The substrates are covered by sand and round scattered stones. Other than at Kolongan Beach, there are coral reefs. Substrates from moat to reef flat covered by sand with seagrass are found at Wori, Molas, Tasik Ria, and Kumu whereas just sand without seagrass is found at Amuran, and silt sedimentation is found at Malalayang, Buloh, and Mangatasih. At the reef edges of Wori, Molas, Malalayang, Buloh, Tasik Ria, and Kumu,
-Table 2. Species list of Echinoderms (Asteroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothuroidea) found in shallow Indonesian waters. The research was conducted from August. 1992 to November, 1993. The species marked with an asterisk was collected in the Banda Islands. Species with a question mark have been difficult to identify but probably belong to the indicated species.
Class Asteroidea 38. C%bocentrotus atratus
Order Paxillosida Family Parasaleniidae
Family Astropectinidae 39. Parosalenia grotiosa
1 A stropeeten polyaeanthus Order Holectypoida
Family Archasteridae Family Echinoneidae
2. A rchaster typicus 40. Echinoneus cyclostomus
Order Valvatida Order Clypeasteroida
Family Oreasteridae Family Clypeasteridae
3. Cu/eita navaeguineae 4l. C/ypeaster humi/us
4 Protorea~ternodosus Family Arachnoididae
5 Pentaeeraster hybridus? 42. A roehnoides placenta
6. Pentaeerosler regulus Family Laganidae
7. Penlaeeraster a/veo/atus? 43. Laganum /aganum
Family Ophidiasteridae 44. PeroneI/a /esueuri
8. Nardoa tubercu/ata Family Astriclypeidae
9. Linckia /aevigata 45 Echinoduseus tenuissim us
Family Goniasteridae Order Spatagoida
10. ]conaster /ongimanus Family Schizasteridae Order Spinulosida 46 Schizaster /ael/nosus
Family Echinasteridae Family Brissidae
Il. Echinaster luzonicus 47. B rissus latecarinatus
12. *Echinaster cal/osus 48. M etalia sptagus
Family Acanthasteridae 49. M etalia dicrana
13. A canthaster p/anie Family Spatangidae
Family Michrodiidae 50. M aretia planu/ata
] 4. Throm idia cala/ai Family Loveniidae
51 Lovenia e/ongata
Class Echinoidea 52. B reynia austrolsiae
Order Cidaroida
Family Cidaridae Class Holothuroidea
15. Eueidaris metu/aria Order Aspidochirotida 16. Prionocidaris baculosa Family Stichopidae 17. Phyl/aeanthus imperialis 53. Stichopus chlorontus
Order Diadematoida 54. Stiehopus horrens
Family diadematidae 55. Stichopus varigatus
18. A stropyga rodiata 56. Stichopus noclivagus?
19. Echinothrix calamaris 57. Stichopus sp. 20. Echinothrix diadema 58. A ctinopyga echinites
21. Diadem a setvsum 59 A ctinopyga mauritiana
22. Diadema savignyi 60. A ctinvpyga lecanoro
Order Arbacioida Family Holothuriidae
Family stomopneustidae 61 Holothuria leuscopi/ota
23. Stomopenustes variolaris 62. Holothuria (Halodeima) atro
Order Echinoida 63. H%thuria (Halodeima) edulis
Family Temnopleuridae 64. Holothuria (Tymiosycia) hil/a
24. M espilia globulus 65. Holothuria (Microthe/e) nobilis
25. Sa/macis sphaeroides? 66. Holothuria (Mel1ensiothuria) fuscocinero?
Family Toxopneustidae 67. Holothuria (Semperothuria) f1avomacu/ata?
26. Toxopneustes pileo/us 68. Holothuria fuscopunctata
27. Toxopneustes elegance 69. H%thuria (Teelethuria) turrieel/a
28. Tripneustes gratilla 70. B ohadschia argus
29. Pseudobo/etia indiana 71. Bohadsehia vitiensis
Family Echinometridae 72. B ohadsehia bivittata
30. Ecllinometrosp. A 73. B ohad-;chia groeffei
31. Echinometro sp. B 74. B ohadschiasp. 32. Echinometrosp. C 75. The/enota ananas
33. Echinometrosp. D Order Apodida
34. Echinostrephus aeieu/atus Family Synaptidea 35. Echinostrephus molaris 76. Synapta media
36. Hetroeentrotus mammillatus 77. Synapta maeu/ata
37. Hetrocentrotus trigonarius 78. Opheodesomasp.
-Table 3. Distribution of Echinoderm (Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) species in Indonesia. The letters in the table are abbreviations for the research sites (see Table 1 ).
Region
North UJung -- ----Pe1abUhan
Class Species Sulawesi Bal ikpapan Pandang Buton 1. Ambon 1. Kei Keci I Sorong Bial 1. Sumba 1. Komodo 1. Bali 1. Ratu Nias 1. Bintan 1. Seribu Is.
Astroidea A. polyacanthus \1:ai
A. typicus Mk Nts
P. nodosus Buk, Ku, Mk Nts 0, F, Wat, Bk, Ab lIkr NO
Mo, lI, Ng, Er,
Bit, SkI Lgs, !/ha,
C. na vaegu.ine8e Buk, Mal, SIo 80 lIat, Er, Pa ikr, Po ·~Sk Kotok
Ku, A, 11I0, \fha, Li W
P. hybridus? Fo
P. regulus Na
P. alveolatus'? P !!II
llili
No tuberculata Nts, BD Ng, Er, Pa IUo, Lda, Kotok ~
Lgs, Li Po D1'
L. laevige.ta Mal, Mgs, S10 Mk Nts, BD, 0, IVat, Kasuari Bk, Bok, Mol, Po GS Kotok l '
I A, Mo, KK, Wai Ng, Er, Cpo Ab, Arn, II
0'- Lkp Lgs, lIha, Pa -'.
I 1. longimanus LL
E. luzonicus Er Pa t:J
~
A. planic Buk Nts, BD Ng Bok, Ab, GS, Sf, Kot(~- I
Bk TO, Sk,
""
r. catt/lai Buk \'
Echinoidea E. metularia Pa Ad
P. baculosfl P Po
P. imperialis Mal Slo Sui BCp, BD Lgs, \Vha Bk
A. radiata TR Na, P, IVai
E. caJamaris Buk, Mal, SK Slo, Be, Sui, Ni BCp, P, lIat, Ng, Kasuari Bk, Bok, Wkr, R, NO, Lv GS, Sf, M, Mp Kotok
Bin, TR, LL Nts, BD Er, Lgs, Cpo Ab, Arn, Mrs, Po Go, TO,
Mgs, Mo, Wha, Li Pa Sk, Mo'
W, Lkp.
E diadema Mal, Ku, BCp, Nts Er Bk, Ab, R, Po NO GS, Sf,
A, Mo, KK, Ai'll, Pa Go, TO,
Lkp. Bit, Mo'
D. setosum Buk, Mal, ], SK Slo, BC, Sui, Mk, BCp, Na, F, IVat, Kasuari Bk, Bok, Wkr, Vlgp, Loh Liang NO, Lv, Ad UG GS, Sf, M, Bt, Mp, Kotok
TR, Mgs, LL Ni P, Nts, Ng, Er, Cpo Ab, Pa Lda, Po TO, Sk, Sb
Ku, A, W, Vlai Lgs, !/ha, Mo'
Lkp. Bi t, Li
D. savignyi Buk, Mal, LL, Sio SuI, Ni P, Nts, Ng, Er, Bk, Bok, Po Loh Liang NO, Ad GS, Go,
TR, B10, BD, Vlai 'l'ha, Li Ab, Pa Sk, Mo'
KK, Ku,
Lkp, Mgs,
Table 3. (continued)
s. variolaris lIal, Blo, Kasuari Bok, Am, R, llrs, Po Loh Liang NO C, KA
A Cpo Pa
N. globulus Slo SuI BCp, P, F, Lgs Bk, Ab, Pa Po Loh Liang ND Kotok
Nts, 'IIai
S. sphczeroides? P F, Ng, 'Nkr, Po Loh Liang
Lgs, iha
T. pileolus Buk Slo Nts 'IIha Bok Po NO TD
T. elegance Po NO
. _ - _ .
T. gratilla Buk, Mal, SK Slo, LL SuI, Ni Na, P, Ng, Er, Kasuari Ab Wkr, Mrs, Loh Liang ND Sf, Fa,
-'.
TR, K", Nts, BD, Lgs, i'ha, Cpo Po TO, Sk
,.
Mo, KK, iai Li 'T.
P. indiana Slo Po NO -)l.
EchinOf1letr" sp. A Buk, Mal, Slo BS, Su I, BCp, Nts, 0, Er, Bk, Bok, ikr, Po Loh Liang NO, Lv, Ad UG Kotok
"
Blo, A, W, Ni 80 Lgs, Wha, Ab, Pa '-J
SkI Li l¥
EchinOl1le tra sp. B SuI Na 0, Ng, Er, 'Nkr, R, NO, K, Ad UG GS, Sf, Kotok if
~
'llha Mrs, po TO, Sk, (;
Echinometra sp. C Buk, Mal, Kp, Slo BB, SuI, BCp, Na, 0, Watt Kasuari Bk, Bok, MIa, Wkr, Loh I..iang NO, K. Lv, ;:;t
Blo, Mgs, Ilk, Ni Nts, BD Ng, Er, Cpo Ab, Arn, 'IIgp, Lda, Ad -+
Ku, A, VI, 'llha, Li Pa R, Po ~
KK, Lkp, ::;
I
Tko )Qr-...I Echinometr.o sp. D Kasuari Arn R, Po NO, K KT, KA GS, Go, ~
I E. acicul;;M---· Slo Cpo Po Loh Liang ND, K !J2...2L ~it!;
~
E. molan's Buk, Blo, Kp, Slo Ni Na, Nts, 0, Er, Bk, Bok, R, Po Lv, Ad C, KA GS, Go, Kotok --rC'
~~Mo 80 Wha. Li Ab, Pa ~Mo' "i!
H. maJIVl/i11a tus Mal, TR, Na, Nts, 0, Er, Wha Bk, Bok, Po Lv l\l!\
Mgs, A 8D Ab, Arn, H. trigonarius Am Po DG, Kl, KA GS, Sk V II C. atratus KT, KA Sk l\l!\ P. gratios.. SuI '+ E. cyclostomus Po <1 U
C. humilus iai IIi!\
A. placent.. Ilk Ng igp
L. lagafJum T Mk iai F, 'IIat, Kasuari Wkr, Kpd, Loh Liang NO Fa, Go M, Lgi Kotok
Lgs, i'ha Co. Po
P. lesueuri Mgr Mk
E. tenuissimus Kol Mgr
S. lacunosus SuI Go
B. latecarinatus SK
N. sptagus Ku SuI Nts, '1ai 'IIat, Ng ikr
N. dicrana Kol Nts, BD 'llha
N. planulata Kol SuI
L. elongata Kol
Table 3. (continued)
North Ujung
Class Species Sulawesl_Ballkp"Jlan_ Pandang Buton 1. Ambon 1. Kei Keeil Sorong
Region
Biak 1. Sumba 1. Komodo 1. BallI.
P"l"buhan
Rat.u Nias 1. Bintan I. Seribu Is.
Kotok Kotok Kotok M, Bt Mo' Sf, TO, Sk - - - _ . Sui N t s L g ; A b -Nts ---wha Nts 0, F, Lgs~uari----sk, Ab, Cpo Arn
Mk Nts, BO Wat, Er, Kasuari Bok, Ab,
Wha Cn. Arn Nts, BO, Wat, Lgs ~:ai Lgs Na Wat N~---- N~---- N~---- N~---- N~---- L g s \\'al Nts, BO Bk, Bok Nts Ng, Il'ha Kasuari Cp, Nls, BU Ab Bok -Nts F, Ng Kasuari Ab Mlo, Po Cpo Nts LL Be Sio Sio Slo, LL KK, Lkp A, Mo. KK, Lko S. IDBculaliJ T. ananas Opheodesom.' sp. S. media B. graeffei Bohadschia sp. B. bivittala H. (T.) hilla H. (1rI.) nobilis H. (H.) edulis H. (8.)atra H. (jf.) fuscoc inera? H. (S.) fl"vomaculata'? H. fuscopunetata -H. iT.) turricella' Kp T"'argus Mgs Sio B. argus? Holothuroldea S. chlorontus Lkp N.:.:t:.::s~ ~ _ S. borrens? Sio S. horrens . _ S. varigatus Lgs S. varigatus? Wat S. noctivaglls? Be Stichopus .s~p:.:.. _ A. echini t.,s T~~iti,-;;;;;---A. lecl/nora H. leuscopflota KK I Slo B. vitiensis I 00
I
where the wave condition was very calm, delicate corals, branching or foliaceous, grow whereas relatively strong wave action at Mangatasih and Amurang condition the formation of stronger coral.
In Likupang, research was done at a patch reef appearing at low tide, being located about 500 meters away from land. A moat is formed inside the reef, the substrates being mainly sand and scattered debris of coral. Seagrass grows on the substrates while coral grows from the reef edge to the reef slope. And the sea is very calm. The Tangkoko coast is formed by rocks, and there is strong wave action. Sedimentation of earth and sand is not found in the intertidal zone. Coral, seagrass or seaweed are also not found. On the rock substrate, there are many pits inhabited by Echinometra.
Bitung faces the strait between the main island and Lembeh Island. The sea condition is very calm with no coral formation. The substrates are composed mainly of sand, and branching coral, genus
Acropora, is distributed in patches. The coasts of Korakora (Tondano) and Sangkeles are bordered by fringing reefs. The substrates from moat to reef flat are covered by sand, and seagrass flourishes on it. On the reef edge, live coral is found at Sangleles but not at Korakora. Wave action is comparatively strong along the Korakora coast, but the sea is calm along the Sangkeles coast where silt sedimentation is found.
In the class Asteroidea, 5 species belonging to 5 genera and 4 families were found. Four species (the order of site abundance being: P. nodosus, L. laevigata, C. navaeguineae, A. planic) were found in more than five regions, with the remaining species, T. catalai, being found only at Buanken Island.
In the class Echinoidea, 18 species belonging to 12 genera and 9 families were found. Fourteen species (the order of site abundance being: E. calamaris, Echinometra sp. C, D. setosum, D. savignyi, T.
gratilla, E. diadema, Echinometra sp. A, H. mammillatus, E. molaris, S. variolaris, T. pileolus, P. imperalis,
M. sptagus, and M. dicrana) were found in more than two regions. Three species, A. radiata, E.
tenuissimus.. and M. planulata, of the remaining four were found in at least two regions, with the
remaining species, L. elongata, being found in this region only.
In the class Holothuroidea, 5 species belonging to 4 genera and 3 families were found. All of the species (the order of site abundance being: H. (H.) atra, S. maculata, S. chlorontus, H. leuscopilota, and B. arugus) were found in more than two regions.
2 Balikpapan
Balikpapan is situated on the southwestern coast of Kalimantan Island facing the Makassar Strait. Four sites, Jumalai Cape, Stal KUda, Teritip, and Manggar, were researched. In all of the sites, seawater visibility is very low, and waves are very small. Silt sedimentation is found, and a few corals grow there. Fringing reefs are formed at ]umalai Cape, whose substrates are covered by coral debris. On the other hand, reef formation is not found at Stal Kuda, Teritip, and Manggar. The intertidal substrates at StaI Kuda consist of rock; and at Teritip and Manggar, they consist of sand.
In the class Echinoidea, 7 species belonging to 7 genera and 6 families were found. Four species (the order of site abundance being: D. setosum, E. calamaris, T. gratilla, and L. laganum) were very
common; they were found in more than ten regions, but two species, E. tenuissimus and P. lesueuri,
were found in two regions only. The remaining one, B. latecarinatus, was found only in this region. In the class Holothuroidea, only one species, H. leuscopilota, was found. This species was found in more than nine regions. No species of the class Asteroidea was found.
3 Ujung Pandang
Ujung Pandang is located near the southern end of Sulawesi Island. Because the sea around Ujung Pandang is very muddy and no coral reefs have developed, research was done in shallow water (i.e., about 30 meters deep) west of Ujung Pandang. In this shallow water area, many small islands are distributed. From those islands, Samalona Island, Barrang Caddi Island, Lum Lum, and Kapoposang Island were selected as research sites.
All of these islands are encircled by fringing reefs. The substrates from moat to reef flat are
-mainly sand, and seagrass grows at Kapoposang Island but not at the other islands. At the reef edge, delicate formations of branching and foliaceous corals inhabit the water around Samalona Island,
Barrang Caddi Island, and especially Lum Lum. The corals growing at the reef edge of Kapoposang
Island are robust formations. Kapoposang Island is located about 60 kilometers to the west of Ujung
Pandang, the most remote island among the four small islands and forms the border between shallow
and deep water. There is a greater flow of sea water around this island than around the other three
islands. The sea water visibility is comparatively high, and silt sedimentation is not found. Wave
conditions are calm around all of these islands.
In the class Asteroidea, 3 species belonging to 3 genera and 3 families were found. Two of the
species, L. laevigata and C. navaeguineae, were very common species, found in more than eight regions, but the remaining species, I. longimanus, was found in this region only.
In the class Echinoidea, 12 species belonging to 9 genera and 4 families were found. All of these species (the order of site abundance being; D. setosum, E. calamaris, T. gratilla, Echinometra sp. C, D. savignyi, E. molaris, Echinometra sp. A, P. imperalis, T. pileolus, M. globulus, P. indiana, and E. aciculatus)
were found in more than two regions.
In the class Holothuroidea, 10 species belonging to 4 genera and 3 families were found. Five of
the species, H (H) atra, H leuscopilota, H (H) edulis, S. maculata, and B. argus, were found in more
than three regions. Among the remaining five species, one species, B. Ffraeffei, was found here and at Ambon Island while the other four species, S. horrens ?, S. noctivagus ?, H. (T.) turricella, and S. media
were found in this region only.
4 Buton Island
Buton Island is located at the southeastern end of Sulawesi Island. On Buton Island, four sites,
Bau Bau, Sulaa, Makassar Island, and Nirwana Beach, were researched. These sites are situated along
the southern coast of the island.
The substrates on Sulaa and Makassar Island, which is in the Buton Strait, consist of sand with
seagrass and scattered patch reefs. The substrates at Nirwana Beach also consist of sand but without
seagrass and scattered patch reefs. On both sides of Nirwana Beach, which is curved like a small bay,
fringing reefs have developed. The reef is not developed along the Bau Bau coast. The substrates
along this coast are composed of rocks and many small pits with Echinometra lying about. At all four
sites, the water is very clear, and the wave conditions calm.
In the class Asteroidea, 3 species belonging to 3 genera and 3 families were found. Two of the
species, L. laevigata and P. nodosus, were very common, being found in more than six regions while the
remaining species, A. tYPicus, was found only here and at Ambon Island.
In the class Echinoidea, 17 species belonging to 14 genera and 11 families were found. Thirteen
species (the order of site abundance being: Echinometra sp. C, Echinometra sp. A, D. setosum, T.
gratilla, E. calamaris, D. savignyi, P. imperalis. E. molaris, Echinometra sp. B, A. placenta M sptagus, M. globulus, and L. laganum) were found in more than two regions. Among the remaining four species.
three (P. lesueuri. M. planulata, and S. lacunosus) were found in two regions while the last species, P.
gratiosa, was found in this region only.
In the class Holothuroidea, just one species, H (H.) atra, was found. This species was very
common, being distributed in nine regions.
5 Ambon Island
Ambon Island is located in the middle of the Banda Sea. In this region, six sites were researched. The sites facing Ambon Bay were Batu Capeu and Poka. which is located in the innermost recess of
the bay. The sites located along the southern coast were Namalatu Beach, at the western end of
Leitimur Cape, and Natsepa Beach, facing Bagula Bay. And, finally, the sites located along the western coast were Whaihuru Beach and Batu Dua.
-10-Fringing reefs are found at Namalatu Beach and Batu Dua. The reefs at Namalatu Beach are rocky, and no moat has developed. On the other hand, the substrates on the shore of Batu Dua consist of beach rock, and beyond the beach rock, a moat has developed. The moat substrates consist of sand with seagrass. The substrates at Poka and Whaihuru Beach consist of sand only. Seagrass flourishes on the substrates at Whaihuru Beach but not at Poka. The substrates at Natsepa Beach consist of sand with seagrass, and patch reefs scattered offshore. The substrates at Batu Capeu coast consist of rock, and beyond the rock, the substrate changes to sand where it becomes abruptly deep. The sites at Poka and Batu Capeu face the bay, and sea water visibility is low. Especially at Poka, due to its location within the innermost recess of Ambon Bay, the circulation of water is limited. At the other sites facing the open sea, sea water visibility is high. The wave action at all these sites is calm.
In the class Asteroidea, 9 species belonging to 8 genera and 3 families were found. Five of the species (the order of site abundance of being:L. laevigata, A. planic, N. tuberculata, C. navaeguineae, and P. nodosus) were found in more than four regions. Among the remaining four species, A. typicus was
found at Buton Island and this region, with the remaining three species (A. polyacanthus, P. regulus,
and P. alveolatus ?) being found in this region only.
In the class Echinoidea, 20 species belonging to 15 genera and 7 families were found. Seventeen of the species (the order of site abundance being: D. setosum, T. gratilla, Echinometra sp. C, E. calamaris, D. savignyi, M. globulus, Echinometra sp. A, E. molaris, H. mammillatus, P. imperalis, M. sptagus, E. diadema, M dicrana, L. laganum, Echinometra sp. B, T. pileolus, and S. sphaeroides ?) were found in more than two regions. Among the remaining three species, two, A. radiata and P. baculosa, were found in
two regions and one species, C. humilus, was found in this region only.
In the class Holothuroidea, 14 species (one species being identified to genus level) belonging to
6 genera and 3 families were found. Eight of the species (the order of site abundance being: H. (H.)
edulis, H. (H.) atra, B. argus, S. maculata. H. leuscopilota. S. chlorontus. A. echinites. and H. (M.) fuscocinera ?) were found in more than two regions. Among the remaining six species, three species
(A. mauritiana, H. (M.) nobilis. and B. graeffeil were found in two regions whereas the other three
species (H. fuscopunctata. B. vitiensis, and Opheodesoma sp.) were found in this region only.
6 Kei Kecil
Kei Kecil is a group of islands belonging to the Kei Islands located in the eastern part of the Banda Sea. Research was conducted at eight sites: at Ohilitir, at the western end of Nuhu Efruan Island; at Ngilgof and Leinangas, along the west coast of the island; and at Elar, at the southern end of the island. Research was done at the western shore of Fair Island located in the strait between Dulah Island and Nuhu Efruan Island. On Duhal Island, research was done at Watran on the eastern shore of the island. The remaining two sites researched were at Woha Island and Liek Island, which are small islands located west of Nuhu Efruan Island.
Fringing reefs are developed at Watran and Liek Island, but the reefs are formed differently at the two sites. At Watran, the substrate is changing to rock, sand, sand with seagrass, and live coral growing from shore to offshore. But at Liek Island, all of the reefs are covered by coral debris. Scattered patchy coral communities are found at Ohilitir, Ngilgof, Elar, Leinanagas, and Woha Island. The substrates of these sites consist mainly of sand and seagrass. At Fair, all of the substrates are sand with seagrass, but no corals are found. The wave condition in all of these sites is very calm, and the sea water visibility is not good. Except for Leik Island, the shallow water extends for a considerable distance offshore.
In the class Asteroidea, 6 species belonging to 6 genera and 4 families were found. Five of the species (the order of site abundance being: L. laevigata, P. nodosus, N. tuberculata, C. navaeguineae, and A. planic) were found in at least five regions with the remaining species, E. luzonicus, being found in
this region only.
In the class Echinoidea, 18 species belonging to 13 genera and 8 families were found. All of these
-species (the order of site abundance being: D. setosum, Echinometra sp. C, E. calamaris, T. gratilla, Echinometra sp. A, D. savignyi, E. molaris, L. laganum, Echinometra sp. B, S. sphaeroides ?, H.
mammillatus, M. globulus, P imperalis, M. sptagus, E. diadema, M. dicrana, T. pileolus, and A. placenta)
were found in at least three regions.
In the class Holothuriodea, 11 species belonging to 5 genera and 5 families were found. Six of the species (the order of site abundance being: H. (H.) atra, H. leuscopilota, H. (H.) edulis, S. maculata, B. bivittata, and A. echinites) were found in at least four regions. Two (H. (M.) nobilis and H. (T.) hilla)
of the remaining five species were found in two regions while the remaining species, S. varigatus, S.
varigatus ?, A. lecanora, and H. (S.) flavomaculata ?, were found in this region only.
7 Sorong
Sorong is located at the western end of Irian ]aya. At Sorong, research was done at Kasuari Cape
only. Fringing reefs are developed. The substrates from moat to reef flat are mainly covered by sand
with seagrass; and near the reef edge, seaweed grows on the rock substrate. Living corals are not
found. The reef edge is not accessible because of the strong wave action.
In the class Asteroidea, 2 species belonging to 2 genera and 2 families were found. These species (L. laevigata and C. navaeguineae) were very common, being found in more than seven regions.
In the class Echinoidea, 7 species belonging to 6 genera and 5 families were found. All of these species (the order of site abundance being: D. setosum, E. calamaris, T. gratilla, L. laganum, Echinometra
sp. C, S. variolaris, and Echinometra sp. D) were found in more than five regions.
In the class Holothuroidea, 4 species belonging to 3 genera and 2 families were found. All of
these species (the order of site abundance being: H. (H.) atra, H. leuscopilota, S. maculata, and B.
bivittata) were found in more than three regions.
8 Biak Island
Biak Island is located at the mouth of the Cendderawasih Gulf in the north of Irian ]aya. At Biak Island Biak, Ambroben, Parai, and Bosnik Beach, situated on the south coast, and Arunam, situated on the northeast coast of the island, were researched.
Fringing reefs are found at Parai and Arunamu, but live corals are not growing there. At the
other sites, live corals are not found either. This is probably the effect of low salinity due to a fresh water spring near the sea shore. The substrates from moat to reef flat and the substrates at Ambroben consist of sand with seagrass. However, the substrates at the other sites are comprised of rocks. The wave condition on the southern coast sites (i.e., Biak, Ambroben, Parai, and Bosnik Beach) is very calm, but on the northeastern coast site, Arunam, strong waves constantly break on shore.
In the class Asteroidea, 6 species belonging to 6 genera and 4 families were found. Five of these species (L. laevigata, A. planic, P nodosus, N. tuberculata, and C. navaeguineae) were found in at least five regions with the remaining species, E. luzonicus, being found in two regions, Kie Kecil and this region.
In the class Echinoidea, 16 species belonging to 11 genera and 6 families were found. Fifteen of
the species (the order of site abundance being: H. mammillatus, Echinometra sp. C, E. diadema, E.
calamaris, E. molaris, Echinometra sp. A, D. setosum, D. savignyi, S. variolaris, M. globulus, T. gratilla, T.
pileolus, P imperalis, H. trigonarius, and Echinometra sp. D) were found in more than three regions whereas the remaining species, E. metularia, is found at Bali Island and this region.
In the class Holothuroidea, 7 species (one species being identified to genus level) belonging to 5
genera and 3 families were found. Five of the species (the order of site abundance being: H.
leuscopilota, H. (H.) atra, T. ananas, S. maculata, and A. echinites) were found in more than three
regions while the remaining two species (the order of site abundance being: B. argus and Bohadschia
sp.) were found in this region only.
-9 Sumba Island
Sumba Island is one of the islands in the Lesser Sunda chain. The island is located in the middle of the island chain. Research was conducted at eight sites on the island. The sites located in the northeast of the island were at Kapundok. Londalima, Waingapu, Walokiri, and Melolo. The sites located along the south coast facing the Indian Ocean were at Marossi, Rua, and Pero (on the west end of the island).
All sites on the northeast coast of the island are shallow to far offshore. The substrates of these sites consist of sand with seagrass; silt sedimentation is also found. The sea water visibility is low. Live coral is scarcely found. The wave condition is very calm. At Kapundok, fringing reefs are formed, and coal debris is found. At the sea shore on Waingapu, some mangroves are growing. At Londalima, fringing reefs are developed, and many species of coral are found. The substrates from moat to reef flat consist mainly of sand, but seagrass also grows. The sea water visibility is good compared to the other sites. The wave condition is calm, the same as the other sites.
Fringing reefs are developed at Marossi, Rua, and Pero. The substrates at Marossi consist mainly of clay, but seagrass grows there too. The reefs are very wide, and the moat is well developed. The water visibility in the moat is low. At Rua, the reefs are narrow and the moat is not developed. The substrates are composed of rocks with some corals growing on it. At Pero, the moat is well developed, and it is possible to swim in if at low tide because wave intrusion is prevented at the reef edge. The substrates near the shore consist of sand, but in the moat and reef flats, the substrate is composed of soft lime stone. Seagrass or seaweed are not found, but the intricately structured lime stone makes good refuge for animals. Sea water visibility in the moat is very good due to the constant circulation of sea water. There are large waves at these three sites.
In the class Asteroidea, 4 species belonging to 4 genera and 2 families were found. All of these species (the order of site abundance being: N. tuberculata, L. laevigata, C. navaeguineae, and P nodosus)
were found in at least five regions.
In the class Echinoidea, 24 species belonging to 16 genera and 10 families were found. This was the most species recorded in all of the regions. Twenty·one species (the order of site abundance being:
Echinometra sp. C, E. calamaris, Echinometra sp. B, D. setosum, T. gratilla, L. laganum, S. variolaris, S. sphaeroides ?, E. diadema, E. molaris, Echinometra sp. D, Echinometra sp. A, T. pileolus, P. indiana, M. sptagus, M. globulus, H. trigonarius, H. mammillatus, E. aciculatus, D. savignyi, and A. placenta) were
found in at least three regions. Two species, T. elegance (Fig. 2) and P baculosa, of the remaining
three were found in two regions. And the last species, E. cyclostomus, was found in this region only.
In the class Holothuroidea, just one species, S. maculata, was found. This species was found in eight regions other than this region.
10 Komodo Island
Komodo Island is located in the middle of the Lesser Sunda. Only one site, the shore in front of KSDA, the conservation department, at Loh Liang, was researched on the island. The shore faces the bay where the waves are very calm, and the water remains shallow far off from shore. Fringing reefs are formed, and the substrates from moat to reef flat are mainly sand with seagrass and silt sedimentation. Debris from the corals is accumulated near the reef edge. At the reef edge itself, stony corals are scarcely found; instead soft corals flourish there. The waves are very calm, and sea water visibility is low.
In the class Echinoidea, 11 species belonging to 9 genera and 7 families were found. Ten species
(T. gratilla, S. variolaris, S. sphaeroides ?, M. globulus, E. aciculatus, Echinometra sp. C, Echinometra sp.
A, D. setosum, D. savignyi, and L. laganum) were found in more than three regions, but the remaining
species, B. australsia, was found in this region only. Species of the classes Asteroidea and Holothuroidea were not found.
-11 Bali Island
Bali Island is located on the border between the Greater Sunda and the Lesser Sunda. On this island, four sites were selected for research. On the north coast facing the sea, research was done at Lovina Beach. On the east coast facing the Lombok Strait, research was carried out at Amed. And on the south coast, research was conducted at Kuta Beach (facing the Indian Ocean) and at Nusa Dua (east of Badung Peninsula).
Fringing reefs are formed at Nusa Dua and Amed, but the reef formations differ. At Amed, there is no moat. And the substrates change from sand without seagrass or seaweed near shore, to live coral areas on the reef edge in the offshore areas. At Nusa Dua, a moat about two meters deep is formed at low tide with the substrates consisting mainly of sand and seagrass. Moreover, corals grow on rocks scattered in the moat. The water circulation within the moat is constant, which makes for high visibility in the moat. The substrates from reef flat to reef edge are composed of rocks, which are completely visible at low tide. Wave action is very strong at the reef edge at Nusa Dua, but it is calm at Amed. At Lovina and Kuta beaches, patchy coral communities lie scattered on the sand substrate. Seagrass grows on the sand substrates at Kuta Beach, but not at Lovina Beach, which faces a shallow and calm sea where visibility is very poor. Silt sedimentation is also found in this region. On the other hand, at Kuta Beach, the waves are very strong, stirring up sand resulting in poor sea water visibility.
In the class Echinoidea, 19 species belonging to 12 genera and 7 families were found. The seventeen species (the order of site abundance being: Echinometra sp. C, Echinometra sp. B,
Echinometra sp. A, D. setosum, E. calamaris, E. molaris, E. aciculatus, Echinometra sp. D, D. savignyi, T.
gratilla, T. pileolus, S. variolaris, P. indiana, M. globulus. L. laganum, H. mammillatus, and E. diadema)
were found in at least three regions. The remaining two species, T. elegance (Fig. 2) and E. metularia,
were found in two regions only.
In the classes Asteroidea and Holothuroidea, only P. nodosus and H. (H.) atra were found. These two species were common species.
12 Pelabuhan Ratu
Pelabuhan Ratu is a bay located near the west end of Java Island and faces the Indian Ocean. Four sites were selected for research. Ujung Genteng is at the south end of the bay, and Karan Aung, Cikambang, and Karang Traje are located in the innermost part of the bay.
At Ujung Genteng, fringing reefs are formed, and large waves break at the reef edge. The water depth from moat to reef flat is very shallow. The substrates in these areas are comprised mainly of sand with a little seagrass growing here and there. Coral reefs are not developed at Karang Aung, Cikambang, and Karang Traje. At Karang Aung, the substrates consist of rocks and very large waves constantly break at the shore. At Cikambang, the waves are not so big as at Karang Aung, and sea water visibility is very low. At Karang Traje, the sea shore is composed of rock, and at the end of the reef to offshore areas, very big waves are constantly breaking.
In the class Echinoidea, 8 species belonging to 6 genera and 3 families were found. All of these species (the order of site abundance being: H. trigonarius, S. variolaris, E. molaris, Echinometra sp. D, C.
atratus, Echinometra sp. B, Echinometra sp. A, and D. setosum) were found in more than three regions.
Species of the classes Asteroidea and Holothuroidea were not found.
13 Nias Island
Nias Island belongs to the island chain lying to the southwest of Sumatra Island. On Nias Island, research sites were located at Sifahandro Beach at the tip of the northwestern part of the island; Garno, Gunung Sitoli, and Fowa Beach along the northeastern coast of the island; Teluk Dalam and Sorake Beach at the southeastern tip of the island; and Mo'ale Beach in the southwest of the island.
Fringing reefs are developed at Teluk Dalam, Sorake Beach, and Mo'ale Beach. The substrates at
-Teluk Dalam consist of sand with seagrass while the substrates at Sorake Beach and Mo'ale Beach are comprised of mainly rock. Seaweed is growing at Sorake Beach, but neither seagrass nor seaweed are found at Mo'ale Beach. Coral grows at the reef edge of Teluk Dalam and Mo'ale Beach; but at the reef edge of Sorake Beach, coral is scarce. The reef edges at Mo'ale and Sorake beaches are exposed to very big waves. However, at Teluk Dalam, facing the bay, waves are comparatively small.
Coral reefs are not developed at Sifahandro Beach, Garno, Gunung Sitoli, and Fowa Beach. The substrates at Sifahandro Beach are rocks; but at the other sites, the substrates consist of mainly sand with seagrass. At every site, live coral is scarce and wave conditions are clam. Sea water visibility near Gunung Sitoli is low due to the river flowing into the sea near the site.
In the class Asteroidea, 4 species belonging to 4 genera and 3 families were found. Three species
(A. planic, C. navaeguineae, andL. laevigata) were found in more than five regions while the remaining
species, P. hybridus ?, was found in this region only.
In the class Echinoidea, 13 species belonging to 10 genera and 5 families were found. Eleven species (the order of site abundance being: E. calamaris, E. diadema, Echinometra sp. B, D. setosum, T.
gratilla, E. molaris, Echinometra sp. D, D. savignyi, L. laganum, H trigonarius, and T. pileolus) were
found in more than three regions while the remaining two species, C. atratus and S. lacunosus, were
found in two regions only.
In the class of Holothuroidea, 8 species (species with a question mark not being counted) belonging to 5 genera and 3 families were found. Seven species (the order of site abundance being:
H leuscopilota, S. maculata, H (H) atra, S. horrens, H (M.) fuscocinera ?, B. bivittata, and A. echinites)
were found in more than two regions with the remaining species,A. mauritiana, being found at Ambon
Island and in this region.
14 Bintan Island
Bintan Island is located off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula in the southern part of the South China Sea. Six research sites were selected around the island. On the west coast of the island, Malaugrapat located at the north of Torikora Beach was researched. At the north end of the island, Brakit Cape was researched whereas, on the north coast, Lagoi and Sambang Cape became the research sites. Soreh Island located in the Riau Strait off Tanjung Pinang was also researched. And, finally, Mapur Island off the east coast of the island was researched.
Fringing reefs are developed at Sambang Cape, Soreh Island, and Mapur Island. All these sites are shallow far off from shore where substrates from moat to reef flat consist mainly of sand with seagrass. Coral grows at the reef edges, but the number of species and live coral coverage are limited due to the low visibility of the sea water. As for the other sites, coral reefs are not developed, and seagrass grows in the shallow-water sand substrate among scattered patchy coral communities. At Lagoi, live corals are not found. The waves are very clam, and the sea water visibility is low at all sites around Bintan Island.
In the class Echinoidea, 3 species belonging to 3 genera and 2 families were found. All of these species (the order of site abundance being: D. setosum, E. calamaris, and L. laganum) were found in
more than 10 regions.
In the class Holothuroidea, 6 species belonging to 2 genera and 2 families were found. Five species (the order of site abundance being: H leuscopilota, S. horrens, H (H) edulis, H (M.) fuscocinera?, and H (H) atra) were found in at least three regions while the remaining species, H (T.)
hilla, was found both in Kei Kecil and this region. Species of the class Asteroidea were not found.
15 Seribu Islands
The Seribu Islands are located off Jakarta in the Java Sea. Kotok Besar was selected as the research site in these islands. It is located about twenty kilometers from the Javanese mainland.
Around Kotok Besar, fringing reefs are developed. Almost all the substrates from moat to reef
-tlfjiH1illi .-t.::. -( .D . ;; - 1: /
flat are sand with flourishing seagrass. At the reef edge, coral is abundant with sea water visibility being comparatively good. The waves are very calm.
In the class Asteroidea, 4 species belonging to 4 genera and 3 families were found. All these species (N. tuberculata, L. laevigata, C. navaeguineae, and A. planic) were found in more than four
regions.
In the class Echinoidea, 7 species belonging to 6 genera and 4 families were found. All these species (M. globulus, E. calamaris, E. molaris, Echinometra sp. A, Echinometra sp. B, D. setosum, and L.
laganum) were found in more than seven regions.
In the class Holothuroidea, 8 species belonging to 4 genera and 3 families were found. All these species (S. maculata, S. horrens, S. chlorontus, H. leuscopilota, H. (M.) juscocinera ?, H. (H.) edulis, H. (H.) atra, and B. bivittata) were found in at least three regions.
Discussion
Observed species
Clark and Rowe (1971) made a faunal list of the Indo-West Pacific shallow-water (Le., shore line to twenty meters deep) Echinoderm in sixteen areas, based on the published literature. One of these areas, the East Indies, covers an extensive area from the Malay Peninsula to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The data of Clark and Rowe (1971) showed that the East Indies is inhabited by the most abundant shallow-water Echinoderms in the Indo-West Pacific. The classes Crinoidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea have the most abundant fauna. The Echinoidea fauna are composed of 84 species belonging to 44 genera and 21 families; and the Holothuroidea fauna are composed of 142 species belonging to 51 genera and 11 families. The class Asteroidea has the second most abundant fauna with 108 species belonging to 40 genera and 14 families.
In the class Asteroidea, 14 species belonging to 12 genera and 8 families were found, 16.1 % of the number of species described by Clark and Rowe (1971). Among these species, P. hybridus and T catalai were not yet described for the East Indies. P. hybridus has been described for the South Pacific
islands only (Clark & Rowe, 1971). T catalai is not on their list, but it is distributed in the Bonin
islands, the Okinawa islands, the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Hawaii, and New Caledonia (Colin & Arneson, 1995; Gosliner et at., 1996).
In the class Echinoidea, 38 species belonging to 29 genera and 16 families were found, 45.2% of the number of species described by Clark and Rowe (1971). Among these species, four (T elegance,
£. aciculatus, S. latecarinatus, and B. australsia) were not described for the East Indies. E. aciculatus and S. latecarinatus have been described for five areas in the Indo-West Pacific, but B. australsia was
described for northern Australia only. T elegance (Fig. 2) was not listed, but it has been found in
Kyusyu (Mortensen, 1943; Shigei, 1981) and Okinawa, in southern Japan. In the present study, this species was very rare with only two individuals being found at Pero, Sumba Island, and at Nusa Dua, Bali Island, respectively.
Echinometra spp. A, B, C, and D have recently been classified as four different species based on spine color, the spicules in the gonads and tubefeet, and cross-fertilization experiments (Tsuchiya &
Nishihira, 1984; Uehara, 1990). Later, a biochemical study showed these four species to be very closely related (Mastuoka & Hatanaka, 1991). Arakaki and Uehara (1995) reported characteristics and distribution of these four species in Indonesia. One sample collected at Si1aden Island, North Sulawesi, is still being processed for identification (Fig. 2). This particular sea urchin is difficult to identify even at genus level (Shigei, personal communication).
In the class Holothuroidea were found 26 species (three specimens at genus level identification) belonging to 6 genera, and 3 families were found equaling 16.8% of the number of species described by Clark and Rowe (1971). Among these species, four (S. noctivagus, H. (T) turricella, B. bivittata, and
-Fig. 2. Sea urchin photographs. 1, Hetrocentrotus trigonarius with slender spines; 2, H. trigonarius with club-shaped spines; 3, Toxopneustes elegance from aboral view; 4, 1. elegance from oral view; 5, unidentified species from aboral view; 6, unidentified species from oral view. Scale is 5 em.
S. media) had not yet been described for the East Indies (Clark & Rowe, 1971). B. bivittata was
described for three areas, the South China Sea, the Philippine islands, and the South Pacific islands, but the other three species did not appear on their list. S. noctivagus and S. media have been described for
the Philippine islands, Papua New Guinea, and New Caledonia (Colin & Arneson, 1995; Gosliner et aI., 1996).
-17-I I
~
I I I I I 1 5 6 3 8 9 11 4 10 12 13 15 2 14 7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Similarity 0.8 0.9 1.0Fig. 3. Tree diagram for fifteen regions based on Echinoidea fauna similarities. The tree was drawn up using unweighted pair-group average methods, based on Sorensen's coefficient (CC=2c/(s1 +s2), c: number of species in common to both communities; s1 and s2: number of species in communities 1 and 2. The figures indicate regions as follows: 1, North Sulawasi; 2, Balikpapan; 3, Ujung Pandang; 4, Buton Island; 5, Ambon Island; 6, Kei Kecil; 7, Sorong; 8, Biak Island; 9, Sumba Island; 10, Komodo Island; 11, Bali Island; 12, Pelabuhan Ratu; 13, Nias Island; 14, Bintan Island; 15, Seribu Islands.
Grouping of the regions
The number of species of the classes Asteroidea and Holothuroidea found in the present study is 16.1 % and 16.8%, respectively, of the number of species described by Clark and Rowe (1971), for the East Indies. However, in the class Echinoidea, the number of species described in the present study equals 45.2% of the number of species described by Clark and Rowe (1971) for the East Indies. Thus, based on the observed species of the class Echinoidea in each region, a cluster analysis was conducted (Fig. 3).
At the 0.5 similarity level, three subgroups are recognized. The first subgroup includes regions 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, la, and 11; the second subgroup includes regions 12, 13, and 15 while the third subgroup encompasses regions 2, 7, and 14.
The first subgroup contains the regions located to the east of Bali Island, except Sorong (region
7). It is possible to recognize four further divisions even within the first subgroup. One of the divisions consists of regions I, 5, and, 6. Region 1 (North Sulawesi) faces the Sualawesi Sea and the Maluku Sea, with region 5 (Ambon Island) and region 6 (Kei Keci!) being located in the Banda Sea. These regions have good coral reef development, and the condition of the sea is very clam. Ambon Island and Kei Kecil are located in the Banda Sea and are in close proximity, which makes for the greatest similarity within the division, about 0.9. Another division consists of regions 3, 8, 9, and 11. These regions are located so as to be affected by strong wave action, except region 3 (Ujung Pandang). Regions 9 (Sumba Island) and 11 (Bali Island) face the Indian Ocean on the south coast, are in close proximity, and exhibit similar reef formations making the greatest similarity for the division, about 0.75. Region 4 (Buton Island) and region 10 (Komodo Island) each make a division.
In the second subgroup, region. 12 (Pelabuahan Ratu) and region 13 (Nias Island) face the Indian Ocean and are affected by strong wave activity. On the other hand, region 15 (the Seribu islands) is located in the Java Sea where wave conditions are very calm, and the formation of reefs is different
-from the former two regions.
In the third subgroup, region 2 (Balikpapan) and region 14 (Bintan Island) are located in calm water with low visibility while region 7 (Sorong) is located far from the former two regions and is affected by strong wave action.
Study of the areas is incomplete as research was done only on one site in Sorong, Komodo Island, and the Seribu islands. It is hoped that future in-depth research in each of the regions, especially where site research was inadequate, will discover the peculiarities
cl
each subgroup.Acknowledgments
We heartily thank Dr. M. Shigei, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto; and Mr. M. Saba, Hisai Senior High School, Mie, whom we asked to identify animals. We also thank the staff and students of the Faculty of Fishery, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia; Mr. M. G. Dhian, Fishery Office, Buton, Indonesia; Dr. B. Pattikawa and his family, especially Mr. Reky Pattikawa, Ambon, Indonesia; and many others for helping collect animals and doing other favors. We extend our appreciation to Dr. Timothy C. Guile, Meio University, for his editorial assistance, and Dr. H. Ota, Tropical Biosphere Research Center and Dept. of Biology, University of the Ryukyus, for his useful comments regarding cluster analysis. This research was supported by a grant in 1992 from the Okinawan Prefectural Government Human Resources Development Foundation under the auspices of the Overseas Student Program Scholarship.
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