PRODUCTS OF f−MANIFOLDS*
BYSH6JI KANEMA.KI
Introduction. It is well known that the product manifold S2P”×S2q+10f any two odd−dimensional spheres does not admit any Kah ier structule e文cept for P=q−O in the study of Hermitian manifblds[2]**. A. Morimoto凹iitroduced an almost complex structure on the product皿anifold of two almost contaCt manifolds and dealt with the nolmality condition, which convinces us that the product manifold of any two. normal almost co皿tact manifolds iS integrable..The res1血s concerned with the product mani− fblds of two f−manifolds are shown by S.1. Goldbe㎎and K. Yano[4,6]. We note that any odd−dimensional sphere S2.+1 admits a normal contact metric structure[10]・ We w且1 asse血ble a麺te nu血ber of almost contact manifolds and almost complex manifolds into an f−manifold by the multilinear mappingsρ‘∼which we shall de丘ne later. The ma血purpose is to Characterize the product manifbld of nomlal contact 血etric manifolds and Kahler manifblds. 1. Prelinlinaries on the pro己ロct manifol己of a family ofノ:皿anifぐDlds. ・dロノニstrucc・ ture σ on an 〃1−dhnensional differentiable 血anifbld M姪 a structure given by a non−null血ear transformation field f of constafit rank and satisfying the condition ∫3十ノ」0[11].Amanifbld admitthlg an f−structure is called an f−manifbld and iS denoted by M(o). Then an almost complex manifold is the。even−dimensionalノニ manifblds. A set(f,{ξσ}a∈(,},{ηa}a∈(、}),(ぷ)={1,2,…,ぷ}うconsistillg of a 1血ear transformation 丘eld f,ぷ linearly independnt (globa1) vector.fields {E6}a∈(s)andぷ differentia11−fbrms{ヵa}a∈(。)on a manifbld defines an f−structure, called a(globally) 丘amed f−structure, if the tensor fields f,{Ea}、∈(。},{ηα}a∈(。}satisfy the con砒ions ノ瓦一〇, ηa・ノ」0, s ηa(Eb)一δba a, b∈(ぷ), ∫2=一∫+Σηa⑳E」, a;ユ where∫ denotes the identity血iear transformation field on the manifold. A manifbld admitting a globally framed f−structure iS called a globally framed f−manifold. Then an almost contact manifold is the odd−dimensional glob訓1y丘amed垣ani㊤1d whoseヒ structure has the rank m−1. It is shown that any eve皿一d㎞ensional globally丘amed f−manifold iS an almost complex manifold and any odd−dimensional globally fra血ed f−manifold is all a㎞ost contact manifold[4],[8]. * R㏄eived September 4,1974。 ** Numbers in brackets refer to the references at the end of the paper. 「11]12
S.KANEMAKI
$ fbr the manifblds Mi of鋤such that the mapping ψ,、×ψ,,×…×ψ・。:Ur、×Ur,×…×Ur。→Rが・×R佛2×…×R餌一R溺 エ n n of a chart(し「rl×乙「r2×… ×Urヵ;ψγ1×ψr2×… ×ψγ外)is given by エ ” エ ア n : ψ,、×ψ,,×…〆ψ,。(P・,P・,…,P。)一(ψ,、(P・),ψ・,(P・),…,ψ・。ω) エ n n エ fbr any pohlt P=(P1, P2,…, pn)∈Url×Ur2×…×Urヵ, d㎞必=〃li, ’ n i”ユ is to say, M is the d註うect product of Elnfi. 1£t班』{M1(の), M2(σ2),…, Mn(σ。)}be a飽mily of f−manifolds Mi(oi), i=1,2, …,n, and let M denote the product manifbld of£IJtn whose differentiable structure is defi皿ed by an atlas {(Ur、×[lr,×…×U・。;ψ・、×ψ・,×…×ψ・∂}(・、,・,.…,・。}∈・、・・,・…・・. fi ” fbr. the topological space M1×M,×…×M. with respect to a皿atlases{(Ur《;ψγ‘)}γ輌∈∬6 8 Σ〃ii= m, . that Letμξbe the natura1’prqlectionμ5:M→Mi and the inclusion mapping‘‘:Mi→M, arid letμξエ(‘i*)denote the differential ofμ‘(めandμi*(’i*’)the dual mappingofμ*(‘i*) fbr each 飽ctor・妬of班”. ’ ”
Suppose that fbr any element/『εof the set 8∼(Mi)of all tensor丘elds of type (p,q)onルfi the tensor ’ Aipi at each poj血t Pi∈ハ4i belongs to the tensor spa㏄ TPi*(必)⑧…⑧乃‘*(Mi)⑧乃‘(Mi)⑧…⑧TPi(Mi), 4白ctors 〃factors whereτp元(Mi)is the tangent space of、M≧at P《and乃;*(必)the dual spaee of Tpi(妬) and de血le a mUlt血ear mapp桓gρ‘∼of魯∼(Mi)into the set{y∼(M)of all tensor 丘elds of type(P,・q)on M by 《 ρξ∼==μ,*⑧… ⑧μh*⑧‘,*⑧… ⑧z《* fbr(」p, q)≠(0,0)・∵ q factors 」ρ factors
and
・ ‘ e ρioe(α)=−α。μξ f()r a瓜yα∈魯oO(Mi). We shaU describeρ’i∼(♂)merely asρ(A,)so far as there iS .no fear of confusion il consideration of types of tensors and the indices of the factors. Any vector Xp and any 1−fbrmωp at a point P=(Pl, P2,…,孔)∈M Can be written n ’ カ as品=Σρ((με*X)pi)(]Leibn▲z’s fbmlula)andωP=Σρ((ε《*ω)P‘)respectively・ How− i= i= ever, it never holds in general that an abitrary element∠A of 9∼(M)always belollgs to カ の Σρ(審,P(Mi)).1皿this situation, we sha皿call a tensor Med A belonging toΣρ(魯∼(Mi)) 」=1 外 ’=1 we shall ca皿Aa a pure tensor血eld of type(P,砂olLM, alld if A eΣρ({y∼)払)), i=1 non−pure tensor field. 2.In己uced∫・struct㎜℃on the prodflct manifold. C.onsider a family ofノニmanifblds E[Mn(・・t}一{ハ4,(fi, E、,万1),…,Ms(九ゑ,.万3),仏.、(み、),…, M』.’(fs.∂} consiSting of s almost contact ma㎡品1ds 1顧轟, E,,万《),匡=1,2,…,ぷand’almost complex manifblds Mi(万), i=ぷ十1, s十2,…,5十’(=〃≧2)fbr any non−negative i l・ tegersぷand ’.PRODUCTS OF f−MANlFOIDS
・・・…m・N・.1.恥・’,・…一(Cs}?C{Ea}。∈{、),{ηα}。∈()酬…働危m・・ f−st・u・t〃…加・k m−・wh…≧1・・d the・i・g(・t・・σ…一(∫)d・fine・・〃・Z励・’ 。・mpl・x伽・加・・wh・・・=0・・’heク・・血・仇・・if・〃M・∫…M”‘s・’)・where w・乃… s ロ putノ』Σρ(轟), E』=ρ(瓦),ηα=ρ(万り, a∈(ぷ)・ 、 W。、翫caU,u。h。㎜湿d姉、、,).。。・f.P・。d・・t m・nif・ld・f班・・・….P。。。。.Th。㎞。g。籏。f X by f),ed。㏄・t・・h・f・皿・唖g・xp・essi・・by
・m・㎞19・記・f・1・ca1・…din…n・ighb・・h・・d(σ×σ×…×σ;(xAi。μ51 2 略 i))(λF 1・2・ …,mi,戸1,2,…, n)by means ofμ,*ei*jf}=δξ∫X}fbr any X−i∈審,1(M,). 、 ?x−;.tfl−、遺、f・a・…(…dl・)⑧(・・*∂鍵・)(…μ・・x) ゴ π 句 ∂ v =、票、。擢.lf,・β4α(・・*’・・μ・・x)°・・r・∂・・ 《 魑 n 一Σzξ*(冗μ5*x). ’=1 Hen㏄, in case of s=O we have (o) n ” f2x=・ 2ρ(五2μ*x)=Σρ(一μ‘*x)一一x i=1 . ‘=1and血case ofぷ≧1
’ 殼一sρ(一μα*x十万σ(μ4*x)孔)+£ρ(一。、*x) β=1 i=s十1 s 、 −rX+Σρ(万・)(x)ρ(E。), . a=1and
ηα(Eあ)=万σ(μσ*‘ゐ*島)=δめα’ Q.E.D. Let /lp(M)(ノ1ρ(砥)) be the set of all di丘brential P−fbnns on ハ4(M言) and set 、4(M)=Σ、4ρ(M),A(M‘)=Σ〃(Mi), which are the algebras lover the real皿mber 丘。ld wi岳゜,e,P。、、.t。、he e蒜:,i。。 p,。d鳳The ext・・i・・d・・iva・i・n・・f A(M)桓t・ itself and of A(Mi)into itself, denoted by the same symbol d, satiSfy the diagram ρ A(Mi)_→A(M) d ∂ ↓ ρ ↓ メ(Mi) →A(M) to be commutative.−Then㊤r any血ed垣dex−’a of(s)we have # カ 1 ”. 吻・α,γ)一ρ(砺つ(Σρ(μξ*x),Σρ(μ∫*r))・ J= ’=1 ’ n # 一商・(μ。*Σei*μξ*x,μ。*Σ‘∫*μ∫*γ) ‘ ・ ‘=1 ゴ戸1 、. ’ =4万4(μα*x,μα*r). 、We nQte. that the mappings,,*(=ρ《01)are homomorphiSms of the. Lie algebras 901(Mi) i皿to{Yo1(M}with resp㏄t to the bracket ope】ration.[ζ‘*X,ζ《*y]=ei*[X・γ]・alld [ei*X,‘元*Z]=Ofbr anyπ,ア∈80i(M‘), Z∈警01(Mゴ)(i≠ノ)・ Then114
S.KANEMAK1
くs} {s} , n ” ・’』[厄,∫幻.=[Σρ(夷μ牢x),Σρ(fiPtj*γ)] . ‘=1 ∫r1 ゴ , シ s 一Σρ([fipti*X,力μξ*Yコ),『 ‘ ’ i=1 (s)くの n ∫[fX, r]一Σρ(fi[万μ£*x』μh*γ]), ‘=1 ” 1 {s) s , ’ ∫2[X,γ]=Σρ(fi2[μh*X, Pti*γ]). ま=1 Thus w.e have L・MM・2.2.0“・乃醐。du。・manif。td・M。ゾSW・・…㌧,乃。’。.。」。“,。。、。r fi。ld 9’。ゾ the s’ruc伽eσ(。}is expre∬ible in theプ6朋二 (s} s ロ n s(x,η=Σρ(([五,fa]+吻α⑳島)(μ、*−」μ。*γ))+Σ .b([冗,幻(με*x,μ5*η) at= ぎロェキユロ f・r an〃ect・・fields X ・zndγ・〃ルt, where[f” fi]吻・te’舵∧方θπ加∫ぷtens・rfields/br〃e4 w乃烏侃Mi.
3.The Rie皿annian product manifoldルt, We consider the fatnilies of f−mani−fblds together with Riema皿ian metrics. A globally 血amed f−manifold
・M(f,{Ea}。∈{、),{η。}。∈(,},8)carrying a Riemanni4n metric g with the properties 8(ノX,}「)=−g(X,fγ),ηα(X)=g(X, Ea)for any a∈(8)is said to have a globa皿y framed metric f−structure, and垣this case, M is called a glo1)ally framed metric f−manifold. Consider a family of f−manifolds E!P#{s,t}一{M・(σ・),…, Ms(σ、), Ms.、(fs。、プ9,+、),・一,」lfs.t(fs。t,9、+t)} consisting ofぷalmost contact metric manifOlds Mi(σ《),σF(fi,島,炉,ξi),日,2, …,ぷandモ’a㎞ost Hermitian maniR)lds M(fi,ξ《), i=ぷ十1,ぷ十2,…,ぷ十’(=η≧2) fbr any non−negative integers s and’. ・ fi N When we put g一Σρ(診)on the product manifold M of EDt”(3・ま), we have i=1 n 9(fX,η=Σξ,i(ノiμ*x,μ*Y) i=1 傷 一一Σ烈μi*x,fiPt,*Y) ‘=1 =−9(x,∫η, 9(−, ρ(瓦))=ρ(v−a)(x). Thus, from Proposition 2.1 w6 have PRopos1TION 3・1・ 乃εぷθ’σ(s}=(f,{Ea}4∈〈3},{η4}σ∈(3),8)defineぷa9わbα1Zy/Ya〃ied ゆ metric f−str〃cture of rank m−S whenぷ≧1 and・theぷθ’σ(。)一(f,9)defineぷan・almost NHermi’ian structure when s−O oπtheクrαduct〃αη元ノb〃ルt oゾm・(・・t}. N We shall cail such a manifbldハ4(σ(,))a施tdc’product manifbld of EDtn(s・’}. The fundamental 2−forms民(輌=1プ2,’・・,〃)of the structures(万,E,,η・,9i)fbr ・i’≠ !,2,… ,ぷand.(f‘,ξ9 for’=5十1タぷ十2,’・・,ηare given by民(柘Y)匡ξ,(fiX,了) .foc any 矛and アQ坦 妬.『 A蜘]riC/LmanifQld is called t..o he of Closed type (c.type)if the f畑ndamentgl 2−fo随is dosed. 、ご. 、 . ・り PRopos1T10N 3.2. η㎏」ρraciuct㎜〃b〃Mρ∫αfcvnily oゾノ:ntcm〃b〃5班RstS・り conぷiぷting ofぷe.り糎α伽0ぷ’伽如¢’卿e’ric manifolds an4 t almost Kahler inonifolds
is a c.切¢ψ加∼砂危〃ted〃!etric f・maifo〃oゾ醐丘m一ぷo’ωn abnoぷ’Kdihler
manifold aceording as 3≧10’ぷ=0. PRooF. It is veri血ed that the extedor derivative of the fundamental 2−fbrm Cs} の F=Σρ(民)of the structum vanishes. Q・E’D・ ‘=1 二 PR。P。slTI。N 3.3. The〃・duct mcmifo〃M・プafamily・f・f−manifolds i肋(… C伽siぷting of S quasi−Sasakian〃励〃b始励’焔乃后〃tanifolds is a normal C.り・pa globally framed〃tetrie f二manifo〃0∫励肋2一ぷor a Ktthler〃lanifo〃aceording as ぷ≧1 0, ぷ=0.PRooF. It is valid by Lemma 2.2 and Proposition 3.2. Q.E.D.
We show the foilowing main result. N THEOREM 3.4. The glohallyノンamed metricノ:product〃ianifoldハ4(σ{3))oゾ班外(3・t} くり admi・・ a m…i・ f−s’・u・t〃…ω一(f’{E法・ω・{ηα}・∈ω・9)・加nk m−’(’=5−2・ ぷ一4,… ≧0) whose funda〃iental 2一ノbr〃1 F carrieぷthe exterioアderivatiッe ω ● _ (#) dF=Σρ(姻})+吻’+2∧η・+1一吻’+1八η’+2十吻’+4∧η’+3一吻γ+3八η「+4+… ト +吻s∧η3−1一吻3−1∧η3. (r) PRooF. The detem血飢ion of a sUitable linear transfoTmation field∫fbr the set σ{.,to be a metric f−struCture depends on the members of illdices{ぷ十1,ア十2,…,ぷ} and is independent of a choice of maldng(ぷ一r)/2’ 垂≠奄窒刀@of the indices. We now make(ぷ一”/2 pairs as(’十1,’十2),(ア十3,’十4),…,(ぷ一1, s)in a natural manner and adopt the tensor field (r) s (*) ∫=Σρ(轟)+η’+2⑧Er.1一ザi⑧Er+2+ヂ4⑧Eレ.3一η’+3⑧Eレ.4+… i=1 +η5⑧E』一、一ηs−1⑧E』. Thus, it can be ve面ed that the setσ《.)defines a met丘c f−struCture sat拓fyi皿g the condition(#). Q.E.D. N PRoPoslTloN 3.5. The produc’mamlold M ofαノIVnil;y o,グノニ〃u”u701ds 肋《°・動 ωπ3ξぷ’加goゾぷabmost coi吻c’〃tetriC maifolds and t al〃‡o・t」Ue〃nitian nzanifolds is an almoぷ’」7ermitian manifold O’an almoぷ’eontaCt metric manifo〃ae斑rding aぷ ぷ=eツen oアodd. PRooF. From the relation(*), we can choose the血1teger r=0ぴ=1)when the numberぷof皿蕗‘3・虜)is even(odd). Q.E.D. We sha皿show the applications of Theorem 3.4 as a cond画on, N PROPOSITION 3.6. The、produc,〃itmifold M o∫αf‘zmi]r), oゾノニ〃mru’folds 鋤《8.ま) ωπぷ∫ぷtting of.5(almost)斑symplectte maifokis anばゴ(de,wSt)Kder manifolds’ぷ16