The Formation and Development of Social Sciences in Malaysia : A History of the Concept of “Plural”
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(2) ῍῍ ῍῍. . . . ῌ. The Formation and Development of Social Sciences in Malaysia: A History of the Concept of “Plural” I<J8=> Yufu*. This essay clarifies the post-colonial character of Malaysian social sciences by analyzing their historical formation from the viewpoint of the concept “plural.” It argues that concepts such as “plural society,” “multiculturalism,” and “cultural pluralism,” which often emerge in the analysis of Malayan and Malaysian society, are contained within the concept “plural.” This concept was produced during the development of Area Studies, which centered on the United States after World War II. It was relevant to the problems of national integration and modernization that were faced by most newly independent nation states. In this regard, “plural” was firstly interpreted as a lack of national integration and as an obstacle to modernization. In the ῍ΐῌs, however, some Malaysian scholars tried to revise the concept under the rubric of Ethnic Studies. They proposed the possibility of integration and modernization while maintaining the “plural” situation. In the ῍ῌs, a new conception of “plural” emerged that undermines and contaminates boundaries. It has the possibility of breaking out of the national framework, although scholars still use the concept within the framework of Malaysia. This essay shows that the concept of “plural” has varied with time, as well as with the individual scholar. In this regard, the formation of the social sciences in Malaysia is under negotiation between different ideas of “plural” and what it means for national integration and modernization. Keywords: Malaysia, social science, nation state, plural society, plural, identity, colonialism, appropriation ῑῌΐῌῒ῏
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(339) ¡¢ £&¤ de$c'(d¥#EE #¦$c)§ ¨*Hc+ ". ῑ ῐ ῒ ῏ Anderson, Benedict. ῍῍. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. Emerson, Rupert. ©῍῏ΐª῍ῒῐ. Malaysia: A Study in Drect and Indirect Rule. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. Enloe, Cynthia H. ῍ΐῌ. Multi-Ethnic Politics: The Case of Malaysia. Berkeley: University of California. Freedman, Maurice. ῍ῒῌ. The Growth of a Plural Society in Malaya. Pacific Affairs ῏ῌ«῎¬: ῍ῑ῍῍ῒ. Furnivall, J. S. ©῍῏ª῍ῒΐ. Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy. Cambridge. «®9¯® ,
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(343) ῌῌ !"#$%&'()* ῎ + Hirschman, Charles. ῍ΐ. The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classification. Journal of Asian Studies ῐῒ,῏-: ῑῑῑ῍ῑ῎. ./ ῎ῌῌ῍a The Colonial Look in the Papers on Malay Subjects '0123 , 450676789 678:;<=>?- ΐ : ῏῍ῐ ῌῌῌῌ ῎ῌῌ῍b @ABC !DEFGH&IJKLM ῌῌ N ῏ O5PQRCS7TUVWXY&Z JAMS News QRCS TT N ῎῍ [ : ῍ῐ῍῍ΐ ῌῌῌῌ ῎ῌῌ῎a @\] ^ QRC0_`Z '0123 ,450676789 67 8:;<=>?- : ῍῏ΐ῍῍ῑ῎ ῌῌῌῌ ῎ῌῌ῎b @a+T FbY&Z c7867de=> ? ,c7867- ῐῌ,῍-: ῐ῍῍ῑῐ ῌῌῌῌ ῎ῌῌῐ @QRCS#$%&5K \] ^ ῌῌ 12 f(Z :9 450 67678123 g hi:j ῎ῌῌ῎ klCm!nCSo pqV ῌῌ rL3s&tuF vw ῎ + Judistira K. Garna; and Rustam A. Sani, eds. ῍ῌ. Antropologi-Sosiologi di Indonesia dan Malaysia: Teori, Pengembangan dan Penerapan. Bangi: UKM Press. xy ῍῏ @z !"{ T|}Z ~#67$ ῏ : ῏῍῍ῌ % ῍ῑ῍ @127# Z 45067 ῒῑ῍ΐῐ C Kennedy, J. ῍ῒ῎. A History of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: S. Abdul Majeed & Co. McGee, T. G. ῍ῒῐ. Population: A Preliminary Analysis. In Malaysia: A Survey, edited by Wang Gungwu, pp. ῒΐ῍῍. Frederick A. Praeger Publishers. Mohd. Abu Bakar. ῍ῐ. Islam, Etnisiti dan Integrasi Nasional In Kaum, Kelas dan Pembangunan Malaysia, edited by Syed Husin Ali, pp. ῍῏῍῍ῒ. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia. Nagata, Judith, ed. ῍ΐ. Malaysian Mosaic: Perspectives from a Poly-ethnic Ethnic Society. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. & ῍ῑ @z !"{ T Z ΐ῎: ῍ῌῐ῍῍῎ΐ z !"{ T ,'(- ῍ῑ῍ \ ῌῌ TU ={ ῎) * Ramasamy, P. ῍῏. The State of Social Sciences in Malaysia: A Brief Historical Review. Ilmu Masyarakat ῐ : ῒΐ῍ῒ. Ratnam, K. J. ῍ῒῑ. Communalism and the Political Process in Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya Press. Russel, Fifield. ῍ΐῑ. The Concept of Southeast Asia: Origins, Development and Evaluation. South-East Asian Spectrum ῐ,῍-: ῐ῏῍ῑ῍. Rustam A. Sani; and Norani Othman. ῍῍. The Social Sciences in Malaysia: A Critical Scenario. Ilmu Masyarakat ῍: ῍῍῎ῌ. Said, Edward W. ῍ΐ. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books. ,CC ῍ῒ ! !DE + ,¡¢ £-¤. ,¥¦-9 §¨ ,'- +©.ª« ῍ῒ ¬®¯&0 ῌῌ @Z /
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