Material Expressions of Legitimacy among
Nomadic Regimes in the Northern and Sui‑Tang Dynasties: Focusing on Roof Tiles Unearthed from Royal Buddhist Temples
著者 呂 夢
著者別表示 Lyu Meng journal or
publication title
博士論文要旨Abstract および要約Outline 学位授与番号 13301甲第5105号
学位名 博士（文学）
学位授与年月日 2020‑03‑22
URL http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00058758
Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑nd/3.0/deed.ja
Outline
Material Expressions of Legitimacy among Nomadic Regimes in the Northern and Sui- Tang Dynasties: Focusing on Roof Tiles Unearthed from Royal Buddhist Temples
中国北朝隋唐時代における正統性
－皇室寺院の瓦を中心に－
I. Structure
PART I. Background CHAPTER 1. Preface
Section 1. Research Perspective Section 2. Structure of the Dissertation Section 3. Previous Studies
Section 4. Research Methods Section 5. Research Materials
Section 6. The Significance of this Study
CHAPTER 2. The Establishment of Legitimacy in the Northern and Sui-Tang Dynasties
PART II. Roof Tiles and the Construction of Royal Buddhist Temples in Pingcheng and Luoyang during the Northern Wei Dynasty
CHAPTER 1. Buddhist Temples in the Northern Wei Dynasty
CHAPTER 2. Roof Tiles and the Construction of the Yungang Buddhist Temple in the West Zone Section 1. Site of the Yungang Buddhist Temple and its Roof Tiles
Section 2. Traces Left in Production and the Production Process of Roof Tile
Section 3. The Traces and Production Management of Roof Tiles from the Yungang Buddhist Temple in the West Zone
Section 4. The Kilns from the Yungang Buddhist Temple in the West Zone
Section 5. The Utilization of Roof Tiles in the Yungang Buddhist Temple in the West Zone Section 6. Roof Tiles and the Construction Process of the Yungang Buddhist Temple in the West Zone
CHAPTER 3. Roof Tiles and the Construction of the Yongning Buddhist Temple Section 1. The Yongning Buddhist Temple and its Roof Tiles
Section 2. Traces Left Through the Production Processes of the Roof Tiles
Section 3. The Traces of Roof Tiles from the Yongning Buddhist Temple and Production Management
Section 4. The Characters on Roof Tiles in the Yongning Buddhist Temple Section 5. The Utilization of Roof Tiles in the Yongning Buddhist Temple
Section 6. Roof Tiles and the Construction Process of the Yongning Buddhist Temple CHAPTER 4. The Roof Tiles Unearthed from Other Sites of the Northern Wei Dynasty CHAPTER 5. The Construction Project of Royal Buddhist Temples in the Northern Wei Dynasty, From the Viewpoint of Roof Tiles
PART III Roof Tiles and Construction of the Royal Buddhist Temples in Yecheng in the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties
CHAPTER 1. Buddhist Temples in the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties CHAPTER 2. Roof Tiles and the Construction of the Dazhuangyan Buddhist Temple Section 1. Site of the Dazhuangyan Buddhist Temple and its Roof Tile
Section 2. Traces Left in Production and the Production Process of Roof Tile
Section 3. The Traces of the Roof Tiles from the Dazhuangyan Buddhist Temple and Production Management
Section 4. The Characters on the Roof Tiles from the Dazhuangyan Buddhist Temple
Section 5. The Unearthed Position of Roof Tiles with Characters and the Supply of Roof Tiles Section 6. The Classification of Roof Tiles and their Usage in the Dazhuangyan Buddhist Temple Section 7. Roof Tiles and the Construction Sequence of the Dazhuangyan Buddhist Temple
Section 8. The Traces of the Roof Tiles and the Installation Process
Section 9. The Proportion of the Roof Tiles and the Destruction of the Buildings
Section 10. Roof Tiles and the Construction Process of the Dazhuangyan Buddhist Temple CHAPTER 3. The Roof Tiles Unearthed from Other Sites from the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties
CHAPTER 4. The Construction Projects for the Royal Buddhist Temples in the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties, from the Viewpoint of Roof Tiles
PART IV. Roof Tiles and Construction of the Royal Buddhist Temples in Chang’an during the Sui and Tang Dynasties
CHAPTER 1. Buddhist Temples during the Sui and Tang Dynasties
CHAPTER 2. Roof Tiles and Construction of the Ximing Buddhist Temple Section 1. Site of the Ximing Buddhist Temple and its Roof Tile
Section 2. The Production Technique of the Ridge Tiles
Section 3. The Traces of the Roof Tiles from the Ximing Buddhist Temple and Their Production Management
Section 4. The Character on the Roof Tile of the Ximing Buddhist Temple Section 5. Kiln and Roof Tiles Supplements in the Ximing Buddhist Temple Section 6. The Utilization of Roof Tiles in the Ximing Buddhist Temple
Section 7. Roof Tiles and the Construction Process at the Ximing Buddhist Temple CHAPTER 3. Roof Tiles and the Construction of the Qinglong Buddhist Temple Section 1. The Site of the Qinglong Buddhist Temple and its Roof Tiles
Section 2. Traces Left from Production and the Production Process of the Roof Tiles
Section 3. The Traces of Roof Tiles from the Qinglong Buddhist Temple and the Production Management
Section 4. The Characters on the Roof Tile in the Qinglong Buddhist Temple
Section 5. The Kilns and Supplement of Roof Tiles in the Qinglong Buddhist Temple Section 6. The Utilization of Roof Tiles in the Qinglong Buddhist Temple
Section 7. Roof Tiles and the Construction Process of the Qinglong Buddhist Temple CHAPTER 4. The Roof Tiles Unearthed from other Sites in the Sui and Tang Dynasties CHAPTER 5. The Construction Project of the Royal Buddhist Temples during the Sui and Tang Dynasties from the Viewpoint of Roof Tiles
PART V. Roof Tiles and Royal Buddhist Temples, the Establishment of Legitimacy in Material Culture
CHAPTER 1. The Alteration of the Roof Tiles Used in Royal Buddhist Temples Section 1. The Alteration of the Roof Tiles’ Styles
Section 2. The Changes of Technique Systems of the Roof Tiles Section 3. The Changes in the Production Management of the Roof Tiles Section 4. The Usage of the Roof Tiles and the Construction of Temples
CHAPTER 2. The Establishment of Legitimacy in the Northern and Sui-Tang Dynasties, Focusing on Roof Tiles and the Relevant Construction Processes of the Royal Buddhist Temples Section 1. Roof Tiles’ Styles and Legitimacy
Section 2. The Development of the Techniques and Management in Roof Tile Production Section 3. The Roof Tiles and Usage Rank
CHAPTER 3. Conclusion: Exploring the Social Changes through Material Culture
References
II. Overview
Roof tiles are the most frequently unearthed remains from architectural sites of ancient cities in China. As a type of traditional building material, roof tiles contain static information about the style or rank of the buildings but also reflect the dynamic processes involved in the buildings’
construction. This study used a large number of first-hand materials, and in addition to the style
of the roof tiles, to reconstruct the lifecycle of the roof tiles, it focused on information about
“production,” from the production traces left on the surfaces of the roof tiles, and “usage” from the excavation position. The research objects of this study are roof tiles unearthed from royal Buddhist temples of the Northern and Sui-Tang Dynasties. These include the Yungang Buddhist Temple in the West Zone in Pingcheng, the Yongning Buddhist temple in Luoyang, the Dazhuangyan Buddhist Temple in Yecheng, the Ximing Buddhist Temple, and the Qinglong Buddhist Temple in Chang’an.
This dissertation can be divided into five parts. The first part is the research background of this study. After explaining the research perspective, previous studies, methods, origins of materials, structure, and significance of this study, the historical background of the establishment of legitimacy and handicraft industry was briefly introduced.
The second, third, and fourth parts are the main body of this dissertation and discussed the roof tiles and relevant construction processes of the temples in detail. The three sections were arranged in the following order: Pingcheng and Luoyang (Northern Wei), Yecheng (Eastern Wei-Northern Qi), and Chang’an (Sui-Tang). In each part, the first chapter gives a brief introduction of Buddhism and the Buddhist temples of that period, and then, the next chapters include a case study of the roof tiles unearthed from specific temples. The chapter after the case study is a summary of the roof tiles unearthed from other contemporaneous sites that have not been excavated completely or that provide limited information about the roof tiles. In the last chapter, by considering the analysis of the roof tiles and historical records, the construction process of the temples from a specific period can be reconstructed to a certain extent.
The fifth part is conclusion. The features and changes of the roof tiles mentioned in last parts were summarized to reconstruct the lifecycle of the roof tiles, including their production techniques, management methods, and usage. The social factors that influenced the roof tiles and related construction processes of royal Buddhist temples in the Northern and Sui-Tang Dynasties were
also analyzed to explain the establishment of legitimacy from the viewpoint of material culture.
The expectations and expansion of this study were also discussed in the last section.
This study focused on the Northern and Sui-Tang Dynasties when the nomadic people from the northern steppe of China established their dynasties in the settlements of the Han. According to Wuxing Theory, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty determined that “water” would be the ritual element and “black” would be the ritual color of his dynasty. As a result, the style of polished-black roof tiles created in the ruling period of Emperor Xiaowen was shaped by the concept of Wuxing. Furthermore, most of the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty were devout Buddhists, and so the lotus patterns on the tile-ends are a reflection of the religious policy of
“State Buddhism.” This new style of roof tiles, with polished-black surfaces and lotus patterns created at the end of the Pingcheng Period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was influenced by the Wuxing Theory of Confucianism and the motifs of Buddhism, which were deeply related to the political concepts of legitimacy of the rulers.
In the construction processes of the large cities of Luoyang, Yecheng, and Chang’an, which were the capital cities of medieval China, the demand for roof tiles increased substantially. To satisfy the demand for the new styles of roof tiles, new techniques and management methods for roof tile production were also developed. For example, the mature technique of double-level mold was created at the end of the Pingcheng Period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which made the mass production of tile-ends possible. The status of the artisans changed from vassals to ordinary citizens and working in official roof tiles workshops extended to ordinary citizens in the Northern Qi Dynasty. As a result, the labor in workshops increased, and the supervision method was simplified. The utilization of these roof tiles was also analyzed partially in this study. The development of roof tile industry made roof tiles more common. The roof tiles produced in the later period of the Tang Dynasty are comparatively rough, and the traditional supervision method based on the signatures of the artisans was replaced by other, more effective supervision method.
In the construction process of some royal temples, roof tiles were not provided by the official
workshop, but instead, they were bought from commercial workshops, indicating that the expression of the political concepts of the rulers as a function of the roof tiles generally declined in the Tang Dynasty.
This study arranged the roof tiles that were used in royal Buddhist temples during the Northern and Sui-Tang Dynasties and analyzed their style, production, and utilization, and how these changed. It also examined the details of the construction processes of temples using roof tiles.
The history of the roof tiles used for royal Buddhist temples in the Northern and Sui-Tang Dynasties is only a small part of the vicissitude of these dynasties, but it is a vivid episode of changing society in medieval China.
