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Est~blishment o f P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s and M o s s e s f o r M o n i t e r i n g L o c a l Human I m p a c t on E n v i r o n m e n t i n
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Goran THOR*
ドローニングモードランドにおける人為的環境変化による 影 響 評 価 の た め の 蘇 苔 ・ 地 衣 類 の 永 久 方 形 区 の 設 置
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要旨： 西ドローニングモードランドにあるスウェーデンの
3
つの基地（ヴェスト フェラのワサ基地と野外基地，ハイムフロントフェラのスベア野外基地）は人為的な 環境変化に影響を受けやすい鮮苔・地衣類が豊富に生育している地域に設置されてい る．基地活動による環境評価のプロジェクトの一環として，鮮苔・地衣類を用いた長期 的モニタリングが計画された.1 2 0
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つの基地に設置された．トランセクト上と方形区内の植物が記載され，記録方法が示 された．方形区内で記録された種は将来の比較を容易にするように考慮され，その地 域に代表して出現する地衣類だけを記録した．ハイムフロントフェラでは1 2 9 3
地点で1 8
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種が記録された．A b s t r a c t : R e s u l t s from a b i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e v e a l t h a t a l l t h r e e S w e d i s h A n t a r c t i c s t a t i o n s i n w e s t e r n Dronning Maud Land ( i . e . t h e main s t a t i o n Wasa a t B a s e n i n V e s t f j e l l a , a s m a l l f i e l d s t a t i o n a t F o s s i l r y g g e n i n V e s t f j e l l a , and t h e f i e l d s t a t i o n S v e a a t H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n i n H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a ) a r e l o c a t e d i n a r e a s h a v i n g a r i c h and v u l n e r a b l e l i c h e n and moss v e g e t a t i o n . As p a r t o f a p r o j e c t t o m o n i t o r l o c a l human e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c t i v i t i e s a t t h e S w e d i s h s t a t i o n s , a l o n g ‑ t e r m m o n i t o r i n g s t u d y u s i n g l i c h e n s and m o s s e s was d e s i g n e d . E l e v e n t r a n s e c t s c o n s i s t i n g o f 1 2 0 p e r m a n e n t p l o t s ( a n d 3 0 0 0 s u b p l o t s ) w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a t d i f f e r e n t d i s t a n c e s from t h e t h r e e s t a t i o n s . The t r a n s e c t s and p l o t s a r e d e s c r i b e d and t h e p r i n c i p l e s u s e d i n r e c o r d i n g them a r e g i v e n . A l l r e c o r d s made w i t h i n t h e p l o t s a r e p r e s e n t e d t o f a c i l i t a t e f u t u r e c o m p a r i s o n s . The t r a n ‑ s e c t s w e r e n o t i n t e n d e d t o b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r a l l h a b i t a t s a t t h e n u n a t a k s . The s p e c i e s r e c o r d e d i n t h e p l o t s t h u s r e p r e s e n t o n l y a s e l e c t i o n o f t h e l i c h e n s p r e s e n t w i t h i n t h e s t u d y a r e a . E i g h t e e n l i c h e n s p e c i e s w e r e r e c o r d e d w i t h i n t h e p l o t s i n H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a from a t o t a l o f 1 2 9 3 o b s e r v a t i o n s , and i n V e s t f j e l l a t h i r t e e n s p e c i e s w e r e r e c o r d e d from a t o t a l o f 704 o b s e r v a t i o n s .
1 . Introduction
I t i s now a requirement of t h e Antarctic Treaty t h a t a l l human a c t i v i t i e s i n the
* S e c t i o n f o r C o n s e r v a t i o n B o t a n y , Department o f C o n s e r v a t i o n B i o l o g y , S w e d i s h U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e s ,
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南極資料
V o l .4 1 , No. 3 , 6 5 2 ‑ 6 7 2 , 1 9 9 7
Nankyoku S h i r y o ( A n t a r c t i c R e c o r d ) , V o l . 4 1 , No. 3 , 6 5 2 ‑ 6 7 2 , 1 9 9 7
P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s a n d M o s s e s i n t h e A n t a r c t i c 6 5 3 A n t a r c t i c s h o u l d b e a s s e s s e d w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e i r p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and i t s b i o t a . During t h e S w e d i s h A n t a r c t i c R e s e a r c h Programme (SWED ARP) e x p e d i t i o n i n t h e a u s t r a l summer o f 1 9 9 1 / 1 9 9 2 , t h e a u t h o r made b i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n H e i m e f r o n t ‑ f j e l l a and V e s t f j e l l a i n w e s t e r n Dronning Maud L a n d , A n t a r c t i c a ( F i g . 1 ) . L i c h e n s a r e t h e major component o f t h e v e g e t a t i o n w i t h i n t h e s t u d y a r e a , e v e n t h o u g h o f t e n s p a r s e and p a t c h y . The l i c h e n s and m o s s e s d i s p l a y a low s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y , and t y p i c a l l y c o v e r o n l y a f e w p e r c e n t o f t h e ground a r e a s . They a r e more abundant i n a r e a s h a v i n g more f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n s i t e s i n which w a t e r i s p r e s e n t . R e s u l t s from t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e v e a l t h a t a l l t h r e e S w e d i s h s t a t i o n s ( t h e main s t a t i o n Wasa a t B a s e n i n V e s t f j e l l a , a s m a l l f i e l d s t a t i o n a t F o s s i l r y g g e n i n V e s t f j e l l a and t h e f i e l d s t a t i o n S v e a a t
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654 Goran THOR
H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n i n H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a ) a r e l o c a t e d c l o s e t o a r e a s w i t h r i c h and v u l n e r a b l e l i c h e n and moss v e g e t a t i o n ' s ( T H O R , i n p r e p . ) . While S v e a and t h e s m a l l f i e l d s t a t i o n a t F o s s i l r y g g e n a r e l o c a t e d < I 00 m from s u c h a r e a s , Wasa i s a b o u t 8 0 0 m (WSW) from s u c h an a r e a . The F i n n i s h s t a t i o n A boa i s s i t u a t e d 2 0 0 m E o f W a s a . As p a r t o f a p r o j e c t t o m o n i t o r l o c a l human e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c t i v i t i e s a t t h e S w e d i s h s t a t i o n s , a l o n g ‑ t e r m m o n i t o r i n g s t u d y u s i n g l i c h e n s and m o s s e s was d e s i g n e d . T r a n s e c t s w i t h p e r m a n e n t p l o t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a t d i f f e r e n t d i s t a n c e s from t h e t h r e e s t a t i o n s . The p l o t s w i l l b e r e g u l a r l y m o n i t o r e d ( E R I K S S O N , 1 9 9 4 ) . I n f o r m a t i o n from t h e p l o t s , combined w i t h a b i o l o g i c a l i n v e n t o r y , p r o v i d e b a s e l i n e d a t a f o r s i t e management p l a n s , a s w e l l a s f o r c o d e s o f c o n d u c t f o r s c i e n t i f i c and l o g i s t i c a c t i v i t y . The aim o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o d e s c r i b e t h e l o n g ‑ t e r m m o n i t o r i n g s t u d y . The p o s i t i o n and d i r e c t i o n o f a l l t r a n s e c t s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l . A l l r e c o r d s made w i t h i n t h e p l o t s a r e p r e s e n t e d t o f a c i l i t a t e f u t u r e c o m p a r i s o n s , and t h e p r i n c i p l e s a d o p t e d i n r e c o r d i n g t h e p l o t s a r e d e s c r i b e d . A more c o m p r e h e n s i v e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s t u d y a r e a and t h e c l i m a t e , g e o l o g y and t o p o g r a p h y w i l l be p r e s e n t e d e l s e w h e r e ( T H O R , i n p r e p . ) .
2 . Background
I n t h e A n t a r c t i c r e l i a b l e t a x o n o m i c c o n c e p t s a r e r e q u i s i t e f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t s ( E I A s ) , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a r e a s i n n e e d o f p r o t e c t i o n b e c a u s e o f t h e i r b i o d i v e r ‑ s i t y , m o n i t o r i n g ( b o t h s h o r t ‑ t e r m and l o n g ‑ t e r m ) , t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f management p l a n s , f l o r a s , c h e c k ‑ l i s t s e t c . ( s e e a l s o R u s . 5 E L L and S M I T H , 1 9 9 3 ) . I n o r d e r t o make u s e o f t h e f u l l p o t e n t i a l o f l i c h e n s , we u r g e n t l y n e e d i n c r e a s e d knowledge o f t a x o n o m y , abundance and d i s p e r s a l . I n c o n t i n e n t a l A n t a r c t i c , c r u s t o s e s p e c i e s p r e d o m i n a t e b o t h by t h e i r f r e q u e n c y and i n number o f s p e c i e s , b u t t h e taxonomy and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e s p e c i e s i s s t i l l p o o r l y known.
Although e s t a b l i s h m e n t and g r o w t h r a t e s o f most l i c h e n s i n c o n t i n e n t a l A n t a r c t i c a p p e a r t o b e s l o w , t h e r e a r e s t i l l f e w p u b l i s h e d d a t a t o c o n f i r m t h i s a s s u m p t i o n . Most e x i s t i n g d a t a f o r t h e A n t a r c t i c d e r i v e f r o m t h e S u b a n t a r c t i c S o u t h G e o r g i a and m a r i t i m e S i g n y I s l a n d , which h a v e a c l i m a t e v e r y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t i n c o n t i n e n t a l A n t a r c t i c a ( s e e S M I T H ( 1 9 8 4 ) f o r a summary o f a v a i l a b l e d a t a ) . Growth r a t e s a s low a s l cm p e r 1 0 0 0 y e a r s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d from c o n t i n e n t a l A n t a r c t i c a ( R O S E R e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ) . T h u s , t h e v e g e t a t i o n i s h i g h l y v u l n e r a b l e , and i s r e a d i l y damaged by l o c a l human e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t ( d e l i b e r a t e , i n c i d e n t a l o r a c c i d e n t a l ) , a s f o r e x a m p l e , by t r a m p l i n g , v e h i c l e t r a f f i c , a i r p o l l u t i o n f r o m h y d r o c a r b o n c o m b u s t i o n , c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s o r d i s c h a r g e o f b l a c k w a s t e o r g r e y w a s t e w a t e r . The u n i n t e n t i o n a l i n t r o d u c t i o n s o f o r g a n i s m s r e p r e s e n t s a f u r t h e r t h r e a t . Even s c i e n t i f i c p r o j e c t s p e r s e , and t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c method a s s u c h ( e . g . , e f f e c t s on b i o t a o f s a m p l i n g m e t h o d s , d e g r a d a t i o n o f v a l u e d p r i s t i n e a r e a s , t h e u s e o f e x p l o s i v e s i n s e i s m i c s u r v e y s ) c a n c a u s e i m p a c t ( B E N N l N G H O F F and B o N N E R , 1 9 8 5 ; H A R R I S , 1 9 9 1 ) . B e c a u s e o f t h e s l o w g r o w t h r a t e s and s l o w r a t e o f b i o l o g i c a l d e c o m p o s i ‑ t i o n , s u c h i m p a c t s a r e i n e v i d e n c e f o r a v e r y l o n g t i m e .
M o n i t o r i n g s t u d i e s o f l i c h e n s i n A n t a r c t i c a c o u l d p r o v i d e c r i t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s o f g l o b a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , and b e u s e f u l i n p r e d i c t i n g t h e n a t u r e and s c a l e o f f u t u r e e n v i r o n m e n t a l c h a n g e s . B e c a u s e n u n a t a k s i n A n t a r c t i c a and e s p e c i a l l y i n
~ronning Maud Land a r e w i t h i n o r n e a r t h e c e n t r e o f t h e A n t a r c t i c " o z o n e h o l e " , l i c h e n s
P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s a n d M o s s e s i n t h e A n t a r c t i c 6 5 5 o c c u r r i n g h e r e a r e s u b j e c t t o d r a s t i c a l l y i n c r e a s e d l e v e l s o f UV‑B r a d i a t i o n . L i c h e n s p r o d u c e a number o f c o r t i c a l s c r e e n i n g compounds, e s p e c i a l l y u s n i c a c i d , c a r o t e n o i d s and o t h e r p i g m e n t s ( e . g . m e l a n i n ) which p r o t e c t t h e s e n s i t i v e p h o t o s y s t e m s o f t h e l i c h e n p h o t o b i o n t from damaging e f f e c t s o f r a d i a t i o n , and t h u s make l i c h e n s a p o t e n t i a l l y u s e f u l t o o l i n m o n i t o r i n g l o n g ‑ t e r m e f f e c t s o f ozone d e p l e t i o n (GALLOWAY, 1 9 9 2 ) . L i c h e n s c o u l d a l s o s e r v e a s m o n i t o r s o f c l i m a t i c w a r m i n g . I n t h e h a r s h e n v i r o n m e n t o f c o n t i n e n t a l A n t a r c t i c a , s m a l l c h a n g e s i n t e m p e r a t u r e and/ o r m o i s t u r e s h o u l d b e r e f l e c t e d i n c o r r e ‑ s p o n d i n g c h a n g e s i n p o p u l a t i o n s i z e , o r c h a n g e s i n t h e s p e c i e s c o m p o s i t i o n and/ o r c h a n g e s i n h a b i t a t a s s o c i a t i o n s . T h e r e i s e v i d e n c e o f p l a n t s r e s p o n d i n g t o i n c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e m a r i t i m e A n t a r c t i c (FowBERT and S M I T H , 1 9 9 4 ; S M I T H , 1 9 9 4 , 1 9 9 5 ) and c h a n g e s t o t h e f l o r a and f a u n a on t h e s u b a n t a r c t i c i s l a n d s a r e r e p o r t e d t o b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e c u r r e n t warming t r e n d ( S M I T H , 1 9 9 0 ; R u & s E L L and S M I T H , 1 9 9 3 ) . S i n c e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m c o n t i n e n t a l a r e a s i s e v e n more s c a t t e r e d , t h e r e i s g r e a t e r u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t w h e t h e r t h e r e a r e any c h a n g e s h e r e .
Permanent p l o t s w i t h l i c h e n s t o s t u d y l o c a l human e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t i n c o n t i n e n ‑ t a l A n t a r c t i c a h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a t , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n s t a t i o n SANAE ( S T E E L E e t a l . , 1 9 9 3 ) and a t t h e Soya C o a s t n e a r t h e Syowa S t a t i o n ( I N O U E e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ; KANDA e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ) i n Dronning Maud L a n d . The p l o t s n e a r t h e Syowa S t a t i o n w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 7 5 , and KANDA and I N O U E ( 1 9 9 4 ) r e p o r t e d no i n c r e a s e o f l i c h e n g r o w t h a f t e r 1 4 y e a r s .
3 . Material and Methods
The s t u d y i s b a s e d on f i e l d work by t h e a u t h o r d u r i n g t h e a u s t r a l summer of 1 9 9 1 / 1 9 9 2 . The a u t h o r a r r i v e d a t Wasa on 3 0 November 1 9 9 1 , and d e p a r t e d on 2 0 F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 2 . The t r a n s e c t s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d b e t w e e n 2 7 J a n u a r y and 1 0 F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 1 . The names o f u n d e t e r m i n e d l i c h e n s f o l l o w s THOR ( i n p r e p . ) i n which m o r p h o l o g i c a l d e s c r i p ‑ t i o n s and a k e y t o t h e s p e c i e s a r e g i v e n . E x t e n s i v e l i c h e n c o l l e c t i o n s w e r e made w i t h i n t h e s t u d y a r e a o u t s i d e t h e p l o t s , and a r e d e p o s i t e d a t t h e S w e d i s h Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , Stockholm ( S ) . The l e n g t h o f t h e t r a n s e c t s w i t h p l o t s w e r e m e a s u r e d w i t h a m e t a l m e a s u r i n g ‑ t a p e , and w e r e o r i e n t e d u s i n g an A n t a r c t i c a improved 3 6 0 ° c o m p a s s . The p h o t o g r a p h s w e r e t a k e n by t h e a u t h o r .
4 . Study Area 4 . 1 . G e o g r a p h i c a l names and a l t i t u d e s
The s t u d y was c o n f i n e d t o H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a and V e s t f j e l l a i n w e s t e r n Dronning Maud
Land ( F i g . I ) . T h e s e a r e b o t h 1 3 5 km l o n g mountain r i d g e s l y i n g p a r a l l e l t o t h e c o a s t and
c o n s i s t i n g o f n u n a t a k s . V e s t f j e l l a i s up t o 1 1 0 0 m h i g h , and i s 1 2 0 km from t h e c o a s t ,
w h e r e a s H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a i s up t o 2 5 0 0 m h i g h , and i s 3 0 0 km from t h e c o a s t . G e o g r a p h i ‑
c a l names and t h e a l t i t u d e s f o r H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h a map f r o m t h e Norsk
P o l a r i n s t i t u t t 1 9 8 8 ( s h e e t D 8 , H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a N o r d ) . The g e o g r a p h i c a l names u s e d f o r
V e s t f j e l l a a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h a map from t h e Norsk P o l a r i n s t i t u t t 1 9 7 2 ( s h e e t C 7 , V e s t f j e l l a
A u s t ) . The a l t i t u d e s f o r B a s e n a c c o r d w i t h t h e map from t h e S w e d i s h P o l a r R e s e a r c h
S e c r e t a r i a t 1 9 9 1 , on which t h e a l t i t u d e s a r e marked w i t h a n a c c u r a c y o f 5 m . The a l t i t u d e s
656 Goran THOR
f o r F o s s i l r y g g e n a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h a map from t h e Norsk P o l a r i n s t i t u t t 1 9 7 2 ( s h e e t C 7 , V e s t f j e l l a A u s t ) . The s t a t i o n S v e a i s s i t u a t e d a t t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t end o f t h e n u n a t a k H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n ( a l t . 1 2 4 5 m, 74 ゜ 3 4 ' 3 6 " S ,I 1 ° 1 3 ' 2 4 " W ; m e a s u r e d by GPS), and t h e s t a t i o n Wasa i n t h e s o u t h p a r t o f t h e n u n a t a k B a s e n ( a l t . 4 5 0 m, 7 3 ゜ 0 2 ' 3 4 " s , 1 3 ゜ 2 4 ' 5 0 " W ;m e a s u r e d by GPS) ( F i g . 2 ) . The s m a l l f i e l d s t a t i o n a t F o s s i l r y g g e n i s s i t u a t e d e a s t o f t h e s h a l e a r e a i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e n u n a t a k ( a l t . 7 0 0 m , c . 7 3 ゜ 2 3 ' S ,1 3 ゜ 0 2 ' W ) .
F i g . 2 . A i r p h o t o g r a p h o f t h e S w e d i s h s t a t i o n Wasa ( i n t h e f o r e g r o u n d ) a n d t h e F i n n i s h s t a t i o n A b o a ( i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d ) . T r a n s e c t s
7a n d
8w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d n e a r t h e s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t w o r k s t o t h e r i g h t o f t h e m a i n b u i l d i n g o f W a s a .
4 . 2 . C l i m a t e , g e o l o g y and t o p o g r a p h y
The c l i m a t e i n t h e s t u d y a r e a i s c o n t i n e n t a l a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n by S M I T H ( 1 9 8 4 ) and i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by low t e m p e r a t u r e s , m e a g r e p r e c i p i t a t i o n and low h u m i d i t y t h r o u g h ‑ o u t t h e y e a r . The a n n u a l mean t e m p e r a t u r e a t Aboa i s ‑1 6 ゜ C ( d a t a from F i n n i s h A n t a r c t i c E x p e d i t i o n 1 9 8 9 / 1 9 9 0 i n l s A K S S O N , 1 9 9 2 ) . No a n n u a l mean t e m p e r a t u r e h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d f o r H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a , b u t i t i s c e r t a i n l y l o w e r t h a n t h a t i n V e s t f j e l l a , which i s l o c a t e d f a r t h e r n o r t h and a t a l o w e r a l t i t u d e .
B a s e n , t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t n u n a t a k ・ i n V e s t f j e l l a , i s d o m i n a t e d by an e l e v a t e d p l a t e a u ,
and t h u s d i f f e r s from t h e r e s t o f V e s t f j e l l a which c o n s i s t s o f s h a r p p e a k s f l a n k e d by s t e e p
s l o p e s . B a s e n i s 3 0 0 0 m l o n g by up t o 1 5 0 0 m b r o a d . ・ T h e w e s t e r n , n o r t h e r n , n o r t h ‑
e a s t e r n a n d , t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , e a s t e r n p o r t i o n s o f B a s e n t e r m i n a t e i n p r e c i p i c e s up t o 4 0 0
m h i g h . The b e d r o c k c o n s i s t s o f b a s a l t and d i a b a s e w i t h d o l e r i t e d i k e s , and i s p a r t l y
c o v e r e d by a t h i n l a y e r o f P l e i s t o c e n e g l a c i a l t i l l c o n s i s t i n g m a i n l y o f b a s a l t and s o m e t i m e s
c l a y , which i n tum i s f o r m e d from w e a t h e r e d b a s a l t . At l e a s t two s a n d s t o n e h o r i z o n s a r e
found i n t h e p r e c i p i c e i n t h e w e s t e r n m o s t p a r t o f B a s e n ( L a r s s o n , 1 9 9 1 ) .
P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s a n d M o s s e s i n t h e A n t a r c t i c 657 F o s s i l r y g g e n i s a r i d g e w i t h g e n t l e s i d e s 2 2 0 0 m l o n g by up t o 4 0 0 m b r o a d . I t d i f f e r s g e o l o g i c a l l y from t h e r e s t o f V e s t f j e l l a , and c o n s i s t s m a i n l y o f b a s a l t , s a n d s t o n e and b l a c k f i s s i l e s h a l e ( e . g . H J E L L E and W I N S N E S , 1 9 7 2 ; J O N S S O N , 1 9 8 8 ; L A R S S O N , 1 9 9 0 , 1 9 9 1 ) .
The f o u r m a s s i f s o f t h e H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a E s c a r p m e n t ‑ M i l o r g f j e l l a ( K o t t a s b e r g e ) , X U ‑ f j e l l a , S i v o r g f j e l l a and T o t t a n f j e l l a ‑ a r e e a c h s e p a r a t e d by o u t l e t g l a c i e r s from t h e Amundsenisen P l a t e a u ( a l t . 2 5 0 0 ‑ 3 0 0 0 m) down t o t h e R i t s c h e r f l y a ( a l t . c . 1 2 0 0 m n e a r H e i m e f r o n t f j e l l a ) . The p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s r e s t r i c t e d t o S i v o r g f j e l l a . The b e d r o c k i s m a i n l y g r e y a u g e n g n e i s s and w e a k l y metamorphic r e d g r a n i t e . W e a t h e r e d a u g e n g n e i s s and g r a n i t e form c o a r s e g r a v e l and s a n d which c o v e r most o f t h e b e d r o c k a t a l l n u n a t a k s .
5 . D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e Long‑term Monitoring Study 5 . 1 . D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e t r a n s e c t s
T r a n s e c t s w i t h p e r m a n e n t p l o t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a s c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e t h r e e s t a t i o n s ( l e . , a t t h e n e a r e s t s i t e s u p p o r t i n g l i c h e n s ) , and a l s o a t d i f f e r e n t d i s t a n c e s from S v e a and Wasa. The p l o t s f a r t h e s t away from t h e s t a t i o n s a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s r e f e r e n c e p l o t s . Where p o s s i b l e , t h e s e w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d i n a r e a s h a v i n g s p e c i e s c o m p o s i t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e n e a r t h e s t a t i o n s . The p o s i t i o n o f t h e t r a n s e c t s w e r e t h u s s u b j e c t i v e l y s e l e c t e d . The r e f e r e n c e p l o t s a r e i n t e n d e d t o i d e n t i f y and d i s t i n g u i s h l o c a l human e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s from g l o b a l human e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s ( e . g . , c l i m a t e c h a n g e s , i n c r e a s e d UV‑B r a d i a ‑ t i o n ) , a s w e l l a s f r o m random c h a n g e s . To d i s t i n g u i s h among t h e t h r e e f a c t o r s , I I t r a n s e c t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d .
S i x t r a n s e c t s ( f i v e 3 0 m i n l e n g t h and one 1 1 . 7 4 m) w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d i n H e i m e f r o n t f j e l ‑ l a : one on t h e s m a l l r o c k mound on w h i c h S v e a i s s i t u a t e d , one on t h e n o r t h s l o p e o f t h e f i r s t h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a , one on t h e t o p o f t h e s e c o n d h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a , one on t h e s o u t h s l o p e o f t h e f o u r t h h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a and one on t h e m o r a i n e h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a . One r e f e r e n c e t r a n s e c t was e s t a b l i s h e d n e a r t h e n o r t h ‑ w e s t e r n end o f S t e i n n a b b e n , a s i t e r a r e l y v i s i t e d by S w e d i s h p a r t i c i p a n t s . The t r a n s e c t on t h e s o u t h s l o p e o f t h e f o u r t h h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a s h o u l d a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a r e f e r e n c e t r a n s e c t . Four t r a n s e c t s ( 3 0 m i n l e n g t h ) w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a t B a s e n : two i n l i n e c l o s e t o t h e s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t works s o u t h o f Wasa, and two on t h e h i l l n o r t h e a s t o f Aboa. One t r a n s e c t was e s t a b l i s h e d a t F o s s i l r y g g e n c . 1 0 0 m s o u t h e a s t o f t h e a s m a l l f i e l d s t a t i o n .
The s t a r t and e n d p o i n t s o f t h e t r a n s e c t s w e r e p e r m a n e n t l y marked by aluminium s t a k e s ( F i g . 3 ) o r by 2 0 m m d i a m e t e r h o l e s d r i l l e d i n t h e r o c k . The s t a r t p o i n t was a l w a y s l o c a t e d a t t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h e t r a n s e c t . P l o t s w e r e u s u a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d a t I m, 4 m , 7 m, 1 0 m , 1 3 m, 1 6 m , 1 9 m, 2 2 m, 2 5 m and 2 8 m a l o n g t h e t r a n s e c t . E v e r y s e c o n d p l o t was p o s i t i o n e d on t h e r i g h t s i d e ( " R " ) and e v e r y s e c o n d on t h e l e f t s i d e ( " L " ) . The f i r s t p l o t was on t h e r i g h t s i d e b e s i d e t r a n s e c t 4 w h e r e i t was on t h e I e f t s i d e .
T r a n s e c t I ( T a b i e 1 ) . On t h e n o r t h s l o p e o f t h e f i r s t h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a a t H a l d o r ‑
s e n t o p p e n . The n o r t h end o f t h e t r a n s e c t i s c l o s e t o t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h e s n o w ‑ f r e e p a r t
o f t h e h i l l . Some s u b p l o t s w e r e c o v e r e d w i t h snow i n t h e u p p e r I e f t p a r t . The t r a n s e c t
d i r e c t i o n i s i n i t i a l l y 1 8 0 ， ゜ t h o u g ha f t e r 1 9 . 5 m i t c h a n g e s d i r e c t i o n t o 1 2 0 ゜ . The t o t a l l e n g t h
i s 3 0 m, t h e a l t i t u d e i s 1 2 5 0 m, and t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n a l t i t u d e a l o n g t h e t r a n s e c t i s c . 6 m .
P l o t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a t : Im ( R ) , 4 m ( L ) , 7 m ( R ) , 1 0 m ( L ) , 1 3 m ( R ) , 1 6 m ( L ) , 1 9 m
( R ) , 2 2 m ( L ) , 2 5 m ( R ) , 2 8 m ( L ) . E x t r a p l o t s w e r e e s t a b i i s h e d a t : 0 m ( R ) , 4 . 2 m ( R ) , 1 2
T a b l e / . Uchens found i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t l on t h e n o r t h s l o p e of t h e f i r s t h i l l s o u t h of Svea a t H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n . t h a t t h e p l o t i s p o s i t i o n e d on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e t r a n s e c t and "L" on t h e l e f t s i d e .
"R" i n d i c a t e s
S p e c i e s Om(R) 1m(R) 4 m ( L ) 4 . 2 m ( R ) 7m(R) 1 0 m ( L ) 1 2 m ( l ) 13m(R) 1 6 m ( L ) 1 6 , S m ( L ) 1 8 m ( l ) 19m(R) 2 2 m ( L ) 22m(R) 25m(R) 26m(R)
28m(L)2 8 , 5 m ( R )
A c a r o s p o r a gwynnu 10 1 ; 16 4;25 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 17 9;11;12
B a c i d i a s p p . 3 ; 19
C a n d e l a r i e l l a f / a v a
L e c i d e a o r o a n t a r c t i c a
6;8
P / e o p s i d i u m c h / o r o p h a n u m
R h i z o p l a c a m e / a n o p h t h a l m a
2 ; 3 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 17;20;21 22;23;24 25
1 ; 2 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 3 ; 15;16;17 18;21;22 23;24;25
16
3 ; 5 ; 8 ; 12 1 ; 2 ; 9 ; 17 22;23;24
5 ; 2 1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 , 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 11;12;13 12;15;20 14;16;21
9 ; 1 4
1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 16 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 2 1 22;23;24
17
4 ; 9 ; 12 1 ; 2 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 17 18;22;23
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 , 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 15 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 18 19;20;21
22
1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 1 ; 2 ; 7 ; 14 1 3 ; 2 2 ; 23 4 ; 1 0 ; 1 9 6 ; 1 9 ; 22 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 22 3 ; 8 ; 1 2 ; 7 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 18 25 23 17 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 22 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1
22
4 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1;2;7;12 3 ; 4 ; 8 ; 9 , 1 2 ; 18 1 3 ; 1 6 ; 17 2 2 ; 2 3 ; 25
1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 1
2 ; 9 ; 1 2 , 14
13;22 25
2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 , 7;8;9;22 25
25
1 0 ; 15
1 ; 2 ; 8 ; 9 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 5 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 1 9 ; 2 1 ; 22 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 3 ; 2 3 ; 24 7 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 4 ; 1 9 ; 22 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 15
23 1 7 ; 2 1 ; 22 23;24;25 8;9 4;5;9
15
9;22
1 ; 2 ; 5 ; 8 ; 1 ; 2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 4 ; 1 2 ; 1 8 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 23 9 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 2 1 1 1 ; 1 4 ; 1 8 1 7 ; 2 2 ; 24
25 10
9;10 1 ; 6 ; 8 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ;
24 17;25
658
3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 , 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ; 24;25
G o r a n
T H O R
10 1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 1 0 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 17;20
10 17;25
U m b i l i c a r i a d e c u s s a t a ︐
3 57 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 , 1 7 ; 18;23 24;25
19
X a n t h o n a mawsom, 23
P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s a n d M o s s e s i n t h e A n t a r c t i c
T a b l e 2 . L i c h e n s a n d m o s s e s f o u n d i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t 2 a t t h e p e a k o f t h e s e c o n d h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a a t H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n .
659
Species
1 m ( R ) 4 m ( L ) 7 m ( R ) 1 O m ( L ) 1 3 m ( R ) 1 6 m ( L ) 1 9 m ( R ) 2 2 m ( L ) 2 5 m ( A ) 2 8 m ( L ) A c a r o s p o r a s p . # 1 1 1 7
C a l o p l a c a c i t r i n a 1 ; 9 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 2 ; 1 3 : 1 9 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 2 0 : 2 4 1 ; 2 : 4 ; 6 ; 2 0 1 ; 6 1 4 ; 1 5 C a / o p l a c a s a x i c o / a 1 5
L e c a n o r a e x p e c t a n s 1 ; 9 3 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 3 7 4 ; 8 ; ; 9 1 ; 3 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ;
20;1 ; 6 0 ; 1 7 ;
206 1 ; 1 5 ; 2 4 1 9 2 4
L e c i d e a o r o a n t a r c t i c a 7 1 3 R h i z o p / a c a m e / a n o p h t h a / m a 1 7 ; 1
U m b i l i c a r i a d e c u s s a t a 1 ; 6 1 1 0 M o s s 1 ; 8 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 2 : 1 3 : . . . 1 7 , 1 8 ; 1 9 4
1 5 : 1 6 ;
20;2 1
m ( L ) , 1 6 . 5 m ( L ) , 1 8 m ( L ) , 22 m ( R ) , 26 m ( R ) and 2 8 . 5 m ( R ) .
T r a n s e c t 2 ( T a b l e 2 ) . At t h e p e a k o f t h e s e c o n d h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a a t H a l d o r ‑ s e n t o p p e n . The t r a n s e c t i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e s t e e p e a s t s l o p e and 5 ‑ 8 m f r o m t h e e d g e . The d i r e c t i o n i s 1 9 0 ， ゜ t h et o t a l l e n g t h i s 30 m , t h e a l t i t u d e i s 1 2 5 0 ‑1 3 0 0 m , and t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n a l t i t u d e a l o n g t h e t r a n s e c t i s a f e w m e t r e s . P l o t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a t : 1 m ( R ) , 4 m ( L ) , 7 m ( R ) , 1 0 m ( L ) , 1 3 m ( R ) , 1 6 m ( L ) , 1 9 m ( R ) , 22 m ( L ) , 25 m ( R ) and 2 8 m ( L ) .
T r a n s e c t 3 ( F i g . 4 , T a b l e 3 ) . On t h e m o r a i n e r i d g e w e s t o f , and p a r a l l e l w i t h , t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t p a r t o f H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n . The t r a n s e c t s t a r t s 2 m s o u t h o f a s m a l l g r a v e l h e a p i n t h e n o r t h e n d . The d i r e c t i o n i s 1 8 5 ， ゜ t h et o t a l l e n g t h i s 30 m , t h e a l t i t u d e i s 1 2 5 0 ‑ 1 3 0 0 m , and t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n a l t i t u d e a l o n g t h e t r a n s e c t i s 2 ‑3 m . P l o t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a t : 1 m ( R ) , 4 m ( L ) , 7 m ( R ) , 1 0 m ( L ) , 1 3 m ( R ) , 1 6 m ( L ) , 1 9 m ( R ) , 22 m ( L ) , 2 5 m ( R ) and 2 8 m ( L ) .
T r a n s e c t 4 ( F i g . 5 , T a b l e 4 ) . On t h e r o c k mound on w h i c h S v e a i s s i t u a t e d a t H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n . The t r a n s e c t s t a r t s a t t h e end o f t h e s n o w ‑ f r e e r o c k i n t h e n o r t h w e s t p a r t . I n i t i a l l y t h e d i r e c t i o n i s 90 ， ゜ t h o u g ha f t e r 8 . 0 4 m i t c h a n g e s d i r e c t i o n t o 1 3 5 ゜ . The t o t a l l e n g t h i s 1 1 . 7 4 m , t h e a l t i t u d e i s 1 2 4 5 m , and t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n a l t i t u d e a l o n g t h e t r a n s e c t i s c . 3 m . P l o t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a t : 0 m ( L ) , 1 m ( R ) , 2 m ( L ) , 3 m ( R ) , 4 m ( L ) , 5 m ( R ) , 6 m ( L ) , 7 m ( R ) , 8 m ( L ) , 9 m ( R ) , 1 0 m ( L ) and 1 1 m ( R ) . Some o f t h e p l o t s w e r e l o c a t e d p a r t l y u n d e r e q u i p m e n t ( F i g . 5 ) .
T r a n s e c t 5 ( T a b l e 5 ) . On t h e l o w e r s l o p e o f t h e f o u r t h h i l l s o u t h o f S v e a a t
H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n . The t r a n s e c t i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e s t e e p e a s t s l o p e and 1 5 m f r o m t h e e d g e .
The t r a n s e c t e n d s 1 0 m f r o m t h e l o w e r m o s t p a r t b e t w e e n t h e f o u r t h and f i f t h h i l l s o u t h o f
660 Goran THOR
F i g . 3 . Aluminium s t a k e marking t h e s t a r t o r end p o i n t of a t r a n s e c t .
F i g . 4 . T r a n s e c t 3 on t h e m o r a i n e r i d g e w e s t o f , and p a r a l l e l w i t h , t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t p a r t of
H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n . The m e t a l m e a s u r i n g ‑ t a p e s h o w s t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e t r a n s e c t .
P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s a n d M o s s e s i n t h e A n t a r c t i c 6 6 1 T a b l e 3 . L i c h e n s and m o s s e s found i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t 3 o n t h e m o r a i n e r i d g e w e s t
o f , and p a r a l l e l w i t h , t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t p a r t of H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n .
Species
1 m ( R ) 4 m ( L ) 7 m ( R ) 1 0 m ( L ) 1 3 m ( R ) 1 6 m ( l ) 1 9 m ( R ) 2 2 m ( L ) 2 5 m ( A ) 2 B m ( L ) C a / o p / a c a c i t r i n a 1 2 , 5 , 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 1 7 ; 2 3 2 0 ; 2 1 1 2
2 0 , 2 1 ;
22;2 3 ; 2 4 . 2 5
C a n d e / a r i e / l a f / a v a 8 ;
9,1 0 ; 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5
L e c a n o r a e x p e c t a n s 1 8 , 2 2 , 2 3 6 1 9 4 1 9
L e c i d e / l a s i p / e t 2 , 1 , 4 1 2 : 1 3 ;
17;1 8 ; 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 7 ; 1 8 , 1 1 ; 1 6 , 1 7 2 2 . 2 4 2 3
R h i z o p / a c a m e / a n o p h t h a l m a 1 , 8 5 2 0
M o s s 1 8 1 9 1 7 ，
S v e a . The d i r e c t i o n i s 1 8 5 ， ゜ t h et o t a l l e n g t h i s 30 m, t h e a l t i t u d e i s 1 2 5 0 ‑1 3 0 0 m, and t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n a l t i t u d e along t h e t r a n s e c t i s c . 3 m. P l o t s were e s t a b l i s h e d a t : I m ( R ) , 4 m ( L ) , 7 m ( R ) , 1 0 m ( L ) , 1 3 m ( R ) , 1 6 m ( L ) , 1 9 m ( R ) , 22 m ( L ) , 25 m ( R ) and 28 m ( L ) . An e x t r a p l o t was e s t a b l i s h e d a t I I m ( L ) . The a c c u r a t e numbering of t h e s u b p l o t s w i t h i n t h e p l o t s I m ( R ) , 4 m ( L ) and 7 m (R) must be c o n f i r m e d .
T r a n s e c t 6 ( F i g . 6 , Table 6 ) . On t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n end of Steinnabben ( 7 4 ゜ 3 3 ' S , I 1 ° 1 5 ' W) w i t h t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t I O m from t h e end of t h e s n o w ‑ f r e e p a r t . The t r a n s e c t was p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e n u n a t a k . The d i r e c t i o n i s 1 2 0 ， ゜ t h et o t a l l e n g t h i s 30 m, t h e a l t i t u d e i s
F i g .
5.T r a n s e c t
4o n t h e r o c k mound o n w h i c h t h e S w e d i s h s t a t i o n S v e a ( i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d )
i s s i t u a t e d a t H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n . T h e t r a n s e c t s t a r t s i n t h e f o r e g r o u n d . T h e m e t a l
m e a s u r i n g ‑ t a p e s h o w s t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e t r a n s e c t .
6 6 2 Goran THOR
, ,
F i g . 6 . T r a n s e c t 6 o n t h e n o r t h ‑ w e s t e r n end of S t e i n ‑ n a b b e n . The metal m e a s u r i n g ‑ t a p e shows t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e t r a n s e c t
F i g . 7 . T r a n s e c t 8 n e a r t h e s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t w o r k s s o u t h of t h e S w e d i s h s t a t i o n W a s a ( t h e F i n ‑ n i s h s t a t i o n Aboa i n t h e background). The m e t a l m e a s u r i n g ‑ t a p e s h o w s t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e t r a n s e c t .
F i g . 8 . The wooden frame u s e d
a s a p l o t w i t h a g r i d of
w i r e s f o r m i n g t h e s u b ‑
p l o t s and t h e m e t a l
m e a s u r i n g ‑ t a p e u s e d t o
m e a s u r e t h e l e n g t h of
t h e t r a n s e c t s .
Table 4 . Lichens and mosses found i n the p l o t s along t r a n s e c t 4 on the rock mound on which Svea i s situated at Haldorsentoppen
Spec迫Om(l)
1m(R)2 m ( L )
3m(R) 4m(L) Sm(R)6 m ( l )
7m(R) 8m(L) 9m{R)1 0 m ( L )
11m(R)Acarospora gwynnu Bacidia s p p .
B u e / / i a J i g n o i d e s
Caloplaca c i t r i n a C a n d e l a r i e l / a f l a v a Lecanora expectans Lecidea o r o a n t a r c t i c a L e c i d e l l a s i p l e 1
Pseudephebe minuscula
U m b i / i c a r i a decussata
X a n t h o r i a e/egans
Moss
2 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9
2 3 ; 2 4 ; 2 5
Rhizocarpon geographicum 1 8 ; 1 9
Rhizoplaca me/anophtha/ma 2
︐
2 ; 9
1 ; 9
︐
2 ; 9 ; 1 4
2
2 ; 9 ; 1 9 ; 2 0
2 ; 7
2 ; 7 ; 1 9 ; 2 0
2 5
5
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 2 1 ;
2 2 ; 2 3
4 ; 5
6 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 2
2 ; 3 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 6 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 1 3 ; 1 7 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ;
2 3 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 17
2 1 ; 2 2
1 ; 2 ; 7
1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 9
2 1 ; 2 4
6 : 1 6 ; 2 1 ; 2 4
2 ; 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 1 2 ; 1 ; 2 ; 6 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 3 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 2 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 : 2 1 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ; 2 4
1 9 ;
254 ; 2 3 ; 2 4
1 9 ; 2 4
4 ; 1 0 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 2 3 ; 2 4
1 ; 6 ; 7 ; 9 ; 1 0
1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 8 ; 1 9
14
5 ; 8
6
5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 2 ; 1 5 : 2 1 4 ; S ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 4 ; 1 ; S ; 6 ; 7 ; 1 7 ; 1 5 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 4 ; 1 8
2 5 6 ; 1 1
4 ; 5 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 4 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 8 ; 1 5 1 9 ; 2 0
P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s a n d M o s s e s n i t h e A n t a r c t i c
663
T a b l e 5 . L i c h e n s and m o s s e s found i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t 5 on t h e l o w e r s l o p e of t h e f o u r t h h i l l s o u t h of Svea a t H a l d o r s e n t o p p e n .
664Spec函
1m{R) 4 m ( L ) 7m{R) 1 0 m ( L ) 1 1 m ( L ) 13m(R) 1 6 m ( L ) 19m(R) 2 2 m ( l ) 25m(R) 2 8 m ( L )
A c a r o s p o r a s p . # 1 C a l o p / a c a c i t r i n a
C a / o p / a c a s a x 1 c o / a C a n d e / a r i e l l a f l a v a
L e c a n o r a e x p e c t a n s
L e c i d e a o r o a n t a r c t i c a
R h i z o p l a c a m e / a n o p h t h a l m a
U m b i l i c a r i a d e c u s s a t a
X a n t h o r i a m a w s o n 1 1
Moss
22 24;25
3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 , 1 2 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 3 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ;
24;25 19;20;24;25
1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 15
5 ; 6 ; 19;24;25
L e c i d e / l a s i p t e , P h y s c , a c a e s , a
P l e o p s i d i u m c h l o r o p h a n u m
15 15
2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 8 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 22
24
5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 1 1 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 8 ; 9 ; 19;24;25 24;25
1 4
1 ; 2 ; 7 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 ; 2 ; 4 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 0 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 8 1 1 ; 1 5 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ;
20;23;24;25
1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 5
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 3 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 19;20;22;24;25
1 ; 5 ; 23
7 3
20 18
1 ; 3 ; 7 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 7 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 1 ; 2 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 1 0 ; 3 ; 4 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 20 18;20;21;22 11;16;21;23 11;12;14;15;16;
1 8 ; 19;23;24;25
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 7 ; 1 2 , 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 22
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 7 ; 1 2 ; 1 7 ; 18;21;22;23
1 ; 2 : 3 ; 7 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 , 1 7 : 20
2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 2 1 ; 2 3 , 24
2
1 ; 2 ; 7 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 12 1 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 22;23;24;25
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 1 1 , 15;21;23
1 1 ; 15
4 ; 6 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 5 ; 19;22;23
1 ; 2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ; 2 4 ;
25 1 ; 2 ; 6 ; 7 ; 1 1 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 19;20;24;25
4;5
1 ; 4 ; 5 ; 8 ; 9
1 ; 18;23
3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 19;20
2 ; 13
1 ; 2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 9 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 8 ; 1 2 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 2 0 ; 2 3 ; 1 6 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 1 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 1 9 ; 20
24
5;6
1 ; 2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 4 ; 15;20
2
2 ; 7 ; 16
2;3
8
G o r a n
T H O R 19 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 2 ; 3 ; 9 ; 1 2 ; 1 4 ; 1 6 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 9 ; 1 0 ;
9 ; 1 0 ; 2 0 ; 2 3 ; 24 2 1 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 25
5
2;7 13 2 ; 3 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 0 ;
1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ;
22;24;25
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 19
2;5;6
22 ; 3 ; 4 ; 1 2 ; 19
T a b l e 6 . L i c h e n s and m o s s e s found i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t 6 on t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n end of S t e i n n a b b e n .
Spec
面1m(A) 4 m ( l )
7m(A)1 0 m ( l ) 13m(R) 1 6 m ( l ) 19m(R) 2 2 m ( l ) 25m(R)
28m(l)A c a r o s p o r a g w y n n 1 1 A c a r o s p o r a s p . # 1
13
3 ; 7 : 8 : 1 2 ; 1 5 ; 2 0 ; 24
1 4 4 ; 2 1 ; 23 18 4;8;9;15;20 9 ; 1 3 ; 1 9 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ; 24
C a l o p l a c a c i t r i n a
C a n d e l a r i e l l a f l a v a 3;14;19;24
L e c a n o r a e x p e c t a n s
L e c i d e a o r o a n t a r c t i c a
R h i z o p / a c a m e l a n o p h t h a l m a
U m b i l i c a r i a d e c u s s a t a X a n t h o r i a mawsonu
25;9;10;25
2
2;3;7;8
2
2 ; 3 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ;
24;25
4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 2 ; 1 8 ; 19;20;24
3 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 5 ; 16;19;20;24:25
24
13
︐
24
4;7
84 ; 9 ; 1 3 ; 14
9 ; 1 3 ; 1
；ヽ1 7 ; 1 8
4;9;13;17;18
6 ; 7 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 5 , 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ;
24;25 2 ; 3 ;
；ヽ5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 17
2 ; 3 ; 4 ; S ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 15;18;19;24
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ;
24;25
P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s a n d M o s s e s i n t h e A n t a r c t i c
Moss 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ;
8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2
；ヽ25
665
T a b l e 7 . L i c h e n s found i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t s 7 and 8 n e a r t h e sewage t r e a t m e n t w o r k s s o u t h of W a s a .
666S p e c
函1m(R) 4 m ( L ) 7m(R) 1 0 m ( L ) 13m(R) 1 6 m ( L ) 19m(R) 2 2 m ( L ) 25m(R) 2 8 m ( L )
T r a n s e c t 7
R i n o d i n a s p . 1 1 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 23 4 ; 5 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 3 , 1 8
T r a n s e c t 8
R i n o d i n a 4 ; s ; 7 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 3 ; Sp. 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 2 1
2 1
1 ; 4 ; 25
1;6;14;19
24
5
6 ; 7 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 19;23;24
6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ;
23;24;25 4 ; 6 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 4 ;
1 5 ; 19;20;25
2 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 0 ; 1 3 ; 14;24
6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10
T a b l e 8 . L i c h e n s found i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t 9 c . 400 m ENE of Wasa a t t h e h i l l n o r t h e a s t of A b o a .
Spec
涵1m(R) 4m(L) 7m(R) 1 0 m ( L ) 13m(R) 1 6 m ( l ) 1 9 ( R ) 2 2 m ( L ) 25m(R)
28m(l)A c a r o s p o r a gwynnu B u e l / i s s p . # 2
24;25
24;25
4 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 7 ; 5 ; 7 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 6 ; 2 ; 3 ; 8 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 2 2 ; 25 1 7 ; 2 1 ; 25 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ;
24 16;19 16
C a l o p a c a a f t . a p p r o x i m a t a
L e c i d e a o r o a n t a r c t i c a
8R h i z o p l a c a m e / a n o p h t h a l m a 8 ; 1 1
R i n o d i n a s p 11;13;17;25 1 ; 2 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ;
23;24
17;22;23
20;25
7;8
1 ; 1 1 ; 12
8 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 8 ; 3 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 2 ; 3 ; 5 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 7 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 24 1 6 ; 17 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 4 ;
25
84 ; 5 ; 1 4 ; 19;25
14;18;23
G o r a n
T H O R
3
3 3
3;7
7 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 5 ; 2 : 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 2 : 4 ; 7 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 5 ; 1 0 ; 1 5 : 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 19 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 25
1 6
T a b l e 9 . L i c h e n s found i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t JO c . 400 m ENE of Wasa a t t h e h i l l n o r t h e a s t of Aboa.
s i :
震 函 1m(R)4 m ( l )
7m(A) 10m(L) 13m(R} 16m(L)t9m(R) 2 2 m ( l ) 25m(R)
28m(L)A c a r o s p o r a gwynnu L e c a n o r a e x p e c t a n s L e c i d e a o r o a n t a r c t i c a
6;7;10 12 5 ; 9 ; 10:12 1 ; 4 1 ; 8 1 8 ; 2 1
︐ 20
1 8 ; 2 1 10 10;14;18;23
R h i z o p l a c a m e l a n o p h t h a / m a 1 8 ; 2 1 25 1 0
24:5;10 10;14;18;23
R i n o d i n a s p . 2 ; 3 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 1 4 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ;
1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 25
254 ; 9 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 2 ; 23
2 ; 3 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 6 ; 2 1
1;2 6 : 7 : 1 3 : 2 1 6 ; 1 1 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 2 0 ; 1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ;
9;8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 23 10 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 2 1
4 : 9 ; 1 6 : 1 7 : 2 0 ; 25
P e r m a n e n t P l o t s w i t h L i c h e n s
a n d M o s s e s i n t h e A n t a r c t i c
667
6 6 0 0
T a b l e J O . L i c h e n s found i n t h e p l o t s a l o n g t r a n s e c t 1 1 a t F o s s i l r y g g e n c . JOO m s o u t h e a s t of t h e s m a l l f i e l d s t a t i o n w h i c h i s s i t u a t e d e a s t of t h e s h a l e a r e a i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e n u n a t a k .
Spec函
1m(R) 4 m ( L ) 7m(R) 13m(R) 1 6 m ( L ) 19m(R) 2 2 m ( l ) 25m(R) 2 8 m ( l )
A c a r o s p o r a gwynnu 1 2 1 ; 4 ; 1 2 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 4 ; 5 ; 1 0 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 2 0 ; 1 7 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 2 2 ; 25 24
B a c i d i a t r a c h o n a B u e l / i a / i g n o i d e s B u e l l i a s p . # 2 c f . B u e l l i a s p p . C a n d e l a r i e l l a f l a v a L e c a n o r a e x p e c t a n s L e c i d e a o r o a n t a r c t i c a
P l e o p s i d i u m c h l o r o p h a n u m P s u d e p h e b e m i n u s c u l a R h i z o p l a c a
m e l a n o p h t h a / m a
3 ; 17;18
1 3 ; 2 1 ; 22
7 ; 1 7 ; 18;22;23
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 , 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 21;22;23;24;25
25
4 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10
15
1 8
1 ; 2 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 1 0 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ;
21;25
1 1 ; 18
2;7
9 ; 14
1 ; 9 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 24
1 2 ; 17
1 4 ; 2 1
1 6 ; 2 1
1 4 ; 1 6 ; 2 1
24;25
1 ; 2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 0 ; 1 2 ; 1 3 ; 1 4 ; 1 5 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 1 ; 1 6 ; 1 7 ; 1 8 ; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ; 2 4 ;
252 1 ; 2 2 ; 2 3 ; 24
3 ; 4 ; 1 2 ; 19;22
1 0 ; 1 1
2
