Acta Med. Nagasaki 34 : 47-52
HIV- antibodies in Pediatric Hemophiliacs in Nagasaki 'M asanori Yanai, *Yoshiro Tsuji and ' *Tsutomu Miyamoto
*Depertment of Pediatrics and **Department of Bacteriology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine
SUMMARY : Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies were assayed in 34 pediatric patients ( 28 patients with hemophilia A, 3 hemophilia B, and 3 von Willebrand's disease ) of Nagasaki Prefecture. Thirteen of hemophilia A patients were positive (46.4%), 2 of hemophilia B patients were positive (66.7%) and 1 of von Willebrand's disease patients was positive (33.3%). Seropositive patients totaled 16 out of 34 and sero-positive rate was 47.1 %.
In Nagasaki University Hospital, HIV-antibodies were detected in 6 of 9 hemophilia A patients, but none in hemophilia B and von Willebrand's disease patients.
When compared with sero-negative patients, sero-positive patients had a de- pressed helper /suppressor T (OKT 4/T 8) ratio and a relative increase in serum IgG levels (p <O. 05 ). Absolute lymphocyte counts in sero-positive patients did not differ from sero-negative patients.
The reverse transcriptase activities were detected in the peripheral mono- nuclear cell cultures in 3 of 4 sero-positive hemophilia A patients from Nagasaki University Hospital by Dr. J. A. Levy in 1985.
The above results suggest that exposure to HIV is widespread in asymptom- atic hemophiliacs. Hence, further studies for preventive measures and therapy of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) must be implemented.
INTRODUCTION
Current estimates suggest that in the United States between one and two million individuals have already been infected with HIV, also
known as HTLV- DI or LAV I ). Most of these individuals are asymptomatic. As of September, 1986, a total of 238 cases of hemophilia-associ- ated AIDS had been reported to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) through state health departments, hemophilia treatment centers and physicians 2 ). The number of hemophilia- associated AIDS cases has been increasing each year.
59 cases of AIDS, including 34 hemophilia patients, have been reported so far in Japan.
According to the news paper of late 1987, 688 cases of HIV infected patients were detected by
AIDS surveillance group in Japan. The occur- rence of this syndrome has caused a great deal of distress and anxiety among the afflicted patients and has been the subject of concern throughout the society as a whole.
Epidemiological data suggest that AIDS is transmitted by an infectious agent through intimate contact with body secretions, blood or blood products. To maintain hemostasis, many hemophiliac patients depend on commer- cially prepared clotting concentrates made from large multi-donor plasma pools and are therefore at increased risk of developing the disease 3).
Japan has imported coagulation factor con- centrates or material plasma mainly from USA. It is supposed that the time of intro- duction of HIV into Japan was 19 8 0 at the latest or earlier1).
47
48
M. Yanal
Vol. 34MATERIALS AND METHODS
HIV antibody was measured in 34 pediatric hemophiliacs who had been treated in some main hospitals of Nagasaki prefecture.
In Nagasaki University Hospital, samples from eleven pediatric hemophiliacs ; 9 of the patients had hemophilia A and between the re‑
maining two, one had hemophilia B and the other one had von Willebrand's disease, were tested. All hemophilia A patients had moderate or severe disease and received infusions of com‑
mercial factor Vur concentrate. The samples were collected since 1981‑87 from individuals.
A11 patients were asymptomatic, except for one patient who had clinical AIDS related complex (ARO.
HIV antibody was measured by indirect imm‑
unofluorescence assay and radio‑immunopreci‑
pitation. Both cellular and humoral immunity were examined. Cellular immunity was examin‑
ed by using monoclonal antibodies such as OK T4 and OKT8 to analyze T Iymphocytes, helper T cells and suppressor T cells by Flow Cytome‑
tory. Serum lgG, IgA and lgM were measured as indicators of humoral immunity.
The reverse transcriptase activities were as‑
sayed in the peripheral mononuclear cell cul‑
tures in 4 sero‑positive hemophilia A patients from Nagasaki University Hospital by Dr.J.A.
Levy of Los Angels, in 1985.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1) Prevalence of HIV antibodies in Nagasaki
Prefecture :HIV antibodies were assayed in 34 pediatric hemophilia patients in Nagasaki Prefecture.
Prevalence of HIV‑antibodies of each patient group is shown in table 1. Sero‑positive pa‑
tients totaled 16 out of 34 and sero‑positive rate was 47.1 6. 13 out of 28 hemophilia A patients were positive, 46.4 , 2 out of 3 hemo‑
philia B were positive and I out of 3 von Wille‑
brand's disease was positive.
16 hemophilia patients were sero‑positive for HIV. In Japan, prevalence of HIV antibodies
o 4)‑6)
has been reported as between 30 and 60 .
Table I Prevelence of HIV antibodies in Nagasaki Prefecture
2) Prevalence of HIV antibodies in Nagasaki University Hospital :
In the department of pediatrics, samples from eleven hemophiliacs assayed revealed that 9 of the patients had hemophilia A and between the remaining two, one had hemo‑
philia B and the other one had von
Willebrand's disease. HIV‑antibodies have been detected in 6 of 9 hemophilia A patients, but none in hemophilia B and von Willebrand's disease as shown in table 2. All of the sero‑
positive hemophilia A patients had
moderate or severe disease and received in‑
fusions of commercial factor VEI concentrates.
All of the sero‑positive patients have been asymptomatic, except for one case. The factor XM deficiency patient had been treated with domestic fresh frozen plasma and factor X nl concentrates for 4 and 8 years respectively.
Table 2. Prevelence of HIV Antibodies in Nagasaki University Hospital
Her serum shows sero‑negative to HIV.
3) Changes of HIV antibodies in 1 1 hemo‑
philiacs :
Figure I shows changes of HIV‑antibodies in 11 hemophiliacs in Nagasaki University Hospi‑
tal. The samples were collected from individu‑
als since 1981‑87. All patients were asympto‑
matic, except for one patient, case 5, who had clinical AIDS related complex (ARC ). The earliest seroconversion occurred in 1982. Two hemophilia A patients were HIV‑antibody
positive in 1982 as shown in figure 1. Japanese
1989
HIV−ANTIBODIES IN PEDIATRIC HEMOPHILIACS
49scholar,Dr。Nagao had reported that the earli.
est seropositive samples of hemophilia pati−
ents in Japan were found in1980,two of19
stored plasma,one hemophilia A and one hemo.philia B,showed positive results4).Thus,intro−
duction of HIV into Japan is thought to have
occurred at the latest,in1980。According to
our results,sero−conversion was noted between1981and1982,in Nagasaki.
In Japan,heat−treated factor V皿concentrates were brought into the market in August1985,
and after they have been in use,sero−conversion has no more been observed.
The mean age of sero.positive hemophilia
patients was14years,and not significantly
higher than that of sero−negative patients.Themean age of sero−conversion was around 10
years.The youngest age of sero−conversion 墨sabout3years old,case5.But the sero−negative
period could not be confirmed.His stored plas−ma in early1983had already shown sero−posi−
ti.ve.
The reverse transcriptase activities were de.
tected in the peripheral mononuclear cell cul−
tures in case 2, 4 and 5 0f antibody−positive
hemophilia A patients from Nagasaki Univer−
sity Hospital by Dr.」.A.Levy of Los Angels7),
毒n1985.
As shown in figure2,sero−positive patients
consumed more amount of factor皿concentra−
tes than sero−negative patients. However,
follow up periods are different from each pati−
ent,so expressed by each amount of blood pro.
ducts per year,there is no difference between sero−positive and sero−negative patients in
severe hemophilia A。As2cases of sero.nega−
tive patients have mild and moderate hemophi−
1ia A,they did not consume noll heat−treated
concentrates so much.While,one patient with severe hemophilia A received mainly factQr四
concentrates made from japanese plasma−pools,nevertheless,no sero−conversion was detected.
All sero−positive patients who were severe,re−
ceived三nlported factor V皿concentrates.
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
u
魂7等
ξ⊥鉾
霧
0
O
/year O
O Q O
case a ge
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1981 82 83 84 85 86 F87
15y 13 17 9 7 22
で6
12 14 14 15
9m 79一 一く>一一一〇一一●一一
9 82一●
一●.争 一一●一一●一●r一一一一一●一
一一一騨 一一一
一79一一 一一〈>一一一 一●一 一●一一一一一一一〇一一一一一一一一一●ゆ
79一一 一一一Q一一一 一く〉・一一
se『o『positlve se『〇一negatlve
Fig.2.Amount of non heat−treated con−
centrates in Hemophilia A
10 3 9 11 10 5 6 8 0
7弄一
■81 一 一●○一一
78一一 80一
Fウぴ曽 一一曹一ひ甲一 甲一〇 〇一
●一司一
一79_
一Q O一 一85一一〇一〇
83一一
一一一一 ■⊂川一ロー・{】一
甲一一r合嘲凸一一一騨一一一噌一一r卜△
_一一一一 on hea〜一trea薯ed CDncentrateS hea!一量rea量ed cOncentrates o●Hemophilia A 口Hemophilia B ムvon Wi ebrand ㌔ARC Fig。L Changes of HIV Antibodies in l l hemo−
philiacs
4〉Amount of non heat−treated concentrates
in Hemophilia A:The amount of non heat−treated factor、皿
concentrates consumed by the sero.positive patients was compared to the sero−negative
patients.5)Total protein and gamma−globulin Levels
in Hemophiliacs:As hyper gamma.globulinemia was seen
in HIV infected patients, the total proteinand gamma−globulin levels were compared in
sero−positive and sero−negative hemophiliacs.There was no significance in total protein
between sero−positive and negative patients.One patient who has ARC showed hypo.
protenemia because of malnutrition.Serum gamma−globulin levels of sero−positive pa−
tientswerehigherthanthoseofsero−negative
patients(p<0.05),as shown in figure3.
6)Serum Immunoglobulin levels ln Hemo.
philiacs:
Serum IgG,IgA and IgM were measured
as indicators of humoral immunity.Serum IgG
50
M. Yanai
Vol. 34gldl 9,0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
Total , ,
. o) e +1 d
r
o N
*.
Protein
% 40 o co.
A To 30
o +1rLo,
c,
20
n. s. I O
r‑globulin
o' Hemophilia A D Hemophilia B
tt von willebrand
" ARC
'1 o
QJ r¥. +1
e,o
coQJ oo
p< O 05 t(5
sero‑positiVe negative sero‑positiVe negatiVe
Fig. 3. Total protein and gamma‑globulin levels
in Hemophiliacs
/cum 10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
o
WBC
'
*
' +1 'l
*, n.s.
absolute
・ o Hemophilia A D Hemophilia B
^ von Willebrand
・eARC lymphocyte counts D c¥J
AT'‑ l
cv t o +i8i
oc¥' Lo
o ea)
to:'N .1i
e+1
LoIte c¥l QJ n.s.
oo
a)o
OAA c¥'
o co
c¥t
levels of sero‑positive group were slightly high‑
er than those of sero‑negative group (p<0.05), There was no significance in serum lgA and lg M Ievels between sero‑positive and sero‑nega‑
tive groups. Serum lgG, IgA and lgM Ievels in sero‑negative group were completely within
ormal range.
m9/dl
3,500 ' IgA IgM
lgG 600 9/dl3,000 P<0.05 n's'
500 "...2,500 *
' ": +1 400
o2,000 *
1,500 sT
T , =:; : +1
300 +1
" (,'l
200 * '+1 =:=*:=
' +1
1 ooo .I 8il : ;; o T
" =:=*::i " +t "100 'l
500
"'‑P" iti+' eg"ti e s**'‑p'siti e negat' ' pos't' e e9at'*e
Fig. 4. Serum Immunoglobulin levels in Hemo‑
philiacs
sero‑positive ne9attve Positive ne9ative
Fig. 5. WBC and Absolute lylTlphocyte counts Hemophiliacs
l ll
there was no difference in OKT4 positive lym‑
phocyte percent and absolute counts between sero‑positive and negative groups (Figure 6).
OKT4 positive lymphocyte percent and abso‑
lute counts in ARC patient have been gradually decreasing. As for the OKT4 positive lympho‑
cytes, the sero‑negative hemophilia group has slight]y lower percent, if compared to that of irormal controls.
50 40
30
20
10
o
e
e e e e
te percent
Lo c¥t
+1 c¥l co c¥,
n.s.
T "
1
' +1
'
/cum absolute counts
1,000 e800 600 400
2007) WBC and absolute lymphocyte counts in Hemophiliacs :
WBC and absolute lymphocyte counts in sero‑
positive patients were not different from those of sero‑negative patients. ARC patient showed leukopenia and lymphocytopenia as shown in
figure 5.
8) OKT4 Positive Lymphocytes in Hemophili‑
acs :
Cellular immunity which was examined by using monoclonal antibodies such as OKT4 and OKT8 to analyze helper T cells and suppres‑
sor T cells by Flow Cytometory, showed that
o , e e e
co +1 e) a) u)
n.s.
*" T
' +1sl "
"
sero‑positive negative sero‑positive
Fig. 6. OKT 4 Positive Lymphocytes in
philiacsnegative
Hemo‑
9) OKT8 positive Lymphocytes in Hemophili‑
acs :
The OKT 8 positive lymphocyte percent in sero‑positive group was obviously higher than that of sero‑negative group (p<0. 05 ).
However, there was no difference in OKT8 posi‑
tive lymphocyte counts between sero‑positive and negative groups (figure 7).
OKT8 positive lymphocyte percent in ARC
patient was very high but OKT 8 positive
lymphOcyte counts was very lowdue to marked
1 989
HIV‑ANTIBODIES IN PEDIATRIC HEMOPHILIACS
5180 60
40 20 o
%
percent
Ite
, I eo
: {
+1 r a, 1 t/cu t 2,000
p<0.05 1 500
1 ,ooo
Dcv
Tc'i0+1 500
o
OC
oabsolute counts e
e e ,
*, n.s.
o
CD 'o +1 cvco
o To ‑ r
‑ lc ' o
+1 ei o
sero‑positive ne9ative sero‑posrtive fte9ative
Fig. 7. OKT8 PoSitive Lymphocytes in Hemo‑
philiacs
lym phocytopenia.
10) OKT4/T8 Ratio in Sero‑positive and nega‑
tive Hemophilia̲ cs :
Figure 8 shows OKT 4 /T 8 ratio, one in‑
dicator of cellular immunity, in sero‑positive and negative hemophiliacs. OKT4/T 8 ratio in sero‑positive cases was significantly lower than that in sero‑negative cases (p<0.05). 2 out of 6 sero‑positi've cases showed a marked reversal in OKT4/T8 ratio, showing OKT41 T8 ratios below 0.5 and OKT4/T 8 ratio in ARC was markedly depressed.
In sero‑negative cases, on the ot'her hand, only I case, hemophilia B patient, showed OK T4/T8 ratio below 0.5.
As others have already reported, sero‑posi‑
tive hemophilia patients have lower OKT 4, higher OKT8 and lower OKT4/T8 ratio, than sero‑negative hemophilia patients.
oe Hemophnia A o Hemophiiia B
2.0 A von winebrand p<0.05 o *eARc
,9 1 .5
i
co
F
. '
1.0 =' co 'o0.5 e
(
e co.
o o
, +1
tt)
o
o sero‑positiVe sero ne9atlve
Fig. 8. OKT 4 /T 8 Ration in Sero‑positive and negative Hemophiliacs
11) Case Report of 2 Hemophilia A patients If someone recerves a HIV‑contaminated
blood or clotting product, it is estimated that seroconversion will take place within 3 weeks.
Case 2 in figure I received imported factor Vru: concentrates due to joint swelling and hema‑
turia. After 3 weeks, he complained general fatigue. At that time, serum GOT and GPT were elevated more than 1,000 units, so he was diagnosed non A non B hepatitis for blood products. But HIV antibody was positive after 2 months of first factor VHI concentrates infu‑
sion . Retrospectively it is supposed that injec‑
ted factor VB concentrates were HIV‑contami‑
nated clotting products.
Figure 9 shows the clinical course of one patient who was diagnosed ARC. He was 7 years old. Period of sero‑positive to HIV was noted in early 1983. He suffered from Herpes Zoster and transient lymphadenopathy in mid‑
dle 1985. However, he looked well except for joint hemorrhages until January 1987. Serunl immunoglobulins have been gradually increas‑
in,g. He suffered from high fevers of unknown origin in early 1987. During these episodes of fevers, he also developed oral candidiasis and angular stomatitis. These symptoms did not respond to oral antifungal drugs. At the s rme time, progressive weight loss was prominent due to nlalabsorption. Furthermore, elevated immunoglobulins levels have been decreasing, as well as WBC and lymphocyte counts.
He was in leukopenia, Iymphocytopenia and OKT4/T8 ratio was below 0.01 in late 1987.
In the middle of November 1987, he suffered from Herpes simplex virus infection on his right arm. He has been treated with acyclovir, and for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia he received co‑trimoxazole. His weight loss was progressing despite of intrave‑
nous hyperalimentation.
CONCLUSION
Human immunodeficiency virus was probab‑
ly introduced into Japan, by 1980, at latest.
And our two patients were confirmed in 1982.
After the introduction of heat‑treated concent‑
rates, no new cases of sero‑conversion have been observed.
The present results suggest that exposure to
HIV is widespread in asymptomatic hemop;
52
1 984
case 5
M. Yanai
Hemophilia A 7yr 9mo
1 985 1 986 1 987
Vol. 34
Symptoms
H IV
antibodies
Herpes Zoster ..:=:;:::
lymphadenopathy .
Herpes simplex..
o ral candidiasis..=.:=::::::;:;:;;
f e v e r .::i:::: .;:i:i::.
weight loss ...‑‑.・.・:':'
body weight
total protem 2 body weight 7. /dl .¥1 ' total prJ Fr・ .・‑d . . 1 5k9
lg A lg M
8,000 .̲. .̲../' '.
2,000 0.5 ""/ '‑ '.̲.WBC 1.900
o
Fig. 9.
Case Reports of one Hemophilia A patient
acs. As the incubation period for the develop‑
ment of AIDS following blood transfusion has been estimated to range from 10 months to 5 years, further studies for prophylaxis and therapy of AIDS are require.
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