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Acta Med. Nagasaki 34 : 47-52

HIV- antibodies in Pediatric Hemophiliacs in Nagasaki 'M asanori Yanai, *Yoshiro Tsuji and ' *Tsutomu Miyamoto

*Depertment of Pediatrics and **Department of Bacteriology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine

SUMMARY : Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies were assayed in 34 pediatric patients ( 28 patients with hemophilia A, 3 hemophilia B, and 3 von Willebrand's disease ) of Nagasaki Prefecture. Thirteen of hemophilia A patients were positive (46.4%), 2 of hemophilia B patients were positive (66.7%) and 1 of von Willebrand's disease patients was positive (33.3%). Seropositive patients totaled 16 out of 34 and sero-positive rate was 47.1 %.

In Nagasaki University Hospital, HIV-antibodies were detected in 6 of 9 hemophilia A patients, but none in hemophilia B and von Willebrand's disease patients.

When compared with sero-negative patients, sero-positive patients had a de- pressed helper /suppressor T (OKT 4/T 8) ratio and a relative increase in serum IgG levels (p <O. 05 ). Absolute lymphocyte counts in sero-positive patients did not differ from sero-negative patients.

The reverse transcriptase activities were detected in the peripheral mono- nuclear cell cultures in 3 of 4 sero-positive hemophilia A patients from Nagasaki University Hospital by Dr. J. A. Levy in 1985.

The above results suggest that exposure to HIV is widespread in asymptom- atic hemophiliacs. Hence, further studies for preventive measures and therapy of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) must be implemented.

INTRODUCTION

Current estimates suggest that in the United States between one and two million individuals have already been infected with HIV, also

known as HTLV- DI or LAV I ). Most of these individuals are asymptomatic. As of September, 1986, a total of 238 cases of hemophilia-associ- ated AIDS had been reported to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) through state health departments, hemophilia treatment centers and physicians 2 ). The number of hemophilia- associated AIDS cases has been increasing each year.

59 cases of AIDS, including 34 hemophilia patients, have been reported so far in Japan.

According to the news paper of late 1987, 688 cases of HIV infected patients were detected by

AIDS surveillance group in Japan. The occur- rence of this syndrome has caused a great deal of distress and anxiety among the afflicted patients and has been the subject of concern throughout the society as a whole.

Epidemiological data suggest that AIDS is transmitted by an infectious agent through intimate contact with body secretions, blood or blood products. To maintain hemostasis, many hemophiliac patients depend on commer- cially prepared clotting concentrates made from large multi-donor plasma pools and are therefore at increased risk of developing the disease 3).

Japan has imported coagulation factor con- centrates or material plasma mainly from USA. It is supposed that the time of intro- duction of HIV into Japan was 19 8 0 at the latest or earlier1).

47

(2)

48 

M. Yanal 

Vol. 34 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

HIV antibody was measured in 34 pediatric  hemophiliacs who had been treated in some  main hospitals of Nagasaki prefecture. 

In Nagasaki University Hospital, samples  from eleven pediatric hemophiliacs ; 9 of the  patients had hemophilia A and between the re‑

maining two, one had hemophilia B and the  other one had von Willebrand's disease, were  tested. All hemophilia A patients had moderate  or severe disease and received infusions of com‑

mercial factor Vur concentrate. The samples  were collected since 1981‑87 from individuals. 

A11 patients were asymptomatic, except for  one patient who had clinical AIDS related  complex (ARO. 

HIV antibody was measured by indirect imm‑

unofluorescence assay and radio‑immunopreci‑

pitation. Both cellular and humoral immunity  were examined. Cellular immunity was examin‑

ed by using monoclonal antibodies such as OK  T4 and OKT8 to analyze T Iymphocytes, helper  T cells and suppressor T cells by Flow Cytome‑

tory. Serum lgG, IgA and lgM were measured  as indicators of humoral immunity. 

The reverse transcriptase activities were as‑

sayed in the peripheral mononuclear cell cul‑

tures in 4 sero‑positive hemophilia A patients  from Nagasaki University Hospital by Dr.J.A. 

Levy of Los Angels, in 1985. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

1) Prevalence of HIV antibodies in Nagasaki 

Prefecture : 

HIV antibodies were assayed in 34 pediatric  hemophilia patients in Nagasaki Prefecture. 

Prevalence of HIV‑antibodies of each patient  group is shown in table 1. Sero‑positive pa‑

tients totaled 16 out of 34 and sero‑positive  rate was 47.1 6. 13 out of 28 hemophilia A  patients were positive, 46.4 , 2 out of 3 hemo‑

philia B were positive and I out of 3 von Wille‑

brand's disease was positive. 

16 hemophilia patients were sero‑positive for  HIV. In Japan, prevalence of HIV antibodies 

o 4)‑6) 

has been reported as between 30  and 60  . 

Table I Prevelence of HIV antibodies in  Nagasaki Prefecture 

2) Prevalence of HIV antibodies in Nagasaki  University Hospital : 

In the department of pediatrics, samples  from eleven hemophiliacs assayed revealed  that 9 of the patients had hemophilia A and  between the remaining two, one had hemo‑

philia B and the other one had von 

Willebrand's disease. HIV‑antibodies have been  detected in 6 of 9 hemophilia A patients, but  none in hemophilia B and von Willebrand's  disease as shown in table 2. All of the sero‑

positive hemophilia A patients had 

moderate or severe disease and received in‑

fusions of commercial factor VEI concentrates. 

All of the sero‑positive patients have been  asymptomatic, except for one case. The factor  XM deficiency patient had been treated with  domestic fresh frozen plasma and factor X nl  concentrates for 4 and 8 years respectively. 

Table 2. Prevelence of HIV Antibodies in  Nagasaki University Hospital 

Her serum shows sero‑negative to HIV. 

3) Changes of HIV antibodies in 1 1 hemo‑

philiacs : 

Figure I shows changes of HIV‑antibodies in  11 hemophiliacs in Nagasaki University Hospi‑

tal. The samples were collected from individu‑

als since 1981‑87. All patients were asympto‑

matic, except for one patient, case 5, who had  clinical AIDS related complex (ARC ). The  earliest seroconversion occurred in 1982. Two  hemophilia A patients were HIV‑antibody 

positive in 1982 as shown in figure 1. Japanese 

(3)

1989

HIV−ANTIBODIES IN PEDIATRIC HEMOPHILIACS

49

scholar,Dr。Nagao had reported that the earli.

est seropositive samples of hemophilia pati−

ents in Japan were found in1980,two of19

stored plasma,one hemophilia A and one hemo.

philia B,showed positive results4).Thus,intro−

duction of HIV into Japan is thought to have

occurred at the latest,in1980。According to

our results,sero−conversion was noted between

1981and1982,in Nagasaki.

  In Japan,heat−treated factor V皿concentrates were brought into the market in August1985,

and after they have been in use,sero−conversion has no more been observed.

  The mean age of sero.positive hemophilia

patients was14years,and not significantly

higher than that of sero−negative patients.The

mean age of sero−conversion was around 10

years.The youngest age of sero−conversion 墨s

about3years old,case5.But the sero−negative

period could not be confirmed.His stored plas−

ma in early1983had already shown sero−posi−

ti.ve.

  The reverse transcriptase activities were de.

tected in the peripheral mononuclear cell cul−

tures in case 2, 4 and 5 0f antibody−positive

hemophilia A patients from Nagasaki Univer−

sity Hospital by Dr.」.A.Levy of Los Angels7),

毒n1985.

  As shown in figure2,sero−positive patients

consumed more amount of factor皿concentra−

tes than sero−negative patients. However,

follow up periods are different from each pati−

ent,so expressed by each amount of blood pro.

ducts per year,there is no difference between sero−positive and  sero−negative patients  in

severe hemophilia A。As2cases of sero.nega−

tive patients have mild and moderate hemophi−

1ia A,they did not consume noll heat−treated

concentrates so much.While,one patient with severe hemophilia A received mainly factQr四

concentrates made from japanese plasma−pools,

nevertheless,no sero−conversion was detected.

All sero−positive patients who were severe,re−

ceived三nlported factor V皿concentrates.

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

u

魂7等

    ξ⊥鉾

0

O

/year   O

     O Q     O

case  a ge

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1981   82     83     84     85    86   F87

15y 13 17 9 7 22

で6

12 14 14 15

9m 79一    一く>一一一〇一一●一一

9        82一●

一●.争 一一●一一●一●r一一一一一●一

一一一騨 一一一

一79一一        一一〈>一一一     一●一      一●一一一一一一一〇一一一一一一一一一●ゆ

79一一     一一一Q一一一       一く〉・一一

      se『o『positlve      se『〇一negatlve

Fig.2.Amount of non heat−treated con−

      centrates in Hemophilia A

10 3 9 11 10 5 6 8 0

7弄一

■81 一       一●○一一

78一一 80一

Fウぴ曽     一一曹一ひ甲一     甲一〇       〇一

●一司一

一79_

一Q      O一 一85一一〇一〇

83一一

一一一一 ■⊂川一ロー・{】一

甲一一r合嘲凸一一一騨一一一噌一一r卜△

_一一一一 on hea〜一trea薯ed CDncentrateS     hea!一量rea量ed cOncentrates o●Hemophilia A  口Hemophilia B  ムvon Wi ebrand  ㌔ARC Fig。L Changes of HIV Antibodies in l l hemo−

      philiacs

4〉Amount of non heat−treated concentrates

   in Hemophilia A:

  The amount of non heat−treated factor、皿

concentrates consumed by the sero.positive patients was compared to the sero−negative

patients.

5)Total protein and gamma−globulin Levels

   in Hemophiliacs:

  As hyper gamma.globulinemia was seen

in HIV infected patients, the total protein

and gamma−globulin levels were compared in

sero−positive and sero−negative hemophiliacs.

There was no significance in total protein

between sero−positive and negative patients.

One patient who has ARC showed hypo.

protenemia because of malnutrition.Serum gamma−globulin levels of sero−positive pa−

tientswerehigherthanthoseofsero−negative

patients(p<0.05),as shown in figure3.

6)Serum Immunoglobulin levels ln Hemo.

   philiacs:

  Serum IgG,IgA and IgM were measured

as indicators of humoral immunity.Serum IgG

(4)

50 

M. Yanai 

Vol. 34 

gldl  9,0 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

Total 

. o)  e +1 d 

o N 

*. 

Protein 

%  40  o co. 

A To 30 

o +1 

rLo, 

c, 

20 

n. s. I O 

r‑globulin 

o' Hemophilia A  D Hemophilia B 

tt   von willebrand 

" ARC 

'1 o 

QJ r¥ 

. +1 

e,o 

co 

QJ oo   

p< O 05 t(5 

sero‑positiVe negative sero‑positiVe negatiVe 

Fig. 3. Total protein and gamma‑globulin levels 

in Hemophiliacs 

/cum  10,000 

7,500 

5,000 

2,500 

WBC 

   

' +1  'l   

*,  n.s. 

absolute 

・ o Hemophilia A  D Hemophilia B 

^ von Willebrand 

・eARC  lymphocyte counts  c¥J 

AT'‑ l 

cv  o +i 

8i 

c¥'  Lo 

o ea) 

to 

:'N  .1i 

e+1 

Lo 

Ite c¥l QJ  n.s. 

oo 

a) 

 

OAA c¥' 

o co 

c¥t 

levels of sero‑positive group were slightly high‑

er than those of sero‑negative group (p<0.05),  There was no significance in serum lgA and lg  M Ievels between sero‑positive and sero‑nega‑

tive groups. Serum lgG, IgA and lgM Ievels in  sero‑negative group were completely within 

ormal range. 

m9/dl 

3,500 ' IgA IgM 

lgG  600 9/dl 

3,000 P<0.05 n's' 

500  "... 

2,500 * 

' " 

: +1 400 

2,000 *   

1,500 sT  

   T , =:; : +1 

 300 +1 

(, 

'l  

 

200  * '+1 =:=*:= 

' +1 

1 ooo .I  8il   : ;; o  T  

 =:=*::i   " +t 

100 'l  

500 

"'‑P" iti+'  eg"ti e s**'‑p'siti e negat' ' pos't' e  e9at'*e 

Fig. 4. Serum Immunoglobulin levels in Hemo‑

philiacs 

sero‑positive ne9attve  Positive ne9ative 

Fig. 5. WBC and Absolute lylTlphocyte counts  Hemophiliacs 

l ll 

there was no difference in OKT4 positive lym‑

phocyte percent and absolute counts between  sero‑positive and negative groups (Figure 6). 

OKT4 positive lymphocyte percent and abso‑

lute counts in ARC patient have been gradually  decreasing. As for the OKT4 positive lympho‑

cytes, the sero‑negative hemophilia group has  slight]y lower percent, if compared to that of  irormal controls. 

50  40 

30 

20 

10 

 

te  percent 

Lo  c¥t 

+1  c¥l  co  c¥, 

n.s. 

1  

' +1 

/cum absolute counts 

1,000 

800  600  400 

200 

7) WBC and absolute lymphocyte counts in  Hemophiliacs : 

WBC and absolute lymphocyte counts in sero‑

positive patients were not different from those  of sero‑negative patients. ARC patient showed  leukopenia and lymphocytopenia as shown in 

figure 5. 

8) OKT4 Positive Lymphocytes in Hemophili‑

acs : 

Cellular immunity which was examined by  using monoclonal antibodies such as OKT4 and  OKT8 to analyze helper T cells and suppres‑

sor T cells by Flow Cytometory, showed that 

co  +1  e) a)  u) 

n.s. 

*"  T  

' +1 

sl 

"   

sero‑positive negative  sero‑positive 

Fig. 6. OKT 4 Positive Lymphocytes in 

philiacs 

negative 

Hemo‑

9) OKT8 positive Lymphocytes in Hemophili‑

acs : 

The OKT 8 positive lymphocyte percent in  sero‑positive group was obviously higher  than that of sero‑negative group (p<0. 05 ). 

However, there was no difference in OKT8 posi‑

tive lymphocyte counts between sero‑positive  and negative groups (figure 7). 

OKT8 positive lymphocyte percent in ARC 

patient was very high but OKT 8 positive 

lymphOcyte counts was very lowdue to marked 

(5)

1 989 

HIV‑ANTIBODIES  IN PEDIATRIC  HEMOPHILIACS 

51 

80  60 

40  20  o 

percent 

Ite 

, I  eo 

: { 

+1  a,  1 t 

/cu t  2,000 

p<0.05 1 500 

1 ,ooo 

Dcv 

 Tc'i 

0+1 500 

OC  

  o 

absolute counts 

*,  n.s. 

CD  'o  +1  cv 

co 

o To  ‑  r 

‑  lc ' 

+1  ei   o 

sero‑positive ne9ative  sero‑posrtive fte9ative 

Fig. 7. OKT8 PoSitive Lymphocytes in Hemo‑

philiacs 

lym phocytopenia. 

10) OKT4/T8 Ratio in Sero‑positive and nega‑

tive Hemophilia̲ cs : 

Figure 8 shows OKT 4 /T 8 ratio, one in‑

dicator of cellular immunity, in sero‑positive  and negative hemophiliacs. OKT4/T 8 ratio  in sero‑positive cases was significantly lower  than that in sero‑negative cases (p<0.05). 2  out of 6 sero‑positi've cases showed a marked  reversal in OKT4/T8 ratio, showing OKT41  T8 ratios below 0.5 and OKT4/T 8 ratio in  ARC was markedly depressed. 

In sero‑negative cases, on the ot'her hand,  only I case, hemophilia B patient, showed OK  T4/T8 ratio below 0.5. 

As others have already reported, sero‑posi‑

tive hemophilia patients have lower OKT 4,  higher OKT8 and lower OKT4/T8 ratio, than  sero‑negative hemophilia patients. 

oe Hemophnia A  o Hemophiiia B 

2.0 A von winebrand  p<0.05 o *eARc 

,9 1 .5 

co 

. ' 

1.0 ='  co  'o  

0.5 e 

e co. 

+1 

 

tt) 

o  sero‑positiVe sero ne9atlve 

Fig. 8. OKT 4 /T 8 Ration in Sero‑positive and  negative Hemophiliacs 

11) Case Report of 2 Hemophilia A patients  If someone recerves a HIV‑contaminated 

blood or clotting product, it is estimated that  seroconversion will take place within 3  weeks. 

Case 2 in figure I received imported factor  Vru: concentrates due to joint swelling and hema‑

turia. After 3 weeks, he complained general  fatigue. At that time, serum GOT and GPT  were elevated more than 1,000 units, so he was  diagnosed non A non B hepatitis for blood  products. But HIV antibody was positive after  2 months of first factor VHI concentrates infu‑

sion . Retrospectively it is supposed that injec‑

ted factor VB  concentrates were HIV‑contami‑

nated clotting products. 

Figure 9 shows the clinical course of one  patient who was diagnosed ARC. He was 7  years old. Period of sero‑positive to HIV was  noted in early 1983. He suffered from Herpes  Zoster and transient lymphadenopathy in mid‑

dle 1985. However, he looked well except for  joint hemorrhages until January 1987. Serunl  immunoglobulins have been gradually increas‑

in,g. He suffered from high fevers of unknown  origin in early 1987. During these episodes of  fevers, he also developed oral candidiasis and  angular stomatitis. These symptoms did not  respond to oral antifungal drugs. At the s rme  time, progressive weight loss was prominent  due to nlalabsorption. Furthermore, elevated  immunoglobulins levels have been decreasing,  as well as WBC and lymphocyte counts. 

He was in leukopenia, Iymphocytopenia and  OKT4/T8 ratio was below 0.01 in late 1987. 

In the middle of November 1987, he suffered  from Herpes simplex virus infection on his  right arm. He has been treated with acyclovir,  and for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii  pneumonia he received co‑trimoxazole. His  weight loss was progressing despite of intrave‑

nous hyperalimentation. 

CONCLUSION 

Human immunodeficiency virus was probab‑

ly introduced into Japan, by 1980, at latest. 

And our two patients were confirmed in 1982. 

After the introduction of heat‑treated concent‑

rates, no new cases of sero‑conversion have  been observed. 

The present results suggest that exposure to 

HIV is widespread in asymptomatic hemop; 

(6)

52 

1 984 

case 5 

M. Yanai 

Hemophilia A 7yr 9mo 

1 985  1 986  1 987 

Vol. 34 

Symptoms 

H IV 

antibodies 

Herpes Zoster ..:=:;::: 

lymphadenopathy . 

Herpes simplex.. 

o ral candidiasis..=.:=::::::;:;:;; 

f e v e r .::i:::: .;:i:i::. 

weight loss ...‑‑.・.・:':' 

body weight 

total protem 2 body weight  7. /dl .¥1 ' total prJ Fr・ .・‑d . . 1 5k9 

lg A  lg M 

8,000 .̲. .̲../' '. 

2,000 0.5 ""/   '‑ '.̲.WBC  1.900 

Fig. 9. 

Case Reports of one Hemophilia A patient 

acs. As the incubation period for the develop‑

ment of AIDS following blood transfusion has  been estimated to range from 10 months to 5  years, further studies for prophylaxis and  therapy of AIDS are require. 

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Hemat. 27 : 1057‑1063, 1986. 

Levy, J.A., et al : Science, 225 : 840‑843, 1984. 

Fig. 4. Serum Immunoglobulin levels in Hemo‑ philiacs  sero‑positive ne9attve  Positive ne9ative  Fig. 5. WBC and Absolute lylTlphocyte counts Hemophiliacs  l ll there was no difference in OKT4 positive lym‑ phocyte percent and absolute counts between sero

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