インド・パキスタン分離独立と暴力をめぐる記憶・語り

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˓Ͳ̝͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɭಮ֐ˁʠȽʳ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱ

ϥǵܮǵჿǵዥ*

The Partition of India: Memory and Narratives of Violence

ISAK A Riho*

A central purpose of this research note is to examine the way in which recent studies of the Partition of India have begun to focus on people's experiences and perceptions of this event and, in particular, the massive violence that surrounded it. It shows how, in this process of reconsidering Partition, some historians have begun to criticise the existing history-writings based on the nationalist discourse, which analysed only political developments among parties and politicians.

To understand this new approach to Partition, it is necessary to look at the development of South Asian historiography from the 1980s, and more especially, important debates presented by the scholars of the so-called subaltern studies group

on the ̈fragments̉, ̈oppressed voicẻ and ̈silencẻ in history-writings. Some of these

scholars, in order to discover where ̈silencẻ lies, began to explore how memory of

events was constructed and reconstructed by different groups of people, by interviewing them and comparing their narratives with each other and with other narratives in official documents and history books. This method is adopted by scholars such as Gyanendra Pandey and Urvashi Butalia in their works on Partition and violence.

Another source that has played an important role in drawing scholars' attention to popular perceptions of Partition and violence is a wide range of literary texts and films which depict this event. They have highlighted the hidden stories of violence and the ̈silencẻ in official histories, and recently begun to attract increasing attention from historians. Here I introduce mainly Amitav Ghosh's novel The Shadow Lines (1988) as an example. Taking a hint from it, at the end of this paper I suggest a few important aspects of Partition that still need to be explored.

ǵ1947 ॷ 8 ೐ɹ˓Ͳ̝ ͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɻ⏋׫ˏ˻ˏᦏБرɹՕᩃɫ।ɴμਕᇕ̘ͻ͇ ɹʁɭɦɫȡɤɛȵ⏋1990 ॷБГᭇ⏋Ʉɹ̘ͻ͇ˁృɛɲែဣ⏋౅໬ᠶȴʰயɄȩɭɐʳዩ ෑᇕɲ᠅ʛȵ໶ᇿˁᮃʠɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶʚɫɹ׵̮ՕᮐႶጓɴᬠɐʳ៨ᦚɹ޽ȼɻ⏋ɲɕ⏋ɰ

* ആϴ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ᐵغయ׋቉ድዀܩݖయ׋቉ድࢭఓ⏋Department of Area Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo

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ɹʭȩɴɌɩ׵̮ 2 ܕɭɌɩɹႶጓȵໆࡴɌɛɹȴɭȦȩ៎ဣȴʰ⏋క໠᧌ዐˁᦠȩʢɹȵ޽ ȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹμɴɻ⏋ԃ˓Ͳ̝͹ͤ̾͡ɹకӾʦక໠ࢃ⏋ȡʳȦɻ˓˧͠˽కঌɹᡴᠶʦకፑ⏋ ৳ʰɹᬚɫɹϯབˁμਕɴᠶɑʳʢɹʢȡʶɽ⏋ ႕ࡴɹܩ౅ɴ໶ᇿɌɩ⏋ɗɹԒᨆɹక໠ɹ ֪ȷˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛʢɹʢឿʰʶɛ⏏1) ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ 1990 ॷБГᭇɴ໶ᇿɇʶɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ ՕᮐȵɲɕᣱɄɤɛɹȴɫɻɲȼ⏋ ՕᮐႶጓɗɹʢɹɹઝ٢ˁ⏋ кᱻɌɛϺǾɹ ȋ៨ૡȍ ʦȋ᠝ʱȍ ˁᦲɌɩԗᓒɐʳɭȦȩ᠅ʛɫȡʳ⏏ ɗɄɫɻ⏋ ɗʶʚɫɹ๴رೆɫɻ๭ᯆȴ ʰ؜ʱΫɁʰʶʳɄɭɹࢹɲȴɤɛȋಮ֐ȍ ɹکᰍȵዩෑᇕɴᡴᠶɇʶ⏋ ʚɛ⏋ ߨਸ͹ ࡎ њɲɰɹȋٞᦇɴᦠȦʦʰʶɛȍ ުˁ܌਋ɐʳਖឹȵᠦȴʶɛ⏏˓˧͠˽ȴʰɹ׵̮Ⴖጓɹ ৯ɴɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝⏋̮˥˽̊ͲȵՕᮐɐʳ᧌ዐɫᣱɄɤɛعܩɹȋ˱͖̠͊͡⏃ࡱ༐⏆ಮ֪ȍʦ⏋ ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋˹˪ᮑ຦ɹ̮˥˽̊Ͳȴʰ˓Ͳ̝ʍɹው֪⏋͌˽͌͠ᮑ຦ɹ˓Ͳ̝ȴʰ̮˥˽̊ Ͳʍɹው֪ɭȦȩჼᢒȵȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹಁೝɴው֪ɌɛϺؤɹៀฐɻ⏋̾Ͳˤ͡ɭ̮Ͳ˻͑ͻ̸ ɞȿɫ⏋800 Ψȴʰ 1,000 ΨϺɭʢៜʼʶɩȦʳ ␩Menon and Bhasin 1998: 35␭⏏ Ʉɹᬚɹ ɇʚɊʚɲಮ֐ϟИɴʭʳ๷ᓔɻ 50 Ψȴʰ 100 ΨϺɴɹʖʳɭʢ୭௎ɇʶ⏋ ߨਸʦࡎњɹ᠛ ୓ϟИʢ޽ᇍɌɩȦʳ⏏׵̮ՕᮐɴɦȦɩɹჼܧɹృɌȦ๴ر៨ᦚɹ᠅ʛɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹಮ֐ɹ ᇍᅊˁ⏋׬ɴృܕࢃ᠚ᅊɹ᧌ዐɫᣱȷɛዺᇍᇕ⏋Њ᭦ᇕɲɫȷɅɭɭɌɩ଩ȩɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ʞ ɌʸɄɹჼᢒᕶкɴ့ဣˁয়ɩʭȩɭɌɩȦʳ⏏2) ʚɛ⏋׵̮Օᮐմ৿ɴᣱɄɤɛಮ֐⏋ϟИ ɴɦȦɩɹ៨ૡʦ᠝ʱᕶкȵ⏋Ȧȴɴ෯፷ɇʶɩȦɤɛȴˁឿʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋׵̮Օᮐˁ׬ ɲʳȋ᧌ؑȍȋ๴رȍɹʁɭɄʚɭɌɩ୼ȭʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɗʶʰȵჼБɴᕸʳʚɫ׫ˏ˻ˏ ኏ЦɴήȭɩȦʳ৯ᯱˁᓒ࢘ɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ៎ဣɻɇʰɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩ⏋ȋ๴رȍɭɌɩ ɹ៨ᦚȵΥᖔɴ 1947 ॷ 8 ೐ 15 ౗ɹ׵̮Ⴖጓˁʢɤɩᏺʼʱ⏋ႶጓГᭇɴɦȦɩɻȋక໠࡝ȍ ȋᐁཕ࡝ȍ ȋ኏Ц࡝ȍ ɲɰɹ᯿ݖɫ଩ʼʶɩȷɛӃكɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋৔ȦᆄکˁହɁȴȿʳɄ ɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ ǵГάɫɻ⏋៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɹՕഓˁᦲɌɩ׵̮Օᮐˁ៨ᦚɐʳɭȦȩᦏॷɹ᠅ʛȵ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲ ༑ʶɹμȴʰჼʶɛɹȴˁ᏷Ђɐʳȵ⏋႕ɴɄɄɫɻ๴رɹՕᩃɫɹ֪كɹʓȴɴ⏋׵̮Օᮐ ɹᩂឹɲүᯆˁኍڗɌɩȷɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳయ࡝ɴ໶ᇿɐʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ჼຍ᭥ɫ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɴɦȦ ɩȦȴɲʳүᯆȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦʳɹȴˁෙ៎Ɍɲȵʰ⏋3) ፆᓔᕶ᤹ȵࢰഀᇕɴ׵̮Օᮐ቉ 1⏆ౖࡔɹ׵̮ՕᮐႶጓ቉ድɹ႕ਐɴᬠɌɩɻ␩ϥܮǵ1998␭⏏ 2⏆ಮ֐ˁȦȴɴៗᨾɐʏȷȴɴɦȦɩɻ⏋య׋Ϻᰖ࡝⏋ڒ࡝ɲɰɹՕᩃɴȲȦɩɇʚɊʚɲᡴᠶȵɲɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋1990 ॷБГմɹ׵̮ՕᮐɴᬠɐʳБᝠᇕɲ๴ر៨ᦚɫɻ⏋ՕᮐɴЫȩಮ֐ˁ⏋Ⴖጓ᧒ଁɭȦȩɫȷɅ ɭɹ৯ɹᨆՕɭɌɩ଩Ȧ⏋ȡȼʚɫɗɹዺᇍਸˁς৓ɐʳӃكȵ৔ȴɤɛ⏏ЈՕᩃɫɹಮ֐ᠶʍɹᬠਕȵᲞʚ ʳɹɻ⏋৿ᦚɐʳʭȩɲ 1980 ॷБ৿ץГᭇɹ࡝ک࿈༑ɹ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿɛɹɠɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋׵̮Օᮐೝɹಮ֐ ȵ؜ʱΫɁʰʶɴȼȴɤɛᔘಕɭɌɩ⏋ඨ຦ܩఌᨗɴᬠʼʳಮ֐ϟИˁȋᯃШᐏᇕȍȋё޺ᇕȍɲʢɹɭʛɲɐ ቉ድᓔɹઝᡫɹࡔܧ␩ᅒμǵ1998: 4␭ȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳɞʸȩ⏏ 3⏆ɛɞɌ⏋ፆᓔɹ቉ድࢪᢒɭɹᬠѥȴʰ⏋ɄɄɫ଩ȩɹɻՕᮐГᭇɴ˓Ͳ̝ɴᏼʛԂʶʰʶɛܩݖˁࢪᢒɭɌɛ ቉ድɴᭉࡴɇʶʳ⏏

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ድˁ᝔ȩ᭬ɴᠩᰍɭɌɛȦဣˁᎎ׬ɴʚɭʠɛȦ⏏ ǵմᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋ౖࡔɹБᝠᇕɲ቉ድೆʦ⏋׫ˏ˻ˏᦏБرɹఠዀೆɴȲȿʳՕᮐɹ៨ᦚɻ⏋ 1947 ॷ 8 ೐ 14͹15 ౗ɴᕸʳʚɫɹక໠᧌ዐˁμਕɴᠶɍɩȦɛ⏏Υ౅⏋ᦏॷɹ๴ر࡝ɫ໶ᇿ ɇʶɩȦʳʭȩɲ຦ᝓͤ̾͡ɹ׵̮ՕᮐˁʠȽʳкᱻʦ᠗ᡫɴɦȦɩɻ⏋๴رɫɻɲȼ⏋ςɴ య࡝ʦ౱ᅙ4) ɲɰɹՕᩃɫயȴʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʱ⏋Ʉɹဣɻ๴رࢃɛɠᕶ᤹ȵ᠗ʠʳɭɄʸɫ ȡʳ␩Menon and Bhasin 1998: 7, 22; Kaul 2001: 12␭ ⏏႕ɴయ࡝⏃̨Ͳ͹̶ˑ˪˹͚Ͳˁيʞ⏆ɻ⏋ ՕᮐˁʠȽɤɩᣱɄɤɛಮ֐ʦሺሄˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋ȋܕࢃȍʦకӾ⏋క໠ࢃˁμਕɭɌɛ๴ر៨ᦚ ɭɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳ຦ᝓɹкᱻˁኍɌɦɧȿɩȷɛ⏏˗̝͡˕ͻ᠝сࢃ⏋˵ˏͻ̜̋̒͹̩˵Ͳ͹ ͇Ͳ̜ͻ (1912-55) ɹсڃɻɗɹ߫ёɫȡʳ⏏৳ɹቁ፶ȋ̜ͻ̫ͻ͹̘ͻ˪͹˽ˑͲ˫ȍ␩͇Ͳ̜ͻ 1988␭ɻ⏋Օᮐ቉ድɹμɫɌɽɌɽៜؖɇʶʳсڃɫȡʱ⏋5) ˓Ͳ̝͹̮˥˽̊Ͳకঌȵ⏋ȋᏄ ኜᆖ᭏ȍ੮ᓔˁθܕᬚɫϯழ⏃̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɻ˓Ͳ̝⏋͌˽͌͠ɻ̮˥˽̊Ͳʍ⏆ɐʳɄɭˁໆ ࡴɌɛɭȦȩ៯ࡴɹάɴೆȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻՕᮐˁʠȽʳܕࢃɹᠶჿȵ⏋຦ᝓɹᅊ༎ʦࡸ ઢɭȦȴɴύᮐɌɛʢɹɫȡɤɛȴȵ༝ȷ৫ʱɴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ͇Ͳ̜ͻʦ⏋ՕᮐೝɹཌྷϕˁயȦɛ̯Ͳ̚ˑͻ᠝ɹБᝠᇕࢸᠦȏ͇̊˽ȑɹсᓔ̲ͻ˹͖͌͹ ˵ͻ̢̼ͻ (1915-) ʰɻ⏋ᕶʰɹሁஞɹкᱻˁʢɭɴՕᮐɴЫȩཌྷϕˁயȦɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋৳ʰ ɴᐚȦɩ⏋ೆ႒ʦ᠝ʱˁᦲɌɩɄɹಁೝɹႥ໥ɴᬚஞᇕɴ៘ʶɲȵʰᔒɤɛ๖γБсࢃɛɠɹ μȴʰʢ⏋ܕࢃμਕɹ׵̮Օᮐɹ៨ᦚɴᆄکˁரኍɐʳсڃȵᅊʚʶɩȦʳ⏏႕ɴ⏋๘Ꭶɹ࡝ ک͹ਲ਼઎࿈༑ˁᔘಕɴɌɛ׫ˏ˻ˏՏ᤹ɹᗔ᠝сࢃɛɠɹсڃɻ⏋˵͇͡ͻͲ͹͞˹͖̚ˑͻ ⏃͡˹͖̚ˑͻ⏆(1947-) ɹȏሎ޿μɹࡎњɛɠȑ␩Rushdie 1981␭ʦˏ͊̊ͻʹ͹˳ͻ˹͖ (1956-) ɹȏ˹̝͑˗͞˓Ͳ̀ȑ␩Ghosh 1988␭ɹёɴឿʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋׫ˏ˻ˏɹԒ޺ɫ໶ᇿɇʶ⏋ᦏ ॷɫɻɌɽɌɽȋͅ˽̜ඨ຦ܩయ࡝ȍɭɌɩʢ؜ʱΫɁʰʶɩȦʳ⏏6) ɄɄɫɻ 1988 ॷɴᇍᝠ ɇʶɛ˳ͻ˹͖ɹȏ˹̝͑˗͞˓Ͳ̀ȑˁёɴ⏋ɗɹμɫ⏋׵̮ՕᮐГᭇɹܕࢃɹៜᠦȵ⏋Ȧ ȴɴکȦሁɇʶɩȦʳɹȴˁ᏷ЂɌɛȦ⏏৿ᦚɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ɄɹࢸᠦɴɻృɌȦՕᮐ቉ድɹ᠅ 4⏆຦ᝓɹែဣȴʰ׵̮Օᮐɹઝ٢ˁயȦɛ౱ᅙɹБᝠёɭɌɩ⏋׵̮Օᮐ৿ɴ˓Ͳ̝ɴ๿ɤɛ͌˽͌͠ɹᯎ࣒ˁ ςϺԇɴɌɛȏၖȦᰟ⏃ˤ͌͞͹̩ͩͻ⏆ȑȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳɞʸȩ⏏˓Ͳ̝ᦏБرɹఠዀೆɭʢៜȩʏȷ˽͊̒ ̜͹˵͡ˡͻ͡ȏᦏБ˓Ͳ̝ǵ1885-1947 ॷȑʢ⏋׵̮Օᮐɹੳ։ˁਕɴ៲ȭʳ০ɫயȦɛсڃɭɌɩɄɹ౱ᅙ ˁ᏷ЂɌɩȦʳ␩Sarkar 1983: 453␭⏏ʚɛ⏋Օᮐೝɹཌྷϕˁ଩ɤɛБᝠᇕɲయ࡝сڃȵ౱ᅙ׋͹̘̲ͤ׋ɇʶɛ ёɭɌɩ⏋ȏ͇̊˽ȑ⏃؅сɻ␩˵ͻ̢̼ͻǵ1991␭⏆⏋ȏ̮˥˽̊Ͳ᝔ȷɹ՞᥂ȑ⏃؅сɻ␩Singh 1981␭⏆⏋ȏ1947 ॷ ߂ܩȑ⏃؅сɻ␩Sidhwa 1989␭⏆ɲɰȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʓȴɴ⏋ʭʱࠞූᇕɲਸൔɹ৔Ȧȋ̓͠˗̝̒౱ᅙȍ ɹμɫʢ⏋׵̮ՕᮐˁʠȽʳཌྷϕʦੳ։ȵɌɽɌɽ؜ʱΫɁʰʶɩȦʳ⏏౱ᅙɴឿʳ׵̮ՕᮐɹயԠɴɦȦɩ ɻ⏋ա᦭ɴද២ɌɛȦ⏏ 5⏆ɛɭȭɽɄɹсڃɻ⏋׵̮ՕᮐɴᬠɐʳБᝠᇕɲᠶయʦᣂషˁʚɭʠɛ␩Hasan 1993␭ɴɗɹԃయȵ᏷Ђɇʶ ɩȦʳ⏏৿ᦚɐʳ̮ͻͲ̚ͻɹՕᮐ቉ድɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ȋ̜ͻ̫ͻ͹̘ͻ˪͹˽ˑͲ˫ȍȵɌɽɌɽৄᅎɇʶɩȦ ʳ␩Pandey 1994: 188; 2001: 43␭⏏ 6⏆ͅ˽̜ඨ຦ܩయ࡝ɴɦȦɩɻ␩Ashcroft et al⏏1989␭ˁؒ၇⏏

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ʛɭᩂɲʳែဣȵధ޽ȼيʚʶɩȲʱ⏋ჼܧɹ׵̮ᬠѥˁᓒ࢘ɐʳȩȭɫʢᩂឹɲኍڗˁήȭ ɩȦʳ⏏ ǵࢸᠦɻ⏋ςϺԇȋӋȍȵ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᐁᱻʦЈϺȴʰᓬȦɛ᠝ʱˁ܌઎ɐʳ০ɫࣙᬖɐʳ⏏ ςϺԇɻ 1952 ॷɴˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫᅊʚʶ⏋ɗɄɫࢹॷಁБˁ᧌Ʌɐ⏏႒᠝ɹ᥍ɭɲɤɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ ςϺԇȵ߂߫ȷɞɤɛ៊ଇɹᮾॷ⏋̜̚͠ˑ̸ȵ⏋1964 ॷɴ̋̒ˡˁ៮کɌɛ᭬ɴ⏋ɗɄɫȋϟ ఖ๷ȍɌɛɄɭˁʠȽʳᡒɫȡʳ⏏̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷৿⏋ᬏȦॷ೐ˁȴȿɩ⏋ςϺԇɻɗɹ๷ɴ ሁஞᇕ⏋ᬚஞᇕɴᬠʼʳɇʚɊʚɲ᠝ʱɴ៘ʶɩʪȼ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ɹᔘಕɴȡʳ ׫ˏ˻ˏɹ႕೑ɹ኏ЦႥ໥ˁ਀ǾɴჿៗɌɩʪȼɹɫȡʳ⏏Гάɴ᏷Ђɐʳݭᯆɻ⏋ςϺԇȵ ՟ʠɩ⏋̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ȵ̋̒ˡɴȲȿʳ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɴʭʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶȵؾಁೝɴ ܕޅˁᣴȭɛˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫᕶՕȵкᱻɌɛ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɭࢌஞɴᦹᬠɌɩȦɛɄɭɴຩɧȼ ፝ଘɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ1972 ॷ⏋̚͠ͻɫ߂࡝᭏ᅊɭɌɩ֧৔ɌɩȦɛςϺԇɻ⏋ɛʚɛʚؗϺɛɠɭ 1962 ॷɹμ ׵଍ϝɹ᯴ɹਲ਼ȦՏ᠌ˁࠃʠʳ⏏ؗϺɹʁɭʱɻ⏋Ʉɹ଍ϝȵȋӋɛɠȵࡎњɞɤɛɭȷɴ ɄɹܕɫᣱɄɤɛɫȷɅɭɹμɫ⏋Υᅱᩂឹɞɤɛȍɭᦚʏʳɹɞȵ⏋ςϺԇɻɄʶɴᅵˁڟ ȭ⏋ᕶՕȵ 10 Б՟ʠɹ᯴ɴкᱻɌɛˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫɹಮ֪ɹ౅ȵᩂឹɫȡʳɭς৓ɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ ̚͠ͻՏ᤹ɹؗϺɛɠɻɄɹಮ֪ɴɦȦɩɻ៨ૡɴɲȦɭፐȭɛɛʠ⏋ςϺԇɻ᝛௖ˁ؝ȿʳ⏏ ǵɫʢژ̢̞͈̥̞̀̈́⏱ɭӋɻៜɤɛ⏏Ʉɹಮ֪ɹɄɭˁ⏋ᠧ˃ɞʱᓬȦɛʱɌɲȴɤɛ⏱ ɗʢɗʢ⏋μܕɭɹ଍ϝɻلɛɠɹ᤹ᦏɫᣱɄɤɛʼȿɍʤɲȦɹɴŅ̷̻͉̽ៅȭɩȦʳ ʼȿ⏱ʢɠʸ˃ಮ֪ɹɄɭɞɤɩ⏋ៅȭɩȦʳʭŅژ̴̢̞͉̺̠̀ͥͧ⏱␩Ghosh 1988: 221␭ ɞȵ⏋৳ʰɻ᱔ˁ୷ʳɽȴʱɫȡʳ⏏ؗϺɹʁɭʱɻៜȩ⏏ȋಮ֪ɻȦɦʢɹɄɭɞȍȋܩ౅ᇕ ɲಮ֪ɞɤɛ˃ɞʸȩȍ⏏ɄɹȋȦɦʢɹɄɭȍȋܩ౅ᇕȍɭȦȩៜᘽɻኍڗᇕɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻ⏋ ៨ૡʦ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋ɫȷɅɭɹᩂឹਸȵই՞׋ɇʶʳ෵ࡎȵኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɗɄɫςϺԇɻ⏋Ʉɹಮ֪ɹᩂឹਸˁ៷౩ɐʏȼ⏋ؗϺɭԊɴܒೆ᱅ɫಮ֪ɴᬠɐʳ៨ᦚ ˁஜɐ⏏ಮ֪ɴៜؖɌɛೆ႒ɻឿɦȴʰɲȴɤɛȵ⏋য়ಁɹృᓬˁᠭʏʳɭ⏋ஜɌɩȦɛˡ͡ ˡ̒̊ɹಮ֪ɫɻɲȼ⏋ആ̮˥˽̊ͲɫᣱɄɤɛಮ֪ɹ៨ϟȵ೎՟ɴᇿɴԂʳ⏏ςϺԇɻ⏋ɗ ɹմ৿ɹృᓬˁᠧ˃ɫȦȼȩɠɴ⏋1963 ॷ 12 ೐ 27 ౗ɴˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹ˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ᦏ᧿ɴ ȡʳ͐˽˪ȴʰ⏋̩͌Ͳ͇̝ɹᲦɹພɭɌɩѵɍʰʶɩȦʳᓩ᧨႒ȵᏪ߉ɌɛɭȦȩϟИˁ ሾʳ⏏ࡸɻ⏋ɄɹϟИˁȷɤȴȿɴ⏋ܕʢ᧓ȦᤂᮐʢᮐʶɩȦʳആ̮˥˽̊Ͳ⏃ჼ̫Ͳ˫̚͞ ˹͖⏆ɫ͌˽͌͠ɴʭʳ଻ᡴ͐̚ȵᣱɄʱ⏋ɗʶȵആ̮˥˽̊Ͳعܩɫಮ֪ɴᇍࣙɌɛɹɫȡɤ ɛ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹಮ֪ɹᐄഗ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹᮑ຦ȵ˓Ͳ̝ʍ༑ՏɌ⏋ɗʶȵЁ঎ɻˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɴ⏋

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ɇʚɊʚɲȩʼɇŅആ̮˥˽̊Ͳȴʰ๷кɞʰȿɹ՞᥂ȵզመɌɛɲɰŅˁ༑॒ɇɓ⏋̯Ͳ ̝˕ͻఠਂɹ͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳఓ௖⏋ಮ֪ɹৄȷᩆɭɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹృᓬ៨ϟˁᠧ˃ɫȦɛ ςϺԇɻ⏋ዺး⏋̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ȵɠʬȩɰɄɹಁೝɴᣱɄɤɛɄɭˁਲ਼ȦՏɐ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋׬ ɲʳϟఖ๷ɭɌɩᓬȴɇʶɩȦɛ̋̒ˡɫɹ̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ʢ⏋ࢹॷೝɴᕶՕȵкᱻɌɛˡ͡ ˡ̒̊ɹಮ֪ʢ⏋ɭʢɴᏝ 2,000 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ȴɲɛɴȡʳˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɫɹᓩ᧨႒Ꮺ߉ϟИɭ ᐄʃɦȦɩȦɛɄɭɴຩɧȼɹɫȡʳ⏏ɠɲʛɴ⏋Ʉɹ 1963-64 ॷɹᓩ᧨႒Ꮺ߉ʦആ̮˥˽̊ Ͳ⏋ˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫɹಮ֪ɻ⏋̶ˑ˪˹͚Ͳɫɻɲȼࡸ᭬ɴᣱɄɤɛϟИɫȡʱ⏋Υಁɻആ̮˥ ˽̊Ͳ⏋ˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫɗʶəʶ᥅᭢ȵ֪ڊɇʶ⏋޺Տኧ๬Вȵే᝔ɇʶʳʓɰɹཌྷϕႥ઴ȵᅊ

ɍɩȦʳ␩The Hindu, 28 December 1963-17 January 1964␭⏏7)

ǵɄɹȋᇍឿȍɴ᝛௖ˁ؝ȿɛςϺԇɻ⏋ᕶՕȵᬏȦᬚ⏋̋̒ˡɫɹ̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹ๷ɭˡ͡ˡ̒ ̊ɹಮ֪ɭɹɦɲȵʱɴຩɧȴɲȴɤɛɄɭɴɦȦɩ⏋Гάɹʭȩɴᓒȭʳ⏏ ǵӋɻॾȴɤɛɌ⏋ٞʱɹࡎњɛɠɭؾɍɫ⏋ᕶՕɹٞʱɹៀ፴ɻሎࡸɲɹɞɭѵɍɩᔒɤ ɛ⏏ዷᬚɻࡸܧɐʳɭѵɍɩȦɛɌ⏋ᤂᮐɻʢɹˁՕȴɦɹɞɭ⏋႒ᣒᇕɲࡸкɲɹɞɭѵ ɍɩȦɛ⏏ܕࢃɭܕޅɻࡸܧɐʳɹɞɭ⏋ܕޅɹكɄȩɴɻաɹࡸܧȵȡʳɹɞɭѵɍɩȦ ɛ⏏Ӌɹ᠝ৢɫɻ⏋ɗȩȦȩᅵɲʳࡸܧɹᬚɹᬠѥɻ⏋଍ϝȴؗ߫ȴɹɰɠʰȴɞȿɞɤɛ⏏ ɗɄɴɻ⏋ЈɹʢɹȵԂʳоܩɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ӌɹ᠝ৢɴয়ɩɻʚʰɲȦɄɭȵʰɻ⏋ ɛɞȡɹໍᶏɹ᝾ȿᇿɹμɴେɌʦʰʶɛɹɞɤɛ␩Ghosh 1988: 219␭⏏ ɄɄɫ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ܕࢃˁ׬еɭɌɛៜᠦʦ๴ر៨ᦚɹμɫɻ⏋ܕޅˁᣴȭɩȋಮ֐ȍ ȵᦹ᫒ɐʳჼᢒɻ⏋ܕࢃᬚɹȋ଍ϝȍɭȦȩ০Г޺ɫɻᠦ౩ɐʳɄɭȵܐᮑɫȡʱ⏋Ɍɛȵɤ ɩɗɄɴȲȦɩɻ 1964 ॷɹჼᢒɻȋໍᶏȍˁ৔ȦʰʶɩȷɛɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴςϺԇɻ⏋ ȴɦɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐˁໆࡴɌ⏋ϩ߂᭜ɴܕޅᐻˁৄȦɛϺǾɴਲ਼ȦˁʠȽʰɐ⏏ ǵȴɦɩ⏋ɗʶʓɰ౬ɫɻɲȦಁБɴ⏋ϺǾȵ⏋ᖪᡫʢᖪਕʢȡʳϺǾȵ⏋ೣຩɫਲ਼ɤɩȦ ɛɹɞŅܩܒɻɐʏɩؾɍɫ⏋ܕޅᐻɴɻ႕աɲ᳉໬ȵȡʳɹɞ⏋ɭ⏏ಮ֐ˁܕޅʍው֪Ɍ⏋ ɗʶɴዀ࡝ʦूݭɫࢪՃɌʭȩɭɐʳɹȵ⏋ᣌᣊɴғɐʳɄɭɞɭ৳ʰɻѵɍɩȦɛ⏏ɗ˃ ɲ৳ʰˁ᢮ʠʳʏȷɫɻɲȦ⏋ɭ⏋ӋɻᕶՕɴៜȦᓬȴɓɛ⏏ɗʶȵγᅠɹԇিɞɤɛɹɞ⏏ ৳ʰɻɗɹԇিˁ⏋ɦʚʱܕޅᐻɹʢɦ᳉໬ˁѵɍɲȵʰ⏋ܕޅᐻˁৄȦɛɹɞɤɛ␩Ghosh 7⏆ɠɲʛɴ⏋1964 ॷ 1 ೐ 5 ౗Њɹȏ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻȑᏨɴʭʶɽ⏋1 ೐ 4 ౗ɴिకঌɻᓩ᧨႒ȵȋ܌਋ȍɇʶɛɄɭ ˁᇍᝠɌ⏋ɗɹᐄഗ⏋˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ɹ᝘ᰄɫɻȋ͌˽͌͠⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋˹˪⏋ɗɹЈɹϺǾȍˁيʞᒴᝓ ȵ᝘ᰄɫɄʶˁኛᢽɌɛ␩The Hindu, 5 January 1964␭⏏

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1988: 233␭⏏ ǵɄɹࢸᠦɴᝠɇʶɩȦʳʭȩɲ⏋ܕࢃμਕɹ๴رӉɹμɴ࿃ʞȋໍᶏȍɹکᰍɻ⏋1980 ॷ Б৿ץГᭇɹ׫ˏ˻ˏᦏჼБرɹ࡝ک࿈༑ɹμɫ⏋Ȧʼʪʳ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድɭɹᬠѥȴʰᔰӵ ˁ༟ʃࠃʠɛ̘ͻ͇ɫȡʳ⏏1982 ॷɴౖࡔɹ˛͠ͻ̜ςᒶɹ๴ر៨ᦚɴࢪɌɩ⏋ȋάȴʰɹ๴ رȍˁ஥Ɂɩࠃʚɤɛȏ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድȑ˹͠ͻ̀ɻ⏋80 ॷБ৿ץГᭇ⏋ͅ˽̢̜͐̋̀͌⏋ ͅ˽̜ڪᙕςᒶ⏋ͅ˽̜෯ᦶςᒶ⏋ͅ˽̜ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠⏋ͅ˽̜ඨ຦ܩςᒶɲɰɹȋͅ˽̜ȍ ˁ஥Ɂɛਲ਼઎࿈༑ɭɹᬠѥˁཉʠɛ⏏ɗɹμɫ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድɻ⏋ڒ࡝⏋య࡝⏋኏Ц࡝⏋క໠ ࡝⏋య׋Ϻᰖ࡝⏋ਕჿ࡝ɲɰɹɇʚɊʚɲՕᩃɹ቉ድɭϯ༑ˁཉʠɩʪȼ⏏᠎ᏳɴɦȦɩɻա ዣɫᠶɍɛȵ⏋8) ɄȩɌɛ༑ʶɹμɫ⏋ȏ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድȑ˹͠ͻ̀ɴᬠʼʳ቉ድᓔɹᬚȴʰɻ⏋ ˛͠ͻ̜ɹៜᠦȵȦȴɴɌɩ຦ᝓɹުˁଵܦɌ⏋᭯Ɍ⏋ȋుႅȍ׋ɌɩȷɛɹȴˁՕഓɌɛ቉ ድȵᐚՏɐʳ⏏̮̊͡͹̍͑̊˻ͻɹȏܕ຦ɭɗɹᡉుႅ̆ඨ຦ܩ͹ͅ˽̜ඨ຦ܩرȑ␩Chatterjee 1993␭ɻɗɹБᝠёɭȦȭʭȩ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ቉ድɫɻ⏋ᣂషɻ๴رΫɹȋϟࡸȍˁᝠɐʢɹɭɌ ɩɫɻɲȼ⏋ɗɹᣂషˁ๿Ɍɛ˛͠ͻ̜⏋ఌᨗᓔүɹៜᠦʦ᠗ᡫˁᝠɐʢɹɭɌɩ⏋ɦʚʱ⏋ ৳ʰȵȋϟࡸȍˁ෯፷Ɍɛ᧌ዐˁኍɐʢɹɭɌɩ଩ʼʶɛ⏏ɄʶʰɹៜᠦՕഓɹμɫ႕ɴᬠਕ ȵᮃμɌɛɹȵ⏋˓˧͠˽ඨ຦ܩೝˁᦲɍɩ⏋׫ˏ˻ˏɹఌᨗᓔࣝȵȋܕࢃ͹ܕ຦ (nation)ȍʦ⏋ ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋͌˽͌͠⏋˹˪ɲɰɹȋ˱̢͖̘͊ˑȍˁɰɹʭȩɴȋ઎Ӊȍ⏒ȋօᦶȍɌɛɹȴ ɭȦȩ̘ͻ͇ɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹ࿈༑ɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋য়՟ɹȋάȴʰɹ๴رȍˁ஥Ɂɛȏ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድȑɭɻᦥ᝔ɐʳȋ˛ ͠ͻ̜቉ድȍɫȡʳɭɹଫՠʢࢊɓʰʶɛ⏏ɞȵ⏋့ဣȵ˛͠ͻ̜ៜᠦɴҥʳӃكȵΥᨆɫឿ ʰʶɛɭɻȦȭ⏋ɄȩɌɛៜᠦՕഓˁᦲɌɩ⏋ౖࡔɹ๴ر៨ᦚɹμɫȋుႅȍɭɌɩେɌʦʰʶ⏋ ଵܦɇʶ⏋ȋໍᶏȍˁ৔ȦʰʶɩȷɛުʦɫȷɅɭȵ๖Ǿɴ୭௎ɇʶɛɄɭɻ៿ѝɐʏȷɞʸ ȩ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹ༑ʶɹμɫ⏋ȋໍᶏȍɌɩȦɛ⏋ȡʳȦɻɇɓʰʶɩȦɛࡔܧᕶкˁயȼɛʠ ɹȦȼɦȴɹᖂ٢ཉȦ᠅ʛʢࠃʚɤɛ⏏႕ɴ໶ᇿɇʶɛɹȵ⏋Ʉʶʚɫьʼʶɩȷɛʭȩɲయ ࡓᣂషɴغʼɓɩ⏋ᓬ؜ʱˁᦲɌɩɇʚɊʚɲ᠝ʱʦ៨ૡˁؚᮃɌ⏋Ʉʶʰˁࢪ၇ɇɓʳ౅໬ ɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ˹͑ͻ̯̝͹ˏ͊ͻͲɹȏϟИ⏋̶͍̊ˎͻ⏋៨ૡ̆̍͑˗͠ͻ͹̍͑˗͞ͻ 1922-1992ॷȑ␩Amin 1995␭ɻ⏋1922 ॷ 2 ೐ 4 ౗ɴ׌˓Ͳ̝ɹࢸɇɲᅘ⏋̍͑˗͠ͻ͹̍͑˗͞ͻ ɫᣱɄɤɛᦅ຦ɴʭʳಮ֐ϟИˁ؜ʱΫɁ⏋ඨ຦ܩᐏ໠ณ֐ɹάɫ᝔ʼʶɛ᝽ՠɹ៨᪼ɴᝠʶ ʳᦅ຦ɹުʦ⏋˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻˁᦲɌɩؚᮃɌɛᦅ຦ɹ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋ϟИȵɰɹʭȩɴ᠝ʰʶ⏋ ៨ૡɇʶɩȦɤɛɹȴˁՕഓɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɄɴɻ⏋ᦅ຦ɹ᠝ʱɹμɴᦅ຦ɹȋᅊɹުȍˁឿՏ ɐɭȦɤɛ᠗ᡫɻɲȼ⏋ϟИˁʠȽʳఌᨗᓔ⏋᝵ఌᨗᓔɹᅵɲʳ᠝ʱ͹៨ૡȵࢪ၇ɇʶʳɄɭ 8⏆ȏ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድȑ˹͠ͻ̀ɭɄɹ˹͠ͻ̀ɴᬠʼɤɛ቉ድᓔɛɠɹ቉ድ֪كɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ȋ˵̫̊͡Ͳ቉ድɭ ׫ˏ˻ˏȍȏჼБ׫ˏ˻ˏȑፀ 1 ॎ⏋ആϴ߂࡝ՏႆЦ⏃2002 ॷ 9 ೐՘᝔⏆ؒ၇⏏

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ɫ⏋ɗʶʰɹ޽෵ɲ᠝ʱ͹៨ૡȵሂϣɴᐉʛغȦ⏋ᩂɲʱغȩ෵ࡎȵயȷՏɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ׵̮Օᮐɴʚɦʼʳಮ֐ɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋1990 ॷБГᭇɹ̮ͻͲ̚ͻ⏋̸̊ͻ͠ˏ⏋͍ͻ̨ͻ Ͳʰɹ቉ድȵ⏋ؾ෵ɴᣂషɭᓬ؜ʱᠭീˁᏼʛغʼɓɲȵʰ⏋ᅵɲʳ᠝ʱɹؚᮃ͹Օഓˁ᝔ɤ ɛ␩Pandey 2001; Butalia 1998; Menon and Bhasin 1998␭⏏৳ʰɹ቉ድɴឿʰʶʳɹɻ⏋Ʉʶʚ ɫɹܕࢃμਕɹៜᠦʦ៨ᦚɹμɫȋໍᶏȍɌɩȦɛ⏋ȡʳȦɻɇɓʰʶɩȦɛᨆՕˁ⏋ɇʚɊ ʚɲ᠝ʱˁᮃʠʳμȴʰᇍឿɌɩȦȼɭؾಁɴ⏋ɗɹໍᶏȵɰɹʭȩɴɦȼʰʶʳɹȴˁᦠິ ɐʳࠒֳɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɴɻ⏋ໍᶏɴɦȦɩ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ృɛɲಮ֐ʦໍᶏɹᇍᅊˁᭀ ๬ɌɛȦɭɹઝܒȵઢɍʰʶʳ⏏ɗɹᔘ৿ɴ⏋90 ॷБГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚ ̠̀͌͠ɹدᰄȵȡʳɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ⏏̮ͻͲ̚ͻʰɹ቉ድɻ⏋ౖࡔɹ׵̮Օᮐɹ៨ᦚʦ ᠝ʱɹ႕ਐȵ⏋ϺǾɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑˁ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻȴ͌˽͌͠ȴ⏋9) ɭȦȩךՕɴؚభɌ ɩȦʳဣɴȡʳɄɭˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋Ʉɹჼᢒɹ႕ᅵɇˁς৓ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɄʶɻჼБɹ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹ ̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɹៜᠦʍɹᅵᡴᅕɌጓɩɫȡʳɭʢៜȭʭȩ⏏ ǵɛɭȭɽ⏋˗ͩ͡˹ͻ͹̸̊ͻ͠ˏɹȏໍᶏɹȡɠʰү̆Օᮐкᱻᓔɛɠɹުȑ␩Butalia 1998␭ɻ⏋Օᮐɹ๴ر៨ᦚɹμɫȋٞᦇɴᦠȦʦʰʶɛȍࡔܧɭɌɩ⏋ߨਸ⏋ࡎњ⏋̩͠˻͑ Ͳˁ؜ʱΫɁ⏋৳ʰɹ׵̮Օᮐೝɹᐁᱻˁ՞୲ɐʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹጓݭȴʰឿɛ׵̮Օᮐɹࠒɻ⏋ ౖࡔɹ៨ᦚɴჼʶʳᅖਸμਕ⏋ܕࢃμਕɹ᠝ʱɭᰒᘿɲሂ᧓ˁឿɓɩȦʳ⏏̸̊ͻ͠ˏȵ୭௎ ɌɛȋໍᶏȍɹΥёɴ⏋Օᮐɹཌྷϕೝɴಮ᝔⏋᠛୓ɇʶɛ 7 Ψ 5 ןϺɭʢ 10 ΨϺɭʢៜʼʶ ʳߨਸɛɠɹࡔܧȵȡʳ␩Butalia 1998: 132, 249␭⏏ࡸɻ⏋ߨਸ᠛୓ɹکᰍɻ⏋Օᮐሁ৿ɴɻక ঌͤ̾͡ɫʢᡴᠶɇʶ⏋θకঌɴʭʳᏼᑩᇕɲ؜ᏼʛɴʭɤɩ⏋͌˽͌͠ɴᦹʶؑʰʶɛ̯Ͳ ̝˕ͻߨਸˁ̮˥˽̊Ͳȴʰ˓Ͳ̝ʍ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɴᦹʶؑʰʶɛ͌˽͌͠ߨਸˁ˓Ͳ̝ȴʰ ̮˥˽̊Ͳʍȋ܌਋ȍɐʳс෌ʚɫ᝔ʼʶɛɹɞȵ⏋৳ߨɛɠɹࡔܧɻ৿ɹ๴ر៨ᦚʦ᠝ʱɹ μɫɻȋໍᶏȍˁ৔Ȧʰʶʳ⏏10) ৳ߨɛɠɭɻࢪ၇ᇕɴ⏋᠝ʱɹμɫ৔ᠭɇʶʳɹɻ⏋ؿ᠕⏋ Ꮴ࿀ˁࡪʳɛʠɴᕶຏ⏋Јຏɹ০ɫȋ๽๷ȍɌɛߨਸɛɠɫȡʳ␩Butalia 1998: 208␭⏏ ǵΥ౅⏋˧͑ͻ̦ͻͲ̝͞͹̮ͻͲ̚ͻɹȏՕᮐɹ៨ૡ̆˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳಮ֐⏋̠˹͚̠̀͌͠⏋ ๴رȑ␩Pandey 2001␭ɻ⏋׵̮Օᮐೝɹȋಮ֐ȍȵɗɹ৿Ȧȴɴ៨ᦚɇʶ⏋᠝ʰʶɩȦɤɛɹȴˁ⏋ ჿᠶᇕ⏋кᏙᇕɴ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭˁ᠅ʛɩȦʳ⏏̮ͻͲ̚ͻȵɄʶʚɫʢᑵʱᦐɌ৔ᠭɌɩ Ȧʳʭȩɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳౖࡔɹ๴ر៨ᦚɫɻ⏋ಮ֐ɻȋЈϺȍɹɫȷɅɭɭɌɩ⏋๴رɹ ᯿ݖɫɻ଩ȭɲȦᠦ౩έخᔨɲჼᢒɭɌɩ଩ʼʶɩȷɛ␩Pandey 1994; 2001: 49␭⏏̮ͻͲ̚ͻ 9⏆˹˪ఠਂɴɦȦɩɻ⏋׵̮Օᮐɹ៨ᦚ⏋᠝ʱɹμɫɻ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɭգࢀˁԊ೑ɌɩȦʳɭɇʶ⏋͌˽͠ ͌ɭࢪጓɐʳᮃ܎ɭɌɩ଩ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ 10⏆׵̮Օᮐೝɹߨਸ᠛୓ɹکᰍɻ⏋Ʉʶˁ̘ͻ͇ɴɌɛࢸᠦ␩Sidhwa 1989␭ȵ 1999 ॷɴȏ1947 ॷǵ߂ܩȑɹ̊ ˓̜͡ɫ౱ᅙ׋ɇʶ⏋໶ᇿˁᮃʠɛ⏏ɲȲ⏋؅сɹ̊˓̜͡ɻ Ice-Candy-Man ɞȵ⏋ˏ͍͠ˡႆɫɻ̊˓̜͡ ɻ Cracking India ɴఒʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏

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ɻ⏋ಮ֪ɴᬠɌɩɹݬٚೆʦݬ᧑⏋కঌ͹కӾɹު౩⏋܌઎᪼⏋кᱻᓔɛɠɹ᠝ʱɲɰˁࢪ၇ ɇɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ಮ֐ɴɦȦɩɹ๴ر៨ᦚȵ⏋ܕࢃʦܕ຦ɹȡʱ౅ˁ႕ࡴɹ০ɴ෯፷ɐʳ ɛʠɹక໠᧌ዐɭࢌஞɴᐄʃɦȦɩȷɛჼᢒˁ୭௎ɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ჼܧɹᦏБܕࢃɹȡʱ౅ʦ⏋ ɗʶɴݜɧȼɄʶʚɫɹ๴ر៨ᦚɴࢪɌɩ⏋Ʉʶʰȵᕶးɲʢɹ⏋έ޴ᇕɲʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ȡ ȼʚɫ෯፷ɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳɭɹ᠗ᡫɹΫɴጓɠ⏋ჼБɹȋܕࢃȍɴБʼʳ⏋ʭʱ׃ୠᇕɲక ໠˱̢͖̘͊ˑˁɦȼʱՏɐɄɭˁೝ৺ɐʳɹɫȡʳ␩Pandey 2001: 205␭⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛ቉ድȵ⏋៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɴ့ဣˁয়ɩɲȵʰ⏋׵̮Օᮐೝɹ๴ر៨ᦚɴȲȿʳໍᶏ⏋႕ ɴಮ֐ɴʚɦʼʳໍᶏˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋Ʉɹໍᶏȵɦȼʰʶɛ᧌ዐˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭˁ᠅ʛɛဣɻ ៿ѝɐʏȷɫȡʸȩ⏏ɞȵ⏋ʦɻʱຩɴɲʳဣɭɌɩɻ⏋ȋಮ֐ȍˁʠȽʳ៨ૡʦ᠝ʱɹՕഓȵ⏋ ȋಮ֐ȍᕶкɹჿៗ⏋଴வɴɰɹʭȩɴɦɲȵʳɹȴɭȦȩکᰍȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏׸ɠ⏋ಮ֐ˁ ๴ر៨ᦚɹμɫயȼɛʠɴɻ⏋ಮ֐ȵɰɹʭȩɴ᠝ʰʶɩȷɛɹȴˁᠶɑʳɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋҅ աɹಮ֐ɹϟёɴɦȦɩ⏋ɗɹక໠͹ᐁཕ͹኏Цᇕᔘಕˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳс෌ˁ⏋᠝ʱɹՕഓɭ ជ࡭Ɍȡȩ০ɫᦽʠʳਖឹȵȡʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋᠝ʱɹμɫᇿɴɦȼឹᏬɹʁɭɦɴ ȋȩʼɇȍɹࡔܧȵȡʳɹɞȵ⏋᠝ʱɹμɴჼʶʳɄȩɌɛឹᏬˁଝȵȴʱɴ⏋ᬠᦹɐʳᔘಕ ̆ɗɹ኏ЦɴȲȿʳ੻ݬɹШ᧒ɹȡʱ౅ʦϺᇕ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɲɰ̆ˁେɇȭɩʪȼɄɭȵέخ ๕ɫȡʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋ɄɄɫ᏷ЂɌɛʭȩɲ቉ድȵ⏋ςɴ׌˓Ͳ̝ɫ׵̮Օᮐೝɹಮ֪⏋Ϻؤው֪ˁሁஞᇕ ɴкᱻɌɛܩݖɴᮃμɌɩȦʳဣɴʢᅥઝɌɛȦ⏏Јܩݖ⏋ɛɭȭɽ׫˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋׵ ̮Օᮐɹ៨ૡ͹᠝ʱɻɰɹʭȩɴ෯፷ɇʶɛɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏̮ͻͲ̚ͻɹ቉ድɲɰɫኍɇʶɩ Ȧʳᦲʱ⏋Υᖔɴ׌˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ϺǾɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑˁ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻȴ͌˽͌͠ȴɭ Ȧȩဣɴؚభɐʳៜᠦʦ⏋ɗʶˁ˓Ͳ̝⏋̮˥˽̊Ͳʍɹॠࣚɭᩂɷʳៜᠦȵ⏋Օᮐɹᐁᱻɹ μɫدᰄɐʳჼᢒȵឿʰʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉʶʰɹៜᠦȵʢɦ৯ᯱ֐ɻ⏋ܩݖɅɭɹႥ໥ɴ߂ȷ ȼृزɇʶɩȦɛɭϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹࢪጓȵᰒܧ׋ɌɩȦɛܩݖɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻȴ͌˽͌͠ȴɭȦȩˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑɹᩂឹਸɻ⏋िᕶкȵ׵̮ɴՕւɇʶɛ̮Ͳ ˻͑ͻ̸ʦ̾Ͳˤ͡ɹݭغɭɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲɤɩȦɛɞʸȩ⏏ ǵ຦ᝓɹ׵̮ՕᮐɹкᱻˁՕഓɌɛ๴ر቉ድɻ⏋ፆᓔȵ̶ˑͻ̝͡ɭɌɩȦʳ˓Ͳ̝ីᨆ⏋˫ ˻͑͞ͻ̜ܩ౅ɴɦȦɩʢמՕɴᦽ˃ɫȦɲȦ⏏ɄɹܩݖɴɦȦɩɹ 20 γᏛմץɴᬠɐʳ๴ ر቉ድɹμਕɻ⏋˫˻͑͞ͻ̜Տ᤹ɹ M͹K͹ˤͻͲ̚ˑͻʦ⏋ˤͻͲ̚ˑͻɹ୭ࢷ͹৯ᯱ άɫࣙᬖɇʶɛؙᗔ᧊֪⏋ᯃಮ֐᧊֪ɫȡʳ⏏11) 1941⏋46 ॷɴ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ɹμਕᨊ॑⏋ˏ͌ 11⏆ɛɞɌᦏॷɫɻ⏋̩ͻ̚ˑ͇Ͳʦ˽ˡ͠ˏɹˏ̚ˑʹˎͻ˹ͻ⏃̜͞˓̸⏋Ӵз຦⏆቉ድɲɰɹёɴឿʰʶʳ ʭȩɴ⏋˫˻͑͞ͻ̜Ԓᨆɹ኏Цʦ๴رӉɹ޽෵ਸɴ໶ᇿȵᮃʚɤɩȦʳ␩Hardimanǵ1987; 1994; 1996; Skaria 1999␭⏏ǵ

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̋ͻʹˎͻ̝⏃ˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝⏋ˏ̶͇̋ͻ̫ͻ̝⏆ɫᣱɄɤɛ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ʦ⏋׵̮Օᮐ Гᭇɹ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ȴʰ̮˥˽̊Ͳʍɹ͌˽͌͠ው຦͹̮˥˽̊Ͳȴʰ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ʍɹ̯Ͳ ̝˕ͻው຦ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Ʉɹܩ౅ɹᦏБر቉ድɹμɫʓɭ˃ɰ؜ʱΫɁʰʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏12) ǵ׵̮ՕᮐɴᬠᦹɌɩፆᓔȵᓒȭɩȦʳʢȩʁɭɦɹᠩᰍɻ⏋ՕᮐʦɗʶГᭇɴᣱȷɛȋಮ֐ȍ ɹܩჿᇕዷᬚˁᣳȭɛᦹᬠਸɹکᰍɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᦹᬠਸɻ⏋մᦚɹȏ˹̝͑˗͞˓Ͳ̀ȑɹμ ɫॄʛɴᝠჼɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ςϺԇɻ⏋ˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹᓩ᧨႒Ꮺ߉ϟИɭആ̮˥˽̊Ͳɫɹಮ֪ɹ ᇍᅊɴɦȦɩሾɤɛ৿ɴ⏋ܩܒɭ˱Ͳ̮˽ˁᅎȦɲȵʰ⏋೎՟ɴಮ֪ȵᅊɍɛആ̮˥˽̊Ͳɹ ᅘ⏋˪̠͡ˁμਕɴɌɩ⏋ˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹ˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ȵԓٞΫɴȼʳʭȩɲԓˁயȼࡸᱻˁ ᝔ȩ⏏ ͘ͻ˪̝̒͠ዷᬚɹȷɠ˃ɭɌɛዊইɹμɫɻ⏋ˡ͡ˡ̒̊ʚɫɹᤂᮐɻ⏋̚͠ͻʭʱʢ̊ ˓ɹ̍˙Ͳ͇˓ȴʰɹ౅ȵɑɤɭᦏȦɌ⏋˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ʭʱʢμܕɹଁᨊȴʰɹ౅ȵᦏȦ ɹɞ⏏ɫʢӋɻɄɹԓˁயȼʚɫ⏋̍˙Ͳ͇˓ʦଁᨊɹɄɭɲɰᓬȦɛɄɭʢɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗ ɹΥ౅⏋̚͠ͻʦ˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ɹɄɭɻ⏋ਲ਼ȦՏɓɲȦȽʰȦࢸɇɲɄʸȴʰᓬȦɩȦɛ⏏ ̜̚͠ˑ̸ɹܩܒɻ⏋˪̠͡ʚɫɹᤂᮐɻ⏋˹͖͠ͻ̠ˤ͡ʭʱʢ⏋̨̩˓ʦᩂૌȴʰɹ౅ ȵᦏȦɄɭˁఠȭɩȼʶɛȿʶɰ⏋˪̠͡ɹϺɛɠɻ̜̠̾͌ʦμܕ׫ᨆ⏃ʓ˃ɹᇿɹӴɴ ȡʳ⏆ɹ͐˽˪ɹ᧊٨ˁࢹɌɫʢຩɴɌɛɞʸȩȴ⏱ǵຩɴɌɲȴɤɛɞʸȩ⏏ɫʢ͐˽˪ ȵɄɠʰүɹ౅كɴȡʳɭ⏋ɛɤɛ 1 ᦼᬚɫŔ␩Ghosh 1988: 232␭⏏ ǵჼࡸɴ⏋׫ˏ˻ˏɴȲȿʳܩჿᇕዷᬚˁᣴȭɛȋಮ֐ȍɹᦹᬠਸɻ⏋ɄʶʚɫɇʚɊʚɲ ০ɫჼʶɩȦʳ⏏׵̮ՕᮐɹཌྷϕೝɴعܩɫᣱɄɤɛಮ֪ˁɻɍʠ⏋៨ૡɴృɌȦϟёɭɌɩ ɻ⏋1992 ॷɴˏ͜ͻ̚ˑ͓ͻɫᣱȷɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɴʭʳ͐˽˪ቑޙϟИȵ⏋׸এɴ˓Ͳ ̝ܕԒɹςឹᨊ॑ɫ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹͌˽͌͠ᬚɹ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ˁᅊɍɇɓɛɄɭȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ ɞʸȩ⏏ɄɹϟИɴʭʱ⏋̮˥˽̊Ͳʦ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹΥᨆɴȲȦɩʢᐳ৓ȵᲞʚɤɛ⏏ʚ ɛ೎ᦏɹёɫɻ⏋2002 ॷ 2 ೐ 27 ౗ɴ⏋ˏ͜ͻ̚ˑ͓ͻɹ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻࢩ᭏ল៯᧊֪ɴؒ֓Ɍɛ ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɛɠɹώɤɩȦɛ՞᥂ȵ⏋ˏ͌̋ͻʹˎͻ̝ᦏ᧿ɴȡʳ˳ͻ̝͞ͻɫ͌˽͌͠ ɴʭɤɩ឴௖ɇʶ⏋Ʉʶȵ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜عܩ⏃႕ɴˏ͌̋ͻʹˎͻ̝⏆ɴȋᰧʃတȍɌɩ⏋̯ Ͳ̝˕ͻఠਂɹ͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳ߂ៀฐɲఓ௖ȵ᝔ʼʶɛ⏏Ʉɹᬚɴຏࢀɇʶɛ͌˽͌͠ɹధ ɻ⏋4 ೐ץɽɹݬ᧑ɫɻ 700 ϺɴɹʖʳɭɇʶɩȦʳ␩India Today, 11, 18, 25 March, 8, 15 April

12⏆ɠɲʛɴ⏋ፆᓔɻ 1998 ॷ⏋ˏ͌̋ͻʹˎͻ̝ɫ 1940 ॷБɴ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜͹ˡͤ̒˻ɲɰɹᲞፈఠᔒลᬠɴܧ ᎛ɌɩȦɛ 5 ؿɹϺǾɴɦȦɩ⏋҅աɴ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻˁ᝔ɤɛ⏏৳ʰɹ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋1941⏋46 ॷɹ˱͖̠͊͡ ಮ֪ʦው຦ɴᬠɐʳயԠɴɻȦȼɦȴɹᩂឹɲሂ᧓ȵឿʰʶɛȵ⏋ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩɻЁ৿⏋ᣂషᠭീʦᓬ؜ʱ ᠭീˁᦽʠɛȩȭɫද២ɌɛȦ⏏

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2002␭⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ȡʳȋಮ֐ȍϟИȵ⏋႒ჿᇕᤂᮐɴᬠʼʱɲȼ⏋Јɹᨊ॑ʦ೴⏋ܩݖ⏋ ಁɴɻܕޅɹكɄȩүɴʚɫȋᰧʃတȍɐʳჼᢒɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴჿៗɐʶɽʭȦɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ ɄɄɫᓒ࢘ɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɹɻ⏋׫ˏ˻ˏɹక໠ᇕᔘಕʦ⏋ዛǾɹᏼᑩɹ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪⏋ ੻ݬ͹ȩʼɇɹ৲ւɲɰɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ɗȩɌɛμɫɦȼʰʶʳϺǾɹዷᬚઢៅ̆׸ɠ⏋Јܩݖɫ ᣱȷɛɰɹʭȩɲϟИȵɰʶʓɰɹȋᦏɇȍ⏋ᐳᦗઢˁʢɦɹȴ̆ɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏˫˻͑͞ͻ ̜ˁёɴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉɹȋᦏɇȍɹઢៅ⏋ዷᬚෙਥȵ⏋׵̮Օᮐˁᦲɍɩɰɹʭȩɴ޴׋Ɍɩ ʪȼɹȴˁ⏋Ԓᨆɹᅵɲʳᮃ܎ʦᅵɲʳܩݖ⏃ɛɭȭɽ⏋ඨ຦ܩೝɴᚻტܕɫȡɤɛܩݖɭᗔ ᯿ɫȡɤɛܩݖ⏋13) ᨊ॑ɭᦅ೴⏋ɲɰ⏆ɴ໶ᇿɌɲȵʰද២ɌɩȦȼɄɭʢ⏋ࢰഀɹᠩᰍɭɌ ɛȦ⏏14) ֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃ

Amin, Shahid. 1995. Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura 1922-1992. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Ashcroft, Bill, Garesh Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. 1989. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in

Post-colonial Literatures. London: Routledge. ⏃ˏ̒˹͖˪̶̜ͦ⏋̲͡⏩ˤͤ˽͹˫̶͠ˑ˽⏩̼ͤͲ͹̘ˑ ̶ˑͲ⏏1998⏏ȏͅ˽̜˱̢ͦˏ͡ɹయ࡝ȑೠ೴ᗛᮁ៱⏋ᮾܤ኏⏆

Butalia, Urvashi. 1998. The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ⏃̸̊ͻ͠ˏ⏋˗ͩ͡˹ͻ⏏2002⏏ȏໍᶏɹكɄȩүŅ˓Ͳ̝͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓɭৄȷ᝾ȴʶɛ

ϺǾɹުȑᚹࣩਜ਼ᒭࡎ៱⏋౩ቄೆঊ⏆

Chatterjee, Partha. 1993. The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ghosh, Amitav. 1988. The Shadow Lines. New Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publisher.

Hardiman, David. 1987. The Coming of the Devi: Adivasi Assertion in Western India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

␲␲␲␲. 1994. Power in the Forests: The Dangs, 1820-1940. In David Arnold and David Hardiman eds., Subaltern Studies VIII. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 89-147.

␲␲␲␲. 1996. Farming in the Forest: The Dangs 1830-1992. In Mark Poffenberger and Betsy McGean eds., Village Voices, Forest Choices: Joint Forest Management in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 101-131.

Hasan, Mushirul ed. 1993. India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ϥܮჿዥ⏏1998⏏ȋ˓Ͳ̝͹̮˥˽̊ͲՕᮐႶጓŅμ߈ɹᠶჿ͹ܩ౅ɹᠶჿŅȍȏ࣬໳ᡙএǵγᅠ๴ر24ǵ 13⏆ჼܧɹ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜िɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ඨ຦ܩೝɴɻɗɹΥᨆɹܩݖɻᗔ᯿̓Ͳ̾˓፬ך⏃৿ɴ̓Ͳ̾˓ि⏆ɹμ ɴيʚʶ⏋๿ʱɹܩݖɻ޽ధɹᚻტܕɴʭɤɩװʠʰʶɩȦɛ␩Menon 1956␭⏏˓Ͳ̝ႶጓˁลɴɄʶʰɹᚻ ტܕɻ˓Ͳ̝ɴᐏغɇʶ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ঎ᩂɲʳिԗᑂɴʭɤɩ⏋೎ᏺᇕɴɻ 1960 ॷɴჼܧɹ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜िȵଁ ጓɐʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋˫˻͑͞ͻ̜ɴȲȿʳዷᬚෙਥɭȦȩဣɫɻ⏋Ʉɹܩݖȵ̮˥˽̊ͲɭܕޅˁஞɌɩȦʳɭ Ȧȩܩჿᇕ೼Иʢᓒૅɐʳਖឹȵȡʳɞʸȩ⏏ 14⏆ԍкᇕɲ౅໬ᠶɴɦȦɩɻද២μɞȵ⏋ʚɑଝȵȴʱɭɌɩ⏋ˏ͌̋ͻʹˎͻ̝ˁμਕɴ⏋ృᓬݬ᧑ʦ܌઎᪼⏋ ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻɫؚᮃɌɛ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋ɰɹܩݖȵɰɹʭȩɲ০͹ປᩂɫៜؖɇʶɩȦʳɹȴɴɦȦɩɹᦲಁᇕ ɲ޴׋ˁᦠȩɄɭȴʰࠃʠɛȦɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏

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͇Ͳ̜ͻ⏋˵ˏͻ̜̋̒͹̩˵Ͳ⏏1988⏏ȋ̜ͻ̫ͻ͹̘ͻ˪͹˽ˑͲ˫ȍȏᶌȦ˹͑ͩ͡ͻ͡ȑᩧೠǵల͹

ႅࣩে๖ᑂ៱⏋߂ؾᅊ٨ܕ᭬య׋ݜᩆ⏋15-29⏏

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␲␲␲␲. 2001. Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

˵ͻ̢̼ͻ⏋̲ͻ˹͖͌⏏1991⏏ȏ͇̊˽ȑᅒμచᮁ៱⏋߂ؾᅊ٨ܕ᭬య׋ݜᩆ⏏

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Sarkar, Sumit. 1983. Modern India: 1885-1947. New Delhi: Macmillan. ⏃˵͡ˡͻ͡⏋˽̜͊̒⏏1993⏏ȏృɌ Ȧ˓Ͳ̝ᦏБرΥ͹ϠŅάȴʰɹ๴رɹ᠅ʛȑᬏऊ಩ࡎ͹ᕼᅒᮂψ͹μᩁଁጟ͹Ꮅ࣒գຽ៱⏋቉యՏ ႆ⏆

Sidhwa, Bapsi. 1989. Ice-Candy-Man. New Delhi: Penguin Books.

Singh, Kushwant. 1981. Train to Pakistan. New Delhi: Time Books International.

Skaria, Ajay. 1999. Hybrid Histories: Forests, Frontiers and Wildness in Western India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

ᅒμᮂΥ⏏1998⏏ȋಮ֐ɹయ׋Ϻᰖ࡝ইᠶȍᅒμᮂΥᑂᘿȏಮ֐ɹయ׋Ϻᰖ࡝ȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ⏋ 3-28.

૧໳Ȇ਩ۏধ

The Hindu. 28 December 1963-17 January 1964. India Today. 11,18,25 March, 8,15 April 2002.