スーフィズムの分析枠組

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ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድǵፀ 2 شǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐

˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

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ആǵᬏǵǵǵᯀ*

Analytical Framework of Sufism

TONAGA Yasushi*

This article seeks to reconsider the question of Sufism in order to attain a better understanding of it, as well as an understanding of the matters of saint worship and .tar¯ıqa. Although Sufism is generally translated as ‘Islamic mysticism,' such a translation reveals only a partial aspect of it.

After examining the questions as to what is Sufism and who are Sufis, I intend to point out that ‘Sufism' is not a substantial notion. I further declare that this notion was first invented by the orientalists as something alien to Islam.

Therefore, we can use this notion only as an analytical concept. Here I propose an analytical framework of Sufism in order to replace the former definition of Sufism as ‘Islamic mysticism.'

My analytical framework consists of three poles. The first is a mystical pole, and we must admit that Sufism does possess such an aspect. At the same time however we are aware that Sufism also has an ethical aspect which is the second pole, and the third is that of folk religion.

The merits of this tripolar framework are as follows. 1. This schema clearly shows that Sufism is an analytical concept.

2. It shows that ‘Islamic mysticism,' which has been regarded as equivalent to Sufism, is merely a part of it.

3. When we discuss Sufism, we should always be careful to specify which aspect(s) of Sufism we are talking about. Constant reference to this framework will make us conscious of the subtle differences during discussion.

The next step is to consider the frameworks of saint and .tar¯ıqa. This will lead to an understanding of the relationship that exists between the concepts of Sufism, saint and .tar¯ıqa.

* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University

1) ೣዣсଁ᧌ዐɴȲȦɩ⏋ᣧݞᮂॺລ⏃Ϋಚ߂࡝֖ఠஐ⏆⏋ගೣΥ߅ລ⏃׌༠᧑߂࡝֖ఠஐ⏆ȴʰ೑ᇰɲ˱͍Ͳ̜ ˁ᯳ଔɌɛ⏏៨ɌɩઢᡚɌɛȦ⏏

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1 ȅ͉̲͛ͅȝ࿚ఴ͈ਫ਼ह

1.1ȁΑȜέͻΒθȆΗςȜ΃Ȇ୉৪૞ަ͈ਹါ଻ ǵ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠˁ቉ድɐʳ᭬ɴ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɰɄɫʢՏЦȩʢɹɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌⏋̊͠ͻ ˡ⏋ᓩᓔѵЖȵȡʳ⏏˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹʭȩɴ⏋̩ͩ̒ͻ̸༐ɴݜɧȼܕࢃᇕԇি˓˽͞ͻ ͌ɴʭɤɩ⏋ɄʶʰˁʁɭɌɲʛɴ̲̝ˏ⏃˓˽͞ͻ͌ȴʰɹᧀᔵ⏆ɭɌɩக᭑ɐʳዎ೑ɲё ޺ˁ᭑ȿɽ⏋ɄʶʰɹȦɑʶȴɹឹᏬɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹʓɭ˃ɰɐʏɩɹܩݖɫ᠗ʠʰʶ ʳ⏏ ǵɛɭȭɽ⏋ౙ̅ᦹगޙ৿ɹμ߈ˏ˻ˏ͹ˡ̶ˡͻ˽ɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂȵ⏋̠˪˹͖̫ Ͳ̚ˑͻఠ܎ʦˡͻ̚ˑ͠ͻఠ܎ɲɰɹ̊͠ͻˡɴʭɤɩ୊ʼʶɩȦʳɄɭɻɦɭɴ୭௎ɇʶ ɩȦʳɌ⏋̦́ˤ͡ɭȦȩܕࢃɹȴɲʱɹᨆՕˁ⏋Ё౗⏋ᓩᓔˏͻ͇̝͹̫Ͳ̫ˁμਕɴ০ଁ ɇʶɛ̝͌̒͠ఠ܎⏃͌͠ͻ̚ˑͻఠ܎⏆ȵఌȭɩȦʳɄɭʢሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏2) ǵᦲ।⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶɭ៱ɇʶʳ⏏̊͠ͻˡɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻఠ܎⏃ʢɌȼ ɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶఠ܎⏆ɭ៱ɇʶ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁທкɭɌɩ⏋12γᏛГᭇ຦ᝓɹᬚɴঃ ʚɤɛ᧊֪кɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳᓩᓔѵЖɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȿ ɩ᠝ʰʶʳɹȵᦲёɫȡʳ⏏ 1.2ȁ3!৪͈۾߸଻ ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉʶʰ 3 ᓔɹᬠѥɻ⏋ଂǾȵਃഀਲ਼ȦயȦɩȦɛʓɰ⏋ᎎ׬ɫɻɲȦ.ǵፀ 1 ɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ̊͠ͻˡɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩȦȭɽ⏋೎ʢ೑ؿɲ̊͠ͻˡɹʁɭɦɫȡʳˡͻ ̚ˑ͠ͻఠ܎ɹؿኘˏ̸̝˕͡ˡͻ̚ˑ͡͹˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻ (d. 1166) ɴᬠɌɩ⏋৳ᕶ᤹ɻ˽ͻ ̶ˑͻɫɻɲȴɤɛɭȦȩᠶȵȡʳ␩Trimingham 1971: 40-41; Chabbi 1973␭⏏ɄɹᠦɴᬠɌɩ ɻ⏋ᣊوθᠶɫȡʳȵ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢȦʚɞɴᠶቑɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏3) ǵፀ 2 ɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᓩᓔɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᓩᓔѵЖɗɹʢɹȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴჿᠶᇕ ൓୞ˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɭᠦ౩ɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʶɽ⏋ೣഀɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɴȦɤɩჿᠶᇕ൓୞ɻɲ 2) ɛɭȭɽ␩Babajanov 1998␭ɻ⏋Ⴖጓ৿ɹ˗̀̾˥˽̊Ͳɹ኏Цᅊ༎ɴ৯ᯱˁήȭɛឹᏬɭɌɩ⏋຦౏ᇕˏ˓̚ Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑ਋ᖂ⏋ԗ˓˽͞ͻ͌׋ɭι˃ɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻ͹˫͡ͻ̺ɹ༎֪ɹ਋༎ˁȡɁ⏋̠˪˹͖̫Ͳ̚ˑͻ ఠ܎ɹ༎֪ˁՕഓɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋␩ࢸाǵ1998: 236␭ɻ⏋ȋ̦́ˤ͡ɭȦȩܕࢃɻᝠكȷɴɻܕࢃɭɌɩɹࢪ ᯆˁɰȩʦʰѳɤɩɻȦʳȵ⏋ϺǾɹ޽ȼɴ̦́ˤ͡ܕ຦ɭɌɩɹ᠔ʱˁʢɛɓʳɄɭɴʢ⏋ʚɌɩʦᐁཕᇕ ࡫ࡴˁήȭʳɄɭɴʢ߉ఞɌɩȲʱ⏋኏Цᇕ⏋ᐁཕᇕ⏋Ꮔኜᇕɲμ൒ᨆՕˁେɇȭɩȦʳɹɻ˓˽͌͞ɹఠ܎⏋ ʼȿɩʢ̝͌̒͠ఠ܎ɫȡʳȍɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ 3) ȋ˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻᯃ˽ͻ̶ˑͻᠶȍɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋␩Demeerseman 1988␭ɹؙᠶȵȡʱ⏋Υᦹɹᠶϝˁᎎ׬ɴ᏷ЂɌ ɛʢɹɴ⏋␩Knysh 2000: 183␭ȵȡʳ⏏ɄɹکᰍɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ȦɑʶዣˁఒʠɩᠶɍɛȦ⏏ˡͻ̚ˑ͠ͻఠ܎ ɻˏ̸̝˕͡ˡͻ̚ˑ͡͹˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻˁᓩᓔɭɌɩહȩϺǾɹᮃ܎ɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋ɄɄɫ⏋˻ͻ ͞ͻ̢ͻᕶ᤹ȵᓩᓔɫȡɤɛȴɰȩȴˁکȩɄɭɻᩂឹɫɻɲȦ⏏ଂǾɴɭɤɩተ᠗ɌɩȲȼʏȷɄɭɻ⏋ ˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻȵܑٞɹϺǾɴᓩᓔɭ؝ȿ๬ʠʰʶɩȦɛȴɰȩȴ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʱ⏋ɄɹکȦɴࢪɐʳፐȭ ɻᔐࡴᇕɫȡʳ⏏

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ Ȧȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵعܩɹܤመᇕឹᏬˁ؜ʱᦉʞɲȴɫɗɹΥᄩɭɌɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌኏Цɴ ൓ɧȦɛɭᠦ౩ɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏Ȧɑʶɹݭغʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȿɩᓩᓔѵЖɻ᠝ ʰʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɞȿȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȦɩᓩᓔɹȋ๭ᐏȍਸˁѳ៷ ɌɛɭɻᓒȭɴȼȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴݜɧȴɲȦᓩᓔѵЖɹёɭɌɩ⏋˛˻̺̜ɹ ˹͑ͻ̶ˑ˓ͻণɴࢪɐʳؒ᠄͹ѵЖȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏˹͑ͻ̶ˑ˓ͻɭɻ⏋˽Ͳ̠༐ 4 ໬࡝༐ ɹʁɭɦ˹͑ͻ̶ˑ˓ͻ࡝༐ɹ࡝ኘɫȡʱ⏋৳ᕶ᤹ɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫɻɲȴɤɛɌ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻ ɭɌɩࢴईɇʶɛɹɫʢɲȴɤɛ⏏৳ɴࢪɐʳࢴईɻ⏋մ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲឹᏬɹ๿ࡔɭᓒȭʳ ɄɭʢᮑɌȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳᓩᓔѵЖˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɹʛᐄʃɦȿɩ᠝ ʳɄɭᕶкɴکᰍȵȡʳɭៜȭʳ⏏4) ǵፀ 3 ɴᓩᓔɭ̊͠ͻˡɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᓩᓔ⏃ʢɌȼɻᓩᓔއ⏆ˁ؜ʱॎȼᮃ܎ɭɌɩ̊ ͠ͻˡȵࡔጓɌɩȷɛɄɭɻ⏋ɦɭɴ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȷɛȵ⏋ɞȴʰɭȦɤɩ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻఠ܎ȍ ɭȦȩ̊͠ͻˡɴȡɩʰʶɛ៱᠝ȵکᰍɭɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛɭȦȩϟࡸɻ⏋ɗɹݭغɹᓩᓔ ʢʦɻʱ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᬠʼʱˁ୫ɦʢɹɞɭȦȩ᠗ᡫˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ᓩᓔɭ̊ ͠ͻˡɭɻ⏋ʦɻʱ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁࠬЂɭɌɩᐄʃɦȦɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛɭៜȭʳ⏏ ǵਃഀɹ቉ድɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹̊͠ͻˡ͹ᓩᓔ⏃ȲʭʃᓩᓔѵЖ⏆ȵ⏋ІᏳɴද៷ ɇʶʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ΪеΥкɹʢɹɫȡʳɭਲ਼ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹ᠗ᡫɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽ̊͠ͻˡʦᓩ ᓔɴࢹɲȼɭʢ 1 ጟɑɦˁւȴɲȦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹෙᠦೆȵ⏋ʚɑࡔܧɌɲȦɭȦȩϟࡸɴጩ ᇕɴᝠʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵፆᓔɻ⏋Ʉʶʰ 3 ᓔȵ⏋ࢹɲȴʰɵᨆՕɴȲȦɩᩂɲʱغȩɄɭˁوࡴɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ᩂɲʱغʼɲȦᨆՕȵȡʳɭȦȩɄɭɴᬠɐʳ᠗ᡫɻ⏋቉ድᓔɹᬚɴᲊȼʓɰ жȦɭਲ਼ȩ⏏5) ɰɹᨆՕȵᩂɲʱغȦ⏋ɰɹᨆՕȵᩂɲʱغʼɲȦɹȴɭȦȩᏄᑈɲද៷ɴᕸɤ ɩɻ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɲɇʶɩȦɲȦɭៜɤɩʢ᧌ៜɫɻɲȦ⏏6) 4) ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȦɩᓩᓔɹȋ๭ᐏȍਸˁѳ៷Ɍɛɹɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɽȴʱɫɻɲȦ⏏˽Ͳ̠༐ኜ࡝ɹͩ͠ͻ ⏃ᓩᓔ⏆ᠶ⏋˽Ͳ̠༐͹˹ͻˏ༐ؘ౅ɴࡔܧɌɛ˵˓˓̝ᠶ⏃ʢɌȼɻ˹͑͠ͻ̶ᠶ⏏˵˓˓̝ʢ˹͑͠ͻ̶ ʢ⏋᯺ៜᓔ̩͌Ͳ͇̝ɹࡎ࡟ˁ୭ɐ⏆⏋˹ͻˏ༐ɹ˓͇ͻ͌⏃˹ͻˏ༐ɴȲȿʳኜϺᇕ୭ࢷᓔ⏆ᠶɻ⏋Ȧɑʶʢ ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹᓩᓔѵЖɴჿᠶᇕ൓୞ˁήȭʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁيʠ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢɄʶʰ 4 ዛᰖɹ ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕѳ៷ɹᠶჿˁᓒȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ɗʶГ޺ɴ⏋ࡸ઴ɭɌɩɹᓩᓔѵЖ⏃ɗʶɻɌɽɌɽᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ ᇕʢɌȼɻؙ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɭɌɩΥᨆɹ͌˽͌͠ȴʰᯃᮑɇʶʳឹᏬˁيʛ୫ɦ⏆ȵࡔܧɌɩȦɛɄɭˁᓒ࢘ ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳᓩᓔˁ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɹʛᐄʃɦȿɩᠶɍʳɄɭɹکᰍဣɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ ␩Tonaga 2001␭ؒ၇⏏ 5) ё޺ɻ⏋ᓩᓔѵЖ቉ድɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹՕᩃɴȲȦɩɻ⏋౛ȼȴʰᓩᓔѵЖɴȋᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕឹᏬȍȵيʚʶɩ ȦʳɭȦȩ᠗ᡫȵȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɗɹ᭬⏋ȋᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕឹᏬȍˁʓʖȋᯃ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ᇕឹᏬȍɭؾᒶɭᓒ ȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ɗɹឹᏬˁ؜ʱᦉʞɴʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ֐ȵȡɤɛɭɐʳဣɫɻ⏋ʦɻʱᓩᓔѵЖˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀ ͌ɭɹᬠᦹȴʰɹʛᓒ࢘ɌɩȦɛɭៜȭʳɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋␩Chittick 2000: 22␭ɴȡʳʭȩɴ⏋˓ ˽͞ͻ͌ɹៀ፴ˁɌɽɌɽံែɐʳ຦ᝓᇕࡱఠ᧊֪ˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȿʳɹɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ʍɹపࢪ ᓔȵʚɑ᝔ɤɩȷɛɄɭɫȡʱ⏋቉ድᓔɹʛɹ֯ଝɲਲ਼ȦɄʛɴݜɧȼʼȿɫɻਖɑɌʢɲȦ⏏ 6) ɄɄɫکᰍɭɲɤɩȦʳ 3 ᓔɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻʚɛ⏋ᩂɲʱغʼɲȦᨆՕȵȡʳɹɻয়းɫ⏋ɗɹɄɭˁᠶɍ

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1.3ȁڠषഎࡄݪ͈ࣾඳུ̯͂ࣂ͈࿒എ ǵɗɹჿᅓɹʁɭɦɻ⏋ɗʶəʶˁᓒ࢘Ɍɩȷɛ቉ድᓔȵ⏋աɹ̚ˑ˹̺͠ͲɴࣚɌɩȷɛɭ ȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌቉ድɻ⏋০ᓗΫ࡝ˁμਕɭɌɩʢɤɿʰਲ਼઎቉ድᓔ ȵɄʶˁ᝔Ȧ⏋̊͠ͻˡ቉ድɻςɭɌɩ๴رࢃ⏃ჼБɹ̊͠ͻˡɴɦȦɩɻϺᰖ࡝ᓔ⏆ɴʭɤ ɩ⏋క໠͹ᐁཕ͹኏Цᇕүᯆȵៗ౩ɇʶ⏋Ј౅ᓩᓔ⏃ѵЖ⏆቉ድɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᓩᓔᠶ⏃ͩ͠ͻ ᠶ⏆ɻਲ਼઎቉ድᓔȵ⏋ᓩᓔѵЖɹࡸ઴ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ςɭɌɩϺᰖ࡝ᓔ⏃ɭإȦಁБɴɦȦɩɻ ๴رࢃ⏆ȵ؜ʱᏼ˃ɫȷɛ⏏ ǵɄʶʰˁᐏغɐʶɽ⏋ʁɭɦɹᐏΥᇕɲӉȵ਄ʰʶɗȩɲʢɹɫɻȡʳȵ⏋႒ϟɻɗȩᎎ׬ ɫɻɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦᓩᓔɭȦɤɛɄɭɽʁɭɦɭɤɩʛɩʢ⏋ع቉ድᓔȵୃȦ ɩȦʳ˓͍ͻ˻ɻ⏋ןेΨաɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ኜዃሾɴᦲɍɛڒϺ⏋ਏɹᲞȦᓩϺȴʰ⏋క໠ ᇕ͹ᐁཕᇕณ֐ˁȡʦɦʳᶌ८⏋᥅ϟᇕܦ֐܎кˁრȦʳᰄ᯿⏋ഗɩɻ኏ЦɹঈᦇɴȦʳϒᰩ ܰςʚɫɹঃȵʱˁ୫ɦ⏏ɌȴʢɄʶʰɹे᧓ɻ⏋቉ድᓔȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦᓩᓔ⏋ʢɌȼɻ̊ ͠ͻˡɭᬠʼʱȵȡʳɭᓒȭʳࢪᢒˁ⏋య჉ʢɌȼɻ̶ˑͻ̝͡ȴʰ᠞ࡸɴୈՏɌɩȼʳ᭬ɴ ᅊɍɩȼʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹɄɭɻ⏋Гάɹ 2 ɦɹɄɭˁኍڗɐʳ⏏ ǵፀ 1 ɴ⏋ࢪᢒɻȡʚʱɴ޽෵ɫȡʱ⏋ع̚ˑ˹̺͠Ͳɻɗɹ޽ȼɹүᯆɹΥᨆɞȿˁ؜ʱՏ ɌɩʛʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɲʚɍؾɍᅎ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳɞȿɴ⏋቉ድᓔɰȩɌɻ⏋ա ɹүᯆˁឿɩȦʳɭȦȩϟࡸɴຩȵɦȷɴȼȦ⏏ ǵፀ 2 ɴ⏋ɇʰɴΥ๰ᦡȦɩᓒȭɩʛʶɽ⏋ೣয়ɴؾɍᅎ᠝ˁ⏋ଂǾɻΥ๖ᣂషȴʰୈՏɌ ɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ɭȦȩکᰍʢȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ʈɦȩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁɇɐɹɴᅎȦʰʶʳ٧ዌɻ⏋ ˱Ͳ̘˥˽̜ɴʭɤɩᅵɲʱ⏋˛͡Ͳ˽̜ɻɗɹёˁ 40 ГΫʢ՞୲ɌɩȦʳ␩Ernst 1997: 27-29␭⏏ɄʶʰɹȦɑʶȴɹᅎ᠝ɴՏЦɤɛɭȷ⏋ଂǾɻɗʶˁᕶ֪ᇕɴȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȍɭȦ ȩ᠝ɭᒞȷȴȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ȋᕶՕɹᅎȦɩȦʳرషɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɻȴȼȴȼɹʢɹ ɞ⏃Ʉɹʭȩɲៜ֪ˁɭʳ⏆ȍɲɰɭ᠝ɤɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋؅ᣂషɫᅎȦʰʶɩ ȦʳɄʶʰɹᅎ᠝ȵؾɍʢɹˁɇɌɩȦʳɭȦȩѳ៷ɻ⏋ᓒȭɩʛʶɽлʢɲȦʼȿɫȡʱ⏋ ɗɹྴးɛʳ൓୞ɭɲɤɩȦʳɹȵ⏋ଂǾɹሾɤɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹӉ⏃ɹࢹɲȼɭʢΥ ᨆ⏆ɭ᧟غɐʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʢɌʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹӉɗɹʢɹˁᆄʼɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ ʭȩɲϟ઴ȵᅊɑʶɽ⏃ɗɌɩɗɹɄɭɄɗ⏋ೣዣȵɄʶȴʰکᰍɴɌʭȩɭɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ ȵ⏆⏋ᡴᠶɻմரȴʰगޙɌɩɌʚȩ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋ፀ 1 ɹဣɭປʏɩɇʰɴཉխɲکᰍˁହ ɩʛɩʢЇ౅ȵɲȦ⏋ɭȦɤɛጓݭʢ⏋ɌɽɌɽឿ؝ȿʰʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲౖଁɹ̚ˑ˹̺͠Ͳɴᬔ ɍɄʢʸȩɭɐʳࠒֳɫɻ⏋ኽɛɠȵࢪᢒɭɌɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹̊͠ͻˡ͹ᓩᓔѵЖភغჼᢒɴࢪɌɩృ ɛɲˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁரኍɫȷɲȦɭᓒȭʳ⏏

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድǵፀ 2 شǵ2002 ॷ 3 ೐ Ɂȴȿʳ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋ፀ 1 ဣɻᅵɲʳՕഓ౅໬ˁ୫ɦ቉ድᓔɹᬚɴᣱɄʳɭ઎ࡴɇʶʳɑʶɫ ȡʱ⏋ɗʶɻȡʳዐ঎଼ʱᦉʛཕʛɫȡʳȵ⏋Ј౅ፀ 2 ဣɻ⏋ؾɍՕഓ౅໬ˁ୫ɦ቉ድᓔɰȩ ɌɹᬚɴʢᣱɄʱȩʳɑʶɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋൓ঈɭɌɩȦʳӉˁᕶ౩ɹʢɹɭɌɩԊ೑Ɍ ɩȦʳȴȹʱɴȲȦɩ⏋ȿɤɌɩᝠᯆ׋ɐʳɄɭȵɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏7) ǵೣዣɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴᬠɐʳᦏॷɹ቉ድ֪كˁʈʚȭɛȩȭɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁԗᓒɌ⏋ ɗɹՕഓങᏼˁரኍɌʭȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋࡝᭬ᇕ቉ድɴȲȦɩɄɹ 3 ᓔɹᬠѥਸ ˁද៷ɌሁɐɭȦȩ⏋ᬏೝᇕɲᇿᇕɴكȿɩɹፀΥ๰ɭеᒞɧȿʰʶʳ⏏

2 ȅΑȜέͻΒθठࣉ

ǵೣጟɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻлȴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɻᠨɹɄɭȴ⏋ɭȦȩکȦɴɦȦɩ⏋൓ೣ ɴጓɠଖɤɩԗᓒɌɩʛɛȦ⏏ 2.1ȁ໦ଢ଼ٽැ̱͈͂̀ΑȜέͻΒθ 2.1.1ȁȶΑȜέͻΒθ͉͂ة̥ȷͅ൞̢ͥࣾඳ̯ ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝ɻ⏋ΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ᦲ।ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍɭ៱ɇʶʳ⏏ፆᓔ ɻ⏋Ʉɹ៱᠝ȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹࡸ઴ˁמԃɴᝠɌɩȲʰɑ⏋ʞɌʸᠡៗˁ୛ȷʦɐȦʢɹɫȡ ʳɄɭˁ⏋ᑵʱᦐɌς৓Ɍɩȷɛ⏏8) ɗɹɄɭɹ౸ᯃɴɦȦɩᓒȭʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍ ɭɻлȴɭȦȩɄɭɭ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍɭɻлȴɭȦȩɄɭɹ 2 ɦɹکᰍˁᓒȭɲȿ ʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏৿ᓔɻ⏋ɗʢɗʢȋኜዃςᒶȍɭɻлȴɭȦȩ߂کᰍɴ᝔ȷመȼȵ⏋ɄɄɫɻ ɭʱȡȭɑ⏋౗।ᅊ༎ʦჿਸˁᣳȭɛᐓࢪᓔɹࡔܧˁઢ਄Ɍ⏋ɗʶɭᕶैȵغΥɐʳкᱻˁ൒ ɭɐʳʢɹɭᓒȭɩȲȼ⏏ೣዣɫςɭɌɩکᰍɴɌɛȦɹɻ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍɭɻлȴ⏋ɭ Ȧȩմᓔɹکᰍɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ʭȼද២ɇʶʳɄɭɹɲȦʚʚɴ⏋ᕶ౩ɹʢɹɭɇʶʳɄɭ 7) ፆᓔɻȋᓩᓔѵЖ͹˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹̊͠ͻˡˁʠȽʳ቉ድЦȍˁ⏋ॶଁ 9-13 ॷ঎యᨆዀ࡝ህዀ࡝቉ድᢹ⏃࡝᝗ օଁ቉ድᢹ⏆ȋჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹ֪઴ᇕ቉ድȍ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴȲȦɩ᧌ؑ 5 ॷᬚ⏋ݞा਒ϴᨊ޺ܕ᠝߂࡝ ఠஐ͹ᣧݞᮂॺΫಚ߂࡝֖ఠஐɭɭʢɴᏼᑩ͹᧊ۊɌɩȷɛ⏏̚ˑ˹̺͠Ͳˁᣴȭʳ቉ድᓔɹᮃʚʱɫȡʳɄ ɹ቉ድЦɫ।ɴᰄˁੱʚɓʰʶɛɹɻ⏋ଂǾɻʓ˃ɭȩɴؾɍࢪᢒɴɦȦɩᠶɍɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ଂǾɹᡴᠶɻʓ ˃ɭȩɴȴʛغɤɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ɭȦȩᆄکɫȡɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ଂǾɹ቉ድЦɻμܕ͹ആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰ˵̩͞Г ׫ˏ̶͠ˡʚɫɹԃ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠˁࢪᢒɭɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛȴʰ⏋ܩݖɹ᧓ȦȵɄʶɴ֓ʼɤɩ⏋ϟ઴ɻɇ ʰɴȦɤɗȩភᮊɲʢɹɭɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ೣዣɻ⏋Ʉɹܐᮑɇˁώʱᣴȭʳɛʠɹ᠅ʛɹፀΥ๰ɭеᒞɧȿʰʶ⏋ ؾ቉ድЦȲʭʃॶଁ 12-14 ॷ঎ዀ࡝቉ድᢹ⏃ᘭᗂ቉ድ⏆ȋˏ̸͞͹̜͡˱γᅠɴȲȿʳ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻ࡝༐ɹ Ꮩᡮȍ⏃቉ድБᝠᓔ⏧ആᬏᯀ⏆ɫ਀ǾɴȡʰʼɴɲɤɩȷɛᡉǾɹکᰍဣɹȩɠ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴᬠʼʳᨆՕˁ ఩ჿɌ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɐʳჼಁဣɫɹፆᓔɹៗໆ໬ˁரៜɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋ɄɹςౚˁʦʦᎎᅭɴΥᖔᠧᓔ كȿɴᦚʏɛʢɹɴ␩ആᬏǵ2002c␭ȵȡʳȵ⏋ೣዣɻɗɹς৓ɴᗐॵɹ޴ೃˁేɌɛȩȭɫ⏋ʭʱ᠎Ᏻɴᠶɍ ʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ 8) ␩ആᬏǵ1993; 2002a␭ɲɰˁؒ၇⏏ឹဣɻ⏋1⏆˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴɻኜዃςᒶГ޺ɹឹᏬȵيʚʶʳ⏋2⏆˓˽͞ͻ ͌ɴȲȿʳኜዃςᒶɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Г޺ɴʢឿՏɓʳ⏋ɭȦȩς৓ɫȡʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃς ᒶ (Islamic mysticism) ɭ៱ɐɄɭɴࢪɐʳᆄᒶɻ⏋␩Ernst 1997: xvii; Chittick 2000: 1-2␭ɲɰɴʢឿՏɓʳ⏏˽ͻ ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ଩ȩ೎ᦏɹᘿсɫ⏋Ʉɹ៱᠝ˁံଫՠɴ؝ȿԂʶʳʢɹɻ⏋ȷʼʠɩዎɫȡʳ⏏

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ȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹɄɭɹکᰍဣˁ⏋Гάɴɻ 5 ဣɴՕȿɩ୭௎ɌɛȦ⏏ ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌⏃̊˵˗˗̶⏆ɭɻлȴ⏋ɭȦȩکȦɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫధ޽ȼɹϺǾȵ ፐȭɩȷɛ⏏9) ˽ͻ̶ˑͻᕶ᤹ɴʭʳࡴᒶˁᮃʠɛʢɹɴ⏋␩Nurbakhsh 1981: 16-41␭ȵȡʳȵ⏋ ɗɄɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴᬠɐʳ 108 ɹࡴᒶɭ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɴᬠɐʳ 55 ɹࡴᒶȵᦚʏʰʶɩȦ ʳ⏏ɗʶʰɹࡴᒶȵ޽෵ɫȡʳɄɭɻៜȩʚɫʢɲȦ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋቉ድᓔȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴɦȦ ɩᦚʏʳ᭬ɴʢ⏋ɌɽɌɽ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹࡴᒶȵᦚʏʰʶʳȵ⏋ɗʶʢʚɛ޽෵ɫȡʳ⏏ ǵፀ 1 ɹکᰍဣɭɌɩ⏋ɄɄɫଂǾɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ޽ధɹࡴᒶˁఌȭʳჿៗɴ⏋2 ዛᰖȡʳɄ ɭˁᓒȭʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏Υ౅ɻៀ፴ᇕჿៗɭʢៜȩʏȷʢɹɫȡʱ⏋Ј౅ɻ៨ᦚᇕჿៗɭ٧ʏ ʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏10) ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠᕶ᤹ȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩៜᘽˁᅎȦʳɭȷ⏃ȡʳȦɻɗʶˁࡴᒶɐʳಁ⏆⏋ ɗʶɻ৳ʰɴɭɤɩɹȋȡʳʏȷ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹჿ઎ȍɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ ᠶᓔɴɭɤɩɹჿਥ͹ѵਥˁɄʠɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩᅎ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶʳݭغ⏋ɗʶɻៀ፴ᇕ ᝗᠝ɭɌɩჿៗɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁଫՠɐʳጓݭɹϺȵɄɹ᠝ˁᅎȦʳݭغʢ⏋ؾ ෵ɴៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɫȡʳ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋৳ʰɻɗɹѵਥɴݜɧȦɩ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻ⏋๭ɌȦ ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴؙɐʳɌȴɍȴɹʢɹɫȡʳȍɭȦȩ০ɫ⏋৳ʰɹჿៗɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊˁᦚ ʏʳ⏏ᠶᓔȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɗɹʢɹˁଫՠɌɩȦʳݭغɴɻ⏋11) ɗɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɴغᕹɐ ʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȵᇿɹմɴȦʶɽ⏋য়းᯃᮑɹࢪᢒɭɲʳ⏏Ј౅⏋ɛɭȭᇿɹմɴ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁ ؿώʳϺȵȦɩʢ⏋ɗɹϺȵ৳ʰɹᓒȭʳȋ๭ɌȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ȍɴغᕹɌɩȦʳ⏃ɐɲʼɠ৳ ʰɹᓒȭʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴغᕹɌɲȦ⏆ȴȹʱɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɻ᠗ᡫɇʶɑɴ⏋ա ɹؿዌɫ٧ɽʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏12) Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫሗɴɐʳخᔨਸɹȡ ʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹԒȴʰ⏋ᕶʰɹѵਥɴݜɧȦɩ⏋ΥᨆˁஅᢒɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏃ʚɛᦥɴಁ ɴɻΥᨆˁЊ֓ɐʳɄɭɫ⏆⏋ៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɭɌɩɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻଁጓɐʳ⏏13) 9) ̊˵˗˗̶ ta.sawwuf ɭɻȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫȡʳɄɭȍȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɹۊဤȍˁᝠɐˏ̲͞ˏ᠝⏏Ʉʶˁ͜ͻͦ̒ ̮᠝ɴɗɹʚʚᒞȷȴȭɛɹȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɞɭ⏋ਃഀᠦ౩ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭɹکᰍਸɻ๖፲ɫᦚʏʳȵ⏋ ೣ፲ɹ៨ᦚɻ̊˵˗˗̶ˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭؾᒶɞɭᓒȭɩȷɛਃഀɹ቉ድɴհɤɩ᝔ɤɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Υ๖ ᣂషɫᅎȦʰʶʳ̊˵˗˗̶ɭȦȩ᠝ʢ⏋ೣ፲ɫɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɌɩ៨ᦚɇʶʳ⏏

10) ␩Ernst 1997: xvi␭ȵ prescriptive term, descriptive term ɭᦚʏʳʢɹɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏

11) ࡸɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɗɹʢɹˁԃᯆوࡴɐʳᠶᓔɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌رΫȷʼʠɩዎɫȡʳ⏏ፆᓔɹሾʳᭉʱɫɻ⏋ ᦏॷɹ˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏტܕȵɄɹጓݭˁɭʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏˓͞Ͳɹ˵̶ˎʹˑͻ೛ɫɻ⏋ᦲ।ଂǾ቉ድᓔȵჿ ៗɌɩȦʳȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍɹሾᇕүᯆɻ˓̶͡ˎͻͲ⏃آಚ࡝⏆ɭȦȩ০ɫཧࡔɇʶɛʢɹɹ⏋ta.savvof ⏃ˏ ̲͞ˏ᠝ɹ ta.sawwuf ɴሂয়ɐʳ̿͡˹ˏ᠝⏆ˁ̊͠ͻˡˁμਕɭɐʳʢɹɭɌɛȩȭɫ⏋ɄʶˁৗܦɌɛ⏏ᦏ ॷɹ˓͞Ͳɫʢ ta.savvof ɭȦȩ٧ዌȵᔐࡴᇕɴᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭɻዎɫȡʳ⏏ 12) ໶ 11) ɫȡɁɛ⏋˓͞ͲɴȲȿʳ˓̶͡ˎͻͲɹШᐏɴࣚɐʳਲ਼઎ࢃʍɹ៿ѝȵ⏋ʚɇɴɄɹёɫȡʳɭᓒȭ ʰʶʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ᦥɴ๘Ꭶɹсɤɩȷɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɴ৳ʰȵԂɤɩȦʳɄɭɻ⏋աɹઝ٢ɫៀ፴ᇕɞɭៜ ȭʳ⏏ 13) ʚɛ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ̊˵˗˗̶ɭȦȩ᠝ɻ⏋ಁɴଫՠɹɛʠɹ̘ͤ̒͡ɹ৲ւˁഗɛɌɛ⏏Ʉɹݭغɴɻ⏋ሂ

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ ǵЈ౅⏋៨ᦚᇕჿៗɴጓɦݭغɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫ˽ͻ̶ˑͻʢɌȼɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹؿɹ άɴ᠝ʰʶɩȦʳჼᢒˁ⏋ᠶᓔɹѝғՠుɴʭɤɩ᧧ିɓɑɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹΥᨆɞɭ᠗ʠ ʳɭȦȩጓݭˁɭʳ⏏14) ǵࡸ᭬ɴଂǾȵᡴᠶˁɐʳ᭬ɴɻ⏋Ʉɹៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɭɌɩɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ៨ᦚᇕ᝗᠝ɭɌɩ ɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵ⏋ךաɇʶʳɄɭɲȼᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɻ⏋Υᨆɹஅᢒɴ ʭɤɩଁጓɐʳɹɞȴʰ⏋ɄɹΥᨆɴɦȦɩᠶɍʳ᭬ɴɻ⏋Υ౅ɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɫɲȦʢɹɭ Ɍɩ᠝ʱ⏋ʢȩΥ౅ɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɌɩ᠝ʳɭȦȩϟ઴ȵᅊɍʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋ཌྷϕɹʢɭɭ ɲʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ଂǾȵԎ୞ɭɐʳᣂషɹμɫɄɹෙਥɴՏЦȩ᭬ɴɻ⏋ៀ፴ᇕɴᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ Ʉɭȵ޽Ȧɭᓒȭɩ⏋ɄʶɴᅥઝɌɩȦʳݭغɫʢ⏋቉ድᓔɰȩɌɹᡴᠶɫɻ⏋ɦȦȲϣȦɴ ៨ᦚᇕɴᅎȦɩȦʳɹɞɭਲ਼Ȧȵɠɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌΥ๖ᣂషˁɗɹʚʚৄᅎɌɩȦʳʭȩɲݭ غɲɰ⏋቉ድᓔȵʭʓɰઝᡫɌɲȦɭ⏋ៀ፴ᇕ៨ᦚȵᠶɴᏪʶᦉʞɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɄȩȦɤɛɄ ɭˁᓒȭʶɽ⏋ᡴᠶɹᶯᶷˁȷɛɇɲȦɛʠɴ⏋ៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɭ៨ᦚᇕ᝗᠝ɹे᧓ɴᕶៅᇕɴɲ ʳɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʸȩ⏏ ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻлȴɭȦȩکȦȵឿȴȿʓɰ׬ᏤɫɲȦჿᅓɹፀ 2 ɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ޺ যˁኍɐޅᅠᐻˁɰɄɴৄȼȴɭȦȩکᰍɭᬠʼʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ɌɽɌɽ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᬠ ѥɧȿɩ᠝ʰʶʳ຦ᬚѵЖˁɰɄʚɫ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴيʛᦉ˃ɫᓒȭʳȴɴʭɤɩ⏋਄ʰʶ ʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴଂǾȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫɌɽɌɽ᧠ᧇɐʳᓩೠईଢ଼ ʦᓩቄईଢ଼ȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹؿɹάɴ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭɻხɌȼɲȦ⏏ਲ਼઎቉ድȵɌɽɌɽ᝔ɤ ɩȷɛʭȩɴ⏋০ᓗΫ࡝ᇕͤ̾͡ɫៀ፴ᇕɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁࡴʠ⏋Ʉʶʰɹી᝔ɻɗɹݤᘺ০ ઴͹ѯ׋ɞɭɌɩ⏋ᓒ࢘ɹࢪᢒȴʰ᭑޺ɌɩɌʚȩɄɭɻࢅ౫ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ ɭᐄʃɦȿɩჿៗɌɩȦʳჼݭɹϺǾɹઝܒˁံែɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋ਲ਼઎ͤ̾͡ɴکᰍˁᭉʳɭɌɩʢ⏋Јɹ࡝کՕᩃɭɹޅᅠᐻȵ߂ȷɲکᰍɭɲʳ⏏ɛ ɭȭɽ⏋၇౩ڒ࡝ˁڟȭɛ˹͑˓̶͡˓˹͖͞ͻ˪͹˽̶ͩ̚͞͡ˑͻ (d. 1191) ʦ৳ɴࠃʚ ʳ၇౩࡝༐⏃˓˹͖͞ͻ˥ͻ͘ͻͲ ishr¯aq¯ıy¯un⏆ɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌ڒ࡝ɹޅᅠᐻ ΫɴеᒞɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˓͞Ͳɹ˵̶ˎʹˑͻ೛ɴȲȿʳ˓̶͡ˎͻͲڒ࡝⏃آಚ࡝⏆ɻ⏋ ଝˁଫՠɐʳɄɭȵፀ 1 ɹᇿᇕɫȡʱ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ̊˵˗˗̶ɭȦȩ᠝ɻ೎՟ȴʰᢦѝғˁᝠɐʢɹɭɌɩ⏋ ᠶᓔɹᰄɹμɫៀ፴ᇕɴៀࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋␩ᚹϥǵ2002: 25␭ɻ˵ͻ˓̤̒̚ˑͻͲ͹˓̸Ͳ͹̜˕ ͡ˡ (d. 1432 or 1433) ɴᬠɌɩ⏋̘ˑ͌ͻ͡೛άɹᠶϝɴȲȦɩ⏋৳ˁਢȼਲ਼ʼɲȦϺǾȵ⏋৳ˁȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȍ ɭ٧ʉɄɭɴʭɤɩக᭑ɌʭȩɭɌɛɭȦȩϟёˁݬٚɌɩȦʳ⏏ 14) ɛɞɌ⏋ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ଫՠȵ౩ʰȴɴɌɩʛɓɛʭȩɴ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴࢹɲȼɭʢς៎ᇕɴɻѝғμጓᇕɫ ȡʸȩɭɐʳ៨ᦚᇕჿៗȵ⏋ံઝᡫɹȩɠɴៀ፴ਸˁԒ׃Ɍ⏋ಁɴʭʱ߂ȷɲ׶᭝ਸˁɻʰʞɄɭɻៜȩʚɫ ʢɲȦ⏏ϟࡸ⏋Гάɫឿʳʭȩɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩᅎ᠝ᕶкȵ⏋ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ɹៀ፴ɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇ ʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ׶᭝ਸˁ᠗ᡫɌɛȩȭɫ⏋ᕶʰɹៀ፴ɴʭɤɩȡʰȴɍʠлʰȴɹࢪᢒ ˁᓒ࢘ɹࢪᢒȴʰக᭑ɐʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ɗʶˁʢيʛᦉʞ০ɫᬏಁᬚɴʼɛɤɩᓒ࢘ɌɦɧȿʭȩɭɐʳɄɭɴ ઝ٢ȵȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏

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˹ͻˏ༐⏃12 ˓͇ͻ͌༐⏆ኜ࡝ɭڒ࡝ɭ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹཌྷ༶Ɍɛʢɹɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ჼܧଂǾ ȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ᠝ʳݭغɴɻ⏋Ʉʶʰˁي˃ɫ᠝ʳɄɭȵᦲёɫȡʳȵ⏋ɛɭȭɽჼБ˓͞ Ͳɫ˓̶͡ˎͻͲɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ (ta.savvof) ɹΥᨆɭᓒȭʰʶɲȦɄɭˁʢɤɩɌɩʢ⏋کᰍ ɻɇʓɰࢅ౫ɫɻɲȦ⏏15) ǵГΫɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɗɹʢɹɴɦȦɩɹکᰍဣɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉʶɴ֓ȭɩፀ 3 ɴ⏋ਃഀ˽ͻ ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᩂɷغʼɓɩ⏃ȡʳȦɻࢌஞɴᐄʃɦȿɩ⏆ჿៗɇʶɩȷɛ̊͠ͻˡ⏋ᓩᓔ⏃ѵ Ж⏆ɭɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩʢ⏋Օ౩ɫɻɲȦ⏏Ʉʶʰˁيʞ০ɫ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁɭʰȭʳȴɰȩȴ ɴʭɤɩ⏋਄ʰʶʳӉɻᅵɲʳɞʸȩ⏏Ʉɹဣɻɐɫɴ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏ 2.1.2ȁȶ౗̦ΑȜέͻȜ̥ȷͅ൞̢ͥࣾඳ̯ ǵɄɹʭȩɴୈᢒᇕɲෙਥɫȡʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁᠶɍʳɄɭɴɻܐᮑȵЫȩ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ᠨȵ ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȴɭȦȩᰟɴکȦˁጓɩሁɐɄɭʢخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ԍкᇕɲϺˁࢪᢒɭɐʳɹɞȴ ʰ⏋ɗɹϺȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫȡʳȴɲȦȴɻᎎ׬ɴໆʠʰʶɗȩɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ ϟɻɇʓɰɴࢅ౫ɫɻɲȦ⏏Ʉʶȵፀ 4 ɹکᰍဣɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹݭغ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁᕶዌɐʳϺˁ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɐʳᓒȭɭ⏋ܑٞɹϺȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭᓒ ȭʳϺˁ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɐʳᓒȭȵȡʱȩʳ⏏ ǵմᓔɹݭغɹکᰍဣɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽ೎ʢ೑ؿɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶڒ࡝ᓔ͹᠆Ϻɫȡʱ⏋৿ ɹ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɛ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻ (d. 1240) ȵ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ ɭᕶዌɌɩȦɲȴɤɛɭȦȩϟࡸɴጩᇕɴᝠʶɩȦʳ␩Chittick 2000: 317␭⏏16) ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ Бᝠɐʳɭঃȼ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻˁக᭑ɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻӉɻ⏋Υ౅ɫଂǾɹୃ ȦɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ⏒˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩෙਥȵࡸкෙਥɫɲȦɄɭˁኍɐ⏏ɌȴɌЈ౅⏋Ʉ ȩɌɩ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻˁக᭑Ɍɩ਄ʰʶʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ⏒˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹӉɻ⏋˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ͞ ̲ͻˁҤ߂ɲ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɌɩईଢ଼Ɍɩȷɛ޽ȼɹ৿Бɹ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠɹឿៗɴሂؙɐʳɄ ɭɴɲʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ᕶዌɴʭɤɩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁࡴʠʳ౅໬ɻΨᔨɭɻៜȭɲȦ⏏ ǵ৿ᓔɹݭغ⏋ɐɲʼɠЈዌɴʭɤɩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁࡴʠʳ౅໬ɻ⏋ɄɹݭغɹȋܑٞɹϺȍɭ ɻᠨȴȵکᰍɭɲʳ⏏޽ȼɹϺȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭ᠗ʠɩʢΥᨆɹϺȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫɲȦɭɐʳɄ ɭɻ⏋ɌɽɌɽᣱɄʳ⏏ܑٞɹϺʃɭȵɗʶəʶɴᅵɲɤɛឿៗˁ୫ɦႥ໥ɫ⏋ɗʶˁᠭҪɌ 15) ɄɹɄɭɴɦȦɩ⏋ኽᇕɲкᱻˁᦚʏʳɄɭˁȲ៰Ɍ᯳ȷɛȦ⏏2002 ॷ 1 ೐ɴ˛˻̺̜͹ˡ˓ͦɹܕ̸᭬̒ ˪̶˙ˏɴȲȦɩ˓͞Ͳ͹˹ͻˏ༐ɹ՘ೣˁ଩ȩೆঊɫ͐̒͞ͻ͹˵̝͞ͻɲɰ˓̶͡ˎͻͲˁБᝠɐʳᘿᦚ ࢃɹܒೆˁ᧧˃ɫȦɛᘿᓔɴࢪɌɩ⏋ೆঊɹᗐȦਃ෌ڊɻлˁࢭᬐɴɌɩȦʳɹȴɭکȩɩȷɛ⏏ፆᓔȵ˽ͻ ̶ˑ̀͌ (ta.sawwuf ) ɫȡʳɭፐȭʳɭ⏋৳ɻȋɌȴɌȡɲɛɹ᧧˃ɫȦʳೣɻ˓̶͡ˎͻͲɹೣɫȡɤɩ⏋ ta.sawwuf ɫɻɲȦɫɻɲȦȴȍɭέਲ਼ᡴɗȩɴࢵɷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ፆᓔɻ⏋˓͞ͲɴȲȦɩɄɹךաȵȡʳɄɭ ˁೣˁᦲɌɩሾɤɩɻȦɛȵ⏋ɗɹךաȵᕶ౩ɹʢɹɭɌɩϺǾɹᬚɴԊ೑ɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁ᤹ˁʢɤɩкᱻ ɐʳɹɻ⏋Ʉʶȵ՟ʠɩɫȡɤɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋ܕࢃɴʭʳؙ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ࡺШȵሂয়ዐ঎༡ᦩɌɩȦʳɄɭ ɹʁɭɦɹԍкᇕɲᝠʶɭឿʳɄɭȵɫȷʭȩ⏏ 16) ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻɻᕶՕɛɠɹጓݭˁ ahl al-.haqq ⏃ሎჿɹਂ⏆ɭᝠɐʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ ɛʱ⏋೎ᏺᇕɲໆుˁάɐล෯ˁʢɛɲȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ౅໬ɫΥઝᇕɴ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭ ɻᠨȴˁໆɐʳɄɭɻέخᔨɭៜʼɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏ ǵፀ 5 ɹکᰍဣɭɌɩ⏋ɗʢɗʢଂǾɹᓒȭʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ୊Ȧଝɻ⏋ೣয়ɴȦɦʢ˽ͻ ̶ˑͻɭ٧ɽʶɩȦɛɹȴɭȦȩ൓ӯᇕɲکȦȵ༝Ϋɐʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑͻɴɻ⏋ᰖаෙਥɭɌ ɩ⏋̶ˎ˥ͻ͡⏃ནᢩɲʳᓔ⏆⏋˹͑˓̶⏃ढ़⏆⏋̩˥ͻ͌⏃ಚᓔ⏆ɲɰధ޽ȼɹ٧ዌȵࡔɐ ʳ⏏17) Ʉʶʰˁ⏋ʁɭɦʁɭɦᏄീɐʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ɐʏɩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭؾᒶɞɭᕧుɐʳɄɭ ˁմரɴ⏋ଂǾɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁᠶɍɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ଂǾȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭᓒȭ ʳϺǾᕶ᤹ȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭȦȩ٧ዌˁ࠶ɤɩȦʳϟёʢȡʳɄɭˁଂǾɻʭȼᓒȭɩʛʳਖ ឹȵȡʳ⏏18) 2.1.3ȁ͂͛͘ ǵГΫˁᦲɍɩៜȭʳɄɭɻ⏋Гάɹ 2 ဣɴᮃᏝɇʶʳ⏏ ǵፀ 1 ɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁࡴᒶɐʳɄɭʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɻᠨȴˁៜȩɄɭʢ⏋ȷʼʠɩܐᮑ ɫȡʳ⏏19) ǵፀ 2 ɴ⏋ଂǾɻɄʶʚɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁؿώɤɩȦʳϺǾȵȦɛ⏃ЁʢȦʳ⏆ГΫ⏋ɗʶɻ ࡸкෙਥɲɹɞɭਲ਼ɤɩȷɛȵ⏋ࡸɻࢪਝɐʏȷࡸкˁਖɑɌʢ୫ɛɲȦෙਥɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹઝ ٢ɴȲȦɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ʢ⏋ଂǾȵ቉ድΫᅎȦɩȦʳՕഓෙਥɲɹɞɭᓒȭɛ ౅ȵʭȦ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹̊͠ͻˡ͹ᓩᓔѵЖភغჼᢒɴɦȦɩៜȭɽ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲ ȿʳȋᓩᓔȍȵ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ؅᠝͹ࡸкˁԒ׃ɐʳՕഓෙਥɫȡʳɄɭɻ⏋ɦɭɴ୭௎ɇʶɩ Ȧɛ⏏20) ɌȴɌ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ʢՕഓෙਥɫȡʳɄɭȵ⏋ɄɄɴ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ 2.2ȁ΂ς΀ϋΗςΒθ͈ॲ໤̱͈͂̀ΑȜέͻΒθ ǵɗʶɫɻ⏋ɲɕ⏋Ȧɦȴʰ⏋ኽɛɠɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝ˁࡸкෙਥɞɭਲ਼ȦɄʞʭȩɴ ɲɤɛɹȴ⏏ɗɄɫଘήɹʢɹɭɇʶɩȦʳ˓͍ͻ˻ɻɰɹʭȩɴ০ଁɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɲɹȴ ˁೣ፲ɫɻද៷ɐʳ⏏21) 2.2.1ȁ΂ς΀ϋΗςΒθոஜ͈πȜυΛῼ̤̫ͥΑȜέͻΒθၑٜ ǵʚɑɻ⏋մரɭɌɩ⏋μγГᭇɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴȲȿʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌៨ᦚˁራឿɌɩȲȷɛ 17) ␩Ernst 1997: 27-31␭ɻࡸ᭬ɴᅎȦʰʶɛ٧ዌˁ 40 ГΫ՞୲ɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋␩Chittick 2000: 18␭ʢ٧ዌȵɇʚɊ ʚɫȡʳɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏ 18) ␩иǾೠǵ2002: 65-70␭ɻ̿͡˹ˏኜዃςᒶ᠆Ϻ̩ͻ̶˙̀ɴɦȦɩ⏋ɄɹϟёˁݬٚɌɩȦʳ⏏␩Schimmel 1975: 21␭ɻ׫ˏ˻ˏɹኜዃςᒶ᠆Ϻ͊ͻ͡͹̝̋͡ɴɦȦɩ⏋ȋኽɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭ٧ɽʶɛȼɲȦȍɭ᠝ɤɛ ϟёˁ᏷ЂɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋␩Ernst 1997: 27␭ɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɹШ៨ɴȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȍɹ᠝ȵ޽ᅎɇʶʳȵ⏋ ੬ʱɐʚɌɛϺˁᇤᔀɤʗȼៜȩɹɴьȩɄɭȵ޽ȦɄɭȵ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏

19) ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋␩Schimmel 1975: 3; Ernst 1997: xvii; Chittick 2000: 1-2␭ɲɰɫʢ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 20) ɗɹɄɭˁᎎ׬ɴʚɭʠɛʢɹɴ␩ആᬏǵ2002b␭ȵȡʳ⏏

21) ೣ፲ɹ៨ᦚɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋␩Arberry 1998 (1942); ˵˓ͻ̝ǵ1993 (1978 and 1985); Schimmel 1975; Shaibi 1991; Ernst 1997; Chittick 2000␭ˁؒᓒɴɌɛ⏏ɭʱʼȿ˛͡Ͳ˽̜ɹᘿсɴ࡝ʉɭɄʸȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏

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Ȧ⏏ ǵɐɫɴ 13 γᏛɴɻ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ৯ᯱȵ᠗ʠʰʶʳ⏏Υ౅ɫɻ⏋μγ˥͠ ˽̜ఠኜዃࢃ͞˓͌Ͳ̝˕˽͹͡͡˽ (Raimundus Lullus, d. 1316) ȵɄɹ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿ⏋ͦͻ͇ ɴആ໽᠝࡝ോˁсɤɩȦʳ␩Arberry 1998 (1942): 7; Schimmel 1975: 7␭⏏Ј౅ɫɻ⏋͡˓ 9 γ ɹࡿሂɫȡɤɛ Joinville ȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌՟ೝɹኧ๙ςᒶɹಁБɴ⏋ડɹឹᏬˁࢷԂɌɛɭɌ ɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌رΫ೑ؿɲ͞ͻ̲ˏ͹ˏ̋˗ˑͻ͓ (d. ca 801) ɹШᠦˁ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴШȭɩ Ȳʱ⏋Ʉɹ͞ͻ̲ˏШᠦɻɗɹ৿͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴঃȼ༑॒ɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ␩Schimmel 1975: 8␭⏏22) ǵ16-17 γᏛɴԂʳɭ⏋ో᝔ᓔɛɠɴʭʳ៎࢘ȵ޽ȼ៨ᦚɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏৳ʰɹ៎࢘ ɻ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ᣱ྇ɹ̶ˎ˥ͻ͡⏃fakirʢɌȼɻfakeer⏆ɭ̿͡˹ˏ᠝ᣱ྇ɹ̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ (dervish) ɭȦȩᅎ᠝ɴᢒਐᇕɴឿʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹθ᠝ɻʓʖؾᒶɴᅎȦʰʶɛ⏏23)͍ʹͤʹˑͻ ఠ܎ڊˁ୭ɐȋ܌ʳ̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ȍ⏋̶͠ˎͻ˓ͻఠ܎ڊˁ୭ɐȋهȭʳ̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ȍ ɲɰɭៜȩᝠჼɻɄɹಁБɹ៨ᦚɴ᧚ʳ␩Ernst 1997: 3; Schimmel 1975: 8␭⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ⏋Ʉ ʶʰɹ᠝ɻ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴɭɤɩߏቃɲʢɹ⏋ᅵᣒɲʢɹɭȦȩ˓͍ͻ˻ˁ৔ȼήȭʳʢɹɫ ȡɤɛ⏏ 2.2.2ȁ΂ς΀ϋΗςΒθ̤̫ͥͅΑȜέͻΒθ͈஻੄ ǵɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋18 γᏛ৿ץȴʰ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴᦲঈɐʳȋಔ᧋ᇕȍѝғˁ୫ɦʢɹˁ୭ɐ ᅎ᠝ɭɌɩօՏɇʶɛɹȵ⏋Sufi-ism ɫȡɤɛ⏏մБɹᢦɹ˓͍ͻ˻ˁ୫ɤɛ̶ˎ˥ͻ͡⏋̚ ͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ɭȦȩ᠝ɴБȭɩ⏋ςɭɌɩ̿͡˹ˏయ࡝ɴȲȿʳయ࡝сڃʍɹ߫ઝᇕ៿ѝˁ Ыɤɛ᠝ɭɌɩ⏋Ʉɹ᠝ɻᅎȦʰʶࠃʠɛɭៜʼʶɩȦʳ␩Ernst 1997: 9␭⏏ ǵആ໽࡝ɭɌɩɹˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹμɫʢ̾Ͳˤ͡⏋ɗ 22) ɄɄɫȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌رΫ೑ؿȍɭȦȩɹɻ⏋ଂǾɹሾɤɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌رΫ೑ؿɭȦȩઝ٢ɫȡʱ⏋ਖ ɑɌʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹ᧌ؑɴȲȦɩயȴʶɩȦɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌رΫɴȲȦɩʢ೑ؿɫȡɤɛɭȦȩɄɭˁઝ ٢ɌɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋10-12 γᏛɴೆȴʶ⏋Ёɫʢ˽̊Ͳ̋ͻ̝ɭɇʶʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ՞Ш͹ᓩᓔ՞Шɹʓɭ˃ɰ ɻ⏋ɄɄɫ؜ʱΫɁʰʶɛ͞ͻ̲ˏɴៜؖɌɩȦɲȦ⏏ʼɑȴɴˏ̒̊ͻ͡ȏᓩᓔ՞Шȑ(Tadhkira al-awliy¯a’ ) ȵɗʶˁШȭʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ʓȴɴʢ˓̸Ͳ͹˻͑˗̀ˑͻ (d. 1201) ȵ͞ͻ̲ˏɹᒭਏˁዌȭʳШ៨ (Man¯aqib R¯abi‘a al-‘Adaw¯ıya) ˁ๿ɌɩȦʳɲɰɭȦɤɛϟёȵሾʰʶɩȲʱ⏋͞ͻ̲ˏɻΥࡴɹሾؿ঎ˁ୫ɤɩ Ȧɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ё౗ଂǾɹሾʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊ͹˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌رӉɴȲȿʳ৳ߨɹеᒞɧȿɻ⏋᧌ ؑɹ͌˽͌͠ᘿᦚࢃȵ৳ߨɴήȭɩȷɛʢɹɴປʏɩȷʼʠɩ߂ȷȦ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋͞ͻ̲ˏɹᘿؿɇȵ⏋˓ ˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹΥ๖ᣂషɴʭɤɩȦʳɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴᬏʰȼШȭʰʶɩȷɛ͞ͻ̲ˏШᠦɴʭɤ ɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭȦȩᆄȦˁୃȴɓʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ 23) ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɹ̶ˎ˥ͻ͡ (faq¯ır) ɻ⏋ནᢩɲʳᓔ͹ᢩᓔˁ୭ɐ⏏̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ɻ⏋̿͡˹ˏ᠝ɹ̋͡ʹˑͻ ˹͖ (darv¯ısh) ʢɌȼɻ̜͡˱᠝ɹ̚͡ʹˑ˹͖ (derviș) ˁ៩ɤɩᓬȷៅȭɛʢɹɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏̋͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ /̚͡ʹˑ˹͖⏃ɇʰɴ˗̝͡˕ͻ᠝ɲɰɫɻ̋͡ʹ˙ͻ˹͖ɭʢᇍᯭɐʳ⏆ɻ⏋ଢ᩻ӒʦϒᰩӒˁઝ٢ɐʳɭ ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋␩Ernst 1997: 4␭ɴʭʶɽ⏋̶ˎ˥ͻ͡ɹ᠝ɻ⏋͌ˤ͡ज़ܕɹࡲӎȵ͜˧ɲɰᯃ͌˽͌͠ ኧ๙ࢃˁ୭ɐɹɴᅎȦɩȦɛɹˁ⏋˓˧͠˽Ϻȵ؝ȿᐙȦɞʢɹɫ⏋19 γᏛɹᗔ᠝ɫɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹኧ๙ࢃˁ ୭ɐɹɴࢭʰᅎȦʰʶɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉɹ᠝ȵɛʚɛʚᗔ᠝ɹ faker ɴаɩȦɛɛʠ⏋៻๝ढ़͹̘̿Ͳढ़ɭȦ ȩ׵ᢒˁ֖ᬏɌɛʭȩɞɭʢᦚʏʰʶɩȦʳ⏏

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ ɹμɫʢˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫࠃʚʳȵ⏋ɗɹօࠃᓔɭᇿɇʶʳɹȵ⏋William Jones (d. 1794) ɫȡʳ ␩Arberry 1998 (1942): 8-9␭⏏৳ɻ⏋ˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɴȲȦɩ 1874 ॷ 1 ೐⏋̾Ͳˤ͡͹ˏ˻ˏתЦɹ օጓ߂ЦˁҼɌ⏋՟БЦᬏɭɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳ˓˧͠˽ტጓתЦɹ৲ւˁഗɛ ɐʢɹɫȡɤɛ␩˵˓ͻ̝ 1993 (1978 and 1985): Ϋॎ 185␭⏏৳ɻ⏋؏ൔɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹѵЖɭ ံᬠѥɲ free thinker ɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁயȦɛ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠ⏋˧͠˹ˏڒ ࡝ʦ̾ͻ̋ͻͲ̊ɭԊᦲɐʳʢɹɭɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ␩Ernst 1997: 9␭⏏ ǵ๖Ȧɫ⏋John Malcolm (d. 1833) ɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ആ˓Ͳ̝Ц኏ɹ̿͡˹ˏࡾরʍɹ߂ьˁֵʠ ɛϺ႒ɫȡʳȵ⏋৳ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌ȴʰՖʱᮐɐӃكɻʭʱᰒᘿɫ ȡɤɛ⏏৳ɻ⏋1815 ॷɴ՘᝔Ɍɛȏ̿͡˹ˏرȑɹμɫ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹςឹఠᒶˁ՟ʠɩȼ ʼɌȼᠦ౩Ɍɛȵ⏋˻͚ͻͲ̀ؾ෵⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴԒܧɐʳʢɹɭᓒȭɑ⏋˓ Ͳ̝ᣱ྇ᠦˁڟȭɛ␩Arberry 1998 (1942): 11, 14; Ernst 1997: 11-12␭⏏

ǵɄɹ͇͡˱͌ɹ៨ᦚɹԎ୞ɭʢɲɤɛᡙྲˁ⏋̓Ͳ̾˓యᖿתЦ (Bombay Literary Society) ɫ 1811 ॷɴ᝔ɤɛɹȵ⏋James William Graham ɫȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹᡙྲɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ᕶкˁ ՖʱᮐɌɩ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒᠝ɫ՟ʠɩᠶɍɛʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋˹͑͠ͻˏˁوࡴɌ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠɴ ᦏȦࡔܧɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁயȦɩȦʳ⏏৳ɴʭʶɽ⏋ɛɭȭɽ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹડɴᬠɐʳ ᅎ᠝ɫȡʳ⏋ડɇʶʳᓔ (ma.hb¯ub)͹ડ (ma.habba)͹ડɐʳᓔ (mu.hibb) ɻ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠɹΪе ΥкᠦɴȲȿʳࡎ͹ᓩᮠ͹ၼɭࢪਝɐʳɭɇʶʳɹɫȡʳ␩Arberry 1998 (1942): 11-13; Ernst 1997: 13, 15␭⏏˽ͻ̶ˑͻᕶкˁ৳ɻኜዃࢃɭɌɩᲞȼ៿ѝɐʳȵ⏋ɗɹࡔܧɻ৳ɴɭɤɩɻ⏋ ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹѵЖɭɻʓɭ˃ɰᬠѥɲȦɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵЈ౅⏋̺̘ͦ˽̊Ͳ̜ኜ࡝ᓔɫʢȡɤɛ F. R. D. Tholuck (d. 1877) ɻ⏋1821 ॷ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒᠝ ⏃̘͞Ͳ᠝⏆ɫ՟ʠɩɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ෙᠦೆˁ՘᝔Ɍɛ␩Schimmel 1975: 9␭⏏৳ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ ͌ɭ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᬠѥˁ⏋́͌ᇕ৾໬ςᒶࢪˏͻ͠ˏᇕኜዃςᒶɭȦȩܒিɫɭʰȭɩȦ ɛ⏏ɗɹɄɭɻ৳ɹᘿೆɹ̊˓̜͡⏃ȏ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌⏋ʢɌȼɻ̿͡˹ˏϺɹີኜᠶᇕኜಚ࡝ȑ Ssufismus, sive theosophia Persarum pantheistica⏆ɴʢ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ␩Ernst 1997: 15␭⏏

ǵɄɹʭȩɲΥᦹɹˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɛɠɹᘿᦚˁᦲɍɩ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɹ࡝ᅠɴȲȦɩ⏋࡝ک ՕᩃɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵଁጓɌɛ␩Ernst 1997: 16␭⏏-ism ɭȦȩஞ࣊᥻ɴѝɐʳఠᒶ͹࡝ɹ Υᨆɭ᠗ʠʰʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ೎՟ȴʰ⏋৾໬ˁμਕɭɐʳ˓˽ ͞ͻ͌ɭɻೣഀံᬠѥɲʢɹ⏋ɗɹΥ౅ɫ˥͠˽̜ఠɹѵЖɭɻᦲঈɐʳɭɄʸɹȡʳȋಔ᧋ ᇕȍѝғˁ୊ɤɛʢɹ⏋ɭ᠗ᡫɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍჿៗȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠԒᨆɴɗʶʚɫࡔܧɌɩȦɛ̊˵˗ ˗̶ჿៗɭᅵɲɤɩȦʳɄɭɻៜȩʚɫʢȡʳʚȦ⏏ࢹɲȼɭʢմᦏБ͌˽͌͠ɛɠɹ޽ȼɴ ɭɤɩ⏋̊˵˗˗̶ʦ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭȦȩៜᘽɫϛៗɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹѝғˁл ʰȴɹ০ɫк਄͹кჼɐʳɛʠɹ᧑ʦѹ᝔ᓔɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɴɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹჿ઎Ӊȵᩂɷغʼ

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ɇʶʳɄɭɄɗȡʶ⏋ؙ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲʢɹɭɌɩᕶᅙӉˁயȼɄɭɻᓒȭʰʶɲȴɤɛ⏏ ǵɭɄʸȵ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɴʭʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɻ⏋Υᨆɹ͌˽͌͠ᕶ᤹ɴʭ ʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɭ⏋ᇤᔀɲጾغˁឿɓɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ᦏБɹఒᯊςᒶᓔʦ⏋Ȧʼʪʳȋ˓ ˽͌͞؅ჿςᒶᓔȍɹயȼ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴ ೣഀࡔܧɌɲȴɤɛ̲̝ˏ⏃ᧀᔵ͹ᅵጩ⏆ɭɌɩ⏋৿ɹಁБɴЊ֓ɇʶɛʢɹɭɇʶɛ⏏ᢦѝ ғɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭՖʱᮐɐɄɭɫ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁᲞȼ៿ѝɌʭȩɭɐʳˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɭ⏋ ᢦɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌Ӊˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴେɌɦȿ⏋ɄʶˁՕᮐɐʳɄɭɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌ˁᲞȼ៿ѝ ɌʭȩɭȦȩΥᨆɹ͌˽͌͠ɻ⏋ʚɤɛȼ๭ؙࢪɹ̾˪̜͡ˁ୫ɠɲȵʰ⏋ᐄഗɭɌɩ⏋˓˽ ͞ͻ͌ɭ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁံᬠѥɲʢɹɭɐʳɭȦȩΥဣɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ʚɤɛȼؾ෵ɹς৓ˁɐ ʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵჼܧɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋Ȧʼʪʳȋ؅ჿςᒶᓔȍᇕɲς৓ȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹς༑ɫȡʳɭȦȩ᠗ᡫ ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɭᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɭˁکʼɑ⏋ȷʼʠɩ৔Ȧ⏏ɄɹɄɭʢȡɤɩ⏋˓ ˽͞ͻ͌ɴᯃೣᣒᇕɲʢɹɭɌɩ⏋ʚɑɻˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɴʭɤɩயȴʶɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊ ɻ⏋ɄɹߏߴɲԊႢᬠѥɹȩȭɴ⏋Ё౗ɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋ɗɹ٨ᔭˁѳɠᐚȿɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵʢɤɭʢ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌቉ድɹᦽࣙɴЫȦ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭɹᬠѥਸɴɦȦɩៜȭ ɽ⏋๘Ꭶɹ቉ድɫɻʞɌʸ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ԓܧᠦȵς༑ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɫɻ⏋ˠ͠˛Ͳ ̊͠˽̜ɴʭɤɩсʱՏɇʶɛ˓͍ͻ˻ɗɹʢɹȵЁ౗ɫʢଂǾɴԊ೑ɇʶɩȦʳɭȦɤɩɻ ៜȦ᧌ȹɴɲʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ଂǾȵਛʶɩɻɲʰɲȦɄɭɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝ɴ ೣഀˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ȵɄʠɛઝ٢ʢɇʱɲȵʰ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝͹ෙਥɗɹʢɹȵ⏋ ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɴʭɤɩᅊʛՏɇʶɛɭȦȩϟࡸɗɹʢɹɲɹɫȡʳ⏏

3 ȅΑȜέͻΒθ͈໦ଢ଼იழ

3.1ȁͼΑρȜθ໘ޟ͈଎৆ ǵմጟɫፆᓔɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹࡴᒶɹܐᮑɇˁᦚʏɛȩȭɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵՕഓෙਥɫȡ ʳɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩෙਥȵ⏋ӯഀˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ɹᅋ႒ɫȡ ʳɄɭʢ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴԒܧɐʳࡸк ෙਥɞɭɐʳմரɹʢɭɴᡴᠶˁᏼʛጓɩʳɄɭɻ⏋ʢɻʦέخᔨɫȡʳɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏24) ǵɄɹʭȩɴਃഀɹങᏼˁᔵ෯፷ɌɛГΫ⏋лʰȴɹԗ෯፷ˁɐʳɄɭȵ቉ድᓔɭɌɩɹ᢮֭ ɫȡʸȩ⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌⏮˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍɭȦȩࡴᒶɴጩᇕɴኍɇʶʳਃ 24) ɛɞɌɄɹɄɭɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ̊˵˗˗̶ȵࡸкෙਥɫɻȿɤɌɩɲȦɄɭˁ⏋ਖɑɌʢઝ٢ɌɲȦ⏏៨ᦚ ᇕጓݭɴጓɦݭغɴ⏋య჉ʦ̶ˑͻ̝͡ɴȲȦɩ⏋ᕶै᠗ᡫɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ЈȴʰɹᝠᢒɴȲȦɩʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻ ʦ̊˵˗˗̶ɞɭ᠗ʠɊʳˁȭɲȦёɻࡔܧɐʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ଂǾɻ⏋ᡴᠶɹᨊ঎⏋ɗʶȵ⏃ࢹɲȼɭʢɗɹ ݭɫɻ⏆ࡸкෙਥɭɌɩᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳɹȴ⏋Օഓෙਥɴ᧌ȹɲȦɹȴˁȦɠȦɠද៷ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ ഀɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ӉɴБʼʳ⏋лʰȴɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ӉˁயȼɄɭˁ᠅ʛɛȦ⏏ ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻлȴ⏋ɭȦȩکȦɴ๭ᯆȴʰፐȭʳɄɭȵᯃ।ɴܐᮑɫȡʳɄɭɻ⏋ᑜǾ ᦚʏɩȷɛ⏏ࡴᒶɗɹʢɹˁɌʭȩɭɐʳɭ⏋ధǾɹˏ͠ͅˏɴ᣸ˁɭʰʶʳɄɭȵࢅ౫ɴϜ ઎ɇʶʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵՕഓෙਥɫȡʳГΫ⏋ՕഓങᏼɭɌɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ෯ᦶˁኍɐ Ʉɭȵ⏋Ʉɹˏ͠ͅˏȴʰᦣʶʳ᝗ɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ɗɹɛʠɹ᣸ȵȴʱɭɲʳɹȵ⏋␩ࢸ ೰ǵ2001: 19-23␭ɴኍɇʶɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂɹܒিɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɗɄɫɻ⏋ෙᅭ๖ɹʭȩɲܒিȵயȴʶʳ⏏ ǵʚɑ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹШᐏȵΥᨆ๿ࡔɌɦɦʢ⏋ԃкɭɌɩɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ؅հɴጓᔰɌɩ ɻȦɲȦɭ᠗ᡫɇʶʳ͌˽͌͠኏ЦȵჼႥɭɌɩࡔܧɐʳ⏏ɗɹɲȴɫ⏋Ʉʶɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌኏ ЦɫɻɲȦɭȦȩଫՠᇕ᠗ᡫ⏋ɐɲʼɠȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ៅᨮȍȵᅊɍʳ⏏Ʉʶȵ҅Ϻᇕɲͤ̾͡ ɫᣱɄʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋኏Цᇕࡸᤋɴው᝔Ɍɛͤ̾͡ȵȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ȍɭ͐̚͡׋ɇʶ ʳ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹʭȩɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂȵక໠˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ׋Ɍɛݭغ⏋Ʉʶˁȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ ᖂςᒶȍɭ٧ʉ⏏25) ǵɭɄʸɫ⏋҅Ϻͤ̾͡ɹȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ៅᨮȍȴʰ⏋Ԋؾкͤ̾͡ɴ᥊׋ɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ȍȵᣱɄʳɭȦȩɹȵࢸ೰ລɹܒিɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɄɫԊؾкͤ̾͡ɴ᥊ ׋ɐʳБʼʱɴ⏋҅Ϻͤ̾͡ɹѵЖɹཉ׋ȵᅊɑʳɄɭʢᣱɄʱȩʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ଃ ৾ɹ᧤ࡪʦ᧑ਏɹ਋ᖂɭȦȩ๖ӯȴʰɇʰɴᦽ˃ɫ⏋ԒᯆᇕᏄኜਸˁஜድɌʭȩɭɐʳ֪ȷɫ ȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋౗।ᅊ༎ʦ౗।ઝᡫˁᣳȭɛʭʱᲞȦлȴ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗɹߡɴȡʳʭʱཉȦл ȴˁሁஞઢ਄ɌɛȦɭȦȩᰔȦɴఌȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ଃ৾ʦ᧑ਏɹμɴʢ⏋ɄȩȦɤɛлȴɻࠒ ˁჼɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻΥ౅ᇕɲ⏃ႅ֭ᇕɲ⏆ኜɹ٨ВɭȦȩ০ˁɭʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌ ɩ⏋ؘ౅كᇕɲኜɭɹϯ༑⏋ሁஞкᱻ͹ሁஞሾɴʭʳኜɹઢ਄ȵ⏋ΥຍᲞȦʢɹɭɌɩິʠʰ ʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ 3.2ȁΑȜέͻΒθ͈२ޭࢹ௮ ǵմ፲ɹܒিɴ઎ˁ਄ɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ๖ɹΪෑȴʰɲʳʢɹɭɌɩჿៗɐʳɄɭˁர൜Ɍ ɛȦ⏃ܒ 1 ؒ၇⏆⏏26) ǵፀ 1 ෑɭɌɩ⏋ԒᯆᇕᏄኜਸɹஜድɹᐄഗɭɌɩɹኜዃкᱻɴ൓ɊɌɛ⏋ኜዃςᒶɹ᥍ˁᒞ ȼ⏏ᣳ।ᇕɲኜዃкᱻˁິʠʳឹᏬȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴࡔܧɐʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏ 25) Ʉɹܒিɻ⏋ჼБɹʛɴȡɩɻʚʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹȋݤᘺȍȵࡸઢɇʶʳȦɦɹಁБɴʢ᧟ᅎɌ ȩʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ 26) ೣዣɹ̶̝̜͞ˁсଁɌɛ᭬ɴɻ⏋ȋΪࣝ෯ᦶȍɭȦȩങᏼˁᓒȭɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹ৿ݚፆɌɛ␩ആᬏǵ2002c; 2002d␭ɫʢɗɹᅎ᠝ˁᅎȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ቉ድЦᇍᝠɲɰɹลЦˁᐁɩ⏋ȋΪෑ෯ᦶȍɭȦȩෙਥɫᠦ ౩ɐʳ౅ȵʭʱՕȴʱʦɐȦɭᓒȭʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɫ⏋࡭ଁዣɴȲȦɩɻɄɠʰˁᅎȦʳɄɭɭɌɛ⏏θᓔ ɹ᧓Ȧɻ⏋ςɭɌɩܒኍɌɛ᭬ɹែៅᇕɲՕȴʱʦɐɇɴȡʱ⏋ᠶɹ൓ॻɴɻɲ˃ʰ޴ೃɻɲȦ⏏

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ǵ๖ɴ⏋μ߈ɹፀ 2 ෑɴ⏋᧑ਏɹ᥍ˁ઎ࡴɐʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹჿᠶೆˁᠧ˃ɞɄɭɹȡʳϺ ɻᠨɫʢ⏋ɗɄɴᠦȴʶɩȦʳɄɭɹࢹɲȴʰɵᨆՕȵ⏋౗।ᇕҙჿɴᬠʼʳʢɹɫȡʳɄɭ ˁሾɤɩȦʳɞʸȩ⏏ɗʶɻɭȼɴᯃ౗।ᇕɲкᱻˁᠦȷֱʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋ʭȷ ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫȡʶ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɭ⏋ʭȷ͌˽͌͠ɫȡʶ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɭɹᬚɴɻࡸᣒᇕɲे᧓ ɻɲȦɭៜɤɩʭȦ⏏ ǵɗɌɩፀ 3 ෑɭɌɩ⏋຦ᬚѵЖɹ᥍ˁᓒȭʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ᕶʰɹԒᯆʦ᝔֪ˁ޴ᯊɐʳɭȦ ȩʭʱɻ⏋ЈᓔɴᰉɤɛʱӈȷȴȿɛʱɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᕶՕˁ؜ʱॎȼႥ໥ɹ޴ᯊˁᰔ೚ ɐʳɭȦȩɄɭȵឿʰʶʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ಁɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȷ⏋ಁɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹؿˁ ҏʱɩ᝔ʼʶʳ⏋຦ᝓɹᬚɹࡱఠࡸᤋɹͤ̾͡ɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɻಁɭɌɩ⏋ؙ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕʢɌ ȼɻᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɭᯃᮑɇʶʳឹᏬˁيʛ୫ɦ⏏Ʉɹፀ 3 ෑɹ୭Ɍኍɐ፴ܑɹɰɄʚɫȵ˓ ˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɫɰɄȴʰȵؙ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕ⏃ᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕ⏆ȴɻ⏋ᠶᓔȵɰɹʭȩɲȋ๭ɌȦ ˓˽͞ͻ͌ȍӉˁ୫ɤɩȦʳȴɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳɹɫ⏋ΥઝᇕɴໆʠʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ȡʳಁ Бɴɻ⏋ɗɹʓʖɐʏɩȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɞɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦɛɄɭʢ઎ӉɴᮑȼɲȦ⏏ ǵɄʶɻՕഓങᏼɫɻȡʳȵ⏋عෑˁ႕ਐɧȿʳෙਥˁ؅᠝ɫᦚʏɩȲȼɄɭɻઝ٢ȵȡʳɞ ʸȩ⏏ፀ 1 ෑɻ̶ˎ̠ͻ ( fan¯a’ ) ɴʭɤɩ႕ਐɧȿʰʶʳ⏏ኜዃкᱻˁᝠɐȋ༥ྙ͹༥ᜨȍˁ ઝ٢ɐʳ⏏ፀ 2 ෑɻˏͻ̋ͻ̸ (¯ad¯ab. ׬ధ০ɻˏ̸̋ adab) ɭȦȩෙਥȵБᝠɐʳ⏏ѹ᝔ᓔ ɹȋс໬ȍˁઝ٢ɐʳɄɭɽɫȡʳ⏏ˏ̸̝˕͡ˡͻ̯͡͹˽̶ͩ̚͞͡ˑͻ (d. 1168) ɹς ᘿȏѹ᝔ᓔɛɠɹс໬ȑ(¯ad¯ab al-mur¯ıd¯ın) ɲɰ⏋ˏͻ̋ͻ̸ɹ᠝ˁԢɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᘿ ᦚɻࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌʚɛؾಁɴ⏋ˏ̸̋ʦˏͻ̋ͻ̸ɻ⏋̶ˎ̠ͻɭᅵɲʱ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀ ͌ɹװ೑ɐʳෙਥɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋͇̝͞˵ɫਖѹɭɇʶɛਏᇿɫȡʱ⏋ˏ̸̋ɹೆɻ ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫɻధ޽ȼೆȴʶɩȷɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭɴጩᇕɴឿʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ፀ 2 ෑɻЈɹ˓ ˽͞ͻ͌ɹᡉ࿈༑ɭᩂɲʱغȩ০ɫࡔܧɌɛ⏏27)ፀ 3 ෑˁᢒਐɐʳᅎ᠝ɭɌɩɻ⏋ˡ͞ͻ͇ͻ ଎!1!ȁΑȜέͻΒθ͈२ޭࢹ௮⏃ፆᓔсଁ⏆ 27) ʚɛ⏋ҙჿ khulq (pl. akhl¯aq)ǵɭȦȩ᠝ʢ⏋ɄɹෑˁБᝠɐʳᅎ᠝ɭȦȩɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹෙਥʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ ̀͌ɹࢭެ႕៰ɫɻɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᡉ࡝ɴɭɤɩᩂឹɭɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ ̜ (kar¯am¯at) ˁ୲ɁɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ɄɹɄɭɽɻߏᤤˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏ᕶՕɛɠᕶ᤹ɻЕɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ ̀͌ɹѹ᝔ˁዩʢȩɭɌɲȦɴɓʭ⏋ҤȦᓩᓔɹਏˁՕȿήȭɩʢʰȲȩɭɐʳ຦ᝓɹᰔ೚Ʉ ɗȵ⏋ɄɹෙਥɴɄʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᅵఠਂɴࢪɐʳ˻̩ͻ̝ʦ኏Ц޴ᯊʢ⏋ɌɽɌɽɄ ɹʭȩɲˡ͠˽͇ᇕϺൔɹ᝔ȩߏᤤʍɹᰔ೚ȵՀᮃɌɛɭɄʸɴჼࡸ׋Ɍɩȷɛ⏏28) ǵ̚ˑ˹̺͠ͲɭɹࢪਝɫȦȭɽ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɻςɭɌɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ਲ਼઎቉ድ⏃ɭȼɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ ኜዃςᒶ቉ድ⏆ɹࢪᢒɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋Ϻᰖ࡝ɻςɭɌɩፀ 3 ෑˁࢪᢒɭɌɩȷɛɭៜ ȭʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦏБГմɴȲȦɩɻ⏋๴ر࡝ʢፀ 3 ෑˁࢪᢒɭɌɩȷɛ⏏ፀ 2 ෑɻ౗।ҙჿˁᠦ ȼɛʠ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍɭȦȩෙਥȴʰ೎ʢ᧙ȦɓȦȴ⏋μਕᇕɲ቉ድᠩᰍɭɌɩɭ ʱȡɁʰʶʳɄɭȵࢹɲȴɤɛʭȩɴਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ё޺ᇕɴ⏋ਲ਼઎቉ድɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌՟ೝ ɹ̶̝̀⏃ኧ๙ςᒶ⏆቉ድɻ⏋ɄɹෑˁςɛʳࢪᢒɭɌɩȦʳ⏏29) ჼБɴȲȦɩʢ޽ȼɹ͇̝ ͞˵ɫȋҙჿ࡝ȍ(‘ilm al-akhl¯aq) ɹؿɫఠȭʰʶɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻჿᠶೆɹද២ʦ⏋ჼБμ߈ ˏ˻ˏɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂɹՕഓɲɰɻɄɹෑˁࢪᢒɭɐʳʢɹɭɲʳɻɑɞȵ⏋ʚɞמ Օɲᬠਕˁ୫ɛʶɩȦʳɭɻៜȭɲȦ⏏ ǵɄɹΪෑ෯ᦶˁ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ׶ลઝᡫȴʰ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂʍɹܒিɴɲəʰȭɩៜȭɽ⏋ ʚɑᕶՕɛɠɹٞʱɹી᝔̆ɛɭȭɽᓩᓔѵӁȵ⏋๭ɌȦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹๭ɌȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ ɴ᧟غɌɩȦɲȦɭȦȩઝᡫȵᅊɍʳ⏏ɄȩɌɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹҙჿ͹᧑ਏˁ਋ᖂɌ⏋ଃ৾ˁ᧤ ࡪɌʭȩɭȦȩៅᨮȵᣱɄʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳҙჿˁ୊ɤɛʢɹɭɌɩɻ⏋ڒ࡝͹ኜ࡝͹ ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɲɰȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏃˽Ͳ̠༐γᅠɫɻڒ࡝ɻɗɹʢɹᕶкɭɌɩɻ౛ȼɴֳ֐ˁ ߉ɤɛɭɇʶʳ⏆ȵ⏋ڒ࡝ʢኜ࡝ʢ˛͠ͻ̜ɹʢɹɫȡɤɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋຦ᝓɹᬚɴҙჿˁᠦ ȷঃʠʳ৲ւˁ୊ɤɩȦɛɹȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɫȡɤɛɭៜȭʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛ౗।ҙჿ͹౗।ᇕ ࡱఠࡸᤋɴᰳȷ᣸ʱɲȼɲɤɛಁ⏋ɇʰɲʳԒᯆ׋͹ཉ׋ˁິʠɩ⏋ኜዃςᒶʍɭϺɻᦽʞ⏏ Ʉɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ׶ลɴȲȿʳܒিɫɻ⏋ፀ 3 ෑɹ຦ᬚѵЖɻوࡴɇʶʳʏȷʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɭፀ 2 ෑɹʛȴʰɲʳܒ০ȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ᠗ᡫɇʶʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ ǵЈ౅⏋׶ลઝᡫȵմᯆɴჼʶɲȦಁዷᬚɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ʞɌʸፀ 2 ෑȵ༎֪ˁჿៗɐʳɛʠɹ Տᇍဣ͹μਕɭɲʳɞʸȩ⏏ϺǾɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᬚɹύᮐˁ᠗ᡫɐʳɄɭ ɲȼ⏋ʭȷ͌˽͌͠⏮ʭȷ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛʸȩɭ֗ʠʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ع҅ϺȵѵЖ͹᝔ဤɹθ ᯆɫᕶ৾ᇕɫȡʳɄɭɹʛɲʰɑ⏋Ԋؾкɹ౗।ᇕៀ৾ˁ᧤ࡪɐʳɄɭȵᇿฌɭɲʳ⏏ɗɄȴ 28) ʚɛ⏋ɭʱɲɌ shaf¯a‘a ɭȦȩෙਥʢ⏋ɄɹෑˁᝠɐɹɴʈɇʼɌȦ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ᕶʰ֗֐ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩɫɲ ȼ⏋᯺ៜᓔ̩͌Ͳ͇̝ʰɴɭʱɲɌɩʢʰȩɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᒜ᭭ɹ༥ྙˁິʠʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ 29) ␩Kinberg 1985␭ȵ⏋̶̝̀ˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹΥᨆɭɌɩɫɻɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌኏Цɹ౗।ᅊ༎ɴȲȿʳҙჿˁ ᝠɐʢɹɭɭʰȭʳʏȷɞɭᠦȦɩȦʳɄɭɴፆᓔɻᣊଁɫȡʳ⏏̶̝̀ɻ⏋৿Б⏋ࢹɲȴʰɵ͌˽͌͠ɹ᝔ ֪෵ি͹ሾᇕۊဤɴ৯ᯱˁήȭ⏋፴݀ɭɇʶɩȷɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹմຍ᭥ɭɌɩɹʛ ᭉࡴᇕɴ̶̝̀ˁɭʰȭʳɄɭɻ๭ɌȼɲȦɭᓒȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌЈ౅⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁςɛʳᓒ࢘ࢪᢒɭɐʳݭ غ⏋ɗɹΥᨆɴ̶̝̀⏃ᇕӃك⏆ȵيʚʶʳɹʢਖးᇕɫȡʳ⏏

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ʰ⏋Υ౅ɫɻਲ਼ষᇕ͹кᱻᇕɴ҅ɹԒᇕᏄኜγᅠɴໍ࿃ɌʭȩɭɐʳӃكȵፀ 1 ෑɭɌɩ⏋Ј ౅ɫɻԊؾкɴȲȿʳኢነ͹ә኎⏃ჼγգᇰʦࠞූਸˁິʠʳʢɹˁɌɽɌɽيʞ⏆ʍɹዩෑ ᇕؒ֓ˁѦɐӃكȵፀ 3 ෑɭɌɩՕࣦɌɩȼʳ⏋ɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏

4 ȅ͍ࠫȝ२ޭࢹ௮̥ͣࡉͥΑȜέͻΒθ͈ఉအ̈́௨

ǵɫɻ೎৿ɴ⏋ɄɹʭȩɴΪෑ෯ᦶˁɲɐʢɹɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁɭʰȭʳɄɭɹ͍̜̒͠ ˁᦚʏɛȩȭɫ⏋Ʉɹ෯ᦶˁᅎȦʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋޽෵ɲ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ӉˁഓՏɌȩʳɄɭˁ ୭௎ɌɛȦ⏏ ǵΪෑ෯ᦶᠶɹ͍̜̒͠ɻГάɹ 3 ဣɴᮃᏝɇʶʳ⏏ ǵፀ 1 ɴ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴܒি׋ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵՕഓෙਥɫȡʱ⏋ᕶ౩ɹʢɹ ɭɌɩᅎȦɩɻɲʰɲȦɄɭˁ౩ኍɐʳ⏏ ǵፀ 2 ɴ⏋ਃഀ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭፈᒞɇʶɩȷɛȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹΥᨆ ɫɌȴɲȦɄɭˁኍɐ⏏ ǵፀ 3 ɴ⏋቉ድࢪᢒȲʭʃ቉ድᓔȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴɦȦɩ᠝ʳಁ⏋ɰɹෑˁɇɌɩɗɹ᠝ˁᅎ ȦɩȦʳȴˁ⏋ᠶᓔعᕶȵᕶៅᇕɴተ᠗ɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ᡴᠶɹɑʶȵࢹɲȼɲʳɄɭȵೝ৺ ɫȷʳ⏏ਲ਼઎቉ድᓔ͹๴رࢃ͹Ϻᰖ࡝ᓔ͹య࡝቉ድᓔ͹క໠࡝ᓔɲɰ⏋ᅵɲʳ̚ˑ˹̺͠Ͳˁ ୫ɦ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠ቉ድᓔȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴɦȦɩ᠝ʳ᭬⏋ɌɽɌɽɑʶȵᅊɍʳɹɻ⏋Ʉɹ ʭȩɴ޽ෑ෯ᦶˁɲɌɩȦʳࢪᢒˁ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩʁɭɦɹᅎ᠝ɫȲϣȦȵ᠝ʱ⏋Ɍȴ ʢሂଝɹᠶɍɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ӉɭᕶՕɹᠶɍɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɹᅵؾˁ⏋ᕶៅᇕɴද ២ɌʭȩɭɌɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ǵГά⏋Ʉɹፀ 3 ဣɴɭȼɴ໶ᇿɌɩ⏋ଂǾȵؾɍ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝ɫ᠝ɤɩȦʳࢪᢒ ȵ⏋Ȧȴɴ޽෵ɲʢɹɫȡʳȴˁ⏋Ϊෑ෯ᦶˁᅎȦɩኍɌɛȦ⏏30) ǵʚɑɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵɄɹΪෑ෯ᦶɫɭʰȭʰʶʳɭȦȩፆᓔɹς৓ɻ⏋Ȧɦɫʢ˽ͻ ̶ˑ̀͌ȵɄɹΪෑˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɭȦȩς৓ɫɻɲȦɄɭɴ໶ઝˁѦɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋ ៀ፴ᇕࡴᒶɴȲȿʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ⏋ɄɹΪෑɹȩɠɹȦɑʶȴˁ⏋ȋ๭ɌȦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍ ɫɻɲȦɭȦȩჿᅓɫஅᢒɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ਄ʰʶʳɹȵᦲ।ɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ଂǾɻ˽ͻ ̶ˑ̀͌ɹؿɹάɴ៎࢘ɇʶʳჼᢒ͹ࡸᤋˁ⏋ɄɹΪෑɹȩɠɹɰɹෑɴȡɩɻʚʳʢɹȴ⏋ ɰɹෑˁ౸ɭɌ⏋ɰɹෑˁوɭɐʳጓݭɴᅓഀɐʳʢɹȴˁ⏋ɗɹᨊ঎ද៷ɐʳɄɭˁິʠʰ ʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏Ʉɹᕶៅᇕද៷ɹᑵʱᦐɌɄɗȵ⏋࡝᭬ᇕ቉ድɴȲȿʳᡴᠶɹᰩȦ᧓Ȧˁᬿ Ƚ೑֟ɲଝຍɭɲʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɄɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩෙਥɴيʚʶʳ޽෵ਸˁኍɐɛʠɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᦲرɴ 30) ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ᦲرˁيʠɛࡸܩʍɹΪෑ෯ᦶᠶɹਝᅎɹ᠅ʛɴɦȦɩɻ⏋␩ആᬏǵ2002d␭ؒ၇⏏

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ ឿʰʶʳ႕ਐᇕɲᡉ࣌ᯆˁ⏋ɄɹΪෑ෯ᦶˁᅎȦɩᎎ׬ɴɛɰɤɩʛʳɄɭɴɌɛȦ⏏ ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᦲرɻ⏋850 ॷ᯴ɹଁጓГմɴ⏋ȋኧ๙ςᒶȍ⏃̶̝̀⏆ɹຍ᭥ȵȡɤɛɭᦚ ʏʳɭɄʸȴʰࠃʚʳɹȵᦲёɫȡʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌కณȵტ೛׋ɌɩȦȼɲȴɫ⏋ࡱఠᇕ˛ͻ ̜˽ˁឿ߉Ȧ⏋ᇤሂɴ༑ʶɩȦȼ͌˽͌͠ؾᔟɹᅊȷ౅ˁۘȷ⏋ѵЖɭࡸᤋɹ༒׋ˁ៲ȭʳ ϺǾȵ༎֪Ɍɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹς৓ɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹፀ 2 ෑɹʛɴʓʖሂয়ɐʳ⏏ɗɄɴ ɻ⏋႕աኜዃᇕɲς৓ȵȡʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋๙೚ˁ፲ըɐʳɄɭȵςሗɭɲʳ⏏Ʉɹኧ๙ς ᒶɻ⏋৿ɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɌɩᬖᖽɌɛɹʛɲʰɑ⏋໬࡝ʦኜ࡝ɹᡴᠶɭʢᦲঈɐʳɭɄʸȵ ȡɤɛ⏏ ǵᐚȼ 850 ॷȴʰ 950 ॷ᯴ɹፀ 2 ೝɻ⏋໬࡝ʦኜ࡝ɫɻᅎȦɲȦʭȩɲෙਥ͹ᅎ᠝ˁᅎȦɩ⏋ ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠȵ᠝ʱՏɐಁೝɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ѹ᝔᭥඀⏃͇ˡͻ͇ͻ̜⏆⏋ਕᇕႥ઴⏃ˏ ̶ͩͻ͡⏆⏋༥ᜨ⏃̶ˎ̠ͻ⏆⏋୫ᐚ⏃̫ˡͻ⏆ɭȦɤɛ˽ͻ̶ˑͻႶᕶɹᠦȵሂ๖Ȧɫڟȭʰ ʶɛ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠɻ⏋մБɹፀ 2 ෑɴᰳȷ᣸ʱɑ⏋ɗɹߡɴȡʳፀ 1 ෑʍɭ᣸ˁᤑʛԂʶ ɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ᭬⏋ፀ 2 ෑɭፀ 1 ෑɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻ⏋2 ɦɹឿៗȵшࡔɌɩȦɛ⏏Υ౅ɻ⏋ ፀ 1 ෑɹኜዃςᒶᇕүᯆɻʢɠʸ˃ᩂឹɞȵ⏋ɗʶɻፀ 2 ෑɹݜኄɹȩȭɴ᧒ଁɇʶʳʢɹɫ ɲȼɩɻɲʰɲȦɭɐʳጓݭ⏏Ј౅ɻ⏋ፀ 2 ෑɻፀ 1 ෑɴԂʳɛʠɹྈҺຍ᭥ɴ᧌ȹɲȴɤɛ ɹɫȡʱ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɴզ᧒ɐʶɽʢɻʦፀ 2 ෑɴઝˁଡȩਖឹɻɲȦɭɐʳጓݭɫȡʳ⏏ȋଂɄ ɗሎჿȍɭڟȭɩ՛๷Ɍɛ̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ʰȵ৿ᓔɹጓݭˁБᝠɐʳ⏏ ǵɄʶɴᐚȼ 200 ॷᬚ⏃950-1150 ॷ᯴⏆ɻ⏋Ʉɹ 2 ࿈༑ɹযᬏᐻΫɴȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋˽ͻ ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɻፀ 2 ෑɭፀ 1 ෑˁɭʢɴԒ׃ɐʳʢɹɭɌɩயȴʶʳȵ⏋Ȧɑʶɴ֐ဣˁᒞȼ ȴɴʭɤɩ 2 ɦɹ༑ʶȵȡɤɛ⏏Υ౅ɫɻ⏋̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ʰ⏋ፀ 2 ෑˁ๕Ȧɛፀ 1 ෑˁʢɤɩ ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭዌɐʳᓔˁ⏋ҳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɌɩՖʱஅɩʳ০ɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹȋ๭ᐏ׋ȍ ˁ᝔ɤɛ༑ʶɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɻፀ 2 ෑɹݜኄɹȩȭɴࣙᬖɇʶɩȦʳɹɞɭȦȩᠦ ౩ȴʰ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹإԎ̢͇͖ˏ͡ȵ⏋໬࡝ʦኜ࡝ɭɹ఩غਸɴמՕઝˁଡȦɲȵʰᑂᑻ ɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ј౅⏋ɄɹಁБɹᏺʼʱɴɻ⏋ፀ 2 ෑᇕɲȡʱ౅ɞȿɫɻ͌˽͌͠ɭɌɩɻ έמՕɫ⏋ፀ 1 ෑˁкჼɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴॠହɌɩɻɍʠɩሎɹ͌˽͌͠ɛʱȩʳɭȦȩ৔ Ȧς৓ȵᅊʛՏɇʶʳ⏏ɗʶˁБᝠɐʳɹȵ⏋ˏ̸ͻ͹̩ͻ̝͊͹ˤ˸ͻ͠ͻ (d. 1111) ɹȏࡱ ఠᡉ࡝ɹԗᅊȑɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄʶɴᐚȼɹȵ⏋ѯɴμγɭ٧ɽʶʳ 1150 ॷȴʰ 1700 ॷ᯴ʚɫɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɹ೎߂ ɹ႕ਐɻ⏋ፀ 3 ෑʍɹঃȵʱɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ຦ᝓʍɹঃȵʱɭȦȩ০ˁɭɤ ɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ڒ࡝ɭཌྷ༶ɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɹኜዃςᒶкᱻɻჿᠶᇕɴༀᑇɇʶɩȼʳ⏏Ʉ ɹಁೝɴɻ⏋ፀ 1 ෑ͹ፀ 2 ෑ͹ፀ 3 ෑɹɐʏɩȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹԃкӉˁᝠɌɩȦɛɭៜȭʳ ɞʸȩ⏏ ǵɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋1700 ॷ᯴ȴʰࠃʚʳᦏჼБɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ፀ 1 ෑ͹ፀ 3 ෑʍɹ૭ᆄȵᰒᘿɲ

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ʢɹɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹүɫɻ⏋ɄȩȦɤɛުɭ᥄ˁΥɴɐʳȴɹʭȩɴ⏋ፀ 2 ෑ ˁɭȼɴ৔ᠭɌɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦȼ⏏Ј౅⏋ፀ 1 ෑ͹ፀ 3 ෑʍɹଫՠˁෑጩɴ ஠Ɍᦽʠ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹԃوࡴˁ᝔ɤɛɹȵ⏋ჼܧɹ˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹԇি˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹጓ ݭɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɻ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹ͌˽͌͠ȵᲞȼ៿ѝɐʳإԎೝɹБᝠᇕ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ⏋˻͖̠˓ ̝ˁ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫɻɲȼȋ๭ɌȦᓩᓔȍ(wal¯ı .s¯ali.h) ɞɭᝠɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀ ͌ɹԃوࡴɴᕸʳ⏏ɄʶʚɫȦȴɲʳଫՠᓔʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁԃوࡴɌɲȴɤɛɹɻ⏋ɗʶȵ ፀ 2 ෑˁ೑ɐʳȵʪȭɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹԇি˓˽͞ͻ͌ɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ ˁፀ 1 ෑɭፀ 3 ෑȴʰɹʛɲʳʢɹɭɌ⏋ፀ 2 ෑˁɗɹଘ೑ȴʰߥȦؑɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ؾɍ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹؿɫ٧ɽʶɩȦɩʢ⏋ɗɹ୭ɐԒࢅɻ⏋ፀ 2 ෑɹʛ⏋ፀ 2 ෑɭፀ 1 ෑȴʰɲʳʢɹ⏋ፀ 1 ෑ͹ፀ 2 ෑ͹ፀ 3 ෑˁɐʏɩԏɷҺȭʳʢɹ⏋ɇʰɴɻፀ 1 ෑ ɭፀ 3 ෑȴʰɹʛɲʳʢɹ⏋ɭɇʚɊʚɲɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ޽෵ਸˁȷʼʠɩ౩ኍᇕɴഓՏɌȩ ʳɄɭɻ⏋Ϊෑ෯ᦶᠶɹ೑֟ਸˁኍɐʢɹɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏31) 31) ɄɹܒিˁᅎȦɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɴᬠɐʳ୚యɴࢊɓʰʶɛଫՠʍɹؙᠶˁʢ᠅ʛɛȦ⏏ᅢؗμᅒᓒລɻ⏋ ɗɹᘿೆȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹͦ˻̒˪ȑɹμɫ⏋๖ɹʭȩɲଫՠˁɌɩȦʳ⏏ࢹɌᬏȼɲʳȵ⏋ɗɹʚʚৄᅎɐʳ⏏ ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᇍᅊɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋໬࡝ɹ০িςᒶɴࢪɐʳؙ֪⏋ɭȦɤɛᠦ౩ȵɲɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɛɭ ȭɽೣ᧷ɹБᝠᇕ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌቉ድᓔɫȡʳആᬏᯀɻᦚʏʳ⏏ ໆʚʱɻɦɷɴ০Ზ׋ɐʳخᔨਸˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ʢё޺ɫɻɲȦ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɻ⏋ਕɹԒ ᯆʭʱɻʞɌʸ⏋ɗɭ⏃͇͇⏆ɴȡʰʼʶɛ᝔ဤˁʢɤɩѝғՠుɹݜྈɭɐʳӃكȵȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ ⏃͇͇⏆⏋ɗȩȦȩ০ɫɻɲȼ⏋ԒɲʳȋਕȍɄɗȵʭʱ߂ϟɲɹɞ⏋ɭȦȩς৓ȵȡʰʼʶɩȷɛ⏏Ʉʶˁ ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ٧ʉ⏃ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹɭʰȭ౅ȑ⏋ϤϠ᯲␩͇͇␭⏆⏏ ɄɄɴɻ⏋ȋ৾໬ȍɹࡱఠȋ͓̋͘ఠȍȴʰȋડɹࡱఠȍ˥͠˽̜ఠʍ⏋ɭȦȩី๘ࡱఠ࡝ɹ๴رᇍࣙܒি⏋ ȡʳȦɻȋଃ৾ȍɹࢸώȴʰ⏋ȋલੳȍɹ߂ώʍ⏋ɭɹ౗ೣЅఠɹᕶै᠗ᡫȵହ৯ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲჿ ៗɫɻ⏋՟ೝ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵȋኧ๙ςᒶȍɭɌɩࠃʚɤɛɄɭʢ⏋৿ೝ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵ౗।ᅊ༎ɹᏳᨆɴʼ ɛʳႶᕶɹଃ৾ˁɦʞȹɞɌɩȦɤɛɄɭʢᠦ౩ɫȷɲȼɲʳ␩μᅒǵ2001: 235-236␭⏃యμ͇͇ɻ⏋μᅒລ ɴʭʳৄᅎಁɹᬚ᧓Ȧ⏆⏏

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ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ ǵЁ৿ɹᠩᰍɭɌɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ෯ᦶɴᐚȦɩ⏋ᓩᓔ⏃ѵЖ⏆͹̊͠ͻˡɹ෯ᦶˁᓒȭ ʳɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʰعǾɹ෯ᦶˁປᥒɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɇʰɴ 3 ᓔᬚɹᬠѥɹᓒ࢘ ɭȦȩʭʱ߂ȷɲೣഀɹᇿᇕɴᦏɧȼɄɭȵخᔨɴɲʳɞʸȩ⏏ ǵʢɠʸ˃⏋Օഓങᏼˁсʳɞȿɫࢪᢒȵʼȴʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋Ϋɴ୲Ɂɛʭȩɲکᰍဣɴచ ઢɴɲɤɛȩȭɫ⏋؅Ԏᣂష⏃ʢɌȼɻ̶ˑͻ̝͡⏆ˁᠧʛៗȼɭȦȩᏄᑈɲс෌ȵΥ౅ɫਖ ឹɭɇʶʳɄɭɻៜȩʚɫʢɲȦ⏏ᏄᑈɲᠧʛᦉʛɭѺሮᇕɲՕഓങᏼɹшᅎȵᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋ ɄɹθᓔȵȲϣȦɴ̶ˑͻ̝̫̒˪ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ჿៗȵཉʚɤɩȦȼɭᓒȭʳʏȷɫȡ ʸȩ⏏ ֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃ

Arberry, Arthur J. 1998 (1942). An Introduction to the History of Sufism: The Sir Abdullah Suhrawardy Lectures for 1942. repr. New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited.

Babajanov, Bakhtiyar. 1998. Le renouveau des communautés soufies en Ouzbékistan, Cahiers d’Asie Centrale 5-6:

ǵʚɑ⏋Ʉɹଫՠˁ؝ȿɩȦʳፆᓔɹయጟɻ⏋Ϋ៨ɹৄᅎయɫᏺʼɤɩȦɲȦɄɭɴ໶ઝˁڽᣱɌɛȦ⏏ȋɄʶ ˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ٧ʉȍɭȦȩయɴᐚȿɩ⏋؅ᘿɫɻȋ০ɴʭʳఛȦˁʢɛʰɐ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɭ⏋ਕɴʭʳఛ Ȧˁʢɛʰɐ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹθᥢɭȦȭʳȍɭೆȦɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏃ɲȲ⏋ፆᓔȵ؅ᘿɴȲȦ ɩ⏋০ɭਕɭȦȩ౗ೣϺɴՕȴʱʦɐȦɄɭɽɫᠦ౩ɌɩȦʳʢɹɻ⏋ʭʱ؏ࢌɴȦȭɽ⏋޺ᯆਸ (.z¯ahir) ɭԒ ᯆਸ (b¯a.tin)⏋ʢɌȼɻኜɹᣳᣴਸ (tanz¯ıh) ɭ៊ᦏਸ (tashb¯ıh) ɴࢪਝɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏆⏏

ǵμᅒລɹৄᅎɌɛᨆՕɞȿˁᠧʞɭ⏋Ȧȴɴʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᇎݭɴʭɤɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɻώʱᣴȭʰ ʶ⏋έឹɭɇʶɛȴɹʭȩɴᠧʠʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ɗʶɴᐚȼμᅒລɹᠦ౩ȵ᧓ٮઢɲȼ؝ȿ๬ʠʰʶɩɌʚ ȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ፆᓔɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹؘ౅ȵሂϣជ࡭ᇕɴลᔨɐʳɹȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴɭɤɩ ݜೣᇕɲᓒȭ౅ɞɭᠦȦɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵລɹଫՠɴȡʳȋɄɹʭȩɲჿៗɫɻ⏋՟ೝ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵȏኧ๙ςᒶȑɭɌɩࠃʚɤɛɄɭʢ⏋৿ೝ˽ͻ ̶ˑ̀͌ȵ౗।ᅊ༎ɹᏳᨆɴʼɛʳႶᕶɹଃ৾ˁɦʞȹɞɌɩȦɤɛɄɭʢᠦ౩ɫȷɲȼɲʳȍɭȦȩయɻ⏋ ೣዣɫᦚʏɩȷɛΪෑ෯ᦶɫȦȭɽ⏋ፀ 2 ෑȵᠦ౩ɫȷɲȦɭς৓ɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶȵᠡៗɫȡʳɄ ɭɻΫᦚɌɛ⏏ ǵʢɤɭʢ⏋ፆᓔɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠɹμɴ⏋޺ᯆᇕɲଃ৾ʭʱɻԒᯆᇕɲᏄኜਸȵ߂ϟɞɭᓒȭɛʱ⏋ɇʰ ɴɻԒᯆᇕᏄኜਸɹɛʠɲʰ޺ᯆᇕଃ৾ɻቑʰʶɩʢʭȦɭᓒȭɛϺǾȵȦʳɄɭˁʢ⏋ؾಁɴᦚʏɩȲȴɲ ȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ፀ 1 ෑʢɌȼɻፀ 3 ෑɹᓒȭ౅ˁɐʳϺǾʢࢹɲȴʰɑࡔܧɌɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ǵȡȭɩμᅒລɹᝠჼˁҏʱʳɲʰɽ⏋μᅒລȵɌɩȦʳʭȩɲ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɫɻ⏋ᘿؿɲ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɹ ̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ʢ⏋Ёʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴឿʰʶʳᓩᓔѵЖɹ޽ȼʢჿៗɫȷɲȦ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋৳ʰɻፀ 2 ෑɴ ȦɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗȵȡʱȩʳɞʸȩȴ⏱ǵ޽ȼɹ቉ድᓔɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲລɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɴ ᣊؾɐʳɄɭɴɛʠʰȦˁៅȭʳɞʸȩ⏏ ǵɌȴɌࡸɻ⏋ཉȼᓒȭɩʛʳɭ⏋ࡸɻ̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ˁჿៗɫȷɲȦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɭȦȩɹɻ⏋๴رΫɴ ɻࡔܧɐʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɄɗɻ⏋10-12 γᏛɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˽Ͳ̠༐ɴ᧟ਝɇɓʭȩɭᗑ֝Ɍɛ՞Шсᓔɛ ɠɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ೣయμɴΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋৳ʰɹ޽ȼɻ⏋̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ˁ˽ͻ ̶ˑͻɫɲȦɭՖʱஅɩʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᕶʰɹς৓ɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ๭ɌȦʢɹɞɭ᠗ʠɇɓʭȩɭɌɛ ɹɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰȵȡȼʚɫ⏋ȡʳʏȷ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁៀ፴ᇕɴ᠝ɤɩȦɛɄɭɻ⏋ЁɇʰᑵʱᦐɐʚɫʢɲȦ ɞʸȩ⏏ ǵɄɹɄɭȴʰ౩ʰȴɴɲʳɹɻ⏋μᅒລɻፀ 2 ෑɹʛˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɐʳៀ፴ᇕჿៗˁς৓ɌɩȦʳɭȦ ȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏

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μᅒǵᓒ⏏2001⏏ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹͦ˻̒˪Ņˏ̒͞ͻ̶ȴʰ؅ჿςᒶʚɫȑ⏃᧧ೆ͍̍˛⏆ᡙᠰ኏⏏ Nurbakhsh, Javad. 1981. Sufism I: Meaning, Knowledge, and Unity. London and New York:

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ࢸाǵϛ⏏1998⏏ȏخᔨਸɭɌɩɹܕࢃ᠖ŅჼБˏ̶͠ˡܕࢃɹϺɭࡱఠȑγᅠਲ਼઎኏⏏

˵˓ͻ̝⏋˛̝ͩͻ̝͹W. 1993 (1978 and 1985). ȏˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ȑԃ 2 ॎ⏋഍݄ᮁΪ͹೰ᅒᗔ౩ᇺ ѹ⏋Ё໘Ꮫࡎ៱⏋ॶՂ኏⏃͞˓̸͞͠ͻ⏆⏏⏃Edward W. Said. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Georges Borchardt Inc. Ȳʭʃ E. W. Said. 1985. Orientalism Reconsidered. In Samih Farsoun ed., Arab Society, Continuity and Change. London: Croom Helm.⏆

иǾೠȡʦφ⏏2002⏏ȋ̿͡˹ˏإԎయ࡝ɴʛʳᝠᢒŅ̩ͻ̶˙̀ .H¯afe˙z ɹȏϺᬚȑʍɹᓒ࢘ȍȏᐵغయ׋ ቉ድȑ⏃ആϴ޺ܕ᠝߂࡝ᐵغయ׋቉ድଘ⏆5: 63-75⏏

Schimmel, Annemarie. 1975. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Shaibi, Kamil Mustafa al-. 1991. Sufism and Shi’ism. Surrey: LAAM Ltd.

ആᬏǵᯀ⏏1993⏏ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭఠ܎ȍ࣢Ԓ౨ψ͹߂ݻٮ߅ᑂȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ˁ࡝ʉϺɹɛʠɴȑγᅠਲ਼઎ ኏⏋69-85⏏

Tonaga, Yasushi. 2001. Sufi Saints and Non-Sufi Saints in Early Islamic History. ॶଁ 9-13 ॷ঎యᨆዀ࡝ህ ዀ࡝቉ድᢹ⏃࡝᝗օଁ቉ድᢹ⏆ȋჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹ֪઴ᇕ቉ድȍ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ܕ᭬Цᡴ⏋“The Dynamism of Muslim Societies: Toward New Horizons in Islamic Area Studies” ⏃2001 ॷ 10 ೐ 5-8 ౗⏋ ె⏧ןᘽላೠೃ༅॑ȴɑɇˏͻ˪⏆ɴȲȿʳ̶̿͡ͻ̮ͻ⏋pp. 1-14. ആᬏǵᯀ⏏2002a⏏ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍɹԒȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻȍ߂ݻٮ߅͹ࢸ೰ǵ໹͹ࢸഌχᅖ͹ആᬏǵ ᯀ͹ᒽᅒǵ๭͹࣢Ԓ౨ψᑂȏ࣬໳˓˽͞ͻ͌᥻Ԏȑ࣬໳ೆঊ⏋536⏏ ␲␲␲␲⏏2002b⏏ȋᓩᓔȍɹԒȋᓩᓔɭɻȍ߂ݻٮ߅͹ࢸ೰ǵ໹͹ࢸഌχᅖ͹ആᬏǵᯀ͹ᒽᅒǵ๭͹࣢Ԓ ౨ψᑂȏ࣬໳˓˽͞ͻ͌᥻Ԏȑ࣬໳ೆঊ⏋558⏏ ␲␲␲␲⏏2002c⏏ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻлȴŅɗɹ෯ᦶɭеᒞɧȿˁʠȽɤɩȍȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭɻлȴŅȋγ ᅠرȍɹែဣȴʰȑ⏃աԕȏᄩȑ ፀ 4 ش⏆ ᚹ؅ೆঊ⏋143-148⏏ ␲␲␲␲⏏2002d⏏ȋኜዃςᒶ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹჼܧŅ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹΪࣝ෯ᦶᠶˁʢɭɴȍȏਲ਼઎ȑ2002 ॷ 9 ೐ش⏋119-135⏏